2383:) is an example which, at a high level, necessitates that a prophet or an Imam should exist at any time to guide towards God, as the manifestation of His utmost kindness towards His subjects. Other Twelver arguments aim to establish that the Hidden Imam benefits the humankind even in occultation, "just as the people benefit from the sun while it is covered by clouds." While the ordinary Twelvers were likely content with the traditions about occultation, the theologist approach to vindicating the Hidden Imam was intended to address the criticisms of the non-Twelver theologians. The two approaches were blended together by Shaykh Tusi in his substantial monograph
1244:, claimed that the eleventh Imam had an infant son named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution. Uthman also claimed to represent Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation. Other local representatives of al-Askari largely supported these assertions, while the Shia community fragmented into several sects over al-Askari's succession. All these sects, however, are said to have disappeared after a few decades except the Twelvers, who accept the son of al-Askari as the twelfth and final Imam in occultation.
1931:). The letter, ascribed to al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny. The letter emphasized that anyone claiming to be the deputy of the Imam henceforth had to be considered an imposter. This and similar letters to the four agents and other Shia figures are said to have had the same handwriting, suggesting that they were written by the Hidden Imam.
2415:"Light" of the prophethood has continued to shine through the ages in the character of the Imams. Thus the Hidden Imam is not viewed as inaccessible in the state of occultation. Indeed, it is popularly held that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the pious in person or, more commonly, in dreams and visions. The accounts of these encounters are numerous and widespread in the Twelver community. Among these accounts are also the encounters of the prominent religious scholars (
2463:. One version of this hadith reads, "If the earth had only one day of existence left to it, God would prolong that day until a man of my posterity, whose name will be my name, and his surname my surname, manifests himself; he will fill the earth, filled till then with violence and oppression, with harmony and justice." Another prophetic hadith, in circulation long before the occultation, predicted that Muhammad was to be followed by twelve successors (
1636:
2933:
2572:, or exaggerators. Extremists or exaggerators would focus & indulge in different concepts resulting in themes that would be integrated into Twelver Shiism. Hodgson states “nor is there anything more extreme in expecting a man to return whom others regard as dead – assome of the early Ghulat did – than in the expectation of the so-called moderate Sh’ia that a man will return whom others doubt was ever born”.
2919:
1143:
2081:
underground network of representatives responsible primarily for the collection and distribution of the religious dues. The office of deputyship was thus formally closed. Despite some uncertainty, there were likely early traditions among the Shia that had already predicted the two periods of occultation. These hadiths were previously cited, for instance, by the
2634:
second coming of al-Mahdi is the prevalence of evil on earth in the form of tyranny, injustice, and religious and moral degradation. In particular, at the time, Islam would be devoid of its soul and practiced only outwardly. Only a fraction of the Shia, those who truly practice their Imams' teachings, will remain on the righteous path in the end of time.
1609:, claimed that the Imam had an infant son, named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution. As the closest associate of al-Askari, this assertion by Uthman was largely supported by other representatives of al-Askari. Those who accepted the imamate of this Muhammad later formed the Twelvers.
1698:, which is celebrated by the Shia for this occasion. The Twelver accounts describe that, except for a few trusted associates, the existence of al-Mahdi was kept secret since the Abbasids sought to eliminate the son of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. Hussain writes that the infant must have been sent to
2610:, when commanded by God, al-Mahdi will return to lead the forces of righteousness against the forces of evil in an apocalyptic war that would ultimately establish peace and justice on earth, according to the Twelvers. He is also viewed by the Twelvers as the restorer of true Islam. In his mission, al-Mahdi will be assisted by
1978:
denouncing the concept of occultation as a lie. Another instance was a disciple of al-Askari, named al-Karkhi, who was later condemned in a rescript, said to be written by al-Mahdi. Some miracles are also ascribed to the four agents, perceived by the faithful to be the result of their initiation by the Hidden Imam.
2753:
As early as the fourth (ninth) century, or possibly much earlier, Shia sources identify the twelfth Imam with the messianic figure of Mahdi in Islam. The
Twelver authors also aim to establish that the description of Mahdi in Sunni sources applies to the twelfth Imam. Their efforts gained considerable
2529:
While the
Abbasid threat might have initially forced al-Mahdi into occultation, his absence continues in Twelver belief until initial conditions are met for his reappearance to establish justice and peace on earth. One such condition, Sobhani writes, is humankind's readiness for the intellectual and
2080:
The Major
Occultation, a term coined later, began with the death of the fourth agent in 329 (940–941), who did not designate a successor. In this period, which continues today, there is no agent of the Hidden Imam on earth. There is some evidence that the death of the fourth agent also dissolved the
1861:
In his new capacity as the caretaker of the office of imamate, Uthman received petitions and made available their responses, sometimes in writing. As the closest associate of al-Askari, most of al-Askari's local representatives continued to support Uthman. However, there might have been doubts among
1277:
The
Twelver theory of occultation crystallized in the first half of the fourth century AH (tenth century CE) based on rational and textual arguments. This theory, for instance, sets forth that the life of Muhammad al-Mahdi has been miraculously prolonged, arguing that the earth cannot be void of the
2305:
While some traditions, dating back to before 260 (874), might have predicted a second occultation, the sources from the beginning of Major
Occultation indicate that the prolonged absence of the Hidden Imam may have led many of the Twelvers to abandon their belief in him. His absence also provided a
2744:
Unlike Sunni Islam, however, the belief in Mahdi of the lineage of the prophet is central to Shia Islam, in general, and to
Twelver Shia, in particular, where Mahdi is identified with the twelfth Imam. Distinctive to Shia is also the doctrine of occultation or the temporary absence of Mahdi. Sunni
2426:
The descriptions of these contacts often show the concern of the Hidden Imam for the well-being of his followers and how such encounters may prompt the believer's "spiritual resurrection," an interpretation put forward by late mystic sources. As the Hidden Imam can only be seen in the end of time,
1977:
The authority of the four agents on behalf of the Hidden Imam was challenged by some Shia figures, more so during the term of the third agent, al-Nawbakhti. For instance, Abu Ja'far
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shalmaghani turned against al-Nawbakhti and claimed to be the rightful agent of al-Mahdi, before
2633:
Numerous Shia hadiths predict that the reappearance of al-Mahdi would be heralded by some signs, of which some are inevitable, and others are conditional, i.e., might change by divine decision. Alternatively, some of these signs are general, and some are specific. The foremost general sign of the
2443:
The
Twelver doctrine of occultation crystallized in the first half of the fourth (tenth) century. In its simplest form, this doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, did not die but has been concealed by God from humanity. His life has been miraculously prolonged until the day he
1775:
sent his doctors and servants to attend the Imam. Considering that al-Askari did not have an obvious heir, it has been suggested that the caliph intended to closely monitor al-Askari from within his residence. After the death of al-Askari, there are reports that his residence was searched and the
2448:(gates). During the Major Occultation, which began in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there is no direct communication, though the Hidden Imam still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the inward spiritual guidance of humankind (whereas his outward role begins with his reappearance).
2444:
manifests himself again by God's permission to fill the earth with justice. This occultation continues until the safety of the Imam can be guaranteed, and until humankind is ready to receive his guidance. During the Minor
Occultation, he remained in contact with his followers through the four
1994:
by the
Abbasid caliphs. It also appears that the idea of occultation was a well-established concept for the Shia and the related traditions were already in circulation among them. These traditions forecasted the occultation and rise of a future Imam, referred to as al-Qa'im
2064:, these doubts gradually disappeared from the Shia community, possibly due to the efforts of the Shia traditionists during the period of transition to the Major Occultation. These traditionists heavily relied on prophetic traditions and specific interpretations of the
1787:
sects. He also contested al-Askari's will and raised the case with the authorities. Al-Askari was apparently childless, and Hadith was thus regarded as the sole inheritor in Shia law. The caliph, however, ruled the inheritance to be divided between Hadith and Ja'far.
1876:), as the next representative of al-Mahdi. Abu Ja'far, who served for some forty years, has been credited with the unification of the mainstream Shia behind the son of al-Askari as the twelfth Imam in concealment. In turn, as his replacement, Abu Ja'far nominated
1537:, the (highest) proof of God, through whom the inner meanings of the Quran become accessible after the death of the prophet. This title is more pronounced for the twelfth Imam, however, possibly because of a related hadith from the tenth Imam, Ali al-Hadi.
5853:
2262:
In sum, the politically quiescent approach of the Twelver jurists over time gave way to eventually questioning the legitimacy of Shia monarchs and even attempts to restrict their power through a constitution. This evolution culminated with the concept of
1783:, who had earlier unsuccessfully laid a claim to the imamate after the death of their father, al-Hadi. Ja'far repeated his claims to the imamate after the death of al-Askari, which this time found a following in the form of the now-extinct Ja'fariyya and
2541:) to unjust rulers of the time. It is also held that the true reason for the occultation will be only known when the Imam reappears as in the story of Musa and Khidr, where the motivation of Khidr for his actions was not immediately revealed to Musa.
1557:
by the Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams. The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate, as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks, particularly after
1750:
describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor and a pious woman who learned about her future union with al-Askari in a dream, though these accounts have been described as hagiographic. Possibly the correct account is given by
2811:) writes that some Sufi gnostics agreed with the Twelvers about the identity and occultation of Mahdi. As another instance, the Egyptian Sufi al-Sha'rani, not known to be sympathetic to the Shia cause, echoed the Twelver views about Mahdi in his
2733:. These hadiths have likely strengthened the popular belief in Mahdi among Muslims. Historically, various Muslim figures were identified with Mahdi or used the name as an honorific epithet with messianic significance. These include the Umayyad
1734:, a slave-girl whose name is given by various sources as Sawsan, Rayhana, Sayqal, and Maryam. The first three are names of flowers and were likely given to her by her owner in keeping with the practice of the day. Her origin is recorded as the
2176:
in order to resolve new religious questions that arose over time. Their authority also increased with time to address the need to explicate religious teachings for the community. For instance, as early as the seventh (thirteenth) century,
1274:, which continues to this day. The letter, ascribed to Muhammad al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny.
2521:) connects verses 28:5–6 to the rule of al-Mahdi in the end of time. In particular, verse 28:5 reads, "And We desired to show favor unto those who were oppressed in the earth, and to make them Imams and to make them the inheritors."
2762:
traditionist Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Gandji proved that the twelfth Shia Imam was Mahdi, relying solely on Sunni traditions. Since then, Amir-Moezzi writes, there is Sunni support from time to time for the Twelvers' view of Mahdi.
2697:), will rule the world in the end of time. In particular, it appears to be an accepted notion in Sunni Islam that this savior would be a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and his son-in-law
2475:
and other canonical Sunni sources. It is argued that these twelve successors cannot include the (often immoral) Umayyad or Abbasid caliphs and, in any case, their number exceeded twelve. These twelve, he thus concludes, are the
2059:
Nevertheless, many did not expect the occultation to continue beyond six years or beyond the fortieth birthday of al-Mahdi, and this might have contributed to an atmosphere of doubt and uncertainty among the Shia. According to
1776:
women were examined for pregnancy, possibly in the hope of finding his heir. A female servant of al-Askari was held for a while, perhaps due to false rumors of her pregnancy designed to distract the Abbasids in their search.
1817:) due to the Abbasid threat to his life. As the special representative of al-Askari, Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of the eleventh Imam. A Shia tradition attributed to the sixth Imam,
2618:. He is expected to reemerge as a young man in possession of the relics of the past prophets, e.g., the staff and arc of Moses. The time of his reappearance is unknown, however, and Shia hadiths expressly forbid haste (
1573:, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors. Instead, al-Askari is known to have mainly communicated with his followers through a network of representatives. Among them was
2534:
is reported to have answered, "To prevent his being killed." Shia traditions add two more reasons for the occultation, namely, test for the followers of the Imam and their faith, and avoiding the burden of commitment
2456:
The Twelver literature about the doctrine of occultation is extensive, based on rational and textual arguments. One such instance is a prophetic hadith, reported by Shia and Sunni authorities, including the canonical
2034:
in the fourth (tenth) century. Perhaps it was the relative safety of the Shia that prompted the second agent to issue a rescript to the effect that al-Mahdi remained in occultation to avoid the burden of commitment
7277:
1974:) speaks of other trusted men of the Hidden Imam in different cities in addition to the four agents. Sachedina writes that the Shia community lacked a notable figure to replace the fourth agent after his death.
2097:
As both the spiritual and political head of the Shia community, the occultation of the Hidden Imam left a considerable gap in the Shia community. This leadership vacuum was eventually filled by Twelver jurists
1887:), who is said to have been a well-respected figure in the Abbasid court. Under Abu al-Qasim, it is reported that the communications with the Hidden Imam resumed after a lapse of about twenty-five years.
2108:. Often cited to support this transition is a letter received by Ishaq ibn Ya'qub in response to his religious inquiries of the second agent. The letter, said to be written by al-Mahdi, stipulated that
1662:
When al-Askari died without leaving an obvious heir, the traditions and predictions attributed to earlier Imams were largely the basis for the existence of the son of al-Askari as the twelfth Imam; see
1583:
suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological
2745:
and Shia traditions, however, have much in common about the career of Mahdi. In particular, Moojan Momen lists several signs before the advent of Mahdi which are common to both Sunni and Shia beliefs.
2229:) of the Hidden Imam whose authority encompassed all prerogatives of the Imam. The transition of Twelver jurists into their new role was facilitated by the formation of Shia states, particularly the
2492:
Al-Mahdi is viewed by the Twelvers as a hidden saint in view of verses 18:65–66 of the Quran and the two types of saints in those verses, namely, outwardly manifest, such as Moses, and hidden, like
1742:, and some accounts state that she was bought providentially by an agent of al-Hadi, who recognized by clairvoyance in her the future mother of al-Mahdi. In the same vein, the detailed accounts of
2206:
Considering that jurists were not directly appointed by the Hidden Imam, it was debated whether their authority should extend to functions with political implications, such as declaring holy war (
2530:
spiritual message of the Hidden Imam. Without these conditions, he argues that al-Mahdi might be killed similar to his predecessors. Similarly, when asked about the reason for the occultation,
1986:
At the time, the occultation of al-Mahdi was likely not a radical change for his followers. Indeed, the tenth and eleventh Imams were already effectively in occultation for the majority of the
2614:, who will kill the Dajjal or "antichrist" in some Islamic accounts. Al-Mahdi would also be accompanied by 313 loyal followers, their number identical to the number of Muslim warriors in the
7287:
7262:
7222:
7282:
7257:
7252:
2549:
In response to Sunni criticism and even ridicule, Shia scholars have argued that the longevity of the Hidden Imam, born around 868 CE, is not unreasonable given the long lives of
7272:
7227:
2653:) which calls upon men to join al-Mahdi, often followed shortly by another supernatural cry from the earth that invites men to join the enemies of al-Mahdi, the swallowing up (
7267:
2325:), for instance, argued that the absence of an Imam does not invalidate his religion or law, as with the absence of a prophet. Concerns about inauthentic hadiths, voiced by
7217:
1282:"jurists". It is popularly held that the Hidden Imam occasionally appears to the pious. The accounts of these encounters are numerous and widespread among the Twelvers.
2480:. More generally, in Twelver collections of hadith, the reappearance of al-Mahdi is the most frequently cited subject in predictions made by the prophet, his daughter,
1511:) on the earth. Majlesi also suggests that death might be meant figuratively in this hadith, referring to the forgotten memory of al-Qa'im after his long occultation.
2314:. These pressures likely expedited a transition in Twelver arguments from a traditionist to a rationalist approach in order to vindicate the occultation of al-Mahdi.
1624:, another brother of al-Askari. Some believed that the twelfth Imam would be born in the end of time to a descendant of al-Askari, and some left the Shia community.
1670:
As for the details of his birth, Twelver sources report that the son of al-Askari was born around 255 (868). He was named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, the same name and
7247:
7237:
7232:
2072:, in circulation long before the occultation, which stated that the prophet would be followed by twelve successors. The Hidden Imam was thus also the last Imam.
1270:
shortly before his death. The letter predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and announced the beginning of the complete occultation, later called the
2586:
by al-Barqi (d. 893). Muhammad bin Ali bin Babawayhi (d. 991) was the one who began to mention details regarding occultation being beyond the ordinary human.
2068:
to vindicate the imamate of al-Mahdi. In this period, possibly after 295 (908), Shia traditionists also settled the number of Imams with the help of a Sunni
7023:
2431:
have published the accounts of some Hezbollah fighters who believed they were directly assisted by al-Mahdi in critical moments on the battlefields of the
1599:
died in 260 (873–874) without an obvious heir. The death of the eleventh Imam divided his followers into several sects and created widespread confusion (
1612:
Some others held that the imamate ceased with al-Askari and the Waqifites maintained that the eleventh Imam would later reemerge as the eschatological
2011:) and less frequently as al-Mahdi. These traditions were appropriated by various Shia sects in different periods. For instance, they were used by the
1821:, states that this threat was specific to Muhammad al-Mahdi, who was expected to rise, unlike his predecessors who practiced religious dissimulation (
6280:
5638:
1939:
The number of these agents was not limited to four in early Shia sources. Sachedina suggests that the later stress of the Twelver literature on the
2977:
1836:. It is also said that the occultation took place in the family home in Samarra, where currently a mosque stands, under which there is a cellar (
1267:
6098:
5855:
Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought
5367:
2427:
those who see him, it is argued, have attained their end of time. For instance, publishers close to the Lebanese Shia militant organization
1278:
Imam as the highest proof of God. In the absence of the Hidden Imam, the leadership vacuum in the Twelver community was gradually filled by
5393:
2601:
2508:, the fifth Imam, is said to have related verse 21:105 of the Quran to the rise of al-Mahdi: "And verily We have written in the scripture (
7346:
7018:
1877:
5774:
2089:, the seventh Imam. Nevertheless, the prolonged absence of the Hidden Imam seems to have created widespread doubts among his followers.
1627:
All these sects, however, are said to have disappeared within a hundred years except the group that went on to become the Twelver Shia.
2754:
momentum in the seventh (thirteenth) century when several notable Sunni scholars endorsed the Shia view of Mahdi. For instance, in his
1912:
6180:
2839:
is decorated by bright lights and flags. The date of the celebration is based on the Islamic calendar and changes from year to year:
1832:
Twelver sources detail that al-Mahdi made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayer for his father instead of his uncle,
1296:
Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Askari, the eschatological savior in Twelver Islam, is known by many titles, including al-Mahdi (
2315:
2259:, who was conducting the campaign. Later on, however, jurists often had to compete with the Shia monarchs for religious authority.
1901:
1256:
1915:
shortly before his death. The letter predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and announced the beginning of the complete (
5712:
1531:. The title al-Hujja, on the other hand, highlights the religious function of the savior. Indeed, every Shia Imam is viewed as
5486:
1577:, who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman.
6190:
5920:
2815:
Possibly to avoid the Shia implications of this statement, al-Idwi later falsely quoted parts of it and suppressed the rest.
2781:. On the other hand, according to Madelung, al-Aburi testified that this stipulation was later added to the tradition by the
7366:
6963:
6376:
5659:
2213:
7212:
6949:
2641:, who would later command the enemies of al-Mahdi, the rise of Yamani, who would later support al-Mahdi, the divine cry (
612:
5222:
Cambridge University Press on Behalf of Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39, No. 03 (1976): P. 522
5207:
Cambridge University Press on Behalf of Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39, No. 03 (1976): P. 523
5624:
1171:
607:
6275:
6216:
6120:
6074:
6049:
6027:
6003:
5941:
5899:
5866:
5828:
5806:
5784:
5760:
5732:
5669:
5648:
5563:
5515:
5456:
2595:
2053:
6259:
6017:
1251:, who were regarded by the Twelver community as representatives of Muhammad al-Mahdi. This period, later termed the
7376:
552:
6232:
2777:
matches those of the prophet, is that the name of his father, Hasan al-Askari, differs from the prophet's father,
1486:), especially because it contradicts the Twelver belief that the earth cannot be void of Imam at any time, as the
5696:
2960:
2835:. On the evening of the birthday, millions of people in the country celebrate the occasion annually. The city of
2192:(a type of Islamic alms) on activities that furthered the cause of Shia, as opposed to his predecessors, such as
1128:
7356:
7157:
7111:
6894:
6848:
6765:
6719:
6588:
6542:
2565:
emphasizes the miraculous qualities of al-Mahdi, adding that his long life, while unlikely, is not impossible.
5336:
1565:
Contemporary to the tenth Imam, Caliph al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia, partly due to the renewed
7078:
6815:
6686:
6509:
6416:
2496:. As with the account of Khidr in the Quran, it is held that the Hidden Imam benefits the Islamic community (
2156:
A few similar hadiths are attributed to the tenth and eleventh Imams. The traditions also specify that these
1866:
6292:
6085:
5577:
2164:. As the absence of the Hidden Imam continued, however, the Twelver jurists evolved from mere transmitters (
1569:
opposition. The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son,
1089:
7132:
6869:
6740:
6563:
2778:
1797:
1606:
1574:
1241:
867:
31:
6069:. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies.
2713:, traditions about Mahdi can be found in other canonical Sunni hadith collections, including the works of
6393:
6264:
4948:
1023:
557:
77:
64:
5551:
1033:
7361:
7058:
6795:
6780:
6603:
6330:
5683:
2514:), after the reminder, My righteous slaves will inherit the earth." As another instance, Shaykh Tusi (
1058:
7351:
7142:
6879:
6750:
6618:
6573:
6558:
6237:
5877:
5538:
2562:
2561:(another eschatological figure), as well as secular reports about long-lived men. Along these lines,
2024:
1780:
1580:
999:
17:
1620:, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the true Imam. Yet others accepted the imamate of
38:
7177:
7127:
7093:
7008:
6914:
6864:
6830:
6785:
6735:
6701:
6524:
6385:
6369:
6131:
6104:
5887:
5482:
5466:
2946:
1617:
1093:
924:
641:
582:
427:
5499:
5359:
7137:
7098:
6874:
6835:
6745:
6706:
6568:
6529:
2459:
1053:
684:
679:
5910:
5440:
7202:
7167:
6939:
6904:
6270:
6013:
5389:
2714:
2056:
but also added that the large population of the Shia did not necessarily guarantee his safety.
1743:
1476:
1197:
1164:
719:
42:
5839:
7341:
7192:
7172:
7152:
7028:
6929:
6909:
6889:
6760:
6643:
6583:
6112:
6042:
Al-Imam Al-Mahdi: The Just Leader of Humanity, translated by Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina
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2294:
1714:
5589:
7313:
7207:
7197:
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6934:
6466:
2955:
2710:
2293:
in 1979, who called upon religious scholars to assume an active role after the toppling of
2041:) to unjust rulers of the time who were the usurpers of the Imam's right in the Shia view.
1771:
The death of al-Askari in 260 (873–874) followed a brief illness, during which the Abbasid
1519:
1038:
902:
714:
592:
534:
443:
8:
7336:
7301:
7187:
7162:
6998:
6924:
6899:
6770:
6593:
6362:
6200:
5752:
5612:
5470:
5448:
2972:
2769:
writes that a major Sunni objection to the Mahdiship of the twelfth Imam, whose name and
2706:
2677:
A widely-held Muslim belief is that a restorer of religion and justice, with the name of
1808:
1514:
1216:
602:
562:
407:
6297:
6247:
7371:
7088:
6825:
6696:
6633:
6519:
6426:
6167:
6159:
5975:
5912:
Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini
5849:
5746:
5742:
5706:
5503:
2290:
2238:
2193:
2061:
2019:, the seventh Imam, had not died but was in occultation. Even earlier, the now-extinct
1818:
1752:
1466:
1208:
1123:
948:
487:
418:
6302:
5816:
7306:
7083:
6968:
6820:
6691:
6664:
6628:
6514:
6487:
6441:
6421:
6346:
6212:
6186:
6171:
6151:
6116:
6070:
6045:
6023:
5999:
5979:
5937:
5916:
5895:
5862:
5824:
5802:
5780:
5756:
5728:
5692:
5679:
5665:
5644:
5620:
5559:
5511:
5452:
2924:
2759:
2531:
2505:
2286:
2178:
2105:
1922:
1891:
1833:
1807:) claimed that al-Askari had a young son, named Muhammad, who had entered a state of
1760:
1621:
1271:
1252:
1237:
1157:
1147:
804:
502:
482:
438:
7381:
7013:
6143:
6108:
5967:
5423:
2992:
2966:
2766:
2730:
2445:
2432:
1735:
1639:
1605:), particularly in Iraq. Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main agent,
1233:
1048:
1004:
654:
462:
5931:
2353:), Shia scholars began to employ theological arguments modeled on the Mu'tazilite
2203:), who often asked the faithful to save these donations for the rise of al-Mahdi.
1779:
Al-Askari left his estate to his mother, Hadith, to the exclusion of his brother,
7182:
6993:
6451:
6320:
6147:
6065:
5573:
2502:) during the occultation, as the sun behind clouds still gives light and warmth.
1655:
1596:
1550:
1229:
1188:
1043:
933:
512:
361:
337:
112:
1963:) likely continued to operate during the Minor Occultation of al-Mahdi. Indeed,
7147:
7073:
6988:
6919:
6884:
6810:
6775:
6755:
6681:
6598:
6578:
6504:
6411:
6182:
Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909
5794:
5634:
2824:
2770:
2615:
2611:
2554:
1772:
1718:
1706:
1678:
as the Islamic prophet, though he is more commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (
1671:
1570:
1222:, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justice and redeem
1028:
989:
887:
547:
472:
5971:
2412:
7330:
7119:
7103:
7003:
6978:
6856:
6840:
6727:
6711:
6676:
6550:
6534:
6499:
6431:
6406:
6327:
6204:
6155:
6037:
2987:
2800:
There has also been some Sufi support for the Mahdiship of the twelfth Imam.
2607:
2469:
s), during whose reign the Islamic community would be united, as reported in
2086:
2082:
2031:
2016:
2012:
1940:
1756:
1559:
1248:
994:
959:
862:
492:
477:
467:
1694:). His birthdate is given differently, but most sources seem to agree on 15
7043:
6973:
6059:
5770:
5720:
5593:
5427:
2938:
2726:
2477:
2471:
2230:
2042:
2030:
The political situation of the Shia in Iraq improved after the rise of the
1964:
1954:
1705:
The birth of al-Mahdi is often compared in Twelver sources to the birth of
1553:, respectively) were held under close surveillance in the garrison town of
1212:
964:
897:
877:
453:
380:
2307:
1755:, who writes that Narjis was a slave girl born and raised in the house of
1475:
hadith, this report is not viewed as reliable by experts, writes the Shia
7048:
7038:
6983:
6446:
6436:
2718:
2659:) of an army dispatched by Sufyani in a desert, and the assassination by
2326:
2256:
1747:
1651:
1546:
1009:
872:
507:
497:
390:
6163:
2223:) who first suggested that a (qualified) jurist was the general deputy (
1862:
the Shia about his authority to collect and manage the religious funds.
7242:
7033:
6337:
6311:
5534:
2982:
2832:
2801:
2311:
2234:
2020:
1987:
1900:), ended after about seventy years with the death of the fourth agent,
1695:
411:
348:
331:
321:
30:"Twelfth Imam" redirects here. For the twelfth imam in Isma'ilism, see
1635:
1255:, ended after about seventy years with the death of the fourth agent,
5996:
The Life of Imam Al-Mahdi, translated by Syed Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi
2722:
2428:
1727:) and both spoke with the authority of an adult while still a child.
1084:
944:
929:
857:
826:
779:
769:
86:
1469:, connects this title to the rise of al-Qa'im after his death. As a
1247:
Uthman was followed by three more agents, collectively known as the
6668:
6613:
6608:
6491:
5328:
2738:
2336:) and others, might have given another impetus to this transition.
1098:
882:
846:
724:
597:
394:
6064:
History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Liadain Sherrard and
5892:
Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam
2157:
1650:, 2017. This is where the tenth and eleventh of the Twelve Imams,
1279:
6623:
6334:
2734:
2638:
2481:
2246:
1991:
1950:
1784:
1643:
1566:
1554:
1103:
1075:
969:
954:
892:
852:
821:
814:
809:
774:
764:
759:
694:
689:
617:
5190:
Hodgson, Marshall. "How did the early Shi'a become Sectarian?".
4396:
4394:
4343:
2104:), who remain the sole leaders of the Shia community during the
1527:
have more of a political emphasis than the eschatological title
1443:
The title al-Qa'im signifies the rise against tyranny, though a
4291:
4289:
4287:
4199:
4197:
4087:
3450:
3448:
3189:
2672:
2558:
2161:
2069:
1822:
1731:
1699:
749:
622:
542:
366:
6281:
What evidence is there regarding the birth of Imam Mehdi (AS)?
6185:. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Oxford University Press.
5500:"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)"
4781:
4709:
2918:
2112:
As for the events which may occur refer to the transmitters (
1142:
6354:
5525:
Eliash, J. (2022). "Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī". In Bearman, P. (ed.).
4430:
4391:
3279:
2678:
2660:
2550:
2510:
2493:
2416:
2354:
2242:
2189:
2065:
1739:
1710:
1613:
1585:
1489:
1291:
1223:
1219:
939:
754:
744:
674:
669:
664:
649:
627:
587:
5876:
Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970).
5487:"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM"
5298:
5296:
5105:
4994:
4992:
4894:
4892:
4793:
4769:
4675:
4673:
4610:
4586:
4540:
4538:
4284:
4194:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3712:
3504:
3445:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
2663:
of the messenger of al-Mahdi, referred to as the pure soul (
5958:
Kohlberg, Etan (2009). "From Imamiyya to Ithna-ashariyya".
5841:
The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ
5004:
4622:
4574:
4333:
4331:
4318:
4316:
3984:
3982:
3882:
3880:
3793:
3729:
3727:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
2828:
2782:
1796:
Immediately after the death of al-Askari in 260 (873–874),
1647:
659:
6242:
6132:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement"
5799:
Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism
5071:
5069:
5067:
4757:
4525:
4523:
4486:
4484:
4471:
4469:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4116:
4114:
4062:
4060:
4028:
4026:
3837:
3835:
3690:
3688:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3129:
3078:
7068:
6805:
6651:
6474:
6401:
5293:
5252:
5240:
5168:
5156:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5081:
4989:
4967:
4965:
4889:
4877:
4865:
4841:
4829:
4670:
4658:
4550:
4535:
4508:
4367:
4170:
4077:
4075:
3916:
3739:
3380:
3216:
3107:
3105:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2836:
2698:
2575:
This view is supported by the absence of the occultation
2052:) suggested that the situation remains unknown until the
1957:
reckons that al-Askari's network of the representatives (
1858:). Into this well, al-Mahdi is said to have disappeared.
784:
5661:
Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background
5617:
Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdī in Twelver Shīʻism
5360:"For Iran's Shiites, a Celebration of Faith and Waiting"
5281:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5192:
Journal of the American Oriental Society 75 (1955). P. 5
5093:
5016:
4745:
4442:
4355:
4328:
4313:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4209:
4182:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3952:
3928:
3904:
3877:
3852:
3850:
3820:
3783:
3781:
3724:
3568:
3556:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3428:
3361:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3165:
3066:
2306:
basis for renewed criticisms at the time, voiced by the
1240:. Immediately after his death, his main representative,
5064:
5028:
4977:
4853:
4646:
4598:
4562:
4520:
4481:
4466:
4454:
4418:
4379:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4221:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4126:
4111:
4099:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4023:
3994:
3832:
3810:
3808:
3700:
3685:
3602:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3475:
3399:
3291:
3267:
3228:
3177:
3153:
3141:
1545:
Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (
5960:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5308:
5117:
4962:
4817:
4721:
4697:
4634:
4072:
3465:
3463:
3206:
3204:
3117:
3102:
3090:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3004:
1717:. As a child Imam, al-Mahdi is also often compared to
6100:
Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq
5264:
5228:
5052:
5040:
4928:
4916:
4805:
4733:
4685:
4496:
4406:
4301:
4006:
3964:
3892:
3847:
3778:
3766:
3673:
3592:
3590:
3516:
3330:
3257:
3255:
5329:"Iran Celebrates Birthday Anniversary of Imam Mahdi"
5220:
Etan, Kohlberg. "From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-ashariyya".
5205:
Etan, Kohlberg. "From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-ashariyya".
4904:
4233:
4143:
4038:
3867:
3865:
3805:
3535:
3487:
2914:
2771:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2625:
2619:
2536:
2497:
2464:
2417:
2362:
2355:
2264:
2250:
2224:
2207:
2171:
2165:
2141:
2119:
2113:
2099:
2036:
1958:
1944:
1926:
1916:
1895:
1837:
1823:
1812:
1722:
1672:
1664:
1600:
1532:
1487:
1470:
1444:
1202:
3460:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3201:
3033:
1630:
3940:
3587:
3252:
3240:
2568:Historians suggest that these views stem from the
2438:
2075:
6209:Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History
6199:
5508:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion
3862:
1763:(the ninth Imam) and paternal aunt of al-Askari.
7328:
5875:
3303:
3195:
6233:Understanding Imamate in the Early Shia Society
5691:. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B.Tauris.
2978:Final letter of Muhammad al-Mahdi to al-Samarri
5779:. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. Routledge.
5144:
1791:
6370:
2748:
2255:against the Russians to support the Qajarite
1990:, as both Imams were held nearly isolated in
1721:, since both are viewed as the proof of God (
1165:
6260:Special specifications of Imam al-Mahdi (as)
6044:. Islamic Education and Information Center.
2795:
2673:Connections with the Islamic figure of Mahdi
2602:Signs of the appearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi
2579:raditions in early texts such as al-Qummi's
2237:dynasties in Iran. For instance, during the
55:
5886:
5481:
5465:
3655:
3222:
3027:
2682:
2388:
2368:
2270:
2125:
1996:
1878:Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti
1843:
1679:
1496:
1450:
1425:
1409:
1393:
1377:
1361:
1345:
1329:
1313:
1297:
284:
263:
242:
221:
200:
179:
158:
137:
6377:
6363:
6286:
5993:
5882:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
5848:
5529:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
5445:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
5434:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
5302:
5087:
4448:
4400:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4295:
4215:
4203:
4188:
3958:
3826:
3799:
3510:
3454:
3439:
3374:
3355:
2524:
1953:, the Shia center of the time. Similarly,
1591:
1172:
1158:
5837:
5815:
5741:
5611:
5578:"ISLAM IN IRAN ix. THE DEPUTIES OF MAHDI"
5351:
5326:
5287:
5258:
5246:
5174:
5162:
5150:
5010:
4998:
4898:
4883:
4871:
4847:
4835:
4799:
4787:
4715:
4679:
4556:
4544:
4514:
4460:
4436:
4385:
4337:
4322:
4278:
4227:
4176:
4164:
4137:
4120:
4105:
4066:
4032:
4000:
3934:
3910:
3886:
3841:
3760:
3733:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3667:
3581:
3562:
3422:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3234:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3111:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
2411:The Twelvers believe that the primordial
2300:
27:Twelfth and last of the Twelve Shia Imams
6248:The Shia Mahdi: the history of confusion
5957:
5821:Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law
5588:
5422:
5357:
5099:
4811:
4424:
4266:
2637:Among the special signs are the rise of
1949:) was likely due to their prominence in
1902:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri
1634:
1540:
1257:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri
6129:
6012:
5929:
5678:
5657:
5633:
5320:
5314:
5138:
5126:
5111:
5075:
5034:
5022:
4983:
4971:
4859:
4823:
4775:
4664:
4652:
4616:
4604:
4592:
4568:
4529:
4490:
4475:
4412:
4307:
4093:
4081:
4017:
3973:
3898:
3856:
3787:
3772:
3748:
3679:
3529:
3343:
2818:
2756:Kitab al-Bayan fi akhbar sahib al-zaman
1236:(873–874 CE), possibly poisoned by the
37:For the ruler of Córdoba, Andalus, see
14:
7329:
6974:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III)
6113:10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001
6058:
5908:
5793:
5769:
5755:. State University of New York Press.
5549:
5524:
5497:
5438:
5185:
5183:
5058:
5046:
4922:
4763:
4751:
4727:
4703:
4640:
4628:
4580:
3946:
3814:
3596:
3261:
3246:
2346:) and his student al-Shaykh al-Mufid (
1730:Al-Mahdi is said to have been born to
1713:, who was miraculously saved from the
6358:
6178:
6096:
6083:
6036:
5719:
5572:
5477:. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581.
5396:from the original on 22 February 2017
5275:
5234:
4934:
4910:
4739:
4691:
4502:
4152:
4051:
3988:
3922:
3871:
3550:
3498:
3481:
3469:
3393:
3324:
3210:
3123:
3048:
2316:Abu Sahl Isma'il ibn Ali al-Nawbakhti
2241:of 1804–1813, the eminent clerics of
2118:) of our sayings (hadith) who are my
1842:) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba,
5533:
5493:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143.
5358:Slackman, Michael (30 August 2007).
4940:
3312:
2451:
2092:
5711:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
5189:
5180:
4949:"Messianism in the Shiite Crescent"
2085:in reference to the two arrests of
1766:
1465:) hadith from the sixth Shia Imam,
1266:). He is said to have received the
1192:
56:
24:
7347:People whose existence is disputed
6092:. Vol. I/7. pp. 732–735.
5987:
5600:. Vol. X/4. pp. 341–344.
5584:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 143–6.
2160:must be just and knowledgeable in
1911:), who is said to have received a
1829:) and were politically quiescent.
1702:, where al-Askari's mother lived.
1562:(March 822 – 11 December 861 CE).
25:
7393:
6964:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II)
6266:A Discussion concerning the Mahdi
6226:
5994:al-Qarashi, Baqir Sharif (2006).
5743:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn
5613:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein
5339:from the original on 24 June 2016
2949:, the Occulted Imam and Mahdi of
2596:Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi
2054:reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi
1981:
1934:
1865:Uthman later introduced his son,
1268:final letter of Muhammad al-Mahdi
1232:, the eleventh Imam, died in 260
6989:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali)
6238:Identifying the infallible imam/
5558:. Alta Mira. pp. 178, 179.
5471:"ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism"
5416:
5382:
5370:from the original on 5 June 2015
5219:
5213:
5204:
5198:
4946:
2931:
2917:
1921:) occultation, later called the
1631:Birth and early life of al-Mahdi
1141:
6925:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
6253:
5936:. Crabtree Publishing Company.
5443:. In Martin, Richard C. (ed.).
5390:"Imam Mahdi's birthday in Iran"
2961:People claiming to be the Mahdi
2589:
2439:Twelver doctrine of occultation
2076:Major Occultation (941–present)
1665:Twelver doctrine of occultation
6384:
6097:Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018).
5879:The Cambridge history of Islam
5823:. Princeton University Press.
5725:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
5664:. Routledge Kegan & Paul.
5545:. Vol. II/7. p. 769.
3196:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970
2406:
2289:, the religious leader of the
2214:Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili
1890:This period, later termed the
1204:Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī
840:Other related sects and groups
13:
1:
6417:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
6130:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013).
5838:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933).
5776:History Of Islamic Philosophy
5556:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
2998:
2825:birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi
2361:. Of these, the principle of
1867:Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Uthman
325:
315:
6148:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828
5801:. Harvard University Press.
5498:Hulmes, Edward D.A. (2013).
2806:
2787:
2779:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
2544:
2516:
2348:
2341:
2339:Starting with ibn Babawayh (
2331:
2320:
2297:, the last monarch of Iran.
2218:
2198:
2188:) spent the Imam's share of
2183:
2047:
1969:
1906:
1882:
1871:
1802:
1481:
1261:
1129:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism
868:Bektashism and folk religion
7:
7367:People of Byzantine descent
6293:Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Ḥujjah
5951:
5658:Hussain, Jassim M. (1986).
5550:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008).
2910:
2772:
2665:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2626:
2620:
2537:
2498:
2465:
2418:
2363:
2356:
2265:
2251:
2225:
2208:
2172:
2166:
2142:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2037:
1959:
1945:
1927:
1917:
1896:
1838:
1824:
1813:
1792:Minor Occultation (874–941)
1723:
1673:
1601:
1533:
1488:
1471:
1445:
1203:
1185:Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdi
10:
7398:
5998:. Ansariyan Publications.
5510:. Routledge. p. 217.
5411:
2827:is celebrated annually in
2749:Support from Sunni circles
2599:
2593:
2280:guardianship of the jurist
1376:), al-Hojja/Hojjat Allah (
1289:
1124:List of Twelver Shia books
36:
29:
7296:
7057:
6794:
6642:
6465:
6392:
6325:
6317:
6310:
6022:. Imam Al Khoei Islamic.
5972:10.1017/S0041977X00050989
5888:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali
5727:. Yale University Press.
5483:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali
5467:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali
2813:al-Yawaqit wa al-Jawahir.
2796:Support from Sufi circles
2563:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai
2025:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
1798:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi
1581:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai
1575:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi
1285:
1020:Other hadith collections
1000:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
386:
375:
354:
344:
311:
306:
122:
118:
106:
94:
83:
75:
71:
50:
32:al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)
6105:Cornell University Press
5930:Richter, Joanne (2005).
5685:Doctrines of Shi'i Islam
5640:A History of Shi'i Islam
5605:
4096:, pp. 90, 139, 140.
2701:. While absent from the
2487:
2484:, and the Twelve Imams.
2423:) with the Hidden Imam.
2249:issued a declaration of
2027:and awaited his return.
1618:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi
1616:. Others concluded that
428:The Fourteen Infallibles
7377:9th-century Arab people
7203:Ala al-Din Muhammad III
7178:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi
6960:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah
6940:Ala al-Din Muhammad III
6915:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi
6287:Encyclopedia Britannica
6276:The Days of the Newborn
6014:al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir
5439:Gleave, Robert (2004).
5426:(2022). "Al-Mahdī". In
2525:Reasons for occultation
2460:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1853:well of the occultation
1592:Succession to al-Askari
1054:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
1024:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
338:Samarra, Abbasid Empire
65:Imam of Twelver Shi'ism
7218:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah
7198:Jalal al-Din Hasan III
7193:Nur al-Din Muhammad II
6935:Jalal al-Din Hasan III
6930:Nur al-Din Muhammad II
6271:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
6179:Bayat, Mangol (1991).
6136:Middle Eastern Studies
5909:Mavani, Hamid (2013).
5527:Encyclopaedia of Islam
5432:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4352:, pp. 86, 87, 95.
2715:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
2581:Basa’ir al-Darajat and
2301:Doctrinal developments
2154:
2140:) to you and I am the
1781:Ja'far ibn Ali al-Hadi
1744:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
1659:
1517:notes that the titles
1477:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
1211:to be the last of the
379:Being the last of the
43:Mahdi (disambiguation)
41:. For other uses, see
39:Muhammad II of Córdoba
7357:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi
7253:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad
7213:Shams al-Din Muhammad
7029:Shah Khalil Allah III
6950:Shams al-Din Muhammad
6786:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib
6609:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz
6457:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi
5598:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5582:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5543:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5491:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5475:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5451:. pp. 273, 274.
2947:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib
2741:, among many others.
2600:Further information:
2295:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
2110:
1638:
1541:Historical background
1207:) is believed by the
1148:Shia Islam portal
583:Imamate of the Family
7208:Rukn al-Din Khurshah
7099:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
6945:Rukn al-Din Khurshah
6836:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
6707:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
6634:Sulayman Badr al-Din
6530:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
6201:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein
6090:Encyclopædia Iranica
5114:, pp. 116, 117.
4790:, pp. 109, 110.
4778:, pp. 142, 143.
4718:, pp. 101, 107.
4631:, pp. 189, 190.
4619:, pp. 148, 149.
4595:, pp. 149, 150.
4583:, pp. 177, 178.
4439:, pp. 106, 107.
3925:, pp. 161, 162.
3396:, pp. 162, 163.
3288:, pp. 184, 185.
2956:Theology of Twelvers
2819:Birthday celebration
2785:transmitter Za'ida (
2711:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
2624:) and setting time (
2151:ascribed to al-Mahdi
2023:denied the death of
1913:letter from al-Mahdi
1897:al-ghaybat al-sughra
1193:محمد بن الحسن المهدي
1039:Reality of Certainty
715:Mourning of Muharram
593:Mourning of Muharram
6999:Khalil Allah II Ali
5850:Modarressi, Hossein
5753:Sayyid Hossein Nasr
5590:Arjomand, Said Amir
5504:Netton, Ian Richard
5449:Macmillan Reference
4766:, pp. 192–195.
4403:, pp. 99, 100.
3991:, pp. 162–164.
3763:, pp. 218–222.
3721:, pp. 87, 206.
2973:Occultation (Islam)
2707:Muhammad al-Bukhari
2606:Shortly before the
2398:book of occultation
2146:of God to you all .
1928:al-ghaybat al-kubra
1515:Abdulaziz Sachedina
1344:), Saheb al-Zaman (
720:Arba'een Pilgrimage
57:مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِي
7183:Hasan (I) al-Qahir
7163:Ma'ad al-Mustansir
7094:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
6920:Hasan (I) al-Qahir
6900:Ma'ad al-Mustansir
6831:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
6771:Ma'ad al-Mustansir
6702:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
6594:Ma'ad al-Mustansir
6525:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
6084:Hairi, A. (1984).
5364:The New York Times
4802:, pp. 79, 80.
4298:, pp. 96. 97.
4206:, pp. 87, 88.
3751:, pp. 68, 69.
3670:, pp. 39, 40.
3513:, pp. 80, 81.
3484:, pp. 59, 60.
3457:, pp. 79, 80.
3138:, pp. 25, 26.
3126:, pp. 43, 44.
3087:, pp. 59, 69.
2951:Tayyibi Isma'ilism
2630:) for his return.
2291:Iranian Revolution
2194:al-Shaykh al-Mufid
2062:Hossein Modarressi
1946:al-nuwwab al-arba'
1689:the rightly guided
1660:
1435:the remnant of God
1424:), Baqiyat Allah (
1408:), Sahib al-Haqq (
1307:the rightly guided
983:Hadith collections
210:the remnant of God
147:the rightly guided
52:Muhammad al-Mahdi
7362:9th-century imams
7322:
7321:
7138:Isma'il al-Mansur
7128:Abdallah al-Mahdi
7084:Muhammad al-Baqir
6969:Abd al-Salam Shah
6875:Isma'il al-Mansur
6865:Abdallah al-Mahdi
6821:Muhammad al-Baqir
6776:Ahmad al-Musta'li
6746:Isma'il al-Mansur
6741:Muhammad al-Qa'im
6736:Abdallah al-Mahdi
6692:Muhammad al-Baqir
6599:Ahmad al-Musta'li
6569:Isma'il al-Mansur
6564:Muhammad al-Qa'im
6559:Abdallah al-Mahdi
6515:Muhammad al-Baqir
6442:Muhammad al-Jawad
6422:Muhammad al-Baqir
6353:
6352:
6347:Major Occultation
6312:Shia Islam titles
6192:978-0-19-506822-1
5933:Iran: The Culture
5922:978-0-415-62440-4
5141:, pp. 118–9.
5013:, pp. 194–5.
4754:, pp. 190–2.
4667:, pp. 147–8.
3802:, pp. 77–79.
2925:Shia Islam portal
2908:
2907:
2904:14 February 2025
2896:25 February 2024
2666:al-nafs al-zakiya
2532:Muhammad al-Baqir
2506:Muhammad al-Baqir
2452:Hadith literature
2287:Ruhollah Khomeini
2239:Russo-Iranian war
2212:). It was likely
2179:Muhaqqiq al-Hilli
2106:Major Occultation
2093:Leadership vacuum
1923:Major Occultation
1892:Minor Occultation
1761:Muhammad al-Jawad
1419:lord of the truth
1403:lord of the cause
1392:), Sahib al-Amr (
1272:Major Occultation
1253:Minor Occultation
1201:
1182:
1181:
1078:and jurisprudence
685:Nahy ani l-Munkar
525:
524:
401:
400:
252:lord of the cause
16:(Redirected from
7389:
7352:Shia eschatology
7288:Amir Muhammad II
7122:(Radhi Abdallah)
7014:Sayyid Hasan Ali
6859:(Radhi Abdallah)
6730:(Radhi Abdallah)
6624:Abdallah al-Adid
6614:Isma'il al-Zafir
6553:(Radhi Abdallah)
6379:
6372:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6318:Preceded by
6308:
6307:
6222:
6196:
6175:
6126:
6093:
6086:"AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ"
6080:
6055:
6033:
6009:
5983:
5947:
5926:
5905:
5883:
5872:
5861:. Darwin Press.
5860:
5845:
5834:
5817:Goldziher, Ignaz
5812:
5790:
5766:
5751:. Translated by
5738:
5716:
5710:
5702:
5690:
5675:
5654:
5630:
5601:
5585:
5569:
5546:
5530:
5521:
5494:
5478:
5462:
5435:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5187:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5025:, pp. 17–8.
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4533:
4527:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4479:
4473:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4179:, pp. 97–8.
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4141:
4135:
4124:
4118:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4036:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3875:
3869:
3860:
3854:
3845:
3839:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3737:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3656:Amir-Moezzi 2007
3653:
3600:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3458:
3452:
3443:
3437:
3426:
3420:
3397:
3391:
3378:
3372:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3223:Amir-Moezzi 2016
3220:
3214:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3075:, pp. 60–1.
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3031:
3028:Amir-Moezzi 1998
3025:
2967:Princess of Rome
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2842:
2841:
2810:
2808:
2791:
2789:
2775:
2767:Wilferd Madelung
2737:and the Abbasid
2731:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2668:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2629:
2623:
2584:Kitab al-Mahasin
2540:
2520:
2518:
2501:
2468:
2433:2006 Lebanon War
2421:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2266:wilayat al-faqih
2254:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2103:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2010:
2007:
2006:he who will rise
2004:
2001:
1998:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1948:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1827:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1767:Abbasid reaction
1736:Byzantine Empire
1726:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1640:Al-Askari Shrine
1607:Uthman ibn Sa'id
1604:
1536:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:), al-Montazar (
1327:
1324:
1323:he who will rise
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1265:
1263:
1242:Uthman ibn Sa'id
1206:
1196:
1194:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1146:
1145:
1049:Mafatih al-Jinan
1034:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa
1005:Tahdhib al-Ahkam
608:Wilayat al-Faqih
433:
432:
403:
402:
330:
327:
320:
317:
298:
295:
294:awaited to Zahra
292:
289:
286:
277:
274:
273:the proof of God
271:
268:
265:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
172:
169:
168:he who will rise
166:
163:
160:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
109:
99:
60:
59:
58:
48:
47:
21:
7397:
7396:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7318:
7292:
7273:Mu'in al-Din II
7153:Mansur al-Hakim
7143:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz
7114:(Taqi Muhammad)
7089:Ja'far al-Sadiq
7061:
7053:
7024:Abu'l-Hasan Ali
6994:Nur al-Dahr Ali
6890:Mansur al-Hakim
6880:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz
6851:(Taqi Muhammad)
6826:Ja'far al-Sadiq
6798:
6790:
6761:Mansur al-Hakim
6751:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz
6722:(Taqi Muhammad)
6697:Ja'far al-Sadiq
6638:
6584:Mansur al-Hakim
6574:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz
6545:(Taqi Muhammad)
6520:Ja'far al-Sadiq
6461:
6452:Hasan al-Askari
6427:Ja'far al-Sadiq
6388:
6383:
6341:
6323:
6321:Hasan al-Askari
6289:
6256:
6229:
6219:
6193:
6123:
6077:
6066:Philip Sherrard
6052:
6030:
6019:Awaited Saviour
6006:
5990:
5988:Further reading
5954:
5944:
5923:
5902:
5869:
5858:
5831:
5809:
5795:Pierce, Matthew
5787:
5763:
5735:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5688:
5680:Sobhani, Ja'far
5672:
5651:
5643:. I.B. Tauris.
5635:Daftary, Farhad
5627:
5608:
5566:
5518:
5459:
5447:. Vol. 2.
5419:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5397:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5327:Staff writers.
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5303:Modarressi 1993
5301:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5218:
5214:
5203:
5199:
5188:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5088:Modarressi 1993
5086:
5082:
5074:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5005:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4963:
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4951:
4945:
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4921:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4897:
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4878:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
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4830:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4786:
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4774:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4449:Modarressi 1993
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4401:Modarressi 1993
4399:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4374:Modarressi 1993
4372:
4368:
4362:Modarressi 1993
4360:
4356:
4350:Modarressi 1993
4348:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4296:Modarressi 1993
4294:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4216:Modarressi 1993
4214:
4210:
4204:Modarressi 1993
4202:
4195:
4189:Modarressi 1993
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4127:
4119:
4112:
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4092:
4088:
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4073:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4039:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3965:
3959:Modarressi 1993
3957:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3833:
3827:Modarressi 1993
3825:
3821:
3813:
3806:
3800:Modarressi 1993
3798:
3794:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3725:
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3713:
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3693:
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3569:
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3557:
3549:
3536:
3528:
3517:
3511:Modarressi 1993
3509:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3461:
3455:Modarressi 1993
3453:
3446:
3440:Modarressi 1993
3438:
3429:
3421:
3400:
3392:
3381:
3375:Modarressi 1993
3373:
3362:
3356:Modarressi 1993
3354:
3350:
3342:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3284:
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3253:
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3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
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3194:
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3182:
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3103:
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3083:
3079:
3071:
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3047:
3034:
3026:
3005:
3001:
2937:
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2798:
2786:
2751:
2694:
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2675:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2547:
2527:
2515:
2490:
2454:
2441:
2409:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2385:Kitab al-Ghayba
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2347:
2340:
2330:
2319:
2303:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2217:
2197:
2182:
2170:) of hadith to
2153:
2150:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2095:
2078:
2046:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1984:
1968:
1937:
1905:
1881:
1870:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1819:Ja'far al-Sadiq
1801:
1794:
1769:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1656:Hasan al-Askari
1633:
1597:Hasan al-Askari
1594:
1551:Hasan al-Askari
1543:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1480:
1467:Ja'far al-Sadiq
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1357:
1355:lord of the age
1354:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1260:
1230:Hasan al-Askari
1178:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1094:The Infallibles
1079:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1044:Nahj al-Balagha
1016:
984:
976:
975:
974:
919:
911:
910:
909:
841:
833:
832:
831:
799:
791:
790:
789:
739:
731:
730:
729:
709:
708:Other practices
701:
700:
699:
680:Amr bi-l maʿrūf
644:
634:
633:
632:
577:
569:
568:
567:
537:
527:
526:
430:
419:Twelver Shi'ism
371:
362:Hasan al-Askari
340:
335:
328:
318:
302:
296:
293:
290:
287:
282:
275:
272:
269:
266:
261:
254:
251:
248:
245:
240:
233:
230:
227:
224:
219:
212:
209:
206:
203:
198:
191:
189:lord of the age
188:
185:
182:
177:
176:Sahib al-Zaman
170:
167:
164:
161:
156:
149:
146:
143:
140:
135:
131:
130:
113:Hasan al-Askari
107:
101:
95:
90:
67:
61:
54:
53:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7395:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7258:Mu'in al-Din I
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7238:Radi al-Din II
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7117:
7109:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7074:Husayn ibn Ali
7071:
7065:
7063:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6854:
6846:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6811:Husayn ibn Ali
6808:
6802:
6800:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6781:Mansur al-Amir
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6725:
6717:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6648:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6629:Dawud al-Hamid
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6604:Mansur al-Amir
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6548:
6540:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6471:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6412:Husayn ibn Ali
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6382:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6342:874 – present
6324:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6262:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6228:
6227:External links
6225:
6224:
6223:
6217:
6211:. SUNY Press.
6197:
6191:
6176:
6142:(3): 430–453.
6127:
6121:
6107:. p. 67.
6103:. Ithaca, NY:
6094:
6081:
6075:
6056:
6050:
6038:Amini, Ibrahim
6034:
6028:
6010:
6004:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5966:(3): 521–534.
5953:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5927:
5921:
5906:
5900:
5894:. SUNY Press.
5884:
5873:
5867:
5846:
5835:
5829:
5813:
5807:
5791:
5785:
5767:
5761:
5739:
5733:
5717:
5697:
5676:
5670:
5655:
5649:
5631:
5626:978-0873954426
5625:
5619:. Suny press.
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5586:
5570:
5564:
5547:
5531:
5522:
5516:
5495:
5479:
5463:
5457:
5436:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5381:
5350:
5319:
5307:
5292:
5288:Sachedina 1981
5280:
5278:, p. 168.
5263:
5261:, p. 150.
5259:Sachedina 1981
5251:
5249:, p. 171.
5247:Sachedina 1981
5239:
5237:, p. 166.
5227:
5212:
5197:
5179:
5177:, p. 194.
5175:Tabatabai 1975
5167:
5165:, p. 201.
5163:Goldziher 1981
5155:
5151:Sachedina 1981
5143:
5131:
5116:
5104:
5102:, p. 526.
5092:
5080:
5078:, p. 113.
5063:
5051:
5039:
5037:, p. 115.
5027:
5015:
5011:Tabatabai 1975
5003:
5001:, p. 186.
4999:Tabatabai 1975
4988:
4986:, p. 118.
4976:
4961:
4939:
4937:, p. 199.
4927:
4915:
4903:
4901:, p. 181.
4899:Sachedina 1981
4888:
4886:, p. 134.
4884:Sachedina 1981
4876:
4874:, p. 112.
4872:Sachedina 1981
4864:
4862:, p. 144.
4852:
4850:, p. 109.
4848:Sachedina 1981
4840:
4838:, p. 110.
4836:Sachedina 1981
4828:
4816:
4804:
4800:Sachedina 1981
4792:
4788:Sachedina 1981
4780:
4768:
4756:
4744:
4742:, p. 191.
4732:
4730:, p. 189.
4720:
4716:Sachedina 1981
4708:
4706:, p. 188.
4696:
4694:, p. 190.
4684:
4682:, p. 107.
4680:Sachedina 1981
4669:
4657:
4655:, p. 148.
4645:
4643:, p. 187.
4633:
4621:
4609:
4607:, p. 150.
4597:
4585:
4573:
4571:, p. 149.
4561:
4559:, p. 101.
4557:Sachedina 1981
4549:
4547:, p. 149.
4545:Sachedina 1981
4534:
4532:, p. 147.
4519:
4517:, p. 100.
4515:Sachedina 1981
4507:
4505:, p. 170.
4495:
4493:, p. 143.
4480:
4478:, p. 141.
4465:
4461:Sachedina 1981
4453:
4441:
4437:Sachedina 1981
4429:
4427:, p. 529.
4417:
4405:
4390:
4386:Sachedina 1981
4378:
4376:, p. 105.
4366:
4354:
4342:
4340:, p. 105.
4338:Sachedina 1981
4327:
4325:, p. 102.
4323:Sachedina 1981
4312:
4300:
4283:
4281:, p. 151.
4279:Sachedina 1981
4271:
4232:
4228:Sachedina 1981
4220:
4208:
4193:
4181:
4177:Sachedina 1981
4169:
4165:Sachedina 1981
4157:
4155:, p. 163.
4142:
4138:Sachedina 1981
4125:
4121:Sachedina 1981
4110:
4106:Sachedina 1981
4098:
4086:
4084:, p. 140.
4071:
4067:Sachedina 1981
4056:
4054:, p. 164.
4037:
4033:Sachedina 1981
4022:
4005:
4001:Sachedina 1981
3993:
3978:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3937:, p. 233.
3935:Donaldson 1933
3927:
3915:
3913:, p. 234.
3911:Donaldson 1933
3903:
3891:
3889:, p. 104.
3887:Sachedina 1981
3876:
3861:
3846:
3842:Sachedina 1981
3831:
3819:
3804:
3792:
3777:
3765:
3761:Donaldson 1933
3753:
3738:
3736:, p. 222.
3734:Donaldson 1933
3723:
3719:Sachedina 1981
3711:
3707:Sachedina 1981
3699:
3695:Sachedina 1981
3684:
3672:
3668:Sachedina 1981
3660:
3601:
3586:
3584:, p. 185.
3582:Tabatabai 1975
3567:
3565:, p. 229.
3563:Donaldson 1933
3555:
3553:, p. 161.
3534:
3515:
3503:
3501:, p. 162.
3486:
3474:
3459:
3444:
3427:
3423:Sachedina 1981
3398:
3379:
3360:
3348:
3329:
3317:
3302:
3298:Sachedina 1981
3290:
3286:Tabatabai 1975
3278:
3274:Sachedina 1981
3266:
3251:
3239:
3235:Sachedina 1981
3227:
3215:
3200:
3198:, p. 126.
3188:
3184:Sachedina 1981
3176:
3174:, p. 209.
3172:Donaldson 1933
3164:
3160:Sachedina 1981
3152:
3148:Sachedina 1981
3140:
3136:Sachedina 1981
3128:
3116:
3112:Sachedina 1981
3101:
3097:Sachedina 1981
3089:
3085:Sachedina 1981
3077:
3073:Sachedina 1981
3065:
3061:Sachedina 1981
3053:
3051:, p. 165.
3032:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2928:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:19 March 2022
2878:
2874:
2873:
2872:29 March 2021
2870:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2856:21 April 2019
2854:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2820:
2817:
2797:
2794:
2750:
2747:
2692:rightly guided
2674:
2671:
2616:Battle of Badr
2594:Main article:
2591:
2588:
2546:
2543:
2526:
2523:
2489:
2486:
2453:
2450:
2440:
2437:
2408:
2405:
2302:
2299:
2148:
2094:
2091:
2077:
2074:
2015:to argue that
1983:
1982:Shia community
1980:
1936:
1935:Shia authority
1933:
1874: 916–917
1834:Ja'far al-Zaki
1793:
1790:
1768:
1765:
1759:, daughter of
1632:
1629:
1622:Ja'far al-Zaki
1593:
1590:
1542:
1539:
1360:), al-Gha'ib (
1287:
1284:
1264: 940–941
1217:eschatological
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:Related topics
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1029:Bihar al-Anwar
1026:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
990:The Four Books
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
942:
937:
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431:
426:
425:
422:
421:
415:
414:
399:
398:
388:
384:
383:
377:
376:Known for
373:
372:
370:
369:
364:
358:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
336:
313:
309:
308:
304:
303:
301:
300:
281:Yusuf-e-Zahra
279:
258:
237:
216:
197:Baqiyat Allah
195:
174:
153:
129:List of titles
128:
127:
126:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
97:Assumed office
92:
91:
84:
81:
80:
73:
72:
69:
68:
62:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7394:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7325:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7278:Amir Muhammad
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7263:Atiyyat Allah
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7228:Radi al-Din I
7226:
7224:
7223:Muhammad Shah
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:Nizar al-Aziz
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7079:Ali al-Sajjad
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7004:Shah Nizar II
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6979:Abu Dharr Ali
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6885:Nizar al-Aziz
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6816:Ali al-Sajjad
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:(Qasim-Shahi)
6797:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:Nizar al-Aziz
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6687:Ali al-Sajjad
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6579:Nizar al-Aziz
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6510:Ali al-Sajjad
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6432:Musa al-Kazim
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6407:Hasan ibn Ali
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6375:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6322:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6220:
6218:0-88706-843-X
6214:
6210:
6206:
6205:Hamid Dabashi
6202:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6122:9781501714856
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6076:0-7103-0416-1
6072:
6068:
6067:
6061:
6060:Corbin, Henry
6057:
6053:
6051:0-9680717-0-8
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6029:0-686-90398-6
6025:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6005:964-438-806-2
6001:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5945:
5943:9780778793175
5939:
5935:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5915:. Routledge.
5914:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5901:9780791494790
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5868:9780878500956
5864:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5830:9781400843510
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5808:9780674737075
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5786:9781135198893
5782:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5771:Corbin, Henry
5768:
5764:
5762:0-87395-390-8
5758:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5748:Shi'ite Islam
5744:
5740:
5736:
5734:9780300034998
5730:
5726:
5722:
5721:Momen, Moojan
5718:
5714:
5708:
5700:
5694:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5671:9780710301581
5667:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5652:
5650:9780755608669
5646:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5574:Klemm, Verena
5571:
5567:
5565:9781905299683
5561:
5557:
5553:
5552:"Hidden Imām"
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5517:9781135179670
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5458:0-02-865604-0
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5417:Encyclopedias
5395:
5391:
5385:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5317:, p. 14.
5316:
5311:
5305:, p. 91.
5304:
5299:
5297:
5290:, p. 69.
5289:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5201:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5176:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5153:, p. 104
5152:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5129:, p. 17.
5128:
5123:
5121:
5113:
5108:
5101:
5100:Kohlberg 2009
5096:
5090:, p. 99.
5089:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5061:, p. 65.
5060:
5055:
5049:, p. 71.
5048:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4980:
4974:, p. 67.
4973:
4968:
4966:
4950:
4947:Cook, David.
4943:
4936:
4931:
4925:, p. 70.
4924:
4919:
4913:, p. 65.
4912:
4907:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4826:, p. 65.
4825:
4820:
4813:
4812:Arjomand 2000
4808:
4801:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4637:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4613:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4463:, p. 85.
4462:
4457:
4451:, p. 93.
4450:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4425:Kohlberg 2009
4421:
4415:, p. 19.
4414:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4388:, p. 79.
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4364:, p. 96.
4363:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4310:, p. 68.
4309:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4267:Madelung 2022
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4230:, p. 61.
4229:
4224:
4218:, p. 89.
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4191:, p. 94.
4190:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4167:, p. 98.
4166:
4161:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4140:, p. 99.
4139:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4123:, p. 97.
4122:
4117:
4115:
4108:, p. 88.
4107:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4069:, p. 96.
4068:
4063:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4035:, p. 84.
4034:
4029:
4027:
4020:, p. 66.
4019:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4003:, p. 92.
4002:
3997:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3976:, p. 64.
3975:
3970:
3968:
3961:, p. 79.
3960:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3901:, p. 88.
3900:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3859:, p. 77.
3858:
3853:
3851:
3844:, p. 90.
3843:
3838:
3836:
3829:, p. 82.
3828:
3823:
3817:, p. 90.
3816:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3790:, p. 76.
3789:
3784:
3782:
3775:, p. 69.
3774:
3769:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3715:
3709:, p. 74.
3708:
3703:
3697:, p. 72.
3696:
3691:
3689:
3682:, p. 75.
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3532:, p. 70.
3531:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3472:, p. 60.
3471:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3442:, p. 92.
3441:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3425:, p. 41.
3424:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3377:, p. 77.
3376:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3358:, p. 80.
3357:
3352:
3346:, p. 63.
3345:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3327:, p. 59.
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3300:, p. 40.
3299:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3276:, p. 30.
3275:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3237:, p. 29.
3236:
3231:
3225:, p. 65.
3224:
3219:
3213:, p. 44.
3212:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3186:, p. 26.
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3162:, p. 25.
3161:
3156:
3150:, p. 28.
3149:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3114:, p. 67.
3113:
3108:
3106:
3099:, p. 68.
3098:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3063:, p. 60.
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2993:Du'a al-Faraj
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2915:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:8 March 2023
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2864:9 April 2020
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2803:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2680:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:Last Judgment
2603:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2447:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2404:
2386:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2337:
2328:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2147:
2144:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2090:
2088:
2087:Musa al-Kazim
2084:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2032:Buyid dynasty
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:Musa al-Kazim
2014:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:Four Deputies
1932:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909: 940-41
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1885: 937-38
1879:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:Hakima Khatun
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1658:, are buried.
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1560:al-Mutawakkil
1556:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
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1312:), al-Qa'im (
1293:
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1281:
1275:
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1269:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Four Deputies
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1190:
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1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Kitab al-Kafi
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
980:
979:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:Seghatoleslam
958:
956:
953:
950:
946:
943:
941:
938:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
915:
914:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
850:
848:
845:
844:
837:
836:
828:
825:
823:
820:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
802:
795:
794:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
735:
734:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
705:
704:
696:
693:
691:
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686:
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681:
678:
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647:
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629:
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624:
621:
619:
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614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
576:Other beliefs
573:
572:
564:
563:Judgement Day
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
531:
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519:
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360:
359:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
339:
333:
323:
314:
310:
305:
280:
260:Hujjat Allah
259:
239:Sahib al-Amr
238:
217:
196:
175:
154:
133:
132:
125:
121:
117:
114:
111:
105:
98:
93:
89:
88:
82:
79:
74:
70:
66:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7342:Twelve Imams
7324:
7158:Ali al-Zahir
7121:
7113:
7106:(Wafi Ahmad)
7105:
7044:Aga Khan III
6895:Ali al-Zahir
6858:
6850:
6843:(Wafi Ahmad)
6842:
6766:Ali al-Zahir
6729:
6721:
6714:(Wafi Ahmad)
6713:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6619:Isa al-Fa'iz
6589:Ali al-Zahir
6552:
6544:
6537:(Wafi Ahmad)
6536:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6456:
6345:
6326:
6265:
6254:Al-Islam.org
6243:Twelfth Imam
6208:
6181:
6139:
6135:
6099:
6089:
6063:
6041:
6018:
5995:
5963:
5959:
5932:
5911:
5891:
5878:
5854:
5844:. AMS Press.
5840:
5820:
5798:
5775:
5747:
5724:
5684:
5660:
5639:
5616:
5597:
5581:
5555:
5542:
5526:
5507:
5490:
5474:
5444:
5431:
5424:Madelung, W.
5398:. Retrieved
5384:
5372:. Retrieved
5363:
5353:
5341:. Retrieved
5333:en.alalam.ir
5332:
5322:
5315:Richter 2005
5310:
5283:
5254:
5242:
5230:
5221:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5191:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5139:Sobhani 2001
5134:
5127:Hussain 1986
5112:Sobhani 2001
5107:
5095:
5083:
5076:Sobhani 2001
5054:
5042:
5035:Sobhani 2001
5030:
5023:Hussain 1986
5018:
5006:
4984:Sobhani 2001
4979:
4972:Daftary 2013
4952:. Retrieved
4942:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4879:
4867:
4860:Hussain 1986
4855:
4843:
4831:
4824:Daftary 2013
4819:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4776:Hussain 1986
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4665:Hussain 1986
4660:
4653:Hussain 1986
4648:
4636:
4624:
4617:Hussain 1986
4612:
4605:Hussain 1986
4600:
4593:Hussain 1986
4588:
4576:
4569:Hussain 1986
4564:
4552:
4530:Hussain 1986
4510:
4498:
4491:Hussain 1986
4476:Hussain 1986
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4413:Hussain 1986
4408:
4381:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4308:Daftary 2013
4303:
4274:
4223:
4211:
4184:
4172:
4160:
4101:
4094:Hussain 1986
4089:
4082:Hussain 1986
4018:Daftary 2013
3996:
3974:Daftary 2013
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3899:Daftary 2013
3894:
3857:Hussain 1986
3822:
3795:
3788:Hussain 1986
3773:Hussain 1986
3768:
3756:
3749:Hussain 1986
3714:
3702:
3680:Hussain 1986
3675:
3663:
3558:
3530:Hussain 1986
3506:
3477:
3351:
3344:Daftary 2013
3320:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
2965:
2939:Islam portal
2845:Islamic year
2822:
2812:
2799:
2790: 777-8
2765:
2755:
2752:
2743:
2702:
2676:
2636:
2632:
2605:
2590:Reappearance
2583:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2548:
2528:
2509:
2504:
2491:
2478:Twelve Imams
2472:Sahih Muslim
2470:
2458:
2455:
2442:
2425:
2410:
2384:
2338:
2308:Mu'tazilites
2304:
2261:
2226:na'ib al-amm
2205:
2155:
2111:
2096:
2079:
2058:
2043:Ibn Babawayh
2029:
1985:
1976:
1965:ibn Babawayh
1955:Moojan Momen
1938:
1889:
1864:
1860:
1831:
1795:
1778:
1770:
1729:
1704:
1669:
1661:
1626:
1611:
1595:
1579:
1564:
1544:
1534:hujjat Allah
1528:
1525:Sahib al-Amr
1524:
1518:
1513:
1506:proof of God
1442:
1295:
1276:
1246:
1228:
1213:Twelve Imams
1209:Twelver Shia
1184:
1183:
965:Hojatoleslam
903:Ni'matullāhī
878:Qalandariyya
725:Intercession
613:Usul al-fiqh
598:Intercession
517:
454:Twelve Imams
381:Twelve Imams
218:al-Muntazar
96:
85:
7314:concealment
7302:occultation
7173:Ali al-Hadi
7049:Aga Khan IV
7039:Aga Khan II
6984:Murad Mirza
6910:Ali al-Hadi
6447:Ali al-Hadi
6437:Ali al-Rida
5698:01860647804
5441:"GHAYBA(T)"
5428:Bearman, P.
5059:Pierce 2016
5047:Corbin 2014
4923:Corbin 2014
4764:Mavani 2013
4752:Mavani 2013
4728:Mavani 2013
4704:Mavani 2013
4641:Mavani 2013
4629:Mavani 2013
4581:Mavani 2013
3947:Glassé 2008
3815:Pierce 2016
3597:Gleave 2004
3262:Eliash 2022
3247:Hulmes 2013
2809: 1066
2719:al-Tirmidhi
2519: 1067
2407:Visitations
2351: 1022
2257:Abbas Mirza
2221: 1558
2201: 1022
2186: 1277
2162:Islamic law
1809:occultation
1773:al-Mu'tamid
1748:Shaykh Tusi
1652:Ali al-Hadi
1571:al-Mu'tamid
1547:Ali al-Hadi
1484: 1699
1339:the awaited
1074:Sources of
1010:Al-Istibsar
918:Scholarship
873:Malamatiyya
851:Sufism and
738:Holy cities
603:Occultation
553:Prophethood
391:Ahl al-Bayt
231:the awaited
108:Preceded by
7337:869 births
7331:Categories
7243:Shah Tahir
7034:Aga Khan I
7009:Sayyid Ali
6957:Islam Shah
6954:Qasim Shah
6386:Shia Imams
6338:Shia Islam
5276:Momen 1985
5235:Momen 1985
4935:Momen 1985
4911:Momen 1985
4740:Momen 1985
4692:Momen 1985
4503:Momen 1985
4153:Momen 1985
4052:Momen 1985
3989:Momen 1985
3923:Momen 1985
3872:Klemm 2007
3551:Momen 1985
3499:Momen 1985
3482:Momen 1985
3470:Momen 1985
3394:Momen 1985
3325:Momen 1985
3211:Momen 1985
3124:Momen 1985
3049:Momen 1985
2999:References
2988:Du'a Nudba
2983:Dua-e Ahad
2802:Al-Bayhaqi
2557:, and the
2344: 991
2334: 995
2323: 923
2312:Ash'arites
2173:mujtahidun
2050: 991
2021:Kaysanites
1972: 991
1805: 880
1387:the proof
1371:the hidden
1290:See also:
888:Bektashism
543:Monotheism
535:Principles
412:Shia Islam
349:Shia islam
329: 868
319: 255
7372:Husaynids
7283:Haydar II
7268:Aziz Shah
7104:Abdallah
7062:(Mu'mini)
7019:Qasim Ali
6841:Abdallah
6712:Abdallah
6535:Abdallah
6172:143672216
6156:0026-3206
5980:155070530
5707:cite book
5539:"ʿASKARĪ"
3313:Halm 1987
2727:al-Nasa'i
2723:ibn Majah
2545:Longevity
2429:Hezbollah
2083:Waqifites
2013:Waqifites
1198:romanized
1099:Consensus
945:Ayatollah
863:Safaviyya
858:Qizilbash
780:Kadhimiya
770:Jerusalem
642:Practices
513:al-Askari
478:al-Sajjad
387:Relatives
155:al-Qa'im
134:al-Mahdi
87:Incumbent
78:Shia Imam
18:12th Imam
7248:Haydar I
7188:Hasan II
7133:al-Qa'im
6870:al-Qa'im
6669:Muhammad
6492:Muhammad
6207:(1989).
6164:23471080
6062:(1993).
6040:(1996).
6016:(1983).
5952:Articles
5890:(2016).
5852:(1993).
5819:(1981).
5797:(2016).
5773:(2014).
5745:(1975).
5723:(1985).
5682:(2001).
5637:(2013).
5615:(1981).
5592:(2000).
5576:(2007).
5537:(1987).
5535:Halm, H.
5485:(2007).
5469:(1998).
5394:Archived
5368:Archived
5337:Archived
2911:See also
2739:al-Mahdi
2621:este'jal
2378:kindness
2149:—
1785:Fathiyya
1753:al-Mufid
1529:al-Mahdi
1520:al-Qa'im
1238:Abbasids
1215:and the
1059:Al-Amali
883:Hurufism
847:Alawites
518:al-Mahdi
493:al-Kazim
488:al-Sadiq
483:al-Baqir
439:Muhammad
408:a series
406:Part of
395:Husaynid
345:Religion
307:Personal
63:Twelfth
7382:Mahdism
7309:caliphs
7307:Fatimid
7120:Husayn
6857:Husayn
6728:Husayn
6660:"Wāsih"
6644:Tayyibi
6551:Husayn
6483:"Wāsih"
6394:Twelver
6335:Twelver
6298:Ghaybah
5594:"ḠAYBA"
5506:(ed.).
5430:(ed.).
5412:Sources
5400:9 April
2833:Sha'ban
2760:Shafi'i
2735:Umar II
2686:
2661:Meccans
2639:Sufyani
2482:Fatimah
2466:khalifa
2392:
2372:
2364:al-lutf
2274:
2247:Isfahan
2231:Safavid
2158:jurists
2129:
2000:
1992:Samarra
1951:Baghdad
1847:
1715:pharaoh
1709:in the
1696:Sha'ban
1683:
1644:Samarra
1555:Samarra
1500:
1454:
1429:
1413:
1397:
1381:
1365:
1349:
1333:
1317:
1301:
1200::
1090:Hadiths
1076:ijtihad
970:Ijtihad
955:Allamah
947: (
932: (
853:Alevism
827:Shaykhi
815:Akhbari
805:Ja'fari
775:Samarra
765:Mashhad
760:Karbala
695:Tabarri
690:Tawalli
618:Ijtihad
558:Imamate
548:Justice
508:al-Naqi
503:al-Taqi
498:ar-Rida
444:Fatimah
355:Parents
288:
267:
246:
225:
204:
183:
162:
141:
7112:Ahmad
7059:Nizari
6849:Ahmad
6796:Nizari
6720:Ahmad
6682:Husayn
6656:"Asās"
6543:Ahmad
6505:Husayn
6479:"Asās"
6467:Hafizi
6215:
6189:
6170:
6162:
6154:
6119:
6073:
6048:
6026:
6002:
5978:
5940:
5919:
5898:
5865:
5827:
5805:
5783:
5759:
5731:
5695:
5668:
5647:
5623:
5562:
5514:
5455:
5374:19 May
5343:19 May
4954:19 May
2831:on 15
2758:, the
2729:, and
2725:, and
2627:tawqit
2570:Ghulat
2559:Dajjal
2101:fuqaha
2070:hadith
1960:wukala
1839:sardab
1825:taqiya
1814:ghayba
1732:Narjis
1700:Medina
1490:hujjat
1286:Titles
1189:Arabic
1104:Reason
1085:Qur'an
930:Marja'
898:Galibi
893:Rifa`i
798:Groups
750:Medina
623:Taqlid
588:Angels
473:Husayn
367:Narjis
102:874 CE
7233:Tahir
7168:Nizar
6905:Nizar
6677:Hasan
6500:Hasan
6303:Mahdi
6269:, by
6168:S2CID
6160:JSTOR
5976:S2CID
5859:(PDF)
5689:(PDF)
5606:Books
5502:. In
2848:Iran
2783:Kufan
2773:kunya
2705:s of
2703:Sahih
2679:Mahdi
2644:sayha
2612:Jesus
2555:Jesus
2551:Khidr
2538:bay'a
2511:Zabur
2494:Khidr
2488:Quran
2419:ulama
2357:kalam
2285:) by
2252:jihad
2243:Najaf
2235:Qajar
2209:jihad
2190:Khums
2167:ruwat
2143:hujja
2135:proof
2121:hujja
2115:ruwat
2066:Quran
2038:bay'a
1918:tamma
1740:Nubia
1724:hujja
1719:Jesus
1711:Quran
1707:Moses
1674:kunya
1614:Mahdi
1602:hayra
1586:Mahdi
1567:Zaydi
1492:Allah
1472:wahid
1460:alone
1446:wahid
1292:hujja
1280:faqīh
1224:Islam
1220:Mahdi
940:Hawza
822:Alevi
810:Usuli
755:Najaf
745:Mecca
675:Jihad
670:Khums
665:Zakat
650:Salat
628:Irfan
468:Hasan
123:Title
100:
76:12th
6665:Nabi
6488:Nabi
6331:Imam
6328:12th
6213:ISBN
6187:ISBN
6152:ISSN
6117:ISBN
6071:ISBN
6046:ISBN
6024:ISBN
6000:ISBN
5938:ISBN
5917:ISBN
5896:ISBN
5863:ISBN
5825:ISBN
5803:ISBN
5781:ISBN
5757:ISBN
5729:ISBN
5713:link
5693:ISBN
5666:ISBN
5645:ISBN
5621:ISBN
5560:ISBN
5512:ISBN
5453:ISBN
5402:2017
5376:2016
5345:2016
4956:2017
2901:1446
2893:1445
2885:1444
2877:1443
2869:1442
2861:1441
2853:1440
2829:Iran
2823:The
2709:and
2683:lit.
2656:kasf
2650:neda
2499:umma
2446:Babs
2389:lit.
2369:lit.
2327:Tusi
2310:and
2271:lit.
2245:and
2233:and
2126:lit.
1997:lit.
1988:Shia
1844:lit.
1746:and
1680:lit.
1654:and
1648:Iraq
1549:and
1523:and
1497:lit.
1451:lit.
1426:lit.
1410:lit.
1394:lit.
1378:lit.
1362:lit.
1346:lit.
1330:lit.
1314:lit.
1298:lit.
949:list
934:list
660:Hajj
655:Sawm
452:The
312:Born
285:lit.
264:lit.
243:lit.
222:lit.
201:lit.
180:lit.
159:lit.
138:lit.
7312:in
7300:in
7069:Ali
6806:Ali
6662:of
6658:or
6652:Ali
6485:of
6481:or
6475:Ali
6402:Ali
6333:of
6144:doi
6109:doi
5968:doi
2837:Qom
2792:).
2699:Ali
2669:).
2413:Nūr
2403:).
1738:or
1642:in
1440:).
1092:of
925:Law
785:Qom
463:Ali
410:on
7333::
6203:;
6166:.
6158:.
6150:.
6140:49
6138:.
6134:.
6115:.
6088:.
5974:.
5964:39
5962:.
5709:}}
5705:{{
5596:.
5580:.
5554:.
5541:.
5489:.
5473:.
5392:.
5366:.
5362:.
5335:.
5331:.
5295:^
5266:^
5182:^
5119:^
5066:^
4991:^
4964:^
4891:^
4672:^
4537:^
4522:^
4483:^
4468:^
4393:^
4330:^
4315:^
4286:^
4235:^
4196:^
4145:^
4128:^
4113:^
4074:^
4059:^
4040:^
4025:^
4008:^
3981:^
3966:^
3879:^
3864:^
3849:^
3834:^
3807:^
3780:^
3741:^
3726:^
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