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rancher E. L. Davis, who had presided at the meeting where the company was formed, wrote Downey just after the massacre, stating that "This company is needed for the protection of lives & property & if we do not get it we will never ask the state again & I for one shall oppose paying any more state Taxes & fight our own battles in our own way-- exterminate the
Indians from the face of the earth as far as this county is concerned. In fact, the little mess at Indian Island is only a beginning if we can't get our just protection from state or government that the citizens are entitled to."
92:
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Polly Steve was wounded badly and left for dead, but recovered. One of the few Wiyot men on the island during the attack, Mad River Billy, jumped into the bay and swam to safety in Eureka. Another woman, Kaiquaish (also known as
Josephine Beach) and her eleven-month-old son William survived by not being on the island in the first place. Kaiquaish had set out in a canoe with her son to participate with the ceremonies, but became lost in the fog and was forced to return home before the attacks began.
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104:, and to avoid drawing attention from nearby Eureka residents, many of whom may not have condoned the killings, performed the attack primarily with hatchets, clubs and knives. Guns were also used, with some Eureka residents reported hearing shots that night, but knowledge of the attack was not widespread at the time. News accounts report only adult men being shot, with handheld weapons used against women and children.
147:. The same day the same party was reported to have killed 58 more people at South Beach, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Eureka even though many of the women worked for the white families and many could speak "good English." On 28 February 1860, 40 more Wiyot were killed on the South Fork of the Eel River, and 35 more at
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Wiyot men murdered are believed to have been older men, which is one reason why the Wiyot were largely defenseless. The celebration usually lasted seven to ten days, and the men traditionally left at night for the supplies while the elders, women and children slept. That is why most victims were children, women and older men.
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The Wiyot Tribe said their people were not allowed to return to the island or their other lands. Soldiers from Fort
Humboldt took many of the surviving Wiyot into protective custody at the fort, later transporting them to the Klamath River Reservation. They did not leave their former home without any
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There were few survivors. One woman, Jane Sam, survived by hiding in a trash pile. Two cousins, Matilda and Nancy Spear, hid with their three children on the west side of the island and later found seven other children still alive. A young boy, Jerry James, was found alive in his dead mother's arms.
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My father's home was probably the only one south of Eel River that was not notified and its men invited to take part in the massacre on Indian Island and two others near the coast on the same night, Feb. 26, 1860. Pardon reminiscenses. I know whereof I speak. I later served as
Superintendent of work
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The killings followed two years of hostility by a group of local whites against the residents of Indian Island, numerous editorials in the local newspapers, and the formation of volunteer militia groups. Hostility had developed between local
Indians and the settlers, who let their cattle stray onto
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A review of subsequent communications to
Governor Downey revealed the true motive for the series of massacres that included Indian Island. The volunteer company commanded by Seman Wright wanted to become officially recognized as state militia, thereby becoming eligible for state funding. Hydesville
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Blood stood in pools on all sides; the walls of the huts were stained and the grass colored red. Lying around were dead bodies of both sexes and all ages from the old man to the infant at the breast. Some had their heads split in twain by axes, others beaten into jelly with clubs, others pierced or
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Based upon Wiyot Tribe estimates, 80 to 250 Wiyot people were murdered. Another estimate states the number of
American Indian people killed at 150. Because most of the adult able-bodied men were away gathering supplies as part of continuing preparation for the World Renewal Ceremony, nearly all the
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The whites then approached, about 6 o'clock in the morning, fired upon and killed three men, who were asleep in a cabin at some little distance from where the women lay, then, entering lodge after lodge, they dirked the sleeping, and with axes split open and crushed the skulls of the children and
199:. Ranchers in the inland valleys claimed as much as one-eighth of their cattle had been stolen or slaughtered by Indians over the previous year and one rancher, James C. Ellison, was killed while pursuing suspected rustlers in May 1859. The area where the ranches were located was occupied by the
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more shocking and revolting spectacle was never exhibited to the eyes of a
Christian and civilized people. Old women, wrinkled and decrepit, lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long gray hair. Infants scarce a span long, with their faces cloven with hatchets and
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White settler Robert
Gunther gained ownership over the island in 1860, the same year of the massacre. Gunther diked the island and used it as a dairy ranch. It was later used as a shipyard repair facility which led to toxic chemicals contaminating the island. The Wiyot Tribe then regained legal
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resistance. Many Wiyots returned home soon after arriving at the Fort and attacks on White settlements were stronger in areas with sparse settlement of White people. Recently the Wiyot have been repurchasing the land in order to perform their annual World
Renewal Ceremony.
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among Indians in the National W.C.T.U. nearly twenty years. By the end of that time I had learned that the Indians of no other state were as poor and neglected as ours. Very truly yours, Dorcas J. Spencer
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tribe, not the Wiyot, so the victims of the massacre would not have been responsible for any rustling. Van Ness ended his written statement by saying he did not excuse the killers for their deeds.
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at the time, reported to his commanding officer that a local group of vigilantes had resolved to "kill every peaceable Indian - man, woman, and child." The vigilantes, calling themselves the
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222:, one of the ranching communities in the Nongatl area. They spent most of February "in the field" attacking Indians along the Eel River. A petition had been sent to California Governor
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be mustered into service and given regular pay. Downey refused the petition, stating that the U.S. Army was sending an additional Company of Regulars to Fort Humboldt.
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with axes, knives, and guns. The February 26 attacks were followed by similar bloody attacks on other Wiyot villages later that week in what were part of the broader
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170:) against the massacre and would soon need to leave the area due to the threats against his life by the genocide sympathizers. In the editorial, Harte wrote:
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268:. The song discusses the suffering of the Wiyot people, the reaction of Robert Gunther, and the lack of punishment for the perpetrators of the massacre.
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The Tuluwat/Indian Island massacre was part of a coordinated simultaneous attack that targeted other nearby Wiyot sites, including an encampment on the
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Indian lands. Indians used the cattle, and the cattle owners retaliated. On the night of 26 February 1860, a small group of settlers crossed
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a few days later. Though the attack was widely condemned in newspapers outside Humboldt County, no one was ever prosecuted for the murders.
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cut to pieces with bowie knives. Some struck down as they mired; others had almost reached the water when overtaken and butchered.
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were at this time a peaceful tribe. They had never fought with white settlers and were not expecting an attack.
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Rossiter, Charles (2 March 1860). "More of the Humboldt Bay Butchery". San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin.
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Rohde, Jerry. "Genocide and Extortion." North Coast Journal, February 25, 2010:10-17. Electronic version:
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Indian Island Massacre: A Decade of Events Leading to Genocide and Removal of the Wiyots, 1850-1860.
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The Indian Island Massacre: An investigation of the Events that Precipitated the Wiyot Murders.
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616:
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378:"Genocide and Extortion: 150 years later, the hidden motive behind the Indian Island Massacre"
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The Indian Island Massacre: Place, Labor, and Environmental Change on California's Northwest.
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661:
E. L. Davis, letter to Governor Downey, April 3, 1860, Indian War Papers, folder F3753:568.
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The Bohemians: Mark Twain and the San Francisco Writers Who Reinvented American Literature
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8:
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California's Indians: A Clever Satire on the Governments dealings with its Indian Wards
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The massacre of the Wiyot people was referenced by the American alternative rock band
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The local sheriff, Barrant Van Ness, stated in a newspaper editorial published in the
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http://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/genocide-and-extortion/Content?oid=2130748
556:"How a California Tribe Fought for Years to Get Their Ancestral Land Back in Eureka"
64:. In coordinated attacks beginning at about 6 am, White settlers murdered 80 to 250
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women. The total killed on the island were fifty-five, of whom only five were men.
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733:"Island of Resilience: The Wiyot Reclaim Their Land and Culture from a Dark Past"
316:"From California: The Humboldt Butchery of Indian Infants and Women ... & c."
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ownership of the island. They remediated the land and continue to manage it.
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Madley, Benjamin. An American Genocide. Yale University Press, 2016:282-284.
415:, cover note titled "The Word of a Witness". reprint of Harper Brothers 1864
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papers angrily condemning the attacks and naming suspected conspirators.
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582:"The Humboldt Bay Massacre-Statement of the Sheriff of Humboldt County"
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447:. Arcata, California: Humboldt County Historical Society. p. 165.
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671:"Fort Humboldt". San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin. 11 May 1860.
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Genocide and Vendetta: The Round Valley Wars of Northern California
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Genocide in northwestern California : when our worlds cried
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218:, had been formed in early February 1860 in the inland town of
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a few days after the massacre that the motive was revenge for
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346:"California museum returns massacre remains to Wiyot Tribe"
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Several prominent local citizens also wrote letters to the
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Frank Black and the Catholics – Humboldt County Massacre
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Senior seminar paper. Humboldt State University, 2002.
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in the song "Humboldt County Massacre" on the 1998 EP
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475:. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press. p. 82.
608:
1234:Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians
825:, Lynette's NorCal History Blog, August 11, 2009.
799:M.A. Thesis, Humboldt State University, May 2005.
607:Carranco, Lynwood; Beard, Estle (November 1981).
84:, during the 10 years prior to the massacre. The
52:refers to the incidents on February 26, 1860, at
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56:(on what is also known as Indian Island), near
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80:Immigrants had settled in the area since the
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747:"FrankBlack.Net Discopedia - All My Ghosts"
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542:"The Tuluwat Island Massacre in its Time"
719:"Tuluwat Project | Wiyot Tribe, CA"
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615:. University of Oklahoma Press. p.
584:. National Intelligencer. Archived from
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1526:History of Humboldt County, California
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815:MA thesis. St. Louis University, 2012.
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1561:Stabbing attacks in the United States
1511:Native American history of California
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443:Raphael, Ray; House, Freeman (1997).
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1551:Anti-Indigenous racism in California
1287:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
946:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
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580:Van Ness, Barrant (31 March 1860).
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216:Humboldt Volunteers, Second Brigade
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175:their bodies ghastly with wounds."
120:, described the scene as follows:
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376:Rohde, Jerry (25 February 2010).
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873:Indigenous peoples of California
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116:Arcata's local newspaper, the
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1516:Massacres of Native Americans
262:Frank Black and the Catholics
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344:Melley, Brian (2022-01-27).
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62:Humboldt County, California
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516:Tarnoff, Benjamin (2014).
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494:"Letter to the Editor".
288:List of Indian massacres
210:, Commanding Officer of
1330:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1142:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1001:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
164:The Northern California
445:Two Peoples, One Place
193:San Francisco Bulletin
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162:wrote an editorial in
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95:Indian Island Tuluwat.
1416:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1285:Eel River Athapaskans
1111:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
944:Eel River Athapaskans
641:"Humboldt Volunteers"
471:Norton, Jack (1979).
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1556:February 1860 events
118:Northern Californian
82:California Gold Rush
1566:California genocide
823:"When Thugs Ruled,"
685:. Wiyot Tribe. 2012
683:"Sacred Sites Fund"
382:North Coast Journal
228:Humboldt Volunteers
139:Coordinated attacks
70:California Genocide
30: /
1541:1860 in California
1521:Eureka, California
1304:(Chilula, Whilkut)
751:www.frankblack.net
643:. 25 February 1860
558:. 3 November 2023.
496:Humboldt Historian
168:Arcata, California
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34:40.815°N 124.161°W
1501:Massacres in 1860
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811:Karp, Michael T.
626:978-0-8061-1549-8
544:. 6 October 2022.
520:. Penguin Books.
454:978-1-883254-02-5
413:Dorcas J. Spencer
283:Henry P. Larrabee
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321:. 16 March 1860
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588:on 2011-07-10
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266:All My Ghosts
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212:Fort Humboldt
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187:Investigation
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181:San Francisco
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149:Eagle Prairie
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46:
43:
1420:Sierra Miwok
1388:Plains Miwok
1351:(Bear River)
1133:(Gabrieliño)
1117:(Fernandeño)
1022:(Bear River)
812:
804:
795:
776:, retrieved
771:
765:
754:. Retrieved
750:
741:
727:
713:
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687:. Retrieved
677:
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645:. Retrieved
635:
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590:. Retrieved
586:the original
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407:
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385:. Retrieved
353:. Retrieved
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323:. Retrieved
318:
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250:
241:
238:Consequences
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227:
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117:
115:
111:
102:Humboldt Bay
98:
79:
66:Wiyot people
49:
47:
15:
1430:Tubatulabal
1379:(Costanoan)
1297:Halchidhoma
1275:Coast Miwok
1137:Tübatulabal
955:Halchidhoma
934:Coast Miwok
894:Ahwahnechee
278:Wiyot Tribe
37: /
25:124°09′40″W
1546:Axe murder
1490:Categories
1334:Lake Miwok
1291:Gabrielino
1260:Chemehuevi
1062:Kucadikadi
1005:Lake Miwok
919:Chemehuevi
889:Acjachemen
778:2024-04-27
756:2024-04-27
502:(2). 2009.
481:B0006CYZSK
355:2022-01-28
220:Hydesville
160:Bret Harte
76:Background
22:40°48′54″N
1357:(Klamath)
1323:Kitanemuk
1265:Chimariko
1172:Wukchumni
1076:Ramaytush
1072:Costanoan
1033:(Klamath)
1026:Mechoopda
989:Kitanemuk
924:Chimariko
904:Bay Miwok
419:5 January
294:Footnotes
247:Aftermath
145:Eel River
130:Survivors
1328:Kumeyaay
1318:Kawaiisu
1293:(Tongva)
1255:Cahuilla
1250:Atsugewi
1245:Achomawi
1121:Timbisha
1115:Tataviam
999:Kumeyaay
984:Kawaiisu
914:Cahuilla
899:Atsugewi
884:Achomawi
689:25 March
647:19 April
592:25 March
387:25 March
325:25 March
272:See also
1409:Serrano
1404:Salinan
1398:Quechan
1349:Mattole
1339:Luiseño
1270:Chumash
1147:Vanyume
1104:Serrano
1099:Salinan
1093:Quechan
1053:Nomlaki
1048:Nisenan
1020:Mattole
1010:Luiseño
968:Whilkut
964:Chilula
950:Esselen
929:Chumash
201:Nongatl
54:Tuluwat
1465:Yokuts
1440:Washoe
1425:Tolowa
1414:Shasta
1400:(Yuma)
1383:Patwin
1377:Ohlone
1361:Mohave
1280:Cupeño
1182:Yokuts
1157:Washoe
1131:Tongva
1126:Tolowa
1109:Shasta
1095:(Yuma)
1083:Patwin
1068:Ohlone
1037:Mohave
939:Cupeño
908:Saklan
623:
524:
479:
451:
350:SFGATE
206:Major
108:Deaths
58:Eureka
1531:Wiyot
1475:Yurok
1455:Wiyot
1435:Wappo
1355:Modoc
1344:Maidu
1308:Karuk
1192:Yurok
1167:Wiyot
1162:Wintu
1152:Wappo
1031:Modoc
1015:Maidu
979:Cahto
974:Karuk
86:Wiyot
1470:Yuki
1460:Yana
1393:Pomo
1366:Mono
1313:Kato
1302:Hupa
1187:Yuki
1177:Yana
1088:Pomo
1042:Mono
994:Kizh
960:Hupa
691:2012
649:2013
621:ISBN
594:2012
522:ISBN
477:ASIN
449:ISBN
421:2013
389:2012
327:2012
48:The
617:384
60:in
1492::
966:,
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508:^
500:58
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463:^
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301:^
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1226:e
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358:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
