974:
registered which seemed to be gang related, and the homicide rate continued to steadily increase throughout May and June 2013. In the first three days of July 2013, 56 homicides were registered. In the first six days of August 2013, 69 homicides were registered, with 29 of them being linked to gang violence; by late August, 208 homicides were registered in the month, a 45 percent increase from August 2012. A total of 176 homicides were registered in the first 17 days of
November 2013, compared to only 91 homicides recorded in the same period in November 2012. According to the Institute of Forensic Medicine (IML), the Salvadoran government forensic institute, a total of 2,492 homicides were registered in 2013, a 4 percent decrease from 2012 for an average of 7.1 homicides per day. By the end of the truce in May 2014, the country was experiencing an average of 14 homicides per day. El Salvador recorded 3,912 homicides in 2014.
939:, a deputy of the Legislative Assembly from ARENA, recordings and documents leaked in January 2014 allegedly revealed that the government authorized payments to the mediators and the families of gang leaders, as well as gave benefits to incarcerated gang leaders such as nights out of prison, prostitutes, and luxury goods. In 2016, MS-13 released YouTube videos and audio recordings which allegedly showed politicians of both ARENA and the FMLN negotiating with gangs, offering them identity cards and financial support in exchange for the gangs supporting their political campaigns prior to the 2014 presidential election. On 4 June 2021, Muyshondt was arrested for allegedly engaging in electoral fraud and negotiating with the gangs to vote for ARENA in 2014. On 11 November 2022, Quijano himself was ordered to stand trial for allegedly offering the gangs favors in exchange for them voting for him in the 2014 election.
1223:
logic or rational reason for this playing into the hands of the political discussion: 'more police, less crime, eliminating the scourge and the more we kill, the better,' that unfortunately is more popular than building community centers and community policing and focused deterrence as a strategy". Mijango stood trial in August 2017 in the so-called "Truce Trial" but was acquitted as the court ruled that he was "merely following orders". He was acquitted for a second time in May 2019 after prosecutors appealed the case. He was, however, sentenced to 13 years imprisonment in 2018 for conspiring with gang members to extort a food production and distribution company. Mijango died on 28 August 2023 while imprisoned.
1261:
crimes". Following a series of protests against his arrest, Rodríguez was granted "conditional liberty" on 4 August while his legal proceedings continued, but a judge ordered him to return to prison on 6 August. Martínez stated that he would "reveal the truth" of the truce and believed that Rodríguez's arrest would "mark the beginning of revelations of illegality in the truce process". Rodríguez was convicted on 4 September 2014 for bringing cell phones and SIM cards to prisoners and for asking prison authorities to lower the strength of prison phone signal jammers. He was sentenced to serve 30 months in prison, but was released the same day and deported to
443:
1227:"knew of this process for three years" but "did not escape". Munguía's criminal trial began on 26 April 2023, being charged with illicit negotiation and failure to perform his duties. He faces up to eleven years imprisonment if convicted. The attorney general solicited twenty years imprisonment for Munguía. On 29 May 2023, Munguía was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment—8 years for illicit association, 6 years for failure to perform his duties, and 4 years for committing arbitrary actions. Munguía claimed that there were irregularities present during his trial. He added that he believed his sentencing was "a political condemnation" ("
761:. According to Munguía, the mayor and police chief of La Unión stated that the truce was not in force in the city with 31 homicides being recorded since the start of the year. In April 2013, Salvadoran officials requested financial assistance from the United States to fund the truce, which they estimated as requiring US$ 150 million. In June 2013, the US announced that it would spend US$ 91.2 million to fund El Salvador's security programs, but not the truce. In regards to the US, Mijango stated that "the US has not only decided to maintain their distance, they have begun a strong campaign to try to destroy this process".
1202:") to those who collaborated in the truce. The attorney general solicited 16 years imprisonment for Funes. On 29 May 2023, Funes was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment—8 for illicit association and 6 for failure to perform his duties—making him the second former president in Salvadoran history to be sentenced to prison after Saca was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in 2018 for embezzling US$ 300 million. Following his sentencing, he stated that "the sentence, insofar as it refers to me, is illegal, doesn't have legal foundation", claiming that the government failed to prove the charges against him.
887:(GANA) called for an investigation into Mijango's activities after he claimed on 4 July 2013 that the number of homicides would decrease in 72 hours following a significant spike in homicides in the first three days of July. Gallegos claimed that "a person who has knowledge, control, and knows how the gangs act, and says that in 72 hours homicides may drop is also in some way an accomplice". Another politician commented that Mijango appeared to have information regarding the truce which was not available to others. Mijango refuted their claims and stated that the homicides were not part of a plan to
1253:
Anílber Rodríguez, the inspector general of the prison system; and Juan
Roberto Castillo, a deputy inspector with the National Civil Police. Colindres and Munguía presented testimony against the defendants, with Munguía testifying that "the truce between gangs was a state policy". Carlos Eduardo Burgos Nuila, a former member of Barrio 18, also testified against the defendants. All 18 defendants were acquitted on 29 August 2017. Salazar stated that the attorney general failed to prove that the defendants acted deliberately, and stated that they were "following their duties as state officials" and "
461:
602:
47:
829:, stated that the gang truce set a "dangerous regional precedent". They stated that truces only lead to a temporary decrease in violence and are difficult to maintain or transform into a long-term solution. They added that the truce emboldened the gangs' political power and that they "may seek to further upset the delicate balance between justice and peace by demanding more concessions this balance may have already tilted too far in the favor gangs". Others have stated that the truce gave gangs political leverage.
661:
internal problems inside these gangs". Nevertheless, he claimed that the decrease in violence was a result of improved police operations and better government security strategy. In mid-April 2012, the government announced a plan to allow tens of thousands of imprisoned gang members to find employment opportunities after being released; the plan was expected to cost around US$ 20 million. Despite the announcement, the government stated that it was difficult to find companies who were willing to participate.
1215:
812:
given the increase in homicides in the past months". On 26 May 2014, four days before the end of his term as president, Funes stated that Barrio 18 had "decided to break the truce". Funes admitted that "the truce has failed, not only because of the decision of those who agreed to it; it is because a state of opinion contrary to it was created; with this, I am not saying that the truce was necessary or the only option". The country at this time averaged 14 homicides per day.
850:
themselves from
Colindres, stating that "the truce has not produced any benefits for the honorable and hard-working population". Additionally, many lower ranking Church officials also opposed the truce. According to Colindres himself, he participated in the truce's negotiation without consulting the conference and that he was motivated by the Church's humanitarian imperative. Munguía and Mijango believed that Colindres' participation would help legitimize the truce.
6327:
6339:
970:, from 10 March to 11 April, a total of 209 homicides were recorded. By May 2012, homicides had reportedly decreased by 58 percent from the beginning the truce. On 3 January 2013, the government announced that it had registered 2,576 homicides throughout 2012, a decrease of 1,795 (or 41 percent) from 2011, when 4,371 were killed. Additionally, a few days without a homicide were reported in 2012, something which had not occurred in El Salvador in over thirty years.
6351:
1196:, began; he was charged with illicit association and failure to perform his duties. Funes denied his role in truce, writing on Twitter the day before the trial began that he "never ordered nor authorized any negotiation". During the trial, a former high ranking government employee only referred to as "Franco" testified that Funes secretly authorized US$ 50,000 from the country's reserve fund to be transferred in cash to "necessary sources" ("
1101:
12.6 homicides per day, the country effectively returned to its pre-truce homicide rate. By 24 July 2014, the country recorded 2,098 homicides throughout the year; Mauricio Ramírez
Landaverde, the director of the National Civil Police, stated that gang members were responsible for the majority of the homicides, but were also the majority of homicide victims. The country recorded 3,912 homicides in 2014, an average of 10.8 homicides per day.
1014:
986:
1319:. Now they say we give them privileges? Show me a privilege. Only one" and posted images of gang members in cramped conditions from a prison lockdown from April 2020. In another tweet, he stated, "Are they not themselves the ones who have been DENOUNCING US for our treatment of terrorists? 'Someone' is passing them false information". Melara stated that he would investigate the allegations made against the government but
928:
obstacles" to the truce being effective. He believed that the country's political climate was not enough to break the truce; he added, "I told that it's necessary to wait until after the elections, so that , where everyone is so frenzied, passes". He asked the gangs to "stay out of politics"; "we have an agreement that no one in the gangs is even going to wear a party shirt nor form any part of the party structures".
900:
700:
Prohibition Act, the end of police operations in gang-controlled territory, the repeal of a law which provided benefits to individuals in exchange for information about others with criminal connections, and general improvements in the prisoners' quality of life. In
November 2012, Mijango and Colindres called upon the Legislative Assembly to repeal the Gang Prohibition Act to further distance the country from the old
452:
1283:
days later, El
Salvador reported a day without a murder. In April 2015, spokespeople for MS-13, Barrio 18, Mao Mao, and Mirada Locos 13 announced that they would " instructions for our units to stand down" and work towards "satisfactorily responding to what society hopes of us: less murders, less extortion; and definitely: less violence". They described it as a "gesture of goodwill" and "a gift to
1042:
number of bodies found in shallow graves, with all 20 discovered bodies having been killed in 2012 or 2013. By August 2013, the country registered 949 disappearances; 49 percent were later found alive, 6 percent were later found to have been killed, and the remainder were still missing. A total of 97 bodies were recovered from shallow graves between August 2012 and August 2013.
1163:
con alquién para delinquir. Con quién? La FGR no lo dice. Y para incumplir mis deberes debí haber faltado a mis responsabilidades como
Presidente. Qué obligaciones dejé de cumplir en el caso tregua? Estos fiscales deben regresar a la Universidad y el Fiscal General debe dejar de seguir la agenda de la Embajada USA y de la derecha oligárquica. Cada día se desprestigia más.
1109:, stating that they were responsible for "systematic attacks on the lives, security, and personal integrity of the population". Throughout 2015, the government recorded 6,657 homicides, the most the country had seen in a single year since 1983 for a homicide rate of 104 per 100,000 people. Additionally, the rise in homicides in 2014 and 2015 led to the revival of the
657:
groups". He also stated that any concessions from the government would be "within the scope of the law", such as allowing gang members to be visited by their children and increasing the allowed time for visitations. He added, however, that the government was ready to return to stricter anti-gang measures if the negotiations collapsed.
316:
the government removed soldiers from the designated peace zones, the truce again began to break down in
February 2013 following an increase in homicides; the truce continued to fall apart throughout 2013 as homicides continued to rise. In May 2014, as the homicide rate reached 14 per day, Funes stated that "the truce has failed".
932:
gangs' support for the election. He stated that the gangs constitute "an elector that can define the result ", and referenced the 60,000 gang members that can be mobilized to vote and sway the election. He described
Quijano as a hypocrite for allegedly meeting with the gangs while publicly voicing his opposition to the truce.
876:
who only dedicate themselves to stealing, extorting, and murder". In June 2013, he accused Munguía of suspending fourteen anti-gang operations in San
Salvador and leaking information to gang members in October 2012 to help them avoid arrest. He has also referred to the peace zones as "pandillalandia" (literally "gang land").
1132:
perks to gang leaders, stating "the only thing the government did was monitor this agreement through the mediators". He also questioned the validity of the allegations, claiming that as the allegations came from gang members, they were only seeking to shorten their sentences in exchange for making allegations against Funes.
312:
they had negotiated with the gangs and that any truce existed; as the truce resulted in a decrease in crime, the government began to acknowledge its existence, but continued to attribute the decrease in crime to its security policies. The government formally recognized its role in negotiating the truce in September 2012.
1222:
After his arrest Mijango stated, "there was a peace process it pains me that those who are being judged are people who only wanted to contribute to a solution to a problem that is the most serious in the country". Blackwell criticized the arrests being made, stating, "it's all political, there is no
1131:
In February 2016, the office of the Attorney General leaked recordings from gang members who alleged that Funes' government gave money, conjugal visits, and transfers to lower-security prisons to gang leaders in exchange for their participation in the truce. Funes denied that his government ever gave
1045:
Despite the decrease in homicides, extortions increased during the first month of the truce. According to gang member Ludwing Alexander Rivera, extortion would continue until the gangs and their families could make up for the lost revenue from ending the practice. By July 2012, gang-related extortion
951:
in August 2013, 47 percent of respondents believed the truce benefited the gangs, 16 percent believed it benefited the public, and 13 percent believed it benefited the government. The poll also found that 68.1 percent of respondents believed the truce had "political ends" and 50 percent believed that
845:
On 6 March 2013, Spanish priest Antonio Rodríguez claimed that one of his colleagues, Édgar Giovanni Morales, was assassinated by members of Barrio 18. Rodríguez claimed that Morales was assassinated in retaliation for Rodríguez's opposition to the gang truce, and claimed that the truce benefited the
315:
Although fractures in the truce began to manifest in July and August 2012, in November 2012 an effort to establish "peace zones" in Salvadoran municipalities helped restore the truce and reaffirm the gangs' commitments to reduce their criminal activities. Although the gang surrendered its weapons and
1282:
On 17 January 2015, the gang leaders which were moved out of the Zacatecoluca maximum-security prison at the beginning of the truce were returned to Zacatecoluca. That same day, MS-13 and Barrio 18 announced that they had agreed to a new truce without asking for concessions from the government. Five
1278:
In August 2014, the leaders of five gangs—Mara Salvatrucha, 18th Street gang, Mao Mao, Maquina, and Miranda Locos 13—offered to relaunch the truce, promising to avoid "civilian attacks". The gangs described their offer as a "second chance for the country to achieve peace", but Sánchez Cerén rejected
1147:
by the Nicaraguan government, which said the reason for granting him asylum was a result of Funes "fighting in favor of democracy, peace, justice and human rights". Funes denied all the allegations against him, stating, "asylum only seeks to guarantee protection from persecution I have not given up
919:
criticized the truce, and claimed that his party was never the reason that the truce was formed. Funes continued to defend the truce and expressed his support for it. Perdomo stated that the government would continue supporting the truce, but questioned its effectiveness claiming that it allowed the
849:
Despite Colindres' role in forming the truce, three of the Church's top leaders informed the government that they did not want anything to do with the truce. The country's Catholic Conference of Bishops issued a statement on 12 May 2013 questioning the effectiveness of the truce, seeking to distance
797:
Four members of Barrio 18 were killed in Ilopango, the first peace zone, on 6 September 2013. In late September 2013, gang leaders issued a joint statement announcing their desire to continue the truce despite September being the fourth consecutive month of increasing homicides. They described their
752:
on 1 February resulting in four deaths, and in mid-February, three homicides occurred in Ilopango despite the city being a peace zone. Munguía described the shootout in San Miguel as "a chain of revenge" and denied that the homicides in Ilopango undermined the truce, stating that they were committed
642:
The Salvadoran government denied negotiating a deal with the gangs to decrease homicide rates in exchange for better prison conditions. In a press conference, Funes denied that the government ever held negotiations with the gangs, stating "the government did not sit down to negotiate with gangs". He
319:
The truce received criticism from journalists, religious figures, and politicians, who claimed that the truce gave the gangs political legitimacy, that it failed to produce any benefits for the population, and that it failed to solve the overall problem of gang violence in the country. Additionally,
1210:
On 3 May 2016, Attorney General Douglas Meléndez began ordering the arrests of law enforcement officials who were responsible for helping carry out the truce. That month, Mijango and 20 law enforcement officials were arrested and charged with illicit association with gang members. He stated that he
1155:
charges unrelated to the truce. On 21 March 2019, all 15 magistrates of the Supreme Court approved a request from the attorney general to request Funes' extradition to El Salvador to stand trial for embezzlement charges unrelated to the truce. On 26 July 2020, Attorney General Raúl Melara announced
1100:
According to the Institute of Forensic Medicine (IML), a total of 1,857 homicides were recorded in the first six months of 2014, a 77 percent increase from the same period in 2013 for an average of 10.3 homicides per day. In June 2014 alone, 378 homicides were recorded; with June's daily average of
872:, a spokesman for the Nationalist Republican Alliance, stated following the announcement of the truce that he might call for an investigation hearing against Munguía, stating that making deals with the gangs would be "a nefarious precedent the government would be offering itself to extortionists".
802:
things are. We, the authorities, do not get involved in this; we restrict ourselves to enforcing the law and stopping violence". Perdomo also believed that the gangs planned to increase homicides in December 2012, which the gangs denied as they accused the government of wanting to return to the old
801:
On 21 November 2013, Perdomo stated that the truce was "all but dead" and that the gangs "are at war, in a process of vengeance and territorial control". He began to distance the government from the truce, stating "I have never mentioned a truce. decide the details of the truce, only they know how
773:
which stated that his appointment to the position as a former military general was unconstitutional. Mijango criticized the ruling, claiming that it was "influenced by enemies of the peace process", while gang members lamented his removal, stating that it "puts the security of Salvadorans at risk".
1226:
On 23 July 2020, Munguía was arrested for his role in organizing the truce. He was charged with illicit association with gangs, abuse of authority, and non-compliance. Munguía's lawyer argued that "there had not been sufficient evidence to make the arrest". After his arrest, Munguía stated that he
1162:
Los fiscales dejan mucho que desear. Hoy resulta que me acusan de los delitos de negociaciones ilícitas y de incumplimiento de deberes por haber sido "facilitador" de la tregua. Entonces con quién negocié y qué dejé de hacer? Para que haya una asociación o negociación ilícita debí haberme asociado
1041:
Although the number of homicides recorded decreased during the truce, the number of missing persons increased. In the first two months of 2012, 99 people were reported missing, while in the same period in 2013, 150 were reported missing. Meanwhile, the police reported an 81 percent increase in the
931:
In September 2013, gang leaders announced they would vote in the 2014 election and that they encouraged other gang members to do the same. In October 2013, Mijango claimed that both Quijano and representatives from the FMLN had met with leaders of both MS-13 and Barrio 18 in an effort to rally the
875:
On 8 May 2013, Attorney General Luis Martínez criticized the truce as "hypocritical". He stated that "this false truce does not really exist, because every day it is demonstrated that there continue to be victims in our country, of working people, of fighting people, not of these lazy gang members
764:
Mauricio Ramírez, the sub-director of the PNC, stated that some arrested gang members have argued that they should not be arrested because they were participating in the truce. Despite the gangs' opposition to the Gang Prohibition Act, Salvadoran prosecutors revealed in May 2013 that they had been
691:
who were connected to the assassinations of three police officers three months prior. In August 2012, Munguía stated that the police were arresting an average of 250 people per day, but announced that the police would begin reducing the number of arrests. He denied the reduction was in response to
647:
also denied the allegations, saying "I want the following statement to be loud and clear the government of the republic is not at any time negotiating with any gang". He said that the prisoners were moved because of the Church's appeals on humanitarian grounds, that they were attempting to escape
311:
in early March 2012, after 30 gang leaders were transferred from a maximum-security prison to a lower-security prison, and confirmed after representatives from the gangs and the Catholic Church admitted that they negotiated a truce with the government. However, the government initially denied that
1252:
known as the "Truce Trial" was held for eighteen of the truce's organizers, who were charged with criminal conspiracy and smuggling prohibited items into prisons. The trial's presiding judge was Godofredo Salazar. Among those on trial were Mijango; Nelson Rauda, the director of the prison system;
1168:
The prosecutors leave a lot to be desired. Today, it turns out that they accuse me of the crimes of illegal negotiations and breach of duty for having been a "facilitator" of the truce. So who did I negotiate with and what did I stop doing? For there to be an illicit association or negotiation, I
965:
In the first 21 days of March 2012, a total of 186 homicides were recorded (or 5 homicides per day), a decrease from 402 in February 2012 and 411 in January 2012 (or 14 homicides per day). Although the number of homicides significantly decreased in March 2012, the gangs were still responsible for
836:
writer José Luis Sanz criticized the truce as violating the Anti-Gang Law, as any negotiations or dealings with gangs violates the law. He also added that 22 mayors across the country have contracted gang members to carry out public works projects, such as resurfacing paved roads, which he argued
718:
where the gangs should aim to eliminate all criminal activities. Gang members would be required to surrender their weapons and make peace with rival gang members, while the police would end night-time operations and the government would implement programs to support gang members by providing them
673:
We have considered making a second gesture of good faith, which consists of declaring all scholarly centers of the country, public and private, as zones of peace; that is to say, they are no longer to be considered disputed territories, which will permit the students and teachers to carry on with
395:
in comparison to its neighboring countries. In the 1960s and 1970s, the rate was 30 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants; from 1994 to 1997, the rate was 80 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. Other crimes committed by the gangs included making threats, robbery, motor-vehicle theft, arms trafficking,
335:
The truce resulted in an overall decrease in homicides. The government recorded 2,576 homicides in 2012, a 41 percent decrease from the 4,371 homicides recorded in 2011; in 2013, the government recorded 2,492 homicides, a slight decrease from 2012. With the truce's collapse in mid-2014, homicides
1185:
ordered Funes to stand trial for his role in organizing the truce. He stated that Funes allegedly "granted benefits to gang members who were in prison" and engaged in illicit association with the gangs. Prior to Delgado's order, Funes tweeted that any legal proceedings carried out in his absence
973:
From January 2013 to April 2013, the government recorded 694 homicides, a 45 percent decrease from the 1,224 homicides recorded in the same period in 2012. The figures did not include the number of people recorded missing. In the first eight days of May 2013, however, a spike of 65 homicides was
811:
On 3 March 2014, with 484 homicides being recorded between 1 January and 1 March 2014 (or 8 homicides per day), and with 60 to 70 percent of them being committed by gang members, Rigoberto Pleités, the director of the National Civil Police, announced that "the truce technically no longer exists,
768:
Following a spike of homicides in early May 2013, Munguía claimed that the homicides did not represent a trend. Despite comments and statements from the Church and politicians claiming that the truce has failed, Funes reiterated that "the truce has not failed" and stated that US$ 18 million
695:
According to Miguel Fortin, the director of the Institute of Forensic Medicine (IML), the truce began to fracture in August 2012 as homicide rates began to steadily increase, with 58 homicides being recorded in the first week of the month. On 20 August 2012, two leaders of MS-13 were killed in
564:
passed the Gang Prohibition Act in response to an increase in gang violence. The law doubled the maximum prison sentence for minors, allowed authorities to freeze bank accounts and seize assets of gang members, and made gang membership illegal. In February 2012, Funes implemented new anti-gang
1260:
On 29 July 2014, Rodríguez was arrested and charged with bringing illegal objects into the country's prisons, including drugs, money, and cell phones; illicit association with gangs; and influencing trafficking. As a result of his actions, he allegedly "helped gang members continue committing
660:
After the truce's first month, Munguía acknowledged that it existed, saying "I think that this pact between gangs still has not yet been totally fulfilled, and I think it will be difficult to fulfill to perfection there are also other gangs who haven't agreed to the pact, and there are still
656:
In April 2012, the Church announced that it was continuing further negotiations with the gangs to reduce extortion. Munguía stated that the government was willing to facilitate the negotiations but not participate in them, saying that "the government cannot sit down to negotiate with criminal
1062:
announced that they might consider implementing similar agreements with gangs in their countries to reduce crime, seeing the results of the truce in El Salvador. Héctor Mauricio López, the minister of the interior of Guatemala, stated that the truce was "very innovative" and "worthy of being
1104:
In February 2015, as crime began to "skyrocket" in El Salvador, Ricardo Salvador Martínez, the director of police internal affairs, stated that "we're at war" with the gangs. March 2015 marked the deadliest month in El Salvador since the end of the civil war in 1992 with 481 homicides being
927:
Mijango dismissed Quijano's comments, claiming that they were only for show for his presidential campaign, adding that "it would be stupid to end the possibility that this process keeps advancing". He also stated that while Funes' government was supporting the truce, it was also "creat more
699:
In September 2012, the Salvadoran government formally acknowledged its role in organizing the truce, stating that the Ministry of Public Security directly negotiated with the gangs under the oversight of Funes. According to Mijango, some of the gangs' demands included the repeal of the Gang
376:. According to journalist C. Ramos, more violent deaths occurred in the 1990s than during the entirety of the twelve-year civil war. In 2004, there were an estimated 10,000 to 39,000 gang members in El Salvador; by 2012, the estimate was over 60,000. The country's two largest gangs are
597:
suggested that the Salvadoran government had been secretly negotiating with MS-13 and Barrio 18 in an effort to reduce the country's homicide rate. The following day, 12 March, was reportedly "the least violent day the country has seen in three years" when only two people were killed.
340:. In the years following the truce's collapse, several individuals have been arrested, charged, and ordered to stand trial regarding their involvement with the truce, including Funes, Munguía, and Mijango. In 2017 and 2019, Mijango was acquitted of all charges, while in 2023, Funes (
643:
did, however, state that the government supported the agreement between the gangs and the Church. He added that the transfer of prisoners was "not illegal" and that those being transferred did not receive "preferential treatment" at their new prison. Minister of Public Security
861:, praised Colindres' efforts in forming the truce and called upon Salvadorans to take advantage of the situation to "surpass the intolerable violence", but as the truce was collapsing in March 2014, he stated that the truce was "well intentioned, but did not work".
674:
their educational activities with all normality, and the families of the students will be liberated of all worry when they send their children to school... We also declare that henceforth, all involuntary recruitment of adults and children into our ranks will cease.
793:
that the gangs also used the truce to strengthen their connections with international drug traffickers. An analysis of around 500 weapons surrendered by the gangs revealed the majority of them to be non-functional, raising concerns over the validity of the truce.
846:
gangs while they continued to participate in criminal activities. He later changed his position and supported the truce. According to Mijango, who met Rodríguez shortly after he made his claim, Rodríguez changed his view in part due to fear after Morales' death.
648:
from the prisons, and that they had already served their required ten-year sentence in a maximum-security prison. Police officials denied the allegations of a truce, claiming that the reduce in homicides were a result of "improved coordination and intelligence".
788:
newspaper that the gangs were preparing to end the truce and that they were using it stockpile weapons, acquire vehicles, and diversify their means of obtaining revenue. Additionally, Ricardo Perdomo, who succeeded Munguía as minister of public security, told
4628:[The prosecutors leave a lot to be desired. Today, it turns out that they accuse me of the crimes of illegal negotiations and breach of duty for having been a "facilitator" of the truce. So who did I negotiate with and what did I stop doing?] (
1086:
when the gangs formally announced that they were committed to ending gang-related violence. Lobo Sosa stated he was willing to support the truce, but Emiliani believed that the truce would not result in a decrease in violence as seen in El Salvador.
639:, a former deputy of the Legislative Assembly, stated that he helped mediate the truce and that the government was fully aware of the truce. Representatives of both MS-13 and Barrio 18 confirmed that a truce between them and the government existed.
1105:
committed. This mark was later surpassed with 622 homicides in May 2015, then 677 homicides in June 2015, and 907 homicides in August 2015. On 25 August 2015, the Supreme Court declared that both MS-13 and Barrio 18 were officially designated as
1046:
reportedly began to decrease, but anonymous extortion was increasing. According to some gang members, they were ordered to not murder or extort people in their territories as to not raise attention but that they were free to do so elsewhere.
798:
desire to continue the truce as "unbreakable". In November 2013, eight mayors of the country's peace zones stated that the truce was failing, while Mijango stated that the gangs were the only ones putting effort into maintaining the truce.
419:(UCA) during the 2000s, 20.8 percent of Salvadorans believed that gangs were the main issue facing the country, 55 percent would support killing a criminal who terrorizes a community, and 40.5 would approve the lynching of a criminal.
5113:
3023:
4738:
4626:"Los fiscales dejan mucho que desear. Hoy resulta que me acusan de los delitos de negociaciones ilícitas y de incumplimiento de deberes por haber sido "facilitador" de la tregua. Entonces con quién negocié y qué dejé de hacer?"
4530:
3894:
765:
using the law to convict 180 gang members during ten of the thirteen months in which the truce was present, following a freedom of information request by the Salvadoran Foundation for Economic and Social Development (FUSADES).
738:
announced that the military would withdraw its forces from the peace zones after confirming that MS-13 and Barrio 18 were surrendering their weapons and ceasing criminal activities. By May 2013, the country had 19 peace zones.
664:
In early May 2012, the gangs agreed to extend the truce to school zones and said that they would end the forced recruitment of members. The announcement, presented by Víctor Antonio García Cerón, a leader of Barrio 18, at the
769:
would be invested in creating programs in the country's peace zones to continue to offer support and opportunities to gang members. Munguía was ousted as minister of public security on 17 May 2013 following a ruling from the
1338:
alleged that the spike in homicides occurred as a result of a breakdown in negotiations between the government and the gangs following the arrest of a high-ranking member of MS-13 in mid-March 2022. As of 12 April 2023, the
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helped mediate a truce between MS-13 and Barrio 18 to end "deadly attacks". He stated that the government had not given the gangs any concessions and that the gangs contacted him to mediate in the truce's negotiations.
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studied". Pompeyo Bonilla, the minister of security of Honduras, stated that the truce was "a lesson which deserves to be replicated, to attempt it in my country, where we regrettably have the highest homicide rate".
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to prevent gang members from being in the streets at night. The policies resulted in an increase of homicides, however, and the government blamed the increase on "backlash" from the gangs against the policies.
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Homicides once again began to increase in February 2013, rising from 5.3 homicides per day at the end of 2012 to 6.6 homicides per day in mid-February 2013. A shootout between rival gang members occurred in
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In March 2013, Salvadoran authorities admitted that the truce was not working in some parts of the country, and that the gangs were unable to enforce some cliques of members to abide by it, especially in
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with supposed police connections which targeted and killed gang members. Due to the sharp rise in homicides in 2015, El Salvador was frequently referred to as the "world's deadliest peacetime country".
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1139:; he claimed to have left because he was working as a consultant. In August 2016, his properties were raided by Salvadoran authorities who were searching for evidence to charge Funes with charges of
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the gangs' appeal, stating that he was developing his own strategy to reduce crime. In November 2014, Martínez stated that the government would not enter any talks with the gangs for another truce.
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would seek to impeach Perdomo and have the Legislative Assembly remove Munguía's immunity from prosecution, as he had since been appointed as the country's minister of defense by Sánchez Cerén.
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From 25 to 27 March 2022, a spike in homicides in El Salvador left 87 people dead. The government attributed the spike to gang activity, and on 27 March, the Legislative Assembly declared a
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1257:". He instead stated that Funes and Munguía were responsible for the truce. The prosecutors appealed the decision to a higher court. The defendants were again acquitted on 31 May 2019.
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499:(Spanish for "The Iron Fist") security policy to combat the gangs and lower the country's homicide rate. Upon assuming office in June 2004, Saca increased the security policies of
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Colindres had not been arrested or charged for his role in negotiating the truce. He presented testimony against both Funes and Munguía during their criminal trial in May 2023.
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criticized the truce. He claimed that it "did not solve the problem" of violence and that it only served to legitimize the gangs through the government's cooperation with them.
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work. Some gang leaders accepted the proposal and even proposed ten municipalities where the peace should be established. The peace zones would affect around 900,000 people.
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should have associated with whom to commit a crime. With who? The Attorney General does not say. And to fail in my duties, I should have failed in my responsibilities as
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returned to pre-truce levels and the country recorded 3,912 homicides in 2014. The year after the truce ended, 2015, saw 6,657 homicides, the most since 1983 during the
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1173:. What obligations did I stop fulfilling in the truce case? These prosecutors must return to university, and the Attorney General must stop following the agenda of the
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had entered secret negotiations with MS-13 and Barrio 18 to reduce the country's homicide rate, similar to the allegations they presented against Funes in March 2012.
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4525:[The Attorney General of the Republic Will Request the Extradition of Former President Funes and His Three Relatives Who Are Asylum Seekers in Nicaragua].
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and extortions in exchange for improved prison conditions and certain visitation privileges. The truce's principal negotiators were Minister of Public Security
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patrols of gang-controlled areas, random searches of suspected gang members, and the ability to arrest individuals on appearance alone. As a result of both
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On 22 November 2012, Mijango and Colindres announced that the next phase of the truce would be the implementation of so-called "peace zones", special
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that he would issue an arrest warrant for Funes for his role in forming the truce. In response to Melara's announcement, Funes said on Twitter:
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2018:
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Borgh, Chris van der (January–June 2019). "Government Responses to Gang Power: From Truce to War on Gangs in El Salvador".
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alleged that Bukele was secretly negotiating with gangs to lower the homicide rate, allegations which Bukele again denied.
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maximum-security prison to lower-security prisons with "more relaxed rules on visitors". On 11 March, the online newspaper
4523:"Fiscalía General de la República Solicitará Extradición de Expresidente Funes y Sus Tres Parientes Asilados en Nicaragua"
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560:. He ended mass raids of gang territory to instead focus on the police's investigation capacities. In September 2010, the
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as a part of a "mega-operation" intended to capture 200 gang members. Additionally, three gang leaders were arrested in
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alleged that the government promised to repeal laws and relax security in prisons in exchange for the gangs supporting
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3594:[PNC Captures Ernesto Muyshondt for Misappropriation of Retentions to the Detriment of the Public Finance].
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The following graph visualizes the number of homicides recorded in the three calendar years the truce was in force.
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European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe
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gangs to strengthen their connections with international drug traffickers. Meanwhile, ARENA presidential candidate
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348:) and Munguía were sentenced to 14 years and 18 years imprisonment, respectively, for their roles in the truce.
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3592:"PNC Captura al Ernesto Muyshondt por Apropiación Indebida de Retenciones en Perjuicio de la Hacienda Pública"
2285:[Gang Members Select Municipalities to be Considered "Sanctuaries" in the Second Phase of the Truce].
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to bring them to power. Bukele denied the allegations, tweeting, "they accuse us of violating the terrorists'
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On 12 June 2018, Attorney General Jorge Cortéz requested Funes' extradition to El Salvador to stand trial for
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5106:[Gang Truce Case | "I Knew of this Process for Three Years and Did Not Escape", Says Munguía Payés].
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Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean Subnational Structures, Institutions, and Clientelistic Networks
5172:[Munguía Payés Says its "a Political Condemnation" After He was Declared Liable in the Truce Case].
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5918:[El Salvador Reports 192 New Captures and Increases to 67,203 Detains in the State of Exception].
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332:(FMLN) secretly negotiated with the gangs prior to the election to persuade them to vote in the election.
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Soyapango by lower-ranking members, supposedly due to the two leaders attempting to undermine the truce.
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6166:"5 – The Salvadoran Gang Truce (2012–2014) – Insights on Subnational Security Governance in El Salvador"
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under the condition that he does not communicate with gangs and does not visit the country's prisons.
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5916:"El Salvador Reporta 192 Nuevas Capturas e Incrementa a 67,203 los Detenidos en Régimen de Excepción"
5104:"Caso Tregua Entre Pandillas | "Supe de Este Proceso Hace Tres Años y No Escapé", Dice Munguía Payés"
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5236:[Bishop Colindres and 24 Other Witnesses Will Testify in the Truce Trial Starting Tuesday].
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5234:"El Obispo Colindres y Otros 24 Testigos Declararán en el Juicio de la Tregua a Partir del Martes"
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4800:[Attorney General Solicits 16 Years Imprisonment for Ex-President Funes for 2012 Truce].
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Farah, Douglas; Babineau, Kathryn (2017). "The Evolution of MS 13 in El Salvador and Honduras".
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3693:[El Salvador Registers Nearly 1,800 Less Homicides than in 2011, According to Police].
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5170:"Munguía Payés dice es "un Condenado Político" Tras ser Declarado Culpable en el Caso Tregua"
4423:
408:(ARENA), over 50 percent of homicides in the country were committed by gang members, and the
3026:[The President of El Salvador Recognizes the Collapse of the Truce with the Gangs].
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5795:[Nayib Bukele Denies Alleged Pact with Gangs to Reduce Homicides in El Salvador].
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4869:"Ex-El Salvador President Mauricio Funes Sentenced to 14 Years for Negotiating with Gangs"
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Funes stated that, although he opposed the court's ruling, he would respect the decision.
384:(Barrio 18), and most of its members arrived in the country after being deported from the
8:
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4833:"Former El Salvador President Mauricio Funes Sentenced to 14 Years Over Gang Negotiation"
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Shortly after the truce was announced, Elyssa Pachico and Steven Dudley, two writers for
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5793:"Nayib Bukele Niega Supuesto Pacto con Pandillas para Reducir Homicidios en El Salvador"
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6025:"La Tregua Entre Pandillas Salvadoreñas Hacia un Proceso de Construcción de Paz Social"
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4764:[Mauricio Funes Approved 50,000 Dollars for 2012 Truce, According to Witness].
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3571:(1). Institute for National Strategic Security, National Defense University: 58–73.
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6027:[The Salvadoran Gang Truce Was a Process of Construction and Social Peace]
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5001:
4999:[Attorney General Fails a Second Time in the Judicial Case for the Truce].
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4766:
4685:[Mauricio Funes Says that Hearing Against Him in Truce Case is "Illegal"].
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2283:"Pandilleros Eligen Municipios Considerados "Santuarios" en Segunda Fase de Tregua"
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Piché, Gaëlle Rivard (14 September 2017). Hilgers, Tina; Macdonald, Laura (eds.).
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3885:[Monthly Report of Conciliated Homicides for the Month of December 2014]
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3059:[The Truce Between the Gangs and the State is in Conflict with the Law].
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56:
4798:"Fiscalía Solicita 16 Años de Cárcel para Expresidente Funes por Tregua de 2012"
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4997:"Fiscalía Pierde por Segunda Ocasión el juicio en el Caso Conocido como Tregua"
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policies, but Funes stated that he would oppose any effort to repeal the law.
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5409:"Spanish Priest Known for Rehabbing Gang Members Jailed Again in El Salvador"
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4554:"El Salvador's Top Court Approves Extradition Request for Ex-President Funes"
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3691:"El Salvador Registra Casi 1,800 Homicidios Menos que en 2011, Según Policía"
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1845:"Govt-'Facilitated' Gang Truce in Salvador Sets Dangerous Regional Precedent"
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1402:"El Salvador's Prosecutions of Officials Who Negotiated With Gangs Explained"
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and authorized the mass arrests of gang members in the country. In May 2022,
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481:(right) each implemented strict anti-gang policies during their presidencies.
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On 9 March 2012, 30 gang leaders of MS-13 and Barrio 18 were moved from the
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4683:"Mauricio Funes Dice que Audiencia en su Contra en Caso Tregua es "Ilegal""
4494:
4490:"Former El Salvador President Granted Asylum in Nicaragua, Government Says"
4359:
4288:
1490:"El Salvador Sees Almost 60% Drop in Murders in April, As Gang Truce Holds"
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Katz, Charles M.; Hedberg, E.C.; Amayac, Luis Enrique (1 September 2016).
5063:"Ex-Salvadoran Defense Minister Arrested for Suspected Role in Gang Truce"
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4762:"Mauricio Funes Aprobó 50,000 Dólares para Tregua de 2012, Según Testigo"
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The peace zone project formally began on 22 January 2013 in the city of
412:(PNC) estimated that the gangs committed over 60 percent of all crimes.
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511:("Super Iron Fist") would replace the original policy. The policies of
397:
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3024:"Presidente de El Salvador Reconoce Fracaso de Tregua Entre Pandillas"
2217:"El Salvador President Open to Reform But Not Repeal of Anti-Gang Law"
1442:
Hume, Mo (November 2016). "Mano Dura: El Salvador Responds to Gangs".
1021:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
993:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
6042:
5663:[GOES Began Returning the Gang Leaders to Maximum Security].
4913:"El Salvador Throws Out Gang Truce and Officials Who Put It in Place"
3883:"Reporte Mensual de Homicidios Conciliados del Mes de Diciembre 2014"
3028:
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1055:
888:
688:
249:
111:
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Muggah, Robert; Carpenter, Ami; McDougal, Topher (5 December 2013).
5205:[The Problem of Not Linking Father Colindres to the Truce].
3366:[Attorney General: "Gang Truce is False and Hypocritical"].
3625:[Norman Quijano to Face Trial for Negotiating with Gangs].
1059:
723:
4284:"Violent Deaths in El Salvador Spiked 70% in 2015, Figures Reveal"
3499:"El Salvador Meetings Raise Question about Gangs' Political Might"
3433:"El Salvador Politicians Demand Investigation into Truce Mediator"
2621:"El Salvador Prosecutors Reveal Use of Anti-Gang Law During Truce"
2596:"El Salvador Gang Members Use Peace Truce to Avoid Arrest: Police"
5067:
4637:
4558:
4317:"Has Gang Violence in El Salvador Sparked a Death Squad Revival?"
3397:"Ex-Minister Accused of Interfering in El Salvador Anti-Gang Ops"
2750:"El Salvador Gangs Using Truce to Strengthen Drug Ties: Official"
2314:"El Salvador 'Peace Zone' Launched in Second Phase of Gang Truce"
2118:"Rise in Murders Could Indicate Cracks in El Salvador Gang Truce"
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became peace zones soon after. Additionally, Minister of Defense
46:
5883:"New Revelations Herald Grim Future for El Salvador's Security"
5524:
5139:[Funes and Munguía Payés are Condemned for the Truce].
4653:"Mauricio Funes Rebelde y Juzgado en Caso Tregua con Pandillas"
4020:"100 Days into Gang Truce, El Salvador Sizes Up Security Gains"
3851:"2 Divergent Views on El Salvador Gang Truce, 1 Sad Conclusion"
3057:"La Tregua Entre Pandillas y el Estado en Conflicto con la Ley"
2681:"Exit of El Salvador Security Minister Puts Gang Truce at Risk"
2151:"Do El Salvador Killings Reflect Danger to the Gangland Truce?"
1237:. Funes stated that Munguía's sentence seemed "unjust" to him.
1148:
on confronting the judicial process nor proving my innocence".
570:
451:
305:
The existence of the truce was alleged by the online newspaper
5483:"El Salvador Investigates both Sets of Gang Truce Negotiators"
5030:"Muere el Exmediador de la Tregua con Pandillas, Raúl Mijango"
4721:"El Salvador Tries Ex-Leader Funes In Absentia for Gang Truce"
3782:"El Salvador Murders Fall Slightly for 2013, but Rising Again"
1674:"El Salvador Truce Mediators Call for Repeal of Anti-Gang Law"
683:
In mid-July 2012, the government arrested 185 gang members in
5858:"El Salvador Declares State of Emergency After Gang Killings"
5661:"GOES Inició Retorno de Jefes Pandilleros a Máxima Seguridad"
5528:
5203:"El Problema de no Vincular al Padre Colindres con la Tregua"
5032:[Ex-Mediator of the Gang Truce, Raúl Mijango, Dies].
4350:"El Salvador: Inside the World's Deadliest Peacetime Country"
4251:"El Salvador Declara como Grupos Terroristas a las Pandillas"
4185:"New El Salvador Govt Yet to Take Action as Homicides Rocket"
3623:"Norman Quijano Enfrentará Juicio por Negociar con Pandillas"
3123:"Opponents of El Salvador Gang Truce Facing Payback Killings"
3090:"Why El Salvador's Gang Truce Is Illegal, and Why It Matters"
2052:"El Salvador Takes Advantage of Truce to Pursue Street Gangs"
1262:
377:
241:
139:
52:
5343:"El Salvador Gang Truce Was 'State Policy': Trial Testimony"
3954:"Rise in Disappearances Feeds Doubts Over El Salvador Truce"
3192:"El Salvador Catholic Church: Pawn or Player in Gang Truce?"
1343:
has resulted in the arrests of 67,203 alleged gang members.
1177:
and the oligarchic right. Every day, it loses more prestige.
1066:
In May 2013, gang leaders in Honduras called upon President
4457:"Former El Salvador President Denies Giving Perks to Gangs"
3921:"Disappearances, Clandestine Graves on Rise in El Salvador"
3818:"El Salvador Homicides Skyrocket After Gang Truce Unravels"
2855:"El Salvador Gangs Release Joint Statement Promoting Truce"
2563:"Can El Salvador Gang Truce Survive Presidential Campaign?"
6139:"The Inconvenient Truth About Gang Truces in the Americas"
5450:"El Salvador Probes 'Irregularities' in Failed Gang Truce"
5302:"El Salvador Judge Acquits 18 for Role in 2012 Gang Truce"
4253:[El Salvador Declares Gangs as Terrorist Groups].
4053:"Guatemala, Honduras May Replicate El Salvador Gang Truce"
1911:"El Salvador Church Seeks Gang Agreement to Cut Extortion"
1290:
1189:
On 26 April 2023, a criminal trial against Funes, who was
6022:
5998:"Reporting from Ilopango: El Salvador's First Peace Zone"
5826:"From Bad to Worse: Nayib Bukele's Split with Washington"
5599:
3466:"Is El Salvador's Revamped Truce Plan a Political Stunt?"
1740:"El Salvador Govt Blames Murder Spike on Anti-Gang Drive"
5555:"El Salvador Judge Orders Former Attorney General Freed"
4961:"All Suspects Acquitted in El Salvador Gang Truce Trial"
3532:"Recordings Spark Gang Truce Controversy in El Salvador"
3156:"Priest Critic of El Salvador Gang Truce Switches Sides"
1983:"Govt Tries to Solidify Gains of El Salvador Gang Truce"
1947:"El Salvador Govt Says Truce Will not End Gang Violence"
6136:
4218:"Assessing El Salvador's Gangs in a Post-Truce Context"
2957:"El Salvador Gang Truce 'Technically' Finished: Police"
2819:"El Salvador Gang Truce Shaken by 'Peace Zone' Murders"
2182:
Martínez, Carlos; Sans, José Luis (14 September 2012).
1070:
to agree to a similar truce as was met in El Salvador.
907:
criticized the truce throughout his electoral campaign.
324:. In 2016, the gangs revealed that members of both the
6240:"Peace with Gangs: Colombia's Lessons for El Salvador"
6213:"Are El Salvador's 'Maras' Becoming Political Actors?"
4152:"Homicides in El Salvador Reach Pre-Gang Truce Levels"
3659:"Gangs Gain Most from El Salvador Truce: Opinion Poll"
3530:
Cowley, Marguerite; Bargent, James (23 January 2014).
2455:"Gangs Unable to Enforce Truce in Eastern El Salvador"
2422:"Is Uptick in Murders Eroding El Salvador Gang Truce?"
539:, around 4,000 gang members were arrested, leading to
6315:
2654:"El Salvador Promises More Social Aid for Gang Truce"
2347:"Military to Withdraw from El Salvador 'Peace Zones'"
2085:"El Salvador to Cut Mass Arrests, After Gang Demands"
1135:
Funes left the country in June 2016 and travelled to
1049:
5595:"El Salvador Gangs Announce Re-Launch of 2012 Truce"
5515:"Convicted Priest Says El Salvador Backed Gang Work"
4590:"El Salvador Arrests General Behind 2012 Gang Truce"
3987:"El Salvador Mass Graves Put Pressure on Gang Truce"
3364:"Fiscal: "Tregua de Pandillas es Falsa e Hipócrita""
3291:"San Salvador Archbishop: Gang Truce 'Did Not Work'"
2924:"El Salvador Gangs 'At War' as Truce Hits the Rocks"
2888:"El Salvador Peace Zone Mayors Say Truce Is Failing"
2786:"Weapons Surrendered by El Salvador's Maras Useless"
966:
about half of the homicides committed; according to
391:
For most of its history, the country has faced high
6067:"Is it Possible to Negotiate with Criminal Groups?"
5954:"El Salvador's Gang Truce: Positives And Negatives"
5376:"El Salvador Arrests Priest Over Gang Negotiations"
5028:Cornejo, Iliana; Cerón, Leonardo (28 August 2023).
3327:"Homicides in El Salvador Dip, and Questions Arise"
3225:"5 Things the El Salvador Gang Truce Has Taught Us"
2679:Silva Ávalos, Héctor; Dudley, Steve (20 May 2013).
372:in 1992, being responsible for the majority of the
5628:"El Salvador Squashes Talk of Dialogue With Gangs"
2678:
298:, and the negotiations were overseen by President
6094:"Gang Truce for Violence Prevention, El Salvador"
6091:
6023:Glenda Tager, Ana; Aguilar Umaña, Isabel (2013).
2389:"Spate of Killings Shakes El Salvador Gang Truce"
1843:Pachico, Elyssa; Dudley, Steven (29 March 2012).
1400:Asmann, Parker; Robbins, Seth (7 February 2020).
782:In July 2013, an anonymous police chief told the
6884:
5880:
5137:"Condenan a Funes y Munguía Payés por la Tregua"
4086:"Honduran Gangs May Replicate El Salvador Truce"
2991:[PNC Director: "The Truce is Failing"].
2250:"Next Phase of Salvador Gang Truce: Peace Zones"
2019:"El Salvador Gangs Expand Truce to School Zones"
1528:"Church Brokered El Salvador Gang Truce: Bishop"
240:, and the country's two largest criminal gangs,
2521:"US Funds El Salvador Security, Not Gang Truce"
1776:"Is El Salvador Negotiating with Street Gangs?"
1353:
5225:
4862:
4860:
4636:from the original on 27 July 2020 – via
3749:"El Salvador Sees 45% Drop in Murders: Police"
2184:"The New Truth About El Salvador's Gang Truce"
1268:
753:by a gang which was not involved in the deal.
6377:
4958:
4527:Office of the Attorney General of El Salvador
4182:
3891:Office of the Attorney General of El Salvador
3716:"El Salvador Homicides Fell Over 40% in 2012"
3562:
3529:
1842:
1399:
1228:
1197:
1160:
894:
803:
742:
701:
555:
546:Upon assuming office in June 2009, President
534:
528:
518:
512:
506:
500:
492:
423:
72:
5760:"El Salvador Gangs Call for a Renewed Truce"
5658:
5027:
4827:
4825:
4587:
3811:
3809:
3614:
2181:
1838:
1836:
1607:"Mano Dura: Gang Suppression in El Salvador"
1078:(OAS), and Romulo Emiliani, a bishop of the
5694:"'New Gang Truce' Announced in El Salvador"
5128:
4857:
4791:
4789:
4714:
4712:
4710:
2717:"El Salvador Gangs Offering Business Loans"
1878:"El Salvador Denies Negotiating with Gangs"
341:
6384:
6370:
5718:
5340:
5194:
5054:
2997:(in Spanish). 3 March 2014. Archived from
1450:(6). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 739–751.
1321:he was removed by the Legislative Assembly
678:
554:(FMLN) maintained some of the policies of
320:the truce became a major issue during the
45:
16:Government truce with gangs in El Salvador
6119:
6099:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
5913:
5907:
5823:
5751:
5724:
4994:
4959:Cidón Kiernan, María (1 September 2017).
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4906:
4904:
4822:
4454:
4422:Maslin, Sarah Esther (21 November 2016).
4242:
4215:
3806:
3779:
3583:
3496:
3361:
3324:
3032:(in Spanish). 26 May 2014. Archived from
2989:"Director PNC: "Tregua se Está Agotando""
2954:
2816:
2783:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2280:
1908:
1833:
1233:") and that he considers himself to be a
651:
582:
552:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
491:of ARENA announced the implementation of
330:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
6391:
5727:"El Salvador Gangs Want a Peace Process"
5659:Rauda Zablah, Nelson (17 January 2015).
5161:
5060:
4786:
4707:
4614:
4551:
4448:
4347:
4143:
3652:
3650:
3589:
2917:
2915:
2853:Cowley, Marguerite (24 September 2013).
2848:
2846:
2148:
1638:"How 'Mano Dura' is Strengthening Gangs"
1325:United States Department of the Treasury
1213:
952:the truce had not produced any results.
898:
600:
5881:Mistler-Ferguson, Scott (19 May 2022).
5824:McFarland, Stephen (15 December 2021).
5691:
5619:
5480:
5200:
4990:
4988:
4650:
4583:
4581:
4545:
4481:
4388:
4314:
4216:Lohmuller, Michael (30 November 2015).
4119:"5 Questions About Honduras' Gang Pact"
4116:
4083:
4017:
3978:
3951:
3918:
3746:
3463:
3426:
3424:
3394:
3288:
3255:
2921:
2817:Parkinson, Charles (9 September 2013).
2714:
2710:
2708:
2618:
2593:
2560:
2419:
2344:
2214:
1944:
1800:
1671:
1574:. c. 2015. pp. 1–7. Archived from
1311:(NI), Bukele's political party, in the
1291:Alleged negotiations under Nayib Bukele
1095:
949:Technological University of El Salvador
771:Supreme Court of Justice of El Salvador
396:drug trafficking, extortion, rape, and
6885:
6471:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)
6210:
5995:
5951:
5870:from the original on 23 February 2023.
5817:
5790:
5757:
5706:from the original on 25 September 2022
5685:
5640:from the original on 25 September 2022
5474:
5448:Cowley, Marguerite (29 October 2014).
5447:
5441:
5373:
5341:Albaladejo, Angelika (9 August 2017).
5334:
5296:
5294:
5258:
5101:
5095:
4945:
4901:
4866:
4718:
4421:
4248:
4183:Mejía Giraldo, Camilo (29 July 2014).
4149:
4050:
3912:
3848:
3815:
3780:Lohmuller, Michael (14 January 2014).
3656:
3544:from the original on 26 September 2022
3497:Parkinson, Charles (24 October 2013).
3478:from the original on 26 September 2022
3430:
3409:from the original on 25 September 2022
3343:from the original on 25 September 2017
3325:Archibold, Randal C. (24 March 2012).
3320:
3318:
3249:
3222:
3189:
3168:from the original on 30 September 2022
3153:
3135:from the original on 26 September 2022
3120:
3018:
3016:
2852:
2798:from the original on 30 September 2022
2747:
2545:
2533:from the original on 29 September 2022
2488:"El Salvador to Seek US Truce Funding"
2485:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:from the original on 26 September 2022
2229:from the original on 26 September 2022
2130:from the original on 26 September 2022
1773:
1707:"The Iron Fist Returns to El Salvador"
1635:
1540:from the original on 26 September 2022
1521:
1519:
1517:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1181:On 30 November 2022, Attorney General
911:The truce became a major topic in the
415:According to polling conducted by the
6365:
6237:
6163:
5978:
5966:from the original on 13 February 2023
5895:from the original on 25 February 2023
5874:
5838:from the original on 18 February 2023
5805:from the original on 16 February 2023
5784:
5652:
5625:
5575:from the original on 26 February 2023
5547:
5535:from the original on 26 February 2023
5507:
5406:
5367:
5322:from the original on 26 February 2023
5264:
5231:
5213:from the original on 26 November 2022
5167:
5134:
5116:from the original on 20 December 2021
5083:from the original on 24 February 2023
4973:from the original on 25 December 2022
4795:
4759:
4651:Genoves, Alessia (30 November 2022).
4620:
4588:Silva Ávalos, Héctor (28 July 2020).
4469:from the original on 13 February 2023
4436:from the original on 6 September 2022
4415:
4382:
4341:
4263:from the original on 13 February 2023
4209:
4197:from the original on 23 November 2022
3984:
3900:from the original on 26 February 2023
3842:
3773:
3740:
3657:Cowley, Marguerite (28 August 2013).
3647:
3635:from the original on 24 February 2023
3620:
3602:from the original on 15 February 2023
3556:
3388:
3270:from the original on 26 November 2022
3185:
3183:
3087:
3081:
3048:
2936:from the original on 28 November 2022
2912:
2885:
2843:
2779:
2777:
2693:from the original on 29 November 2022
2651:
2645:
2518:
2512:
2452:
2311:
2281:Rodríguez, Carmen (4 December 2012).
2247:
2196:from the original on 19 December 2022
2082:
2049:
2016:
2012:
2010:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1940:
1938:
1902:
1875:
1821:from the original on 27 November 2022
1806:
1769:
1767:
1737:
1704:
1557:
1555:
1525:
1502:from the original on 29 November 2022
1487:
1414:from the original on 15 February 2023
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1054:In May 2012, government officials in
947:According to a poll conducted by the
6151:from the original on 7 December 2022
6064:
5772:from the original on 9 December 2022
5725:Lohmuller, Michael (24 April 2015).
5587:
5495:from the original on 9 December 2022
5462:from the original on 5 December 2022
5429:from the original on 2 December 2022
5400:
5388:from the original on 9 December 2022
5374:Cowley, Marguerite (4 August 2014).
5355:from the original on 9 December 2022
4985:
4933:from the original on 9 November 2022
4910:
4753:
4695:from the original on 3 November 2022
4663:from the original on 7 December 2022
4644:
4578:
4566:from the original on 8 December 2022
4533:from the original on 21 January 2022
4514:
4502:from the original on 13 October 2022
4487:
4455:Daugherty, Arron (8 February 2016).
4403:from the original on 3 February 2023
4296:from the original on 14 January 2023
4281:
4230:from the original on 9 December 2022
4131:from the original on 2 December 2022
4098:from the original on 1 December 2022
4065:from the original on 9 November 2022
4032:from the original on 2 December 2022
3933:from the original on 2 December 2022
3863:from the original on 2 December 2022
3830:from the original on 9 December 2022
3794:from the original on 1 December 2022
3761:from the original on 9 December 2022
3728:from the original on 4 December 2022
3683:
3621:Cerón, Leonardo (11 November 2022).
3523:
3511:from the original on 9 December 2022
3490:
3421:
3355:
3303:from the original on 6 December 2022
3282:
3237:from the original on 9 December 2022
3102:from the original on 6 December 2022
3069:from the original on 20 January 2022
3054:
2981:
2948:
2900:from the original on 2 December 2022
2879:
2867:from the original on 6 December 2022
2831:from the original on 4 December 2022
2810:
2729:from the original on 9 December 2022
2705:
2608:from the original on 3 October 2022.
2434:from the original on 1 December 2022
2326:from the original on 5 December 2022
2262:from the original on 5 December 2022
2163:from the original on 5 December 2022
2149:Corcoran, Patrick (31 August 2012).
2115:
2097:from the original on 1 December 2022
2064:from the original on 6 December 2022
1909:Faramarzi, Tatiana (12 April 2012).
1890:from the original on 4 December 2022
1869:
1857:from the original on 2 December 2022
1752:from the original on 1 December 2022
1719:from the original on 7 December 2022
1698:
1686:from the original on 1 December 2022
1667:
1665:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1526:Looft, Christopher (21 March 2012).
1483:
1481:
1441:
1243:
1205:
1121:
1007:
979:
840:
400:. According to Salvadoran President
356:
6456:Greater Republic of Central America
6451:Federal Republic of Central America
6079:from the original on 1 October 2022
6010:from the original on 3 October 2022
5996:Cawley, Marguerite (4 April 2013).
5914:Maldonado, Javier (12 April 2023).
5850:
5791:Delcid, Marlin (4 September 2020).
5739:from the original on 6 October 2022
5692:Pachico, Elyssa (26 January 2015).
5291:
5042:from the original on 29 August 2023
4602:from the original on 6 October 2022
4520:
4275:
4176:
3966:from the original on 2 October 2022
3875:
3713:
3707:
3671:from the original on 6 October 2022
3457:
3445:from the original on 3 October 2022
3315:
3204:from the original on 4 October 2022
3121:Cawley, Marguerite (6 March 2013).
3114:
3013:
2969:from the original on 6 October 2022
2955:Lohmuller, Michael (4 March 2014).
2922:Bargent, James (21 November 2013).
2784:McDermott, Jeremy (8 August 2013).
2762:from the original on 6 October 2022
2748:Cowley, Marguerite (19 July 2013).
2672:
2660:from the original on 6 October 2022
2633:from the original on 5 October 2022
2612:
2575:from the original on 6 October 2022
2500:from the original on 6 October 2022
2486:Cawley, Marguerite (5 April 2013).
2479:
2467:from the original on 6 October 2022
2420:Bargent, James (21 February 2023).
2413:
2401:from the original on 6 October 2022
2371:
2345:Pachico, Elyssa (4 February 2023).
2338:
2305:
2274:
2241:
2215:Bargent, James (18 December 2012).
2208:
2142:
2109:
2076:
2050:Looft, Christopher (19 July 2012).
1995:from the original on 6 October 2022
1959:from the original on 6 October 2022
1923:from the original on 1 October 2022
1788:from the original on 6 October 2022
1672:Bargent, James (28 November 2012).
1650:from the original on 3 October 2022
1636:Dudley, Steven (22 November 2010).
1629:
1514:
1426:
1323:in May 2021. In December 2021, the
487:In July 2003, Salvadoran President
59:displaying the gang's name and the
13:
6274:"All About El Salvador Gang Truce"
5944:
5928:from the original on 13 April 2023
5246:from the original on 29 April 2023
4741:from the original on 29 April 2023
4675:
4552:Renteria, Nelson (21 March 2019).
4308:
4110:
4077:
4044:
4011:
3985:Wells, Miriam (10 December 2013).
3945:
3464:Córdoba, Armando (21 April 2014).
3431:Cawley, Marguerite (5 July 2013).
3216:
3180:
3147:
2774:
2741:
2587:
2446:
2248:Stone, Hannah (23 November 2012).
2175:
2043:
2007:
1971:
1935:
1774:Ramsey, Geoffrey (15 March 2012).
1764:
1738:Stone, Hannah (21 February 2012).
1731:
1552:
1378:
1050:Interest in Guatemala and Honduras
903:2014 ARENA presidential candidate
14:
6949:
6266:
6211:Ramsey, Geoffrey (19 July 2012).
6052:from the original on 3 April 2023
5481:Bargent, James (26 August 2014).
5279:from the original on 28 July 2022
5232:Cerón, Leonardo (29 April 2023).
5061:Renteria, Nelson (23 July 2020).
5009:from the original on 29 June 2022
4391:"The Executioners of El Salvador"
4389:Alarcón, Daniel (4 August 2015).
4370:from the original on 28 July 2022
4329:from the original on 4 April 2015
4249:Delcid, Merlid (25 August 2015).
3154:Cawley, Marguerite (7 May 2013).
2886:Wells, Miriam (1 November 2013).
2387:Cawley, Marguerite (9 May 2013).
2312:Wells, Miriam (23 January 2013).
2017:Looft, Christopher (3 May 2012).
1945:Pachico, Elyssa (13 April 2012).
1809:"El Salvador Gangs Confirm Truce"
1705:Stone, Hannah (2 February 2012).
1662:
1593:
1478:
1126:
942:
885:Grand Alliance for National Unity
232:From March 2012 to May 2014, the
6349:
6337:
6325:
6252:from the original on 3 July 2022
6225:from the original on 16 May 2022
6198:from the original on 2 June 2020
6065:Hope, Alejandro (19 July 2012).
5626:Gagne, David (6 November 2014).
5607:from the original on 1 June 2022
5407:Ayala, Edgardo (6 August 2014).
5267:"They Will Have to Answer to Us"
5265:Ahmed, Azam (29 November 2017).
5182:from the original on 29 May 2023
5149:from the original on 29 May 2023
5102:Flores, Ricardo (29 July 2020).
5021:
4995:Marroquín, David (31 May 2019).
4889:from the original on 30 May 2023
4845:from the original on 29 May 2023
4810:from the original on 12 May 2023
4774:from the original on 12 May 2023
4719:Alemán, Marcos (26 April 2023).
4488:Reed, Betsy (6 September 2016).
4348:Buncombe, Andrew (3 June 2016).
4018:Pachico, Elyssa (19 July 2012).
3952:Bargent, James (1 August 2013).
3849:Dudley, Steven (15 April 2014).
3289:Bargent, James (31 March 2014).
3223:Dudley, Steven (12 March 2013).
3055:Sanz, José Luis (4 March 2013).
2594:Bargent, James (25 March 2023).
2031:from the original on 4 July 2022
1273:
1012:
984:
960:
937:Roberto José d'Aubuisson Munguía
459:
450:
441:
6238:Stone, Hannah (8 August 2012).
5952:Alsema, Adriaan (7 June 2013).
5168:Cerón, Leonardo (29 May 2023).
5135:Cerón, Leonardo (29 May 2023).
4796:Lemus, Lissette (12 May 2023).
4691:(in Spanish). 22 October 2022.
4117:Pachico, Elyssa (31 May 2013).
4051:Ramsey, Geoffrey (4 May 2012).
3919:Bargent, James (8 March 2013).
3816:Gurney, Kyra (9 January 2015).
3590:Villarán, Julio (4 June 2021).
3395:Bargent, James (28 June 2013).
3362:Marroquín, David (8 May 2013).
3088:Stone, Hannah (27 March 2013).
2561:Robbins, Seth (5 August 2023).
2453:Wells, Miriam (13 March 2013).
2116:Kane, Michael (9 August 2012).
2083:Stone, Hannah (8 August 2012).
1981:Stone, Hannah (23 April 2012).
1876:Stone, Hannah (19 March 2012).
1807:Stone, Hannah (23 March 2012).
1076:Organization of American States
1036:
614:Fabio Reynaldo Colindres Abarca
422:
406:Nationalist Republican Alliance
374:crimes committed in the country
326:Nationalist Republican Alliance
40:2012–2014 Salvadoran gang truce
5201:Aguilar, Luis (29 July 2020).
4867:Alemán, Marcos (30 May 2023).
4760:Lemus, Lissette (5 May 2023).
4315:Bargent, James (23 May 2014).
4282:Reed, Betsy (4 January 2016).
4084:Bargent, James (27 May 2013).
3714:Fox, Edward (4 January 2013).
3256:Allison, Mike (7 April 2012).
3190:Dudley, Steven (13 May 2013).
2715:Bargent, James (8 July 2013).
2619:Bargent, James (31 May 2013).
2519:Wells, Miriam (17 June 2013).
1082:, were present at a prison in
915:. FMLN presidential candidate
864:
820:
709:
1:
4911:Arce, Alberto (20 May 2016).
3747:Bargent, James (2 May 2013).
2652:Wells, Miriam (14 May 2013).
1563:"El Salvador – Gang Violence"
1371:
569:of the police and a proposed
364:have been a major problem in
351:
93:2 years and 78 days
5758:Tabory, Sam (17 July 2015).
5669:(in Spanish). Archived from
4150:Gurney, Kyra (8 July 2014).
3893:(in Spanish). January 2016.
3699:(in Spanish). Archived from
3372:(in Spanish). Archived from
2289:(in Spanish). Archived from
1488:Stone, Hannah (1 May 2012).
1090:
815:
368:since the conclusion of the
7:
6771:Water supply and sanitation
4521:Cea, Jorge (12 June 2018).
4424:"A Light in the Underworld"
1269:Subsequent revival attempts
777:
417:Central American University
270:country's rate of homicides
159:Truce faltered by May 2014
10:
6954:
6918:2014 crimes in El Salvador
6913:2013 crimes in El Salvador
6908:2012 crimes in El Salvador
6660:pre-dollarization currency
6441:1811 Independence Movement
6174:Cambridge University Press
5414:National Catholic Reporter
4429:Columbia Journalism Review
3258:"El Salvador's Gang Truce"
1605:Wolf, Sonja (March 2011).
1074:, a representative of the
955:
913:2014 presidential election
895:2014 presidential election
859:archbishop of San Salvador
743:Further fracturing in 2013
736:José Atilio Benítez Parada
543:in El Salvador's prisons.
523:included joint police and
430:
322:2014 presidential election
223:acquitted in 2017 and 2019
85:9 March 2012 – 26 May 2014
6841:
6779:
6711:
6702:
6635:
6626:
6549:
6540:
6488:
6479:
6403:
6182:10.1017/9781108140553.006
1456:10.1080/09614520701628121
1313:2021 legislative election
612:On 21 March 2012, Bishop
565:policies to increase the
203:
174:
155:
125:Government of El Salvador
117:
107:
97:
89:
81:
71:
67:
44:
6554:Administrative divisions
6295:"Tregua Entre Pandillas"
1346:
692:demands from the gangs.
577:
6938:Politics of El Salvador
1444:Development in Practice
1299:alleged that President
1255:merely following orders
1107:terrorist organizations
837:also violated the law.
679:Fracturing in late 2012
248:(Barrio 18), came to a
168:3,912 homicides in 2014
165:2,492 homicides in 2013
162:2,576 homicides in 2012
20:
6589:International rankings
6297:[Gang Truce].
5520:Telegram & Gazette
1341:ensuing gang crackdown
1229:
1219:
1198:
1179:
1161:
917:Salvador Sánchez Cerén
908:
855:José Luis Escobar Alas
804:
702:
676:
652:Continued negotiations
609:
583:Beginning of the truce
556:
535:
529:
519:
513:
507:
501:
493:
489:Francisco Flores Pérez
424:
342:
266:Tregua entre Pandillas
265:
221:(illicit association),
194:(illicit association),
185:(illicit association),
74:Tregua entre pandillas
73:
61:country's coat of arms
33:considered for merging
6461:Military dictatorship
6413:Pre-Columbian history
6112:10.2471/BLT.15.166314
5571:. 12 September 2016.
5531:. 30 September 2014.
3703:on 25 September 2017.
1230:un condenado político
1217:
1158:
902:
879:In July 2013, deputy
671:
604:
410:National Civil Police
234:Salvadoran government
196:18 years imprisonment
187:14 years imprisonment
6928:Crime in El Salvador
6599:Legislative Assembly
2293:on 26 September 2017
1611:Sustainable Security
1359:Tried and sentenced
1186:would be "illegal".
1096:Subsequent homicides
562:Legislative Assembly
370:Salvadoran Civil War
338:Salvadoran Civil War
6903:2014 in El Salvador
6898:2013 in El Salvador
6893:2012 in El Salvador
4726:The Washington Post
3999:on 29 November 2022
1581:on 7 September 2018
1571:Library of Congress
1295:In September 2020,
645:David Munguía Payés
606:David Munguía Payés
274:David Munguía Payés
41:
6680:Telecommunications
6428:Captaincy General
5831:Americas Quarterly
5603:. 30 August 2014.
5318:. 29 August 2017.
5272:The New York Times
4918:The New York Times
3332:The New York Times
3036:on 22 October 2014
1332:state of exception
1248:In August 2017, a
1235:political prisoner
1220:
1199:fuentes necesarias
1068:Porfirio Lobo Sosa
909:
881:Guillermo Gallegos
610:
505:, announcing that
39:
6877:
6876:
6837:
6836:
6741:Gender inequality
6698:
6697:
6650:Coffee production
6622:
6621:
6609:Political parties
6574:Foreign relations
6536:
6535:
6300:La Prensa Gráfica
5866:. 28 March 2022.
5666:La Prensa Gráfica
5109:La Prensa Gráfica
4688:La Prensa Gráfica
4164:on 6 October 2022
1244:Other individuals
1206:Truce negotiators
1122:Legal proceedings
1034:
1033:
1006:
1005:
968:La Prensa Gráfica
870:Ernesto Muyshondt
841:Religious figures
791:La Prensa Gráfica
785:La Prensa Gráfica
726:. Quezaltepeque,
623:claimed that the
357:Criminal activity
230:
229:
6945:
6857:
6850:
6709:
6708:
6640:Bitcoin adoption
6633:
6632:
6547:
6546:
6486:
6485:
6431:
6418:Spanish conquest
6386:
6379:
6372:
6363:
6362:
6354:
6353:
6342:
6341:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6321:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6133:
6123:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6030:
6019:
6017:
6015:
5992:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5560:Associated Press
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5307:Associated Press
5298:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4956:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4874:Associated Press
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4716:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4632:) (in Spanish).
4624:(26 July 2020).
4622:Funes, Mauricio
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4585:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4160:. Archived from
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3995:. Archived from
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3888:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2384:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1613:. Archived from
1602:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1567:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1439:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1397:
1365:
1357:
1285:Monsignor Romero
1232:
1218:Mijango in 2023.
1201:
1165:
1153:money laundering
1016:
1015:
1008:
988:
987:
980:
891:the government.
807:
705:
638:
622:
559:
538:
532:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
471:Francisco Flores
463:
454:
445:
427:
382:18th Street gang
380:(MS-13) and the
378:Mara Salvatrucha
347:
328:(ARENA) and the
297:
286:
276:, former deputy
268:), to lower the
246:18th Street gang
244:(MS-13) and the
242:Mara Salvatrucha
222:
220:
195:
186:
145:18th Street gang
140:Mara Salvatrucha
77:
76:
68:Native name
49:
42:
38:
36:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6873:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6833:
6819:Public holidays
6775:
6761:Sex trafficking
6694:
6618:
6594:Law enforcement
6532:
6528:Water resources
6475:
6429:
6399:
6390:
6360:
6348:
6336:
6326:
6324:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6293:
6284:
6282:
6272:
6269:
6264:
6255:
6253:
6228:
6226:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6154:
6152:
6082:
6080:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6028:
6013:
6011:
5969:
5967:
5947:
5945:Further reading
5942:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5879:
5875:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5806:
5789:
5785:
5775:
5773:
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5690:
5686:
5676:
5674:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5641:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5133:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5002:El Salvador.com
4993:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4957:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4909:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4865:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4841:. 29 May 2023.
4831:
4830:
4823:
4813:
4811:
4803:El Salvador.com
4794:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4767:El Salvador.com
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4717:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4649:
4645:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4586:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4355:The Independent
4346:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3814:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3712:
3708:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3655:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3584:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3429:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3369:El Salvador.com
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3323:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3188:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3004:
3002:
3001:on 5 March 2014
2994:El Salvador.com
2987:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2920:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2851:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2782:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2713:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2617:
2613:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2559:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2385:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2015:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1979:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1943:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1841:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1670:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1524:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1486:
1479:
1440:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1398:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1293:
1276:
1271:
1246:
1208:
1183:Rodolfo Delgado
1129:
1124:
1098:
1093:
1080:Catholic Church
1052:
1039:
1030:
1017:
1013:
1002:
989:
985:
963:
958:
945:
897:
867:
853:In April 2012,
843:
832:In March 2013,
823:
818:
780:
745:
712:
681:
654:
632:
625:Catholic Church
616:
585:
580:
557:Super Mano Dura
536:Super Mano Dura
520:Super Mano Dura
508:Super Mano Dura
485:
484:
483:
482:
466:
465:
464:
456:
455:
447:
446:
435:
429:
359:
354:
291:
289:Fabio Colindres
280:
238:Catholic Church
226:
214:
210:
199:
190:
181:
151:
130:Catholic Church
63:
37:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6951:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6859:
6858:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6756:Regions by HDI
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6675:Stock exchange
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6513:National parks
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6389:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6366:
6359:
6358:
6346:
6334:
6314:
6313:
6291:
6268:
6267:External links
6265:
6263:
6262:
6235:
6208:
6190:
6161:
6134:
6106:(9): 660–666.
6089:
6062:
6039:Guatemala City
6037:(in Spanish).
6020:
5993:
5976:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5924:(in Spanish).
5906:
5873:
5849:
5816:
5801:(in Spanish).
5798:CNN en Español
5783:
5750:
5717:
5684:
5673:on 5 July 2015
5651:
5618:
5586:
5546:
5506:
5473:
5440:
5399:
5366:
5333:
5290:
5257:
5242:(in Spanish).
5224:
5209:(in Spanish).
5207:Revista Factum
5193:
5178:(in Spanish).
5160:
5145:(in Spanish).
5127:
5112:(in Spanish).
5094:
5053:
5038:(in Spanish).
5020:
5005:(in Spanish).
4984:
4944:
4900:
4856:
4821:
4806:(in Spanish).
4785:
4770:(in Spanish).
4752:
4706:
4674:
4659:(in Spanish).
4643:
4613:
4577:
4544:
4529:(in Spanish).
4513:
4480:
4447:
4414:
4396:The New Yorker
4381:
4340:
4307:
4274:
4259:(in Spanish).
4256:CNN en Español
4241:
4208:
4175:
4142:
4109:
4076:
4043:
4010:
3977:
3944:
3911:
3874:
3841:
3805:
3772:
3739:
3706:
3682:
3646:
3631:(in Spanish).
3613:
3598:(in Spanish).
3582:
3555:
3522:
3489:
3456:
3420:
3387:
3376:on 23 May 2013
3354:
3314:
3281:
3248:
3215:
3179:
3146:
3113:
3080:
3065:(in Spanish).
3047:
3012:
2980:
2947:
2911:
2878:
2842:
2809:
2773:
2740:
2704:
2671:
2644:
2611:
2586:
2544:
2511:
2478:
2445:
2412:
2370:
2337:
2304:
2273:
2240:
2207:
2174:
2141:
2108:
2075:
2042:
2006:
1970:
1934:
1901:
1868:
1832:
1799:
1763:
1730:
1697:
1682:(in Spanish).
1661:
1628:
1617:on 11 May 2013
1592:
1551:
1513:
1477:
1425:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1292:
1289:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1250:criminal trial
1245:
1242:
1207:
1204:
1128:
1127:Mauricio Funes
1125:
1123:
1120:
1113:, a vigilante
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1084:San Pedro Sula
1072:Adam Blackwell
1051:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1004:
1003:
992:
990:
983:
962:
959:
957:
954:
944:
943:Public opinion
941:
922:Norman Quijano
905:Norman Quijano
896:
893:
866:
863:
842:
839:
822:
819:
817:
814:
779:
776:
744:
741:
716:municipalities
711:
708:
680:
677:
669:prison, read:
653:
650:
584:
581:
579:
576:
567:militarization
548:Mauricio Funes
479:Mauricio Funes
477:(center), and
468:
467:
458:
457:
449:
448:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
431:Main article:
428:
421:
393:homicide rates
362:Criminal gangs
358:
355:
353:
350:
300:Mauricio Funes
256:simply as the
228:
227:
225:
224:
207:
205:
201:
200:
198:
197:
188:
183:Mauricio Funes
178:
176:
172:
171:
170:
169:
166:
163:
157:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
135:Criminal gangs
132:
127:
121:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6950:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
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6891:
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6852:
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6805:
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6795:
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6787:
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6784:
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6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
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6752:
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6683:
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6668:
6666:
6663:
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6653:
6651:
6648:
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6643:
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6631:
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6625:
6615:
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6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
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6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
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6496:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
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6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6333:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6281:
6280:
6279:InSight Crime
6275:
6271:
6270:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6245:InSight Crime
6241:
6236:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6218:InSight Crime
6214:
6209:
6197:
6193:
6191:9781108141451
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6144:InSight Crime
6140:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6072:InSight Crime
6068:
6063:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6026:
6021:
6009:
6005:
6004:
6003:InSight Crime
5999:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5983:(107): 1–25.
5982:
5977:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5959:InSight Crime
5955:
5950:
5949:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5910:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5888:InSight Crime
5884:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5820:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5765:InSight Crime
5761:
5754:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5732:InSight Crime
5728:
5721:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5699:InSight Crime
5695:
5688:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5655:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5633:InSight Crime
5629:
5622:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5488:InSight Crime
5484:
5477:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5455:InSight Crime
5451:
5444:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5381:InSight Crime
5377:
5370:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5348:InSight Crime
5344:
5337:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5164:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5131:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5098:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5057:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4966:InSight Crime
4962:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4863:
4861:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4838:TheJournal.ie
4834:
4828:
4826:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4790:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4595:InSight Crime
4591:
4584:
4582:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4548:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4462:InSight Crime
4458:
4451:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4385:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4322:InSight Crime
4318:
4311:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4245:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4223:InSight Crime
4219:
4212:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4190:InSight Crime
4186:
4179:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4157:InSight Crime
4153:
4146:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4124:InSight Crime
4120:
4113:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4091:InSight Crime
4087:
4080:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4058:InSight Crime
4054:
4047:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4025:InSight Crime
4021:
4014:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3992:InSight Crime
3988:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3959:InSight Crime
3955:
3948:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3926:InSight Crime
3922:
3915:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3856:InSight Crime
3852:
3845:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:InSight Crime
3819:
3812:
3810:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3787:InSight Crime
3783:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:InSight Crime
3750:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:InSight Crime
3717:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3664:InSight Crime
3660:
3653:
3651:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3537:InSight Crime
3533:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3504:InSight Crime
3500:
3493:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:InSight Crime
3467:
3460:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3438:InSight Crime
3434:
3427:
3425:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:InSight Crime
3398:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3296:InSight Crime
3292:
3285:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:InSight Crime
3226:
3219:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3197:InSight Crime
3193:
3186:
3184:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3161:InSight Crime
3157:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3128:InSight Crime
3124:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3095:InSight Crime
3091:
3084:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2962:InSight Crime
2958:
2951:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2929:InSight Crime
2925:
2918:
2916:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2893:InSight Crime
2889:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2860:InSight Crime
2856:
2849:
2847:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2824:InSight Crime
2820:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2791:InSight Crime
2787:
2780:
2778:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2755:InSight Crime
2751:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2722:InSight Crime
2718:
2711:
2709:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:InSight Crime
2682:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2626:InSight Crime
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2601:InSight Crime
2597:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:InSight Crime
2564:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2526:InSight Crime
2522:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:InSight Crime
2489:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2460:InSight Crime
2456:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2427:InSight Crime
2423:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2394:InSight Crime
2390:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:InSight Crime
2348:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2319:InSight Crime
2315:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:InSight Crime
2251:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2222:InSight Crime
2218:
2211:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2189:InSight Crime
2185:
2178:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:InSight Crime
2152:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:InSight Crime
2119:
2112:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2090:InSight Crime
2086:
2079:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2057:InSight Crime
2053:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:InSight Crime
2020:
2013:
2011:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1988:InSight Crime
1984:
1977:
1975:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:InSight Crime
1948:
1941:
1939:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:InSight Crime
1912:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1883:InSight Crime
1879:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1850:InSight Crime
1846:
1839:
1837:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:InSight Crime
1810:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:InSight Crime
1777:
1770:
1768:
1751:
1747:
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1745:InSight Crime
1741:
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1714:
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1712:InSight Crime
1708:
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1685:
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1679:InSight Crime
1675:
1668:
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1649:
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1643:InSight Crime
1639:
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1608:
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1533:InSight Crime
1529:
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1407:InSight Crime
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1274:2014 and 2015
1266:
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1027:MediaWiki.org
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999:MediaWiki.org
996:
991:
982:
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975:
971:
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961:Homicide rate
953:
950:
940:
938:
935:According to
933:
929:
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923:
918:
914:
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827:InSight Crime
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667:Quezaltepeque
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28:Infobox event
25:
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6879:
6794:Coat of arms
6751:Prostitution
6731:Demographics
6645:Central bank
6579:Human rights
6564:Court system
6559:Constitution
6466:World War II
6446:Mexican rule
6430:(Guatemalan)
6305:. Retrieved
6303:(in Spanish)
6298:
6283:. Retrieved
6277:
6254:. Retrieved
6243:
6227:. Retrieved
6216:
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5671:the original
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5589:
5577:. Retrieved
5565:San Salvador
5558:
5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5518:
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5431:. Retrieved
5419:San Salvador
5412:
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5390:. Retrieved
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5312:San Salvador
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4731:San Salvador
4724:
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4657:Contra Punto
4656:
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4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4593:
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4526:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4495:The Guardian
4493:
4483:
4471:. Retrieved
4460:
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4405:. Retrieved
4394:
4384:
4372:. Retrieved
4360:San Salvador
4353:
4343:
4331:. Retrieved
4320:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4289:The Guardian
4287:
4277:
4265:. Retrieved
4254:
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4232:. Retrieved
4221:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4188:
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4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4155:
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4133:. Retrieved
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4089:
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4056:
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3997:the original
3990:
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3719:
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3701:the original
3694:
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3374:the original
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3093:
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3034:the original
3027:
3003:. Retrieved
2999:the original
2992:
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2350:
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2317:
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2291:the original
2286:
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2264:. Retrieved
2253:
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2220:
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2198:. Retrieved
2187:
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2165:. Retrieved
2154:
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2132:. Retrieved
2121:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2055:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2022:
1997:. Retrieved
1986:
1961:. Retrieved
1950:
1925:. Retrieved
1914:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1881:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1848:
1823:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:
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1754:. Retrieved
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1721:. Retrieved
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1700:
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1677:
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1641:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1610:
1583:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1569:
1542:. Retrieved
1531:
1504:. Retrieved
1493:
1447:
1443:
1416:. Retrieved
1405:
1360:
1355:
1335:
1329:
1317:human rights
1309:Nuevas Ideas
1304:
1301:Nayib Bukele
1296:
1294:
1281:
1277:
1259:
1247:
1239:
1225:
1221:
1209:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1175:U.S. Embassy
1167:
1159:
1150:
1141:embezzlement
1134:
1130:
1111:Sombra Negra
1103:
1099:
1065:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1037:Other crimes
976:
972:
967:
964:
946:
934:
930:
926:
910:
878:
874:
868:
852:
848:
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833:
831:
824:
810:
800:
796:
790:
783:
781:
767:
763:
755:
746:
721:
713:
698:
694:
685:San Salvador
682:
672:
663:
659:
655:
641:
630:Raúl Mijango
611:
592:
589:Zacatecoluca
586:
545:
541:overcrowding
530:La Mano Dura
514:La Mano Dura
502:La Mano Dura
495:La Mano Dura
486:
475:Antonio Saca
433:La Mano Dura
425:La Mano Dura
414:
402:Antonio Saca
390:
360:
334:
318:
314:
306:
304:
278:Raúl Mijango
257:
231:
212:Raúl Mijango
118:Organized by
51:A member of
26:
18:
6583:LGBT rights
6503:Earthquakes
6393:El Salvador
6332:El Salvador
6285:24 February
6256:24 February
6229:24 February
6202:27 February
6176:: 112–131.
6155:25 February
6083:24 February
6014:24 February
5970:24 February
5899:25 February
5842:25 February
5809:25 February
5776:25 February
5743:25 February
5710:25 February
5677:25 February
5644:25 February
5611:25 February
5579:26 February
5569:El Salvador
5539:26 February
5499:25 February
5466:25 February
5433:25 February
5423:El Salvador
5392:25 February
5359:25 February
5326:25 February
5316:El Salvador
5283:25 February
5217:26 February
5087:25 February
5077:El Salvador
5013:25 February
4977:25 February
4937:25 February
4927:El Salvador
4883:El Salvador
4735:El Salvador
4667:25 February
4606:25 February
4570:25 February
4537:25 February
4506:25 February
4473:23 February
4440:26 February
4407:26 February
4374:26 February
4364:El Salvador
4333:26 February
4300:25 February
4267:24 February
4201:25 February
4168:25 February
4135:24 February
4102:24 February
4069:24 February
4036:24 February
4003:25 February
3970:24 February
3937:24 February
3904:25 February
3867:25 February
3834:25 February
3798:25 February
3765:24 February
3732:24 February
3675:24 February
3639:23 February
3606:25 February
3548:25 February
3515:25 February
3482:25 February
3449:24 February
3413:24 February
3380:24 February
3347:24 February
3337:Mexico City
3307:25 February
3274:25 February
3241:24 February
3208:24 February
3172:24 February
3139:24 February
3106:24 February
3073:24 February
3040:25 February
3005:25 February
2973:25 February
2940:25 February
2904:25 February
2871:24 February
2835:24 February
2802:24 February
2766:24 February
2733:24 February
2697:24 February
2664:24 February
2637:24 February
2579:24 February
2537:24 February
2504:24 February
2471:24 February
2438:24 February
2405:24 February
2363:24 February
2330:24 February
2297:24 February
2266:24 February
2233:24 February
2200:24 February
2167:24 February
2134:24 February
2101:24 February
2068:24 February
2035:24 February
1999:24 February
1963:24 February
1927:24 February
1894:24 February
1861:24 February
1825:24 February
1792:24 February
1756:23 February
1723:24 February
1690:24 February
1654:24 February
1621:24 February
1585:24 February
1544:24 February
1506:24 February
1418:25 February
1362:in absentia
1193:in absentia
1115:death squad
1023:Phabricator
995:Phabricator
865:Politicians
821:Journalists
728:Santa Tecla
710:Peace zones
633: [
617: [
469:Presidents
366:El Salvador
344:in absentia
292: [
281: [
254:El Salvador
252:, known in
215: [
102:El Salvador
22:‹ The
6923:Ceasefires
6887:Categories
6829:Television
6809:Literature
6721:Corruption
6614:Presidents
6436:Intendancy
6034:Interpeace
5863:Al Jazeera
4234:25 January
3339:, Mexico.
3263:Al Jazeera
1372:References
808:policies.
750:San Miguel
398:kidnapping
352:Background
258:Gang Truce
6746:Languages
6736:Education
6690:Transport
6569:Elections
6523:Volcanism
6481:Geography
6423:New Spain
6043:Guatemala
5046:28 August
3596:La Página
3029:Univision
2287:La Página
1472:144984287
1171:President
1137:Nicaragua
1091:Aftermath
1056:Guatemala
889:blackmail
816:Criticism
805:Mano Dura
732:Sonsonate
703:Mano Dura
689:Soyapango
175:Convicted
31:is being
6864:Category
6766:Religion
6716:Abortion
6655:Currency
6604:Military
6542:Politics
6397:articles
6356:Politics
6307:20 March
6250:Archived
6223:Archived
6196:Archived
6149:Archived
6130:27708471
6077:Archived
6047:Archived
6008:Archived
5989:26764790
5964:Archived
5932:12 April
5926:Archived
5921:El Mundo
5893:Archived
5868:Archived
5836:Archived
5803:Archived
5770:Archived
5737:Archived
5704:Archived
5638:Archived
5605:Archived
5573:Archived
5533:Archived
5493:Archived
5460:Archived
5427:Archived
5386:Archived
5353:Archived
5320:Archived
5277:Archived
5250:29 April
5244:Archived
5239:El Mundo
5211:Archived
5180:Archived
5175:El Mundo
5147:Archived
5142:El Mundo
5120:22 March
5114:Archived
5081:Archived
5040:Archived
5035:El Mundo
5007:Archived
4971:Archived
4931:Archived
4887:Archived
4843:Archived
4808:Archived
4772:Archived
4745:29 April
4739:Archived
4699:22 March
4693:Archived
4661:Archived
4634:Archived
4600:Archived
4564:Archived
4531:Archived
4500:Archived
4467:Archived
4434:Archived
4401:Archived
4368:Archived
4327:Archived
4294:Archived
4261:Archived
4228:Archived
4195:Archived
4129:Archived
4096:Archived
4063:Archived
4030:Archived
3964:Archived
3931:Archived
3895:Archived
3861:Archived
3828:Archived
3792:Archived
3759:Archived
3726:Archived
3669:Archived
3633:Archived
3628:El Mundo
3600:Archived
3577:26470498
3542:Archived
3509:Archived
3476:Archived
3443:Archived
3407:Archived
3341:Archived
3301:Archived
3268:Archived
3235:Archived
3202:Archived
3166:Archived
3133:Archived
3100:Archived
3067:Archived
2967:Archived
2934:Archived
2898:Archived
2865:Archived
2829:Archived
2796:Archived
2760:Archived
2727:Archived
2691:Archived
2658:Archived
2631:Archived
2606:Archived
2573:Archived
2531:Archived
2498:Archived
2465:Archived
2432:Archived
2399:Archived
2357:Archived
2324:Archived
2260:Archived
2227:Archived
2194:Archived
2161:Archived
2128:Archived
2095:Archived
2062:Archived
2029:Archived
1993:Archived
1957:Archived
1921:Archived
1888:Archived
1855:Archived
1819:Archived
1786:Archived
1750:Archived
1717:Archived
1684:Archived
1648:Archived
1538:Archived
1500:Archived
1464:25548280
1412:Archived
1060:Honduras
778:Collapse
759:La Unión
724:Ilopango
608:in 2015.
525:military
473:(left),
98:Location
90:Duration
35:. ›
24:template
6848:Outline
6799:Cuisine
6781:Culture
6704:Society
6685:Tourism
6628:Economy
6508:Islands
6405:History
6318:Portals
6121:5034635
6056:3 April
5068:Reuters
4638:Twitter
4559:Reuters
3062:El Faro
1336:El Faro
1305:El Faro
1297:El Faro
1025:and on
997:and on
956:Results
883:of the
834:El Faro
594:El Faro
550:of the
404:of the
308:El Faro
262:Spanish
204:Charges
156:Outcome
55:with a
6869:Portal
6789:Anthem
6670:Mining
6665:Energy
6518:Rivers
6498:Cities
6395:
6188:
6128:
6118:
5987:
5525:Madrid
5186:29 May
5153:29 May
4893:30 May
4849:29 May
4814:12 May
4778:12 May
3575:
1470:
1462:
1191:tried
1145:asylum
857:, the
730:, and
571:curfew
236:, the
57:tattoo
6933:MS-13
6855:Index
6824:Sport
6814:Music
6726:Crime
6493:Biota
6050:(PDF)
6029:(PDF)
5985:JSTOR
5529:Spain
4630:Tweet
3898:(PDF)
3887:(PDF)
3573:JSTOR
3565:PRISM
1579:(PDF)
1566:(PDF)
1468:S2CID
1460:JSTOR
1347:Notes
1263:Spain
637:]
621:]
578:Truce
296:]
285:]
250:truce
219:]
112:Truce
53:MS-13
6804:Flag
6309:2023
6287:2023
6258:2023
6231:2023
6204:2023
6186:ISBN
6157:2023
6126:PMID
6085:2023
6058:2023
6016:2023
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