731:
1231:
353:
1339:
1174:
1070:
24:
76:
1303:
1263:
1189:
567:
1278:
1142:
1214:
1354:
1411:
1324:
1248:
83:
1125:
1386:
1371:
1100:
90:
1036:
937:
would see himself showered with appointments, ranks, protection and various other things. Some would even pay money. One vote could cost them as much as 1,000 ducats. There were also those deputies who cheated: they would pledge themselves to ten or twelve candidates of the most influential category". The candidates also resorted to libel, publishing anonymous brochures in France and
Belgium, which they then shipped to Wallachia. These claimed to speak for the
2896:
1514:. It is depicted by the conservative Lăcusteanu as one "of the petty schoolteachers, the lawyers, the rapacious upstarts the boyar sons", the urban masses having been incensed by both Duhamel and the deposed ruler Ghica. Initially welcoming the radicals, Bibescu abdicated under street pressure, then fled to safety in Austria. The uprising had a set of republican ideals, with a democratized elective monarchy—goals expressed in the
1053:
1157:
1085:
601:, words such as 'patriotism' and 'public opinion' were only used by the prince and a couple of boyars." Nevertheless, as noted by scholar N. N. Hêrjeu: "With all their submission to the Muscovites, the boyars quickly understood that Russia only offered them apparent protection, in order to slowly strip them of their privileges. In fact, they hated both the Russians and the Turks." The chronicler
994:, which made electors cast their votes for more than one candidate. Iordache Filipescu emerged victorious from his series with 82–84 votes in all, while Știrbei, taking 91 votes in his second group, appeared as the likely winner, but with Iancu Filipescu and Căciulă-Mare as major contenders; Ștefan and Constantin Bălăceanu were both out by this stage, the same as Filipescu-Vulpea.
550:", comprising only the top 27 boyars of Wallachia. The project never took off because of Rikman's personal failings. His passionate love affair with boyaress Mimica Glagoveanca resulted in her divorce and marriage to Rikman, both of which were facilitated by Prince Ghica, who expected leniency in return. Nesselrode was informed of this and recalled Rikman. Memoirist
971:: all 21 candidates were randomly split into four "series" or "sections", with three groups of 5 and one group of 6. Electors were made to swear "on the body of Jesus Christ" that they "would only listen to their conscience and to the country's interests." They were also shielded from outside interference by three companies of the Militia, commanded for the day by
917:
his only reason for obeying Russia was his fear that Prince Ghica "would have otherwise beheaded me". Lăcusteanu, an elector of the 2nd class, argues that Vulpea, who suffered from hernia, was uncommitted to his own candidacy, but only ran in hopes of making victory more difficult for the brothers
Bibescu and Știrbei. He viewed both "
722:, the citizens offered to reinstate and defend him against foreign invaders. Ghica refused, noting that his "children the Romanians" could not hope to defend the land against two imperial powers. A controversy ensued between those who saw him as a "victim of Muscovite ambitions" and those who believed he was a paragon of corruption.
1478:. Although it was prompted by a generous bid, this move inspired fears that Wallachia would be overrun with cheap Russian labor, and that it was a precedent for expropriations. It also alienated some of Bibescu's conservative backers, including Catargiu, while giving impetus to the liberal movement.
902:
Costache
Filipescu (Iordache's son), and the Frenchman Filip Lenj (Linchou). This filtering favored two prominent figures: Bibescu and Știrbei, both of whom were perceived as friendly toward Russia, or, in other records, as champions of the National Party cause. Despite having different surnames and
1551:, suspending elections for the post of prince. Știrbei was handpicked by Abdulmejid to serve a seven-year term. The Assembly, now called "National Divan" and preserving primarily consultative functions, was made up of unelected bureaucrats, judges, and bishops. This regime was also perturbed by the
916:
Among the known anti-Russian, National Party candidates, two were credited with any chances of winning: Iordache
Filipescu and Câmpineanu. Also in the race as the "boyar party" candidate, Filipescu-Vulpea was widely perceived as a Russophile, but reportedly claimed that he was in reality a patriot;
936:
Lăcusteanu recalls that the campaign was heavily tinged by corruption: "The candidates' salons and luncheons were readily opened. They competed with each other in inviting the deputies over for meals and soirees, then in promises, then in vows that, should one give them the vote, then that deputy
990:. In the end, the 21 candidates taken into consideration still included Căciulă-Mare, who had previously been disqualified, but not Câmpineanu, whom the Russians had intervened to remove from the eligibility list. The procedure was also complicated by multiple pledging and the toleration of
620:
writes, were particularly resented by the
Russian envoys. In repressing them, Rikman and Kotzebue "did not realize that these were ultimately but mere products, effects, and destroy their cause". This period also witnessed the alleged conspiracy headed by the low-ranking boyar
912:
from the boyars of Târgu Jiu, who attested that he was born in April 1802, and therefore just over 40. However, Ion Ghica later claimed that
Bibescu was not only underage, but also failed the other grandfather clauses, and allowed to run only because he was a Russian favorite.
2518:
830:
done by the four estates of each county. They also could not register in multiple precincts—a restriction which was met with public protest by some of the boyars. Other such restrictions were imposed on the guild voters, who were required to own assets worth at least 5,000
997:
A controversy surrounded the group allocation, with
National-Party radicals complaining that Știrbei and Bibescu had been purposefully separated, to increase the chance of either one being elected. The brothers dismissed such rumors as incoherent. Writing a decade later,
815:. Bibescu's son and biographer, Georges Bibesco, argues that the representation of guilds and counties meant that the race of 1842 was the first in history to signify election "by the country", being in this more liberal than 18th-century precedents.
1441:. An unsigned poem mocked him over this choice, depicting Michael the Brave disgusted at having been "kissed by a wicked devil." After taking the throne, Bibescu encouraged economic growth and the "fast civilizing" of his country, his limited
645:. Both Filipescu and Deshov were sentenced to prison, but the details of their conspiracies remain sketchy. Lăcusteanu, for instance, sees Filipescu as an agent of Russian intrigues, "more Russian than Muscovite Russians", whereas the liberal
1460:
Despite such nationalist-and-liberalizing overtures, within two years of his election the prince was in open conflict with the estates of the realm. A public scandal began during the coronation ceremony, when
Bibescu fell in love with
959:: January 1, 1843), and was announced to the public with the ringing of church bells "from one end of the Principality to the other". The Extraordinary National Assembly, including members who were candidates, convened at the
1586:
While conservative and liberal unionists were both challenged by the
Convention of Paris, which reduced suffrage and stipulated that the two countries would be united in name only; a Wallachian prince was scheduled to be
3646:
3591:
907:
of
Craiova. Bibescu, who spent those months traveling abroad, was initially stripped of his eligibility, in particular over doubts that he was of the legal age. This was solved by his hastened return and an
1481:
Up to the very end of his rule, Bibescu favored an understanding with the liberals, showing himself ready to usurp privilege: in 1848, he proposed that boyars engaging in commerce be required to apply for
3641:
1469:
and marrying Marițica, Bibescu had a publicized row with Metropolitan Neofit. His nepotism was by then notorious, leading to intense criticism from the boyars, only enhanced by Bibescu's attempt to curb
2215:
2930:
3714:
3709:
3694:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3005:
3000:
3656:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
536:
Ghica, in turn, refused to dissolve the Assembly a second time, and Rikman was ordered by his government to seek resolution with the Ottoman partners. As a result of this intercession, Sultan
496:
also specified the reintroduction of an elective monarchy to both principalities, but an exception was immediately made under a special protocol between Russia and the Ottomans. In Wallachia,
2925:
1495:
665:
518:
483:
316:
975:, the Wallachian Metropolitan Bishop. Neofit also led a prayer service in which he released the electors from all pledges to their candidates, inviting them to vote "in clear conscience".
699:
to denounce Ghica's abuses. Under such influences, the Assembly issued a special report, authored by Bibescu and Filipescu-Vulpea, which depicted Ghica as an anti-patriot, emphasizing his
1588:
947:, favoring Bibescu and Știrbei, depicted Iordache Filipescu and Câmpineanu as dubious choices—arguing that the former was "of very meager intelligence", and the latter mentally unstable.
332:
462:. In obtaining their mix of liberalizing and conservative articles, they repressed both the liberal current and the traditionalist boyars, leading them to compromise on the core issues.
3704:
1600:
3651:
466:
was adopted in Wallachia by May 1831, after two years of deliberations. With this, the old Boyar Assembly was refashioned into a 42-member "Ordinary National Assembly", based on the
3025:
3020:
3010:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
3546:
3490:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
2975:
2960:
1520:. However, it did not effect complete institutional changes, only establishing a Revolutionary Government that included, in its earliest stages, Bibescu's rival Câmpineanu as
529:
to impose the controversial fragments on the Assembly, but his motion failed to pass, and so he dissolved the Assembly; the new Assembly also refused to accept his version of
2787:
1499:
653:
888:
There were originally as many as 40 candidates, but almost half withdrew for various reasons before the actual ballot. 9 hopefuls were found illegible, including Vilara,
929:
Iancu Filipescu-Buzatu, and the brothers Ștefan and Constantin Bălăceanu. Filipescu-Buzatu was also billed as a National Party candidate, alongside Ștefan Bălăceanu and
555:
1486:. According to Lăcusteanu, Marițica made Bibescu into a "superlatively vain" character, one likely to flirt with the liberals who promised him the imperial throne of "
1359:
706:
In October 1842, having received the Assembly's formal complaint, Sultan Abdulmejid signed off on Ghica's removal. The prince was informed of this by his physician,
311:
Bibescu's reign was marked by concessions to the National Party, but later the prince asserted his independence, and, like Ghica before him, governed with a hostile
1425:
informing Wallachians that Bibescu's selection, a "guarantee of wise, regular and loyal administration", "honors the Assembly". His enthronement included the first
1475:
2814:
554:
notes that Ghica's "naive" sexual diplomacy was also attempted, with less success, on Rikman's replacement Vladimir P. Titoff, before the later was replaced by
551:
1745:
Ghica & Roman, pp. 210, 345, 422–427, 501–502; Hêrjeu, pp. 88–91; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 121–123, 252, 274; Preda, pp. 57–59; Xenopol, pp. 165–169
1555:
and an Austrian occupation, at the end of which Wallachia and Moldavia came under a collective supervision of the European powers. Ghica returned to govern as
921:" as upstarts who would destroy the country. Alexandru Ghica's brother, Costache Ghica, also presented himself as a candidate, probably spurred on by his wife
637:, rallied troops to fight against the pro-Ottoman Ghica. The capital was pacified quickly, but the military expedition against Deshov required assistance from
1474:. More significantly, Bibescu also clashed with the National Party and the Assembly, over his project of leasing Wallachia's mines to a Russian entrepreneur,
1014:, who noted that the brothers had a tacit agreement of not letting the "retrograde party" elect a Prince. In his fourth section, Bibescu therefore claimed an
1591:. Both Știrbei and Bibescu were again prominent among the candidates. However, a series of coordinated actions by the National Party ensured the election of
622:
2862:
1041:
785:
also included provisions for the election of a new prince by males of "all classes", seen by boyars and nationalists alike as a restoration of the ancient
510:
305:
179:
110:
1466:
1002:
recorded an account according to which Bibescu managed to charm his colleagues with his eloquence. Lăcusteanu reports that, in the breaks between rounds,
586:
811:
from a pool of 2nd and 3rd Class boyardom, 36 more were elected by the qualified boyars from the counties, with 26 more deputies representing the urban
323:, his brother Știrbei replaced him on the throne following the resumption of Ottoman control. Both brothers remained active in political life after the
678:
517:
and Constantin Suțu, as ministers. This episode produced frictions among the boyars and the Russians, exacerbated over the following years. During the
986:, and therefore could not be sworn in by the Metropolitan. According to other records, he was present after being made to swear a special oath at the
668:, a more conservative opposition group, distinct from the National Party, was slowly emerging among the boyars. It was consolidated around the jurist
602:
3785:
3770:
979:
410:
357:
312:
656:. He and the prince detested each other, and Duhamel himself was also disliked by Ghica's subjects, who resented in particular his attempts to curb
2519:"Povestea nunții de vis a frumoasei Marițica cu domnul Țării Românești. 'Din baloane se coborau porumbițe, depunând la picioarele mirilor versuri'"
1571:
with an extensive suffrage, which now offered representation to the peasantry; the main issue on its agenda was unification with Moldavia as the "
2767:
De l'influence française sur l'esprit public en Roumanie. Les origines. Étude sur l'état de la société roumaine a l'époque des règnes phanariotes
746:
With Ghica gone, an alliance of the factions, represented by Câmpineanu, Vilara, Filipescu-Vulpea, and Ion Ghica, suggested the appointment of
609:, which they considered predatory. Among the more powerful boyars, some also opposed the prince, but for purely personal reasons—they included
3851:
3780:
1502:
returned as commissioner—according to Lăcusteanu, his mission was to instigate liberal revolts and thus justify a complete Russian takeover.
982:, brother of Alexandru and Costache, who was probably absent on purpose. Another voter, the guild deputy Constantin Naneș, was found to be a
925:, who had a dream of becoming Princess. Other relevant candidates included Alecu "Căciulă-Mare" Ghica (half-brother of the deposed prince),
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
2884:
1006:
Vilara campaigned for Bibescu, who was running in the fourth and final series. He tied to inform Știrbei of this, but the latter, fearing
660:. Ghica himself angered the boyars by celebrating his birthday with 300 promotions of his associates, and allegedly pocketing 11 million
730:
1490:". The country, he claims, was actually governed, "very well", by Vilara. Bibescu eventually dissolved the Assembly, and reigned as an
972:
3775:
304:, who became a leading contender. Bibescu won when Știrbei effectively transferred him his electoral votes, leaving the senior boyar
3750:
3790:
3765:
3760:
3740:
3730:
223:'s rule. They were the first of two such elections ever held in Wallachia, and historic in that they restored and modernized the
1784:
Demetriescu, p. 19; Ghica & Roman, pp. 212–216, 292, 420–439, 534–535; Hêrjeu, pp. 88–98; Preda, p. 58; Xenopol, pp. 160–169
3699:
703:
background. Ion Ghica suggests that his relative was being in fact framed by the Russians, acting in conjunction with Bibescu.
525:
had been forged or purposefully left unclear, giving legislative oversight to the Russian envoys. Prince Ghica was mandated by
2621:
Hêrjeu, pp. 108, 144–152; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 143–160, 263–265. See also Ghica & Roman, pp. 29–30, 87, 458–466
3745:
3665:
2847:
2830:
1653:
826:. Voters from the county class also had to be native-born. They were selected among landowning families of that county, with
2892:
3216:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
1580:
1429:
in Romanian history, and an affirmation of autonomy: when visiting the Sultan to be confirmed, Bibescu refused to wear the
798:
422:
289:
581:". Its roots reached back to 1798, when Scarlat Câmpineanu and other boyars founded a group of that name, inspired by the
3276:
3270:
3265:
3260:
513:. From its beginnings, the reign was controlled by the Russian Consul, Baron Peter I. Rikman, who imposed his favorites,
394:, thus opening the way for the erosion of princely powers. The Phanariote regime did away with elections from 1730, when
391:
1236:
616:
Nationalist opposition was also concentrated into cultural projects for the "national awakening", which, as historian
3831:
3826:
3755:
577:
These incidents rekindled nationalism in Wallachia, albeit confined to a relatively small portion of the elite, the "
441:
319:, but maintained a friendly rapport with the liberal camp. Eventually abdicating and leaving the country during the
2877:
1883:
Ghica & Roman, pp. 19, 155, 189, 215, 452, 503, 509, 542–543; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 130, 131, 254–255
1603:, endures as the only instance of elective monarchy in modern Romanian history (with a partial exception being the
1583:
produced a Divan in which both Bibescu and Știrbei, again as leaders of competing factions, were elected deputies.
244:
398:
was the last elected prince of Wallachia. Reigning for just one month, he was later restored without elections by
3836:
3735:
3612:
1604:
352:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3015:
2935:
2920:
1010:"between the brothers", allowed Vilara to continue. A similar account was publicized in 1916 by Știrbei's son,
1465:, who was still married to his unsuccessful rival Costache Ghica. After expressing his intention of divorcing
1230:
963:
at 10 AM; voting took place over 24 hours, to 10 AM on December 21 (January 2). The voting procedure used was
3841:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3410:
3405:
2940:
1511:
956:
320:
216:
43:
3846:
1917:
983:
943:
399:
2428:
See conflicting accounts in Bibescu, p. 41; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 140–141, 259; and Preda, p. 54
1498:, he skewed the results by blocking multiple votes and also by filtering out hostile candidates. In 1847,
1338:
2870:
793:
and the Council of Ministers were tasked with designing rules for the electoral race, beginning with the
445:
960:
751:
594:
426:
1069:
822:: they had to be born in Wallachia, to Wallachian parents, and have a yearly income of at least 2,000
1544:
797:, set at 30. There were in all 190 or 191 members, a number later set at 188. In accordance with the
395:
1529:
1130:
987:
514:
375:
301:
105:
3821:
3816:
3795:
1793:
Eliade, pp. 229, 231–236; Ghica & Roman, pp. 414–418; Hêrjeu, pp. 34–38; Xenopol, pp. 42–43, 49
1524:. This collective leadership was eventually brought down by an Ottoman–Russian invasion, co-led by
578:
281:
1302:
999:
818:
Candidates were only eligible if they were 1st Class boyars, aged 40 and over, and fulfilled the
652:
From 1841, Russia's presence in Wallachia was strengthened by the appointment of a commissioner,
593:, before being publicly shunned and forced into exile. Lăcusteanu, at the time an officer in the
471:
300:. The electoral campaign, touched by corruption and slander, also opposed Bibescu to his brother
258:
75:
1533:
1173:
1011:
1564:
1058:
862:
610:
606:
405:. Although such appointments became the standard, the Phanariote regime developed into a boyar
297:
23:
2272:
Bibescu, pp. 41–42, 47–49; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 137, 140–141, 259; Preda, pp. 53–54
633:, where treasurer Andrey Deshov, who reportedly wanted to crown himself or Constantin Suțu as
364:
During the early 19th century, both Moldavia and Wallachia were Ottoman vassals ruled upon by
2912:
1572:
1516:
1419:
978:
179 or 181 of 188 voters were present, with 8 to 10 electors never showing up. They included
827:
582:
328:
638:
566:
231:, the 1842–43 race was held under a modernized suffrage: there were multiple candidates, an
3227:
2900:
1642:
Repertoriul tipografilor, gravorilor, patronilor, editorilor cărților românești (1508–1830)
1599:
between the two Ottoman vassals. The election of 1843, alongside the 1859 assembly and its
1568:
1422:
1162:
700:
467:
450:
418:
253:
1277:
1262:
1213:
1188:
1141:
1018:
of 131 votes—73% of the turnout, 69% of possible votes. Overall, the race was as follows:
8:
3557:
1592:
1559:, this time with full Ottoman support, and after various intercessions in his favor. The
846:
571:
493:
475:
336:
208:
1462:
922:
842:
2737:
2558:
Hêrjeu, pp. 102–102; Xenopol, pp. 183–184. See also Ghica & Roman, pp. 453–456, 543
2347:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 140–141, 259. See also Bibescu, pp. 40–42; Preda, p. 54
1673:
Ghica & Roman, pp. 414–418; Hêrjeu, pp. 61–70; Xenopol, pp. 27–75, 117–139, 168–177
1450:
819:
497:
293:
169:
2281:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 138–140; Preda, pp. 52–53. See also Bibescu, pp. 39–41
2056:
Hêrjeu, p. 99; Preda, pp. 47–48. See also Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 136–137, 259
1323:
1219:
930:
613:, who had seduced Ghica's divorcee mother, and was therefore detested by the monarch.
2843:
2826:
2805:
2791:
2770:
2753:
2728:
1811:
Ghica & Roman, pp. 293, 425–427, 438, 534–535; Hêrjeu, pp. 88–91; Xenopol, p. 167
1763:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 123, 252–254. See also Ghica & Roman, pp. 501–502
1649:
1525:
1438:
1410:
1353:
1015:
968:
938:
838:
414:
383:
315:. He also broke with precedent by ruling without consultation and tampering with the
240:
232:
224:
2802:
Istoria Partidului Național Liberal; De la origină până în zilele noastre. Volumul 1
2011:
Hêrjeu, pp. 97–98; Xenopol, p. 181. See also Ghica & Roman, pp. 215–216, 428–430
1247:
683:
2220:
1491:
1309:
1124:
874:
858:
692:
669:
634:
590:
486:—"the first time when elections were used for producing a deliberative assembly".
455:
273:, however, the regime did not permit princely elections, making Bibescu's the only
220:
193:
100:
82:
2146:
Bibescu, 47–50; Hêrjeu, p. 162; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 141, 239, 258, 260
630:
474:
from among the 56 boyars; 18 more, similarly elected, were representatives of the
2762:
2749:
2410:
Bibescu, pp. 40–42, 47–48; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 141, 259; Preda, p. 54
2083:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 136. See also Ghica & Roman, pp. 251, 427, 453
1434:
1433:, and would not prostrate before his overlord. Instead, he went on pilgrimage to
991:
889:
878:
715:
707:
526:
236:
2110:
Bibescu, pp. 41, 42; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 137, 259; Preda, pp. 52, 53
758:
was quickly vetoed by Russia. Instead, the Sultan designated a regency of three
2835:
2741:
1596:
1483:
1426:
1385:
1370:
1007:
755:
747:
688:
459:
437:
430:
266:
262:
1449:
with Moldavia. Bibescu also initiated the first steps toward the abolition of
1099:
454:
was drafted by a special Commission of boyars, overseen by the Russian envoys
448:
called for a new constitutional regime, under shared Ottoman–Russian custody:
3810:
2852:
2540:
Ghica & Roman, pp. 543–544; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 143, 258, 260
2390:
2365:
2065:
Preda, p. 48. See also Hêrjeu, p. 99; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 136–137
1537:
1446:
1442:
696:
617:
482:; the other seats were held by the Orthodox bishops. All eligible seats were
379:
1645:
1560:
1035:
964:
661:
642:
547:
537:
89:
2795:
2732:
2128:
Bibescu, pp. 47–49, 52; Ghica & Roman, pp. 251, 427, 453; Preda, p. 52
882:
854:
546:
dissolving the Assembly altogether, and replacing it with a non-elective "
390:
of the Middle Ages, electors included the boyardom and all bishops of the
2809:
1552:
1471:
789:. Election was to be done by an Extraordinary National Assembly, and the
657:
598:
506:
324:
296:, deposed by collusion between Bibescu and his aging conservative rival,
285:
2774:
2757:
2523:
1865:
Ghica & Roman, pp. 452, 542; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 123–124
941:, and exposed adversaries as committed Russophiles. A letter carried in
833:
719:
227:, after a 112-year hiatus. While earlier elections took place under the
2819:
Amintirile colonelului Lăcusteanu. Text integral, editat după manuscris
1510:
The clashes between liberals and conservatives eventually produced the
803:
794:
365:
2528:
1418:
Within two weeks, the new prince earned recognition from Russia, with
870:
866:
3287:
2779:
2334:
2332:
1771:
1769:
1430:
909:
898:
893:
808:
786:
770:
739:
735:
718:, and his trip toward the border saw public displays of loyalism. At
646:
626:
501:
409:, which was largely dominated by the local families—up to 80% of the
406:
387:
228:
212:
2263:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 138–143. See also Bibescu, pp. 39–40
1454:
1052:
760:
649:
insists that he was a patriot and a believer in individual rights.
402:
370:
270:
251:. Such practices reflected the modernizing trend instituted by the
174:
2329:
1766:
1156:
850:
589:
circulated a constitutional project that would have established a
243:. The selection of voters extended beyond the inner circle of the
2904:
2895:
2822:
1576:
918:
479:
280:
The 1842 election also aired disputes between various camps: the
672:, who had exposed Ghica's favoritism toward foreigners, and had
674:
542:
327:, when, by renouncing their ambitions, they contributed to the
1084:
903:
being political opponents, the two were brothers, born to the
605:
recorded that the boyars were particularly worried by Russian
60:
All 188 electoral votes of the Extraordinary National Assembly
2657:
Demetriescu, pp. 24–25; Hêrjeu, pp. 161–163; Preda, pp. 65–68
2399:
Bulletin de l'Institut pour l'Étude de l'Europe Sud-orientale
1487:
823:
812:
248:
2727:, Vol. I. Bucharest: Typ. Curții Regale F. Göbl Fii, 1893.
2442:
See conflicting accounts in Bibescu, p. 41 and Preda, p. 54
436:
The Phanariote era came to an abrupt end in 1829, when the
2840:
Rumânii fericiți. Vot și putere de la 1831 până în prezent
2020:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 250, 258–259; Preda, p. 51
570:
The national awakening of Romania, in an 1850 allegory by
2804:. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice Speranța, 1915.
2725:
Domnia lui Bibescu. Corespondință și documente, 1843—1856
1874:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 123–133, 254–255, 277–278
1437:, paying his homage to the reliquary hosting the head of
247:, with consultation of the provincial landowners and the
2372:, Vol. XIV, Issues 10–12, October–December 1928, p. 418
801:, 50 of these were 1st Class boyars, who were electors
504:
in October, his rise curbing that of another favorite,
1939:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 140–141, 143, 259, 260
2603:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 144–145, 165–166, 225
1993:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 133–136, 235–236, 257
2308:
Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 259; Preda, pp. 52–53
597:, claims that: "The aristocracy and the people were
413:
were of indigenous descent. Their opposition to the
2469:
Hêrjeu, p. 100; Preda, pp. 54, 329; Xenopol, p. 182
2702:Hêrjeu, p. 199; Preda, p. 85; Xenopol, pp. 378–382
2290:Bibescu, p. 42; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 250
1727:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 136, 235, 257, 258
1445:being discarded when he proposed, and obtained, a
374:). This era, inaugurated in 1714 by the ouster of
292:. These protracted battles had marked the rule of
2250:
2248:
2216:"Teatrul Lyric și istoria casei spătarului Ghica"
1847:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 137–138, 229, 231
629:. Some months later, a revolt was also raging in
3808:
2639:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 177–196, 274–281
2177:
2175:
807:, as were three bishops. 73 more delegates were
710:, and decided to resign before being handed the
154:
2156:
2154:
2152:
754:, as ruler over Wallachia. This initiative for
725:
182:, Mihalache Cornescu, Teodor Văcărescu-Furtună)
2684:Hêrjeu, pp. 108, 181–182; Preda, pp. 59–60, 74
2245:
2878:
2172:
2594:Ghica & Roman, pp. 28, 543; Preda, p. 59
2401:, Vol. X, Issues 4–6, April–June 1923, p. 59
2199:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 137–138, 258
2149:
2038:Bibescu, p. 141; Hêrjeu, p. 99; Preda, p. 47
1911:
1909:
1907:
1802:Ghica & Roman, pp. 534–535; Preda, p. 58
955:The election took place December 20, 1842 (
561:
521:, boyar envoys discovered that sections of
219:: January 1–2, 1843), marking the start of
2885:
2871:
2746:Discursuri parlamentare. 1859–1862 iunie 8
2666:Ghica & Roman, pp. 329; Hêrjeu, p. 182
2207:
2205:
837:. Bucharest voted 9 such electors through
277:reign to have been consecrated by a vote.
2505:Hêrjeu, pp. 105–106; Xenopol, pp. 187–188
2496:Hêrjeu, pp. 103–105; Xenopol, pp. 184–186
2438:
2436:
2434:
1904:
1536:, with the only battle being fought over
2585:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 143, 145
2233:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 141, 259
2169:Ghica & Roman, pp. 11, 251, 427, 453
1505:
1414:An Ordinary Assembly debate of the 1840s
1409:
729:
565:
351:
2612:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 144–145
2451:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 141–142
2393:, "Comptes-rendus. Georges B. Stirbey,
2202:
2190:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 137–138
2002:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 134–136
1754:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 122–123
1736:Hêrjeu, pp. 87–88; Xenopol, pp. 161–163
1682:Hêrjeu, pp. 78–88; Xenopol, pp. 147–149
664:from the national treasury. Before the
500:was appointed prince in March 1834 and
382:". This also led to the erosion of the
3809:
2857:Istoria partidelor politice în România
2648:Hêrjeu, pp. 161–162, 182; Preda, p. 67
2431:
2395:Feuilles d'automne et feuilles d'hiver
1595:, a Moldavian, effectively creating a
440:occupied both principalities during a
2866:
2675:Hêrjeu, pp. 175–184; Preda, pp. 68–78
1494:for two more years; when he accepted
347:
2723:Gheorghe Bibescu (Georges Bibesco),
2549:Hêrjeu, p. 101; Xenopol, pp. 182–184
2137:Hêrjeu, pp. 99–100; Xenopol, p. 182
738:(1825 watercolor), included in the
339:was granted the Wallachian throne.
215:were held on December 20–21, 1842 (
13:
2381:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 141
2338:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 274
2299:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 250
2242:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 137
2047:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 259
2029:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 136
1901:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 225
1820:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 121
1775:Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 123
1405:
261:, under the shared custody of the
14:
3863:
1640:Eva Mârza, Florin Bogdan (eds.),
478:, with one additional deputy for
333:princely election of January 1859
17:1842 Wallachian princely election
3852:History of Wallachia (1821–1859)
2894:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2419:Bibescu, pp. 41–42; Preda, p. 54
1384:
1369:
1352:
1337:
1322:
1301:
1276:
1261:
1246:
1229:
1212:
1187:
1172:
1155:
1140:
1123:
1098:
1083:
1068:
1051:
1034:
734:3rd Class boyars and traders of
88:
81:
74:
22:
2859:. Bucharest: Albert Baer, 1910.
2817:(contributor: Radu Crutzescu),
2597:
2588:
2579:
2576:Hêrjeu, p. 106; Xenopol, p. 188
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2384:
2375:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2236:
2227:
2193:
2184:
2163:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1930:Hêrjeu, p. 100; Xenopol, p. 182
1924:
1895:
1892:Ghica & Roman, pp. 155, 189
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
2769:. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1898.
1975:Ghica & Roman, pp. 426–427
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1634:
1625:
1616:
988:Franciscan Church of Bucharest
1:
2717:
1921:, December 8, 1842, pp. 89–90
1915:"Événements de Valachie", in
1547:restored and partly modified
1512:Wallachian Revolution of 1848
429:and the social philosophy of
321:Wallachian Revolution of 1848
317:legislative elections of 1846
2748:, pp. 5–68. Bucharest:
1400:
726:Ground rules and campaigning
666:legislative election of 1841
585:. Reconstructing the party,
417:produced the early forms of
7:
1500:Alexander Osipovich Duhamel
1329:Alecu "Căciulă-Mare" Ghica
841:, and Craiova 3; Ploiești,
714:. He exiled himself to the
654:Alexander Osipovich Duhamel
427:Wallachian uprising of 1821
380:Greek cultural predominance
331:. This was achieved by the
329:union of the Principalities
288:, and conservatives versus
10:
3868:
2782:(contributor: Ion Roman),
1648:& TechnoMedia, 2013.
1581:election of September 1857
950:
778:Teodor Văcărescu-Furtună.
470:: 20 members were elected
392:Wallachian Orthodox Church
378:, signified "150 years of
358:Ordinary National Assembly
342:
3723:
3601:
3556:
3286:
3226:
2911:
2901:Elections and referendums
2788:Editura pentru literatură
1545:Convention of Balta Liman
1075:Teodor Văcărescu-Furtună
556:Karl Evstafevich Kotzebue
396:Constantine Mavrocordatos
152:
66:
58:
31:
21:
3832:1843 elections in Europe
3827:1842 elections in Europe
2842:. Iași: Polirom, 2011.
1610:
1090:Alexandru Scarlat Ghica
885:sent 1 deputy per town.
764:: Prince Ghica's rival,
687:. Another affiliate was
562:National Party emergence
2913:Parliamentary elections
2740:, "Barbu Katargiu", in
2531:edition, April 22, 2016
1589:elected in January 1859
1575:", the basis of modern
1563:was convened under the
1344:Iancu Filipescu-Buzatu
774:Mihalache Cornescu and
259:Danubian Principalities
3837:Elections in Wallachia
3228:Presidential elections
2567:Demetriescu, pp. 21–22
1948:Demetriescu, pp. 20–21
1530:Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha
1476:Alexander Trandafiloff
1415:
1237:Constantin Cantacuzino
1131:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
1059:Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea
743:
611:Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea
574:
515:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
421:, which seeped into a
376:Constantin Brâncoveanu
361:
302:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
298:Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea
159:Prince before election
106:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
62:95 votes needed to win
1605:April 1866 referendum
1601:Moldavian counterpart
1573:United Principalities
1517:Proclamation of Islaz
1506:Revolution and beyond
1496:new elections in 1846
1413:
1283:Constantin Bălăceanu
1179:Dimitrie Hrisoscoleu
768:Filipescu, alongside
733:
583:French First Republic
569:
442:war with the Ottomans
355:
3842:December 1842 events
1856:Xenopol, pp. 168–169
1569:popular consultation
1534:Alexander von Lüders
1268:Constantin Cornescu
781:In vague terms, the
468:estates of the realm
451:Regulamentul Organic
446:Treaty of Adrianople
419:Romanian nationalism
254:Regulamentul Organic
117:Electoral vote
46:: January 1–2, 1843)
40:December 20–21, 1842
3847:January 1843 events
2487:Eliade, pp. 373–374
1593:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
1376:Manolache Florescu
1360:Grigore Grădișteanu
1293:Series 4 candidate
1204:Series 3 candidate
1194:Mihalache Racoviță
1115:Series 2 candidate
1026:Series 1 candidate
828:preferential voting
572:Gheorghe Tattarescu
519:legislature of 1836
494:Akkerman Convention
386:—under the adapted
337:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
18:
3558:European elections
2815:Grigore Lăcusteanu
2738:Anghel Demetriescu
2356:Bibescu, pp. 47–49
2224:, October 17, 2014
1957:Demetriescu, p. 20
1838:Xenopol, pp. 21–23
1463:Marițica Văcărescu
1453:, and limited the
1416:
1391:Iordache Florescu
1042:Iordache Filipescu
1000:Franz von Wimpffen
973:Neofit II Geanoglu
923:Marițica Văcărescu
867:Focșanii Munteniei
820:grandfather clause
752:Prince of Moldavia
744:
639:Hüseyin Avni Pasha
595:Wallachian Militia
575:
552:Grigore Lăcusteanu
511:Iordache Filipescu
498:Alexandru II Ghica
492:and the preceding
362:
348:Ghica's ascendancy
306:Iordache Filipescu
294:Alexandru II Ghica
207:Elections for the
180:Iordache Filipescu
170:Alexandru II Ghica
111:Iordache Filipescu
16:
3804:
3803:
2848:978-973-46-2201-6
2831:978-973-46-4083-6
2214:Emanuel Bădescu,
1654:978-606-8520-20-9
1644:, p. 191. Sibiu:
1631:Eliade, pp. 68–69
1526:Mehmed Fuad Pasha
1439:Michael the Brave
1398:
1397:
1147:Ștefan Bălăceanu
1105:Costache Golescu
1016:absolute majority
969:exhaustive ballot
961:Metropolitan Hall
939:national interest
896:, Ioan Odobescu,
839:indirect election
484:contested in 1831
444:. The subsequent
384:elective monarchy
360:, 1831 watercolor
335:, when Moldavian
313:Ordinary Assembly
245:Wallachian boyars
241:exhaustive ballot
233:electoral college
225:elective monarchy
205:
204:
201:
200:
183:
148:
147:
54:
53:
50:1859 →
36:← 1730
3859:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2693:Preda, pp. 78–85
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2630:Preda, pp. 60–65
2628:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2370:Revista Istorică
2368:, "Cronică", in
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:Preda, pp. 52–53
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2221:Ziarul Financiar
2213:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2119:Preda, pp. 51–52
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:Preda, pp. 50–51
2099:
2093:
2092:Preda, pp. 48–51
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1966:Preda, pp. 58–59
1964:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:Preda, pp. 39–46
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1664:Preda, pp. 23–24
1662:
1656:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1492:absolute monarch
1388:
1373:
1356:
1341:
1326:
1310:Gheorghe Bibescu
1305:
1280:
1265:
1250:
1233:
1216:
1191:
1176:
1159:
1144:
1127:
1102:
1087:
1072:
1055:
1038:
1021:
1020:
843:Roșiorii de Vede
679:Alexandru Vilara
670:Gheorghe Bibescu
635:Tsar of Bulgaria
623:Mitică Filipescu
591:crowned republic
456:Peter Zheltukhin
423:liberal movement
415:immigrant Greeks
308:in third-place.
221:Gheorghe Bibescu
194:Gheorghe Bibescu
167:
155:
101:Gheorghe Bibescu
92:
85:
78:
68:
67:
33:
32:
26:
19:
15:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3822:1843 in Romania
3817:1842 in Romania
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3719:
3602:Other elections
3597:
3552:
3288:Local elections
3282:
3222:
2907:
2893:
2891:
2763:Pompiliu Eliade
2750:Editura Minerva
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2517:Ștefan Borcea,
2514:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:Bibescu, p. III
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1565:Treaty of Paris
1508:
1467:Zoe Brâncoveanu
1435:Dealu Monastery
1408:
1406:Bibescu's reign
1403:
1253:Costache Ghica
1220:Emanoil Băleanu
1163:Iancu Văcărescu
992:approval voting
980:Mihalache Ghica
953:
931:Emanoil Băleanu
890:Nicolae Golescu
750:, the reigning
728:
716:Austrian Empire
708:Apostol Arsache
695:, who used his
587:Ioan Câmpineanu
564:
527:Karl Nesselrode
350:
345:
267:Ottoman empires
257:regime in both
237:approval voting
209:princely throne
196:
191:
184:
166:
161:
153:
61:
59:
41:
27:
12:
11:
5:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2836:Cristian Preda
2833:
2812:
2800:N. N. Hêrjeu,
2798:
2777:
2760:
2742:Barbu Catargiu
2735:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2383:
2374:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2254:Bibescu, p. 39
2244:
2235:
2226:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2171:
2162:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1633:
1624:
1622:Xenopol, p. 28
1614:
1612:
1609:
1597:personal union
1507:
1504:
1484:letters patent
1427:oath of office
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1008:vote splitting
984:Roman Catholic
952:
949:
847:Râmnicu Vâlcea
799:table of ranks
756:personal union
748:Mihail Sturdza
727:
724:
689:Barbu Catargiu
684:éminence grise
579:National Party
563:
560:
460:Pavel Kiselyov
438:Russian Empire
431:Dinicu Golescu
425:, feeding the
411:Boyar Assembly
349:
346:
344:
341:
282:National Party
203:
202:
199:
198:
189:Elected Prince
186:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
134:
130:
129:
126:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
94:
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
63:
56:
55:
52:
51:
48:
37:
29:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3864:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2853:A. D. Xenopol
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:. Bucharest:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:(in Romanian)
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2478:Preda, p. 329
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:Nicolae Iorga
2387:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2366:Nicolae Iorga
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2239:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:(in Romanian)
2208:
2206:
2196:
2187:
2181:Hêrjeu, p. 99
2178:
2176:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1829:Hêrjeu, p. 80
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1718:Hêrjeu, p. 87
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1538:Dealul Spirii
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:customs union
1444:
1443:protectionism
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1412:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
948:
946:
945:
940:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
914:
911:
906:
901:
900:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
741:
737:
732:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
697:maiden speech
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
662:French francs
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:Brăila County
628:
624:
619:
618:A. D. Xenopol
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:Zilot Românul
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
568:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
359:
354:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
197:
195:
190:
187:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
165:
160:
157:
156:
151:
143:
140:
138:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
96:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
57:
49:
47:
45:
38:
35:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3689:
3670:
3662:Transylvania
3661:
3617:
3608:
3590:
3545:
3275:
3215:
2856:
2839:
2818:
2801:
2783:
2766:
2745:
2724:
2711:Preda, p. 23
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2522:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2460:Preda, p. 54
2456:
2447:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2326:Preda, p. 51
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2238:
2229:
2219:
2195:
2186:
2165:
2160:Preda, p. 52
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1984:Preda, p. 59
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1916:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1709:Preda, p. 32
1705:
1696:
1691:Preda, p. 35
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1646:ASTRA Museum
1641:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1585:
1561:ad hoc Divan
1556:
1549:Regulamentul
1548:
1542:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1480:
1459:
1451:Roma slavery
1417:
1315:
1308:
1012:George Barbu
1003:
996:
977:
965:blackballing
954:
942:
935:
926:
915:
904:
897:
887:
849:had 2 each;
832:
817:
802:
790:
782:
780:
775:
769:
765:
759:
745:
711:
705:
682:
673:
651:
643:Ottoman Army
615:
576:
548:ad hoc Divan
541:
538:Abdulmejid I
535:
531:Regulamentul
530:
523:Regulamentul
522:
505:
490:Regulamentul
489:
488:
472:by plurality
464:Regulamentul
463:
449:
435:
369:
368:princes (or
363:
310:
279:
275:Regulamentul
274:
252:
206:
192:
188:
173:
163:
162:
158:
136:
120:
39:
3724:Referendums
1567:, reviving
1553:Crimean War
1472:tax evasion
809:sortitioned
658:free speech
607:tax farming
599:Russophiles
325:Crimean War
286:Russophiles
284:versus the
133:Percentage
3811:Categories
3776:2007 (Nov)
3771:2007 (May)
3751:1941 (Nov)
3746:1941 (Mar)
3647:1857 (Sep)
3642:1857 (Jul)
3609:Bessarabia
3006:1888 (Oct)
3001:1888 (Jan)
2931:1866 (Nov)
2926:1866 (Apr)
2718:References
1423:Nicholas I
879:Târgoviște
804:ex officio
795:voting age
366:Phanariote
97:Candidate
3671:Wallachia
2825:, 2015.
2796:830735698
2790:, 1967.
2780:Ion Ghica
2752:, 1914.
2733:891289855
1918:La Presse
1401:Aftermath
957:New Style
944:La Presse
919:Oltenians
910:affidavit
899:Polkovnik
894:Ioan Manu
883:Târgu Jiu
855:Câmpulung
791:Caimacami
787:Vlach law
771:Logothete
761:Caimacami
740:sortition
736:Bucharest
693:Teleorman
647:Ion Ghica
627:Bucharest
540:issued a
407:oligarchy
388:Vlach law
371:hospodars
229:Vlach law
217:New Style
213:Wallachia
175:Caimacami
44:New Style
3618:Moldavia
2821:. Iași:
2810:38789356
2784:Opere, I
2524:Adevărul
1557:Caimacam
1522:Caimacam
1296:Ballots
1207:Ballots
1118:Ballots
1029:Ballots
834:kuruşlar
720:Ploiești
701:Albanian
681:for its
641:and the
502:anointed
476:counties
403:Mahmud I
290:liberals
271:Moldavia
2905:Romania
2823:Polirom
2775:6967920
2758:8154101
2529:Focșani
1577:Romania
1420:Emperor
951:Results
875:Slatina
871:Pitești
863:Cerneți
859:Caracal
742:of 1842
480:Craiova
343:Context
263:Russian
168:(last:
144:42–44%
71:
2846:
2829:
2808:
2794:
2773:
2756:
2731:
2397:", in
1652:
1579:. The
1532:, and
1455:corvée
1256:35–39
1224:75–79
1063:61–63
1046:82–84
1004:Vornic
927:Vornic
905:Vornic
881:, and
845:, and
824:ducats
813:guilds
783:firman
776:Vornic
712:firman
675:Vornic
543:firman
400:Sultan
249:guilds
239:, and
164:vacant
128:82–84
2521:, in
2218:, in
1611:Notes
1488:Dacia
967:with
851:Buzău
269:. In
3796:2019
3791:2018
3786:2012
3781:2009
3766:2003
3761:1991
3756:1986
3741:1938
3736:1866
3731:1864
3715:1861
3710:1860
3705:1859
3700:1857
3695:1846
3690:1842
3685:1841
3680:1836
3675:1831
3666:1918
3657:1860
3652:1858
3637:1847
3632:1842
3627:1837
3622:1832
3613:1917
3592:2029
3586:2024
3581:2019
3576:2014
3571:2009
3566:2007
3547:2028
3541:2024
3536:2020
3531:2016
3526:2012
3521:2008
3516:2004
3511:2000
3506:1996
3501:1992
3496:1987
3491:1985
3486:1982
3481:1980
3476:1977
3471:1975
3466:1969
3461:1967
3456:1965
3451:1963
3446:1961
3441:1958
3436:1956
3431:1953
3426:1950
3421:1938
3416:1937
3411:1936
3406:1930
3401:1926
3396:1914
3391:1912
3386:1911
3381:1907
3376:1905
3371:1901
3366:1899
3361:1895
3356:1891
3351:1890
3346:1888
3341:1884
3336:1883
3331:1879
3326:1876
3321:1874
3316:1871
3311:1870
3306:1869
3301:1866
3296:1864
3277:2024
3271:2019
3266:2014
3261:2009
3256:2004
3251:2000
3246:1996
3241:1992
3236:1990
3217:2024
3211:2020
3206:2016
3201:2012
3196:2008
3191:2004
3186:2000
3181:1996
3176:1992
3171:1990
3166:1985
3161:1980
3156:1975
3151:1969
3146:1965
3141:1961
3136:1957
3131:1952
3126:1948
3121:1946
3116:1939
3111:1937
3106:1933
3101:1932
3096:1931
3091:1928
3086:1927
3081:1926
3076:1922
3071:1920
3066:1919
3061:1918
3056:1914
3051:1912
3046:1911
3041:1907
3036:1905
3031:1901
3026:1899
3021:1895
3016:1892
3011:1891
2996:1884
2991:1883
2986:1879
2981:1878
2976:1877
2971:1876
2966:1875
2961:1874
2956:1871
2951:1870
2946:1869
2941:1868
2936:1867
2921:1864
2844:ISBN
2827:ISBN
2806:OCLC
2792:OCLC
2771:OCLC
2754:OCLC
2729:OCLC
1650:ISBN
1543:The
458:and
356:The
265:and
141:48%
2903:in
1607:).
1431:fez
1379:24
1364:31
1347:49
1332:60
1316:131
1286:20
1271:27
1241:41
1197:10
1182:12
1167:21
1150:36
1135:91
1093:19
1078:29
766:Ban
691:of
625:in
507:Ban
211:of
137:69%
125:91
121:131
3813::
3673::
3664::
3620::
3611::
2855:,
2838:,
2765:,
2744:,
2527:,
2433:^
2331:^
2247:^
2204:^
2174:^
2151:^
1906:^
1768:^
1540:.
1528:,
1457:.
1394:8
1108:8
933:.
892:,
877:,
873:,
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
853:,
558:.
533:.
433:.
235:,
178::
172:;
2886:e
2879:t
2872:v
42:(
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