Elective monarchy - Knowledge

1956: 3023: 39: 2212:, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State. The Prince and Grand Master holds the rank of Prince, bestowed by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1607 and holds the precedence of a cardinal of the Church since 1630. The Council that elects the prince includes members of the Sovereign Council and other high-ranking office-holders and representatives of the Order's worldwide entities. The Sovereign Council, including the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller, and the Receiver of the Common Treasure, aid the prince in governing the order. 2865:

power, or might appear as a true outsider, (hopefully) unbiased in matters of internal politics. (The concept of "invitation" may discreetly gloss over intense lobbying or diplomatic maneuvering in some cases.) By selecting a foreign prince or aristocrat, nations could expect to gain diplomatic links and a figurehead accustomed to the trappings of courts and ceremonial duties. Newly established states in the 19th and early 20th centuries established trends in the selection and appointment of newly minted monarchs.

3159:, the composition of which includes the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, the two Patriarchs of the country’s two main Buddhist Sangha Nikayas, the 1st and 2nd Deputy Presidents of the Senate and the 1st and 2nd Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly. Article 14 of the Constitution further states that the royal candidate for the throne must be at least 30 years old and a descendant of the late King Ang Duong, King Norodom or King Sisowath. 1273: 3888: 1835:

century, hereditary succession was increasingly stable until the Frankish invasions against the Visigoths led to a period of crisis in which the Visigoths reverted to elections. After the crisis was over in the 6th century, the family of Leovigild attempted to revive hereditary succession until Swintila was overthrown and the Fourth Council of Toledo formally declared elective succession as the principle of succession in 633.

1641:, repeatedly tried to abolish the office of Stadtholder or leave it vacant – which it was for several decades of Dutch history. Conversely, the House of Orange and its adherents tried to increase the powers of the Stadtholder to approximate those of a monarch, to make it officially hereditary (which it became in the later part of the 18th century) and finally to transform it into a full-fledged monarchy – as it was in 1815. 2172:. In this case the elective aspect in the choice of Monarch was especially prominent, since Bernadotte had been a French commoner with no previous connection to Sweden and not the most remote of dynastic claims to the Swedish throne – his being chosen derived solely from urgent political and military considerations of the crisis time of the 2017:. Since in Poland, all sons of a noble were nobles, and not only the eldest, every one of an estimated 500,000 nobles could potentially have participated in such elections in person – by far the most extensive franchise of any European country at the time. During the election period, the function of the king was performed by an 2751:) and with extensive powers. Hamilton believed that elective monarchs had sufficient power domestically to resist foreign corruption, yet there was enough domestic control over their behavior to prevent tyranny at home. His proposal was resoundingly voted down in favor of a four-year term with the possibility of reelection. 3507:, comprising the most powerful senior princes, which has the power to disapprove the King's nominee for Crown Prince and substitute its own by simple majority vote. In effect, this makes the Saudi monarchy elective within the House of Saud, as the king's eldest son has not become Crown Prince since the death of King 1629:, whose powers fell short of those of a monarch, and which was elective. Each of the seven Dutch provinces could separately elect its own Stadtholder, and it did not have to be the same person in all of them. In theory anyone could be elected Stadtholder, though in practice it was restricted to members of the 2638:" as the new monarch and stirps of a new dynasty. In practice, however, during the entire time from 1864 until the abolition of the monarchy, the throne was never passed from parent to child, as every Hawaiian monarch who reigned during that period died without leaving issue. Following the 1872 death of 4867:

The Pskov men invited princes to Pskov whose professional armoured cavalry was very important for a city that had constant wars with the Livonian Order. The princely power grew during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries while the prince himself usually was a protégé of the grand prince of Moscow.

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passed into distant history, and the Empire became functionally an absolute monarchy. The office of Roman and Byzantine emperor remained vaguely elective (albeit with the election procedure never strictly defined, but generally understood to be a matter for the Senate). For instance, whilst the first

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If there was no uparaja at the time of the king's death—and this was frequently the case—the choice of a new monarch drawn from the royal family was left to the Senabodi, the council of senior officials, princes, and Buddhist prelates that assembled at the death of a king. It was such a council that

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In the past; new polities or countries in internal turmoil sometimes selected and invited some person to become their monarch. The selected person might have had little or nothing to do with his prospective kingdom; he might have had associations with a current great power or with a current regional

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Portugal's monarchy contained the remnants of the elective principle in requiring reciprocal oaths, the assent of the Cortes and acclamation before acceding to the throne. Portugal's first king Afonso I followed Visigothic precedent by appointing his son as co-ruler to establish a hereditary line of

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A hereditary monarchy may occasionally use election to fill a vacant throne. For example, the royal family may become extinct; depending on how precisely the succession to the throne is defined in law, several candidates with equally, or almost equally, strong claims could emerge, with an election

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between multiple kings. Disputed succession was common because of a large number of sons sired by kings. However, when single rule appeared in the 9th century, civil wars grew in frequency throughout the region. Later, Christianisation led to the promulgation of primogeniture in Norway in 1163 and

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elected the king from the relatives of past kings, in accordance with the Germanic traditions. In practice, the Visigoth kings appointed their eldest sons to manage the kingdom's affairs, so that when the king died the eldest son was politically skilled enough to secure the throne. In the 5th

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Scandinavian kingship, according to the Germanic tradition, was elected upon the death of the previous king. The selection was not always limited to the heirs of the previous king (e.g. in Sweden when the royal house was changing between the houses of Eric and Sverker between generations).

3373:, as they are considered the unofficial successor of the Counts of Foix. The Andorran authorities and people have no say in the election of the President of France, leaving Andorra in the unique position of having a monarch who is democratically elected by the citizenry of another state. 4083:

Austria in 1848-49: being a history of the late political movements in Vienna, Milan, Venice, and Prague; with details of the campaigns of Lombardy and Novara; a full account of the Revolution in Hungary; and Historical sketches of the Austrian Government and the princes of the empire:

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In order to bypass the prohibition on heredity and ensure dynastic continuity, many reigning Byzantine emperors had their heirs crowned co-emperor so that the throne could not be considered vacant at their own death and thus the need for succession by election would not arise.

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In 1867, as Mongkut had not designated who would succeed him, the choice fell to a council to decide. The council led by Prince Deves, Mongkut's eldest half-brother, then chose Chulalongkorn as Mongkut's successor. However, Chulalongkorn was only 15 and so the council choose

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Denmark in 1170, but the elective idea still persisted in the requirement to be certified by a local assembly and subsequently the magnates would still elect the new king, albeit while the incumbent king was still alive. This demonstrated the enduring power of the nobles.

2049: – thus applying the right of disobedience they had inscribed in their public records only two years before.' Second, it resulted in two candidates being proclaimed the winner, and in subsequent events the nobility was able to confirm their majority choice for 4948:

On the Novgorod and Pskov communities' practice of inviting princes from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, see Anna Khoroshkevich, 'Istoricheskie sud'by belorusskikh i ukrainskikh zemel' v XIV – nachale XVI v.,' in Vladimir Pashuto, Boris Floria, and Khoroshkevich,

3503:; consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions or influence, creating strong incentive for the Crown Prince to assert his power. Since 2007, the process of establishing the consensus of the House has been institutionalized in the form of the 1925:, the kingship was partially elected and partially hereditary. During the height of the kingdom in the mid-12th century there was a royal family and a relatively clear line of succession. Nevertheless, the king was elected, or at least recognized, by the 1849:'s subsequent deposition in 1868 a new parliament was constituted through direct male suffrage. It was then decided that a democratically elected monarch was needed in Spain. The debates regarding Isabella's succession took place until October 1869, when 1660:

The Frankish kingdom was at least partly elective. Merovingian kings were elected, while Carolingian kings were elected at times. In the 10th century Western Frankish royal elections switched between different lineages before settling on the Capetians.

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to oversee the election for a new king. Once the Roman kings were overthrown, there remained an absolute prohibition for royal establishment in the Roman constitution, a prohibition which formally remained in place during imperial times, both classical

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from almost endless pools of contending cousins who are eligible for the elections because they all claim descent from founding monarchs or other royals. Each title is therefore held for life by one of these dynastic cousins in turn, often through

3455:, the Samoan parliament. Articles 18 and 45 of the Constitution provide, respectively, that any Member of Parliament may be elected head of state, and that any Samoan citizen may be elected to Parliament, although 47 out of the 49 seats in the 2236:

of more than 2000 Venetian aristocrats and employed an elaborate system designed to prevent one family or alliance from dominating the process. It used smaller nominating groups that were reduced in number by the drawing of lots and required a

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was originally hereditary, it too became elective in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Candidates had to be of royal blood, but the kingship was elected by a council of noblemen, rather than automatically passing to the eldest son. In 1905

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is appointed for life by a council of 13 elders. The latest election was in 2013 after the death of the previous cacique at around 100 years old. The current cacique is Costa Rican-born Pedro Palacios, son of the previous cacique Pedro

2779:. While sometimes a monarch may be forced to abdicate in favour of his or her heir, on other occasions the royal family as a whole has been rejected, the throne going to an elected candidate. Examples of extraordinary election are: 1351:, guaranteeing that the title and office stayed within the royal family and specifying, more or less precisely, the order of succession. Today, almost all monarchies are hereditary monarchies in which the monarchs come from one 2133:

in 1389, but many of her successors had the united kingdoms split up as Sweden elected a different king than Denmark and Norway upon succession. The election was usually contested through a Danish invasion of Sweden until

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The tradition of electing the country's ruler, which occurred when there was no clear heir to the throne, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as

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succession, but whenever there was doubt on succession, the elective principle would resume. The Cortes affirmed the crown as elective when it elevated King John in 1385. In Portugal, on 6 April 1385 in the aftermath of

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and in the aftermath abolished the Bohemian Elective Monarchy and made exclusive Habsburg rule the de jure as well as de facto situation. The attempt to make Frederick V King of Bohemia is regarded as a catalyst for the

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in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance. The manner of election, the nature of candidate qualifications, and the electors vary from case to case. Historically, it was common for elective

2033:). Although the elective principle was already established in Polish political culture in the late Middle Ages, the rules changed significantly in the 1570s, and the principles developed in that period lasted until the 2304:

was a purer example of an elective monarchy, where blood claims had even less influence. Nobles elected a king's successor, and it was common for the successor to be of a different family than his predecessor.

2498:'s kings were elected by the aristocracy whose powers were on par with the king. In the kingdom of Goguryeo, the ruler was originally chosen from among the heads of the five tribes, most often the Sono tribe. 1669:

kings; the kings however took the habit of, during their reign, having their son elected as co-king and successor during their reigns. The election soon became a mere formality and vanished after the reign of

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was finally chosen. Nevertheless, his reign lasted until 11 October 1873, when he abdicated citing his inability to solve the problems Spain was going through, after which the parliament proclaimed a

2209: 1533:, the next in line to the throne, was a young child at the time, so Parliament bypassed him in favour of Henry, who had led a revolt against Richard. Parliament also confirmed depositions during the 1480:

period further stripped the republican veneer from the constitution, Emperors succeeded by a mixture of proclamation by the Legions or Senate as much as by blood (though sons did succeed fathers).

2939:, a chief of their former Varangian foes, to re-establish order: his descendants ruled in Kiev, Muscovy and Russia until 1917. The legend of an invitation echoes the habit of later invitations to 5113: 1775:

and who expected this situation to go on indefinitely. In 1618 the Bohemians chose to exercise in practice their legal right to choose a King at their discretion, despite having already elected

3515:, that a member of the house who was not a son of Abdulaziz attained the position (all prior Crown Princes had been chosen from among Abdulaziz's sons). Upon Prince Muhammad's removal, Prince 1347:

Many kingdoms were officially elective historically, though the candidates were typically only from the family of the deceased monarch. Eventually, however, most elected monarchies introduced

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From 1075 the people of Novgorod 'invited' the prince to take the throne and it is clear that the princes were now there only so long as they satisfied the Novgorodians and obeyed their laws.

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being held to choose from among them. This differs from a formally elective monarchy in that it is an extraordinary measure, and with the new monarch the succession again becomes hereditary.

3325:. Elections are held every 5 years. The position of the ruler of each emirate of the United Arab Emirates is determined by consensus of the respective ruling royal family of that emirate. 2715:, Supreme Chieftain of the Mapuches, possibly in the belief that their cause might be better served with a European acting on their behalf. He later proclaimed himself as the King of 3387:" (She-Elephant / Queen Mother). The son of this "Great Wife" will automatically become the next king. The eldest son is never appointed successor, as he has other ceremonial roles. 1609:

In Ireland, from the beginning of recorded history until the mid-16th/early 17th century, succession was determined by an elective system based on patrilineal relationship known as

1339:) by repeated election of the previous rulers' children, or for hereditary monarchies to acquire elective or semi-elective succession laws, particularly following dynastic crises. 3353:. The title of Count was merged with the French crown in 1609, meaning that all French kings from then on became Co-Prince. France relinquished control upon the formation of the 4468: 4780: 4506: 3481:, only reverting to the normal rule of electing the head of state for five years upon Malietoa's death in 2007. In addition, the Samoan head of state is referred to as " 3046:

1870: In the wake of political turmoil in Spain, the Spanish Cortes re-established the Spanish monarchy under a new royal house, electing the Italian Prince Amedeo of

1711:, beginning with its predecessor Eastern Francia, is perhaps the best-known example of an elective monarchy. However, from 1440 to 1740, a Habsburg was always elected 5063: 4323: 5035: 524: 6826: 2818:. Later, Patriarch Filaret, a skilled politician in his own right, became effectively a co-ruler and sometimes a regent for his weak and not very healthy son. 2650:

was elected by the legislature in 1874, after Lunalilo's death. However, when Kalākaua died in 1891, the crown demised to the collateral line of his sister,

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consisting of senior officials present at the death of a king, would elect a successor. As a result of enormous support from senior and influential noble,

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Originally, kings were supposed to be elected from among the descendants of a previous king, which was connected to descent from gods. There could also be

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was also the system of royal succession until King Malcolm II in the early 11th century introduced direct inheritance. The Isle of Man also used tanistry.

1584:, replaced male-preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture and ended disqualification of a person who married a Roman Catholic from succession. 1521:

resulted in a monarchy with both hereditary and quasi-elective elements – at least as between various contenders with some dynastic claim for the throne.

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The Kingship of Aragon was initially elected by the "rich men" barons. Later this right was limited to the Cortes confirming the succession of the heir.

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by consensus of the Federal Supreme Council. Likewise, the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE is a position held by the Al Maktoum sheikhs of

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was elected as the head of the state and Ra'is (President) of the union by the ruling monarchs of the other six Emirates, while Zayed himself voted for

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or Kiingitanga has continued to the present. The current Māori monarch (i.e. monarch of the Kiingitanga movement, not of all Māori) is Kuīni (Queen)

3864:(1934) Eoin MacNeill stated that, according to the annal evidence, tanistry originated only about a century after the Anglo-Norman invasion, p. 148. 2101:

was also officially elective, although the eldest son of the reigning monarch was usually elected. This continued until 1660, when a hereditary and

3695: 2855:, was chosen by independent regional warchiefs in the 8th century. This arrangement was common in many contemporary tribal societies in the region. 2228:, who normally ruled for life, though a few were forced from office. His powers were never those of an absolute monarch, but he was the Republic's 2308:

This form of elective monarchy existed in the kingdom from its inception around 1400 until its complete disintegration in the early 20th century.

2634:, and the draft constitution of 1893, all provided that, in the event of the extinction of the royal line, the Legislature would elect a "native 2272:

or by the Taïfa of the raïs (Assembly of the corsairs). The elected deys also bore the title of governor-sultan of Algiers or sultan of Algiers.

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if there is a more senior prince descended from the previous Sultan; this is possible should the senior prince relinquish his right to become

1448:, the first Emperor, who established the Principate. Whilst given many titles (including "Augustus", i.e. "majestic") he described himself as 4036: 5208: 5181: 4755: 5874: 5702: 5617: 5356: 1804: 4376: 3379:

has a form of quasi-elective monarchy. No king can appoint his successor. Instead, the royal family decides which of his wives shall be "

1955: 1723:. The secular electoral seats were hereditary. However, spiritual electors (and other prince-(arch)bishops) were usually elected by the 1657:, which can be translated as king, who were elected for terms of one year or longer. Candidates were drawn from relatives of past kings. 5136: 4818: 4438: 3908: 3903: 2607:. While in principle the position is not hereditary, in practice every Māori monarch thus far has been a child of the previous monarch. 3624: 5227: 2631: 2627: 2038: 4460: 5771: 3465:, or chiefs (the other two are reserved for non-Samoans). However, most of the confusion stemmed from a special clause which named 1898: 1576:

in the late 17th and early 18th centuries which explicitly excluded Catholics (and thus the male descendants of James II) from the

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Accordingly, heredity never was, and could never be, formally established in law. And whilst the later, more overtly authoritarian

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On 2 March 1935, Prince Ananda Mahidol was elected by the National Assembly and the Thai government to succeed his uncle, King

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and powerful within restrictions and levels of oversight that varied in different periods. The election process began with the

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in 1370, Polish kings were initially elected by a small council; gradually, this privilege was granted to all members of the

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is selected from amongst the most senior male princes descending from the 18th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Ahmadin. The Sultan,

2716: 1783:– "The Winter King". However, the Habsburgs regarded this as an act of rebellion, re-imposed their rule over Bohemia in the 5326: 3542:(tribes). However, every Maori monarch to date has been succeeded by their child, making the position hereditary in effect. 2507: 1938: 1301: 5057: 4342: 3485:", and an unwritten constitutional convention dictates that the President be elected from among the four paramount chiefs. 1841:

During the 19th century, more precisely between 1870 and 1873, an attempt of such a system took place in Spain. After the

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At the start of the 20th century, the first monarchs of several newly independent nations were elected by parliaments:

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had died without a male heir in October 1383, and different factions made strenuous efforts to secure the throne for

1568:. (Mary was James' daughter, William was James' nephew, and William and Mary were succeeded by Mary's younger sister 5255: 6409: 3075:

1905: Norway, newly independent of Sweden, elected Prince Carl of Denmark as its first modern independent monarch:

2881: 2160:, since it was apparent that the Swedish branch of the House of Holstein-Gottorp would die with the childless King 1985: 1902: 1776: 1581: 1577: 1549: 1633:. There was no obligation to elect a Stadtholder at all, and the leaders of the Dutch Republican faction, such as 5807: 5351: 4650: 2760: 2447:(248 BC–224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, is considered to be the oldest elective monarchy in Asia. The 1764: 1172: 763: 559: 6386: 5889: 4370: 4131: 3932: 2740: 2462:, have been required to undergo a parliamentary vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the throne. 2455:, as a vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the imperial throne or to be removed from the power. 887: 480: 4722: 2675:

were chosen by a council of elders, nobles, and priests. He would be selected from a pool of four candidates.

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since independence in 1962, it was commonly mistaken for an elective monarchy for most of its existence. The

2623: 2026: 1780: 108: 38: 3288:(Deputy Crown Prince) are selected by the Dewan Negara of Perak. A son of the reigning Sultan cannot become 6877: 5859: 5847: 5366: 4015:

The state, a sequel to the 'Universal Church'; together with a suppl. 'Record of thoughts', and some essays

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and Afghanistan which is a common myth. They practiced a sort of jirga system with two types of councils –

1812: 1784: 1715:, the throne becoming unofficially hereditary. During that period, the emperor was elected from within the 1569: 599: 2704: 6740: 6654: 6549: 6464: 6381: 5879: 5751: 5606: 4868:

However, the right that was especially valued by Pskov men was that to expel princes whom they disliked.

3394: 3156: 3097: 3093: 3000: 2838: 2382: 2037:. There have been thirteen royal elections in Poland–Lithuania from 1573 to 1764. Roșu (2017) marked the 1842: 1760: 1591:

of 1320 asserted the rights of the nobles to choose a king if required, which implied elective monarchy.

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The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300–1600: Commercial Networks and Urban Autonomy

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Modern Europe: From the Fall of Constantinople to the Establishment of the German Empire, A.D. 1453-1871

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Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire Civil War, Panegyric, and the Construction of Legitimacy

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was an elective monarchy until 1687. This elective right carried on for another two more decades in the

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citizens. Military service often was linked with citizenship among the male members of the royal house.

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turned to a semi-elective monarchy system to settle the succession of the crown among disputed heirs:

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In 14th, 15th, late 17th and early 18th century England, the evolving relations between the Crown and

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broke with tradition by looking beyond Central Europe for a candidate and electing the French Prince

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as the most significant for several reasons. First, 'the citizens of the commonwealth were forced to

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was chosen as King of England by a council of nobles and royal advisors at the death of his brother,

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1810: Sweden elected the French Napoleonic Marshal Jean Bernadotte as Crown Prince: he became King

2106: 1890: 1678: 1634: 1294: 470: 420: 227: 5177: 4028: 3491:'s throne, while hereditary, is not determined by a succession law but rather by consensus of the 2904:, were originally appointed in this manner. On 9 October 1918 the Parliament of newly independent 2596: 2482:. This was often convened in the capital. Other critical leadership positions were also assigned. 1735:

were elective monarchies too. The same holds true for prince-abbacies, whose princess-abbesses or

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of 1830, creating an elective monarchy. France briefly had again a kind of elective monarchy when

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Parker, Geoffrey (2004). "8: Princes, Bishops and Republics: Cities and City-States in Russia".

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and the demise of Monarchy in Germany itself, and Finland opted to become a Republic instead.

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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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The Braganzas: The Rise and Fall of the Ruling Dynasties of Portugal and Brazil, 1640–1910

1988:) or officials, and was heavily influenced by local traditions and strength of the ruler. 1677:

After declaring the throne vacant, the French Chamber of Deputies voted 229–33 to declare

544: 534: 352: 8: 6892: 6837: 6674: 6664: 6649: 6639: 6604: 6534: 6449: 6419: 6366: 6083: 5837: 5832: 5731: 5726: 5493: 5448: 5407: 5312: 3516: 3370: 3131: 2953: 2885: 2654:. Prior to 1864, the Hawaiian King-in-Council appointed the heir to the Hawaiian throne. 2619: 2264:(from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century) was an elective monarchy, whose 2189: 2169: 2139: 2098: 2046: 1906: 1816: 1740: 1671: 1565: 1545: 1522: 1493: 1327: 1287: 1219: 677: 664: 651: 175: 3215:(Supreme Head of State) is elected to a five-year term. Nine hereditary rulers from the 3057:

1879: The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly elected the Russian-sponsored German Prince

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example. From 1864 until the monarchy was overthrown in 1893, it was constitutionally a

2005:(Polish nobility). Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania during the times of the 1820: 377: 327: 6791: 6614: 6609: 6574: 6554: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6494: 6489: 6434: 6341: 6187: 6058: 5948: 5928: 5884: 5827: 5822: 5799: 5766: 5756: 5746: 5628: 5152: 5084: 4922:

The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

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jirgas have been reportedly organized since at least the early 18th century when the

2197: 2102: 2022: 2018: 1866: 1850: 1727:

as religious leaders, but simultaneously ruled as monarch (prince) of a territory of

1724: 1716: 1708: 1702: 1534: 1244: 1229: 1148: 838: 709: 656: 638: 584: 564: 549: 539: 372: 357: 307: 287: 103: 98: 76: 71: 23: 2138:

after his reconquest of Sweden had many of those voting against him executed in the

1693:

was first elected President of France and then transformed himself into an Emperor.

6833: 6797: 6715: 6539: 6309: 6254: 6217: 6192: 6182: 6116: 6068: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5968: 5963: 5656: 5402: 3608: 2795: 2611: 2530: 2301: 2229: 2142:(1520), which ended much of the support for the Danish king on the Swedish throne. 2082: 1878: 1789: 1732: 1538: 1470: 1469:, the fourth Emperor, in particular stands out, being "elected" to office once the 1429: 1416: 1400: 1256: 1155: 1104: 589: 504: 200: 170: 123: 3669: 2651: 2518:

In 1824, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died suddenly without having named a successor to

2413:(summit) comprised elders and tribal chiefs. The king also joined sessions of the 1743:

of clerics and imperially appointed as princely rulers in a pertaining territory.

6710: 6459: 6429: 6424: 6284: 6274: 6239: 6229: 6212: 6048: 6003: 5918: 5636: 5611: 5458: 5140: 5024:. Washington DC: International Business Publications. 29 April 2014. p. 41. 4920: 4881: 4844: 4401:

The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church

3277: 3248: 3082: 2799: 2791: 2555: 2459: 2444: 2374: 2173: 2153: 1752: 1686: 1662: 1630: 1503: 1277: 848: 776: 740: 672: 579: 574: 519: 392: 367: 312: 4966: 3422: 3068:

1887: The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly elected the Austro-Hungarian Prince

2581: 6852: 6634: 6619: 6584: 6324: 6319: 6202: 6136: 6008: 5666: 5641: 5546: 5463: 5417: 4916: 4152:

The Calabrian Charlatan, 1598–1603 Messianic Nationalism in Early Modern Europe

3180: 3047: 2982: 2872:

is the prime example. Previously, following precedent set in newly independent

2522: 2321: 2225: 2079: 1961: 1720: 1666: 1622: 1457: 1086: 1008: 514: 272: 195: 150: 4994: 3612: 2494:

elected its first king by a conference of tribal and village elders in 57 BC.

1514:, was a child at that time. This affirmed the principle of elective monarchy. 6916: 6499: 6264: 6259: 5681: 5539: 5498: 5478: 4840: 4547: 3899: 3894: 3492: 3350: 3257: 3204: 3200: 3123: 2763:, established in 1804, was also elective according to its 1805 constitution. 2728: 2495: 2471: 2448: 2370: 2285: 2238: 2090: 1874: 1756: 1638: 1412: 1204: 1099: 1079: 1069: 882: 407: 397: 337: 297: 292: 133: 6028: 3369:, the French co-prince of Andorra has been the (now democratically elected) 6589: 6111: 6073: 5973: 5556: 4964: 3500: 3488: 3482: 3461: 3362: 3338: 3168: 2877: 2787: 2672: 2639: 2588: 2519: 2386: 2333: 2157: 1736: 1690: 1453: 1452:, or merely "first among senators". The illusion of being elected from the 1425: 1352: 1064: 939: 904: 688: 509: 382: 347: 205: 4690: 1937:(first among equals), and in his absence his duties were performed by his 998: 6821: 6330: 6126: 6018: 6013: 5933: 5524: 5508: 5271: 3950:

On the Increase of Royal Power in France Under Philip Augustus, 1179-1223

3531: 3398: 3384: 3266: 3119: 2852: 2748: 2592: 2568: 2564: 2360: 2317: 2281: 2193: 2009:(1569–1795) were elected by gatherings of crowds of nobles at a field in 1971: 1910: 1626: 1553: 1497: 1465:, in each case their position was proclaimed, not inherited as of right. 1234: 1199: 971: 929: 875: 833: 803: 628: 362: 242: 143: 3912:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 398. 3535: 3313:

with a term of five years. Since its formation, the position has been a

2977:

1832: European Great Power diplomats selected the German Prince Otto of

2806:

house with close ties to the former royal family, and Michael's father,

2647: 1272: 6376: 6314: 6233: 5473: 5438: 3449:

provides that the Head of State be elected for a five-year term by the

3426: 3380: 2988:

1863: The Greek National Assembly elected the Danish Prince William of

2913: 2776: 2475: 2452: 2354: 2329: 1731:(which usually comprised a part of their diocesan territory). Thus the 1433: 1360: 1091: 1042: 966: 460: 282: 210: 61: 897: 6735: 6725: 6294: 5601: 5488: 5110:"Brus malis se viste de fiesta tras elección de nuevo líder indígena" 4951:

Drevnerusskoe nasledia i istoricheskie sud'by vostochnogo slavianstva

4804:

Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib

3410: 3318: 3273:

culture. The system was partially the basis for the federal monarchy.

3239:

shall not be re-elected unless the rotation succession was complete.

3233:

rotated amongst the State rulers, originally based on seniority. The

2834: 2337: 1552:, whose effect was to disinherit the Stuarts and replace them by the 1507: 1224: 1209: 1160: 1111: 1020: 976: 956: 924: 868: 858: 813: 808: 430: 237: 220: 190: 4577:

The North And South Korean Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis

3741:

Family Power: Kinship, War and Political Orders in Eurasia, 500–2018

2920:– but soon afterwards, this move was foiled by the German defeat in 2814:

under the monastic name of Filaret, in effect holding a position of

2288:, or emperor, had to be approved by the Great Assembly known as the 1905:. The Council elected instead the younger (and illegitimate) son of 6872: 6755: 6745: 6564: 6063: 5335: 3572: 3508: 3376: 3358: 3229: 2948: 2940: 2932: 2893: 2815: 2708: 2668: 2643: 2545: 2540: 2511: 2479: 2119: 2001: 1768: 1610: 1604: 1592: 1477: 1466: 1445: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1194: 1138: 1003: 863: 232: 165: 30: 5180:. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC. 20 October 2006. 3105:

Frederick Charles Louis Constantine, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse

2646:

won; he was subsequently elected king by the legislature in 1873.

2635: 1389:

were elected by the army, which was similar in composition to the

6765: 6720: 6695: 6249: 5958: 5576: 5529: 5468: 5392: 5346: 4099:

Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569-1587

3925:

The Philosopher and the Druids: A Journey Among the Ancient Celts

3418: 3390: 3334: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2743:

should be an elective monarch, ruling for "good behavior" (i.e.,

2571:, the previous king, had not named an heir before his abdication. 2526: 2067: 1432:. In practice, however, Imperial Rome was a monarchy. During the 1359:

being passed from one family member to another upon the death or

1356: 1251: 1143: 1052: 934: 892: 853: 322: 180: 160: 128: 56: 5021:

UAE: How to Invest, Start and Run Profitable Business in the UAE

4296:

Routledge Revivals: Medieval Scandinavia (1993): An Encyclopedia

3511:

in 1953. However, it was only in 2015, through the accession of

3098:

Prince Wilhelm of Urach, Count of Württemberg, 2nd Duke of Urach

2129:

The Scandinavian kingdoms were united under the Danish crown by

1444:

apparatus of republicanism. This was particularly the case for

6847: 6760: 6023: 5923: 5566: 5422: 3781:

The British System of Government and Its Historical Development

3549: 3430: 3262: 3115:, but never reigned and abdicated on December 14 the same year. 2873: 2869: 2848: 2535: 2284:

functioned as both a constitutional and elective monarchy. The

2014: 1992: 1537:, as well as Henry VIII's settlements of the crown. During the 1182: 215: 5257:

Constitutions, Elections and Legislatures of Poland, 1493–1993

5211:. The Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 3552:) have traditional heads of the three regions who are elected. 2451:

has been required to undergo an assembly of the nobles called

2427:

was a sort of rural council. In India they are referred to as

5304: 3438: 3342: 3322: 3151:

Article 13 of the Cambodian Constitution stipulates that the

2936: 2842: 2803: 2712: 2491: 2378: 2289: 1996: 1650: 1187: 1177: 277: 138: 4293: 4253:

Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,

2888:

would eventually emerge from the process. The first king of

6730: 5571: 5561: 5551: 5534: 4886:. Globalities Series. London: Reaktion Books. p. 124. 4839: 4021: 3803: 3670:

Allen M. Ward, Fritz M. Heichelheim, Cedric A. Yeo (2016).

3451: 3406: 3176: 2010: 1980: 1625:

of the 17th and 18th centuries there was the office of the

1015: 3143:

Currently, the world's only true elective monarchies are:

2880:

often chose their own monarchs from among the established

4965:

The Secretariat of the Constitution Council (July 2015).

4777:"Sheikh Mohammed recalls meeting which paved way for UAE" 4174: 3778: 3539: 3402: 3357:, briefly leaving Andorra under a clerical monarchy, but 2921: 2584: 2325: 2931:

862: According to tradition, various tribes of northern

2790:(national assembly) in 1613 after the extinction of the 2118:

was elected King of the newly independent Norway by the

4843:; Krom, Mikhail; Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna, eds. (2017). 4257:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p.62-63 3597:"The Constitutional Economics of Autocratic Succession" 2892:, as well as the now-deposed royal families of Greece, 4925:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 4331:. Johnny Hagberg and Skara stiftshistoriska sällskap. 4325:

The Holy See, the Order of Malta and International Law

1767:

assumed the Bohemian Crown, it was always held by the

1335:

to transform into hereditary ones (whether legally or

4849:. Routledge History Handbooks. Taylor & Francis. 4265: 4263: 3523:

to hold the position during the reign of his father.

3081:

1914: The European powers selected the German Prince

2558:

to become the regent until Chulalongkorn came of age.

3992:(2, revised ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 52. 2876:, new nations without a well-established hereditary 2829:

and became a federation. Upon its formation, Sheikh

2567:, as the eighth king of the Chakri dynasty, because 2422: 2415: 2407: 2399: 2391: 2179: 1510:, in 1199 because the heir by strict primogeniture, 5145: 3227:via a secret ballot. The position has to date been 2775:Alternatively, the monarch may be deposed, as in a 2336:of their polities by colleges of noblemen known as 2085:. Elective monarchy continued until 1544, when the 1984:, was usually limited to the most powerful nobles ( 1815:but had split from Hungary when the childless King 4800: 4398: 4275: 4260: 4012: 2340:. This practice has continued to the present day. 2200:since it was exiled to Rome from Malta during the 1665:was an elective monarchy at the time of the first 1541:, King Charles II strongly opposed any such idea. 4683:Lords of Life; a history of the Kings of Thailand 4599: 4199: 3806:Scotland: the making and unmaking of the nation, 3594: 2727:An attempt to create an elective monarchy in the 1944: 6914: 5153:"Official website of the head of state of Samoa" 4624: 3962: 3317:hereditary position to the Al Nahyan sheikhs of 3035:1866: Romania elected the German Prince Karl of 2691:was elected by a council of elders known as the 2320:rulers, such as the kings and chieftains of the 2053:and have it recognised, while avoiding war with 1419:. When a king died, the senate would appoint an 4995:"Khalifa bin Zayed re-elected President of UAE" 4126:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 16. 3879: 3708: 3261:of Negeri Sembilan is selected by a council of 2164:. Bernadotte eventually ascended the throne as 1456:continued. Over time the principle weakened as 5134:Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa 4883:Sovereign City: The City-state Through History 4574: 4059:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia 3743:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67. 3647:Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander 3138: 2642:, a non-binding referendum was held, in which 2025:). This unique Polish election was termed the 5320: 4527: 4431:"The Sovereign Council of the Order of Malta" 3838:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy 3473:, who were two of the four paramount chiefs ( 2268:was elected, depending on the period, by the 1406: 1295: 5085:"Elección de un cacique en tiempos modernos" 4679: 4458: 4214: 3987: 3835: 3694:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2943:and others to rule in Pskov and in Novgorod. 2381:tribes, who are hypothesized to have spoken 2364: 1779:as king, and bestowed the Bohemian Crown on 1556:, whose dynastic claim was far more remote. 1525:was chosen by Parliament in 1399 to replace 4530:Dynastic China : an elementary history 4318: 4247: 4101:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–31. 3967:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 151–152. 3039:as its Ruling Prince (he later became King 1930: 5327: 5313: 5170: 4794: 4699:The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Volume 9 4560:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4396: 3783:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 275–276. 3155:is chosen for a life term by the 9-member 3100:, who would have become King Mindaugas II. 2966:1831: Belgium selected a German Prince of 2039:1575/1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 1473:had made it clear he was their candidate. 1302: 1288: 4686:. Internet Archive. London: Alvin Redman. 4488: 3070:Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry 2821:In 1971 seven individual Emirates in the 2766: 1960:The Republic at the Zenith of Its Power. 1492:A system of elective monarchy existed in 4696: 4241:The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume XIX 4179:. Cornell University Press. p. 58. 4149: 3898: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3534:chooses a Maori monarch, elected by the 3096:voted to offer the throne to the German 3021: 2990:Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 2332:, were elected from amongst the various 2316:In the pre-colonial period, a number of 1954: 1899:Infante John, Duke of Valencia de Campos 5253: 4701:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4461:"To Save Afghanistan, Look to Its Past" 4294:Phillip Pulsiano; Kirsten Wolf (2017). 4145: 4143: 4056: 3952:. Gressner & Schramm. pp. 4–7. 3922: 3815:. Dundee University Press. p. 71. 3644: 3590: 3588: 3365:'s deposition and the formation of the 3300: 2912:, brother-in-law of the German Emperor 2385:, came down in intermittent waves from 1916: 6915: 5362:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 5234:. Polish Academic Information Center, 5127: 5059:Countries and Territories of the World 4915: 4879: 4604:. AuthorHouse. pp. 204–205, 457. 4365:. Yale University Press. p. 221. 3947: 3804:Bob Harris; Alan R. MacDonald (2007). 3763: 3738: 2698: 2506:There were several occasions that the 1366: 733:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil 5592: 5308: 4801:Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011). 4657:. GlobalSecurity.org. August 18, 2013 4651:"Rattanakosin Period (1782 -present)" 4154:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 41. 4121: 3727: 3409:) are usually elected by councils of 3187:, generally from among their number. 2377:dynasties rose to power. The ancient 2249: 1564:were chosen by Parliament to replace 5209:"Official Denmark – The Royal House" 5184:from the original on 5 November 2011 4358: 4281: 4269: 4140: 4096: 3674:. Taylor & Francis. p. 36. 3585: 3519:became the first Crown Prince since 2078:were elected by all free men at the 1719:by a small council of nobles called 1696: 4807:. Penguin Books India. p. 40. 4459:Jon Krakauer (September 11, 2009). 3341:. Andorra's two heads of state are 3197:Succession to the Malaysian thrones 3072:as Prince (later Tsar) of Bulgaria. 2735:argued in a long speech before the 2458:Other monarchs, such as the former 2192:or the Knights of Malta, remains a 665:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy 13: 5357:List of current sovereign monarchs 5206: 4919:(2006). "4: The rise of Muscovy". 4489:Rawlinson, George (4 March 2018). 4397:Noonan Jr., James-Charles (1996). 4255:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego 3927:. Simon and Schuster. p. 95. 3779:Christopher Edward Taucar (2014). 3649:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 45. 3337:can be considered a semi-elective 2812:Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia 16:Monarchy ruled by an elected ruler 14: 6944: 5200: 3595:Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2000). 3026:Offering of the Mexican crown to 2974:, the first King of the Belgians. 2910:Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse 2737:Constitutional Convention of 1787 2186:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 2180:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1929:. Here the king was considered a 1616: 1529:. Richard was childless, and the 1487: 1376: 5875:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5178:"The Allegiance Institution Law" 5038:from the original on 15 May 2022 4528:Tan, Koon San (15 August 2014). 4509:from the original on 15 May 2022 3886: 3862:Early Irish laws and institution 3840:. Scarecrow Press. p. 471. 3328: 3255:an elective monarchy, where the 2722: 2626:. However, the Constitutions of 2501: 2465: 2224:was ruled from 697 to 1797 by a 2149:elected the French Marshall and 2097:as the heirs to the throne. The 1903:Infante Denis, Lord of Cifuentes 1889:, Ferdinand's only daughter and 1582:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 1271: 634:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire 37: 5352:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 5232:Poland – The Historical Setting 5228:"The Noble Republic, 1572–1795" 5159:from the original on 2012-02-20 5116:from the original on 2016-03-05 5102: 5091:from the original on 2019-03-28 5077: 5066:from the original on 2022-05-15 5050: 5012: 5001:from the original on 2019-12-05 4987: 4958: 4939:from the original on 2021-05-12 4909: 4873: 4833: 4821:from the original on 2 May 2016 4783:from the original on 2022-05-15 4769: 4758:from the original on 2020-04-09 4744: 4733:from the original on 2015-09-15 4715: 4673: 4643: 4618: 4593: 4568: 4521: 4482: 4471:from the original on 2021-05-08 4452: 4441:from the original on 2018-10-20 4423: 4390: 4379:from the original on 2022-05-15 4352: 4312: 4287: 4233: 4208: 4204:(2 ed.). Bell. p. 63. 4193: 4168: 4115: 4090: 4075: 4050: 4039:from the original on 2016-12-08 4006: 3990:Historical Dictionary of France 3981: 3956: 3941: 3916: 3867: 3854: 3627:from the original on 2021-02-25 2657: 2126:resolved in favor of monarchy. 764:Spanish transition to democracy 441:Les Six livres de la République 5334: 4219:. Reaktion Books. p. 14. 4175:Joseph F. O'Callaghan (1983). 3829: 3797: 3772: 3768:. CUP Archive. pp. 79–80. 3757: 3713:. OUP Oxford. pp. 13–14. 3702: 3663: 3638: 3397:(or "royal fathers", e.g. the 3128:Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg 3122:, there was an attempt by the 2741:President of the United States 2599:as their monarch in 1858. The 2533:. If there were none, then an 2490:The ancient Korean kingdom of 2438: 2348: 2311: 2275: 2168:and founded the still current 2060: 2021:(usually in the person of the 2007:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1995:, after the death of the last 1945:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1897:, or for either of her uncles 1644: 1415:the kings were elected by the 481:Democracy: The God That Failed 1: 4029:"The Emperor: Qualifications" 3807: 3764:Figgis, John Neville (1914). 3578: 3269:clan due to the influence of 2859: 2707:claimed to be elected by the 2678: 2624:male-preference primogeniture 2548:was elected as the successor. 2292:, despite hereditary claims. 1781:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 759:Birth of the Italian Republic 5367:List of monarchy referendums 5287:"Norway's elective monarchy" 4953:(Moscow, 1982), pp. 140–141. 4697:Hamilton, Alexander (1962). 4680:Chakrabongse, Chula (1967). 4668:chose Nang Klao's successor. 4061:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 73–74. 3876:(1608), Davis 28 180 E.R 516 3645:Richard, Gabriel A. (2010). 3243:Additionally, the Malaysian 3223:who will determine the next 3118:1918: During the end of the 3001:Conservative Party of Mexico 2208:. The Order is ruled by the 1813:Lands of the Hungarian Crown 1805:Principality of Transylvania 1785:Battle of the White Mountain 1463:descended from Julius Caesar 1342: 7: 4627:Korea - A Religious History 4177:A History of Medieval Spain 4013:John Burley Waring (1874). 3672:History of the Roman People 3556: 3395:Nigerian traditional rulers 3190: 3162: 3157:Royal Council of the Throne 3146: 3139:Current elective monarchies 2851:, the first emperor of the 2839:Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum 2423: 2416: 2408: 2400: 2392: 2365: 1811:continued to belong to the 1761:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1399:, the assembly of all free 718:Austro-Hungarian Compromise 644:Birth of the Dutch Republic 10: 6949: 4723:"Haiti: 1805 Constitution" 4600:Hugh Dyson Walker (2012). 4492:A Short History of Parthia 4298:. Routledge. p. 621. 4200:Thomas Henry Dyer (1877). 3948:Walker, Williston (1888). 3361:reclaimed the seat. Since 3194: 3092:1918: The German-occupied 2961:Charles XIV John of Sweden 2831:Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 2575: 2352: 2253: 2202:French occupation of Malta 2166:Charles XIV John of Sweden 1948: 1795: 1751:Since medieval times, the 1746: 1700: 1602: 1598: 1407:Ancient Rome and Byzantium 1322:ruled by a monarch who is 754:Siamese revolution of 1932 6779: 6688: 6402: 6165: 6099: 5911: 5902: 5798: 5780: 5712: 5627: 5585: 5517: 5431: 5375: 5342: 4629:. Routledge. p. 17. 4625:James H. Grayson (2013). 4579:. Routledge. p. 82. 4122:Keefe, Eugene K. (1976). 4057:Mahoney, William (2011). 3963:John S.C. Abbott (2019). 3766:The Divine Right of Kings 3347:Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell 3016:Franz Joseph I of Austria 3003:offered the crown of the 2705:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens 2662: 2244: 2215: 2055:Maximilian II of Habsburg 1951:Royal elections in Poland 1826: 1548:, Parliament enacted the 1371: 728:5 October 1910 Revolution 624:Birth of the Roman Empire 5504:Self-proclaimed monarchy 4602:East Asia: A New History 4086:. Low. 1852. p. 23. 3923:Freeman, Philip (2006). 3709:Adrastos Omissi (2018). 3037:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 2882:royal families of Europe 2754: 2644:William Charles Lunalilo 2485: 2295: 2188:, formerly known as the 1891:Queen consort of Castile 1771:branch who later became 1679:Louis-Philippe of France 471:Considerations on France 5772:Vatican City (Holy See) 5254:Jędruch, Jacek (1998). 4575:Sung Chul Yang (2019). 4124:Area Handbook for Spain 3909:Encyclopædia Britannica 3613:10.1023/A:1005078532251 3538:of various New Zealand 3311:Federal Supreme Council 3087:Principality of Albania 3059:Alexander of Battenberg 2717:Araucanía and Patagonia 2343: 2210:Prince and Grand Master 2136:Christian II of Denmark 1589:Declaration of Arbroath 1461:five Emperors were all 1087:Emperor system of Japan 6054:Islands of Refreshment 5484:Legitimacy (political) 4097:Roșu, Felicia (2017). 3739:Halden, Peter (2020). 3471:Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole 3467:Malietoa Tanumafili II 3443:parliamentary republic 3393:has a system in which 3031: 3028:Maximilian of Habsburg 2767:Extraordinary election 2614:could be considered a 2087:Riksdag of the Estates 2013:, today a district in 1974: 1931: 1867:Council of the Kingdom 962:Enlightened absolutism 5865:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5454:Criticism of monarchy 5444:Abolition of monarchy 5236:University at Buffalo 5139:July 8, 2007, at the 4655:Thailand Introduction 4359:Sire, H.J.A. (1994). 4215:Malyn Newitt (2019). 4033:The Holy Roman Empire 3988:Gino Raymond (2008). 3836:James Panton (2011). 3563:Elective dictatorship 3447:Constitution of Samoa 3367:French Third Republic 3258:Yang di-Pertuan Besar 3236:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 3212:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 3025: 3011:, younger brother of 3005:Second Mexican Empire 2900:(unsuccessfully) and 2597:Pōtatau Te Wherowhero 2353:Further information: 2206:First French Republic 2145:In 1810, the Swedish 2131:Margaret I of Denmark 1958: 1873:, then Master of the 1701:Further information: 1653:were each ruled by a 1572:.) Parliament passed 1458:republican government 1349:hereditary succession 67:Divine right of kings 5697:United Arab Emirates 4362:The Knights of Malta 4243:. 1890. p. 544. 3548:(territories of the 3301:United Arab Emirates 3284:(Crown Prince), and 3185:College of Cardinals 3107:, was elected to be 3094:Kingdom of Lithuania 3085:as the ruler of the 3077:Haakon VII of Norway 2954:Henry, Duke of Anjou 2827:United Arab Emirates 2810:, was at the time a 2605:Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō 2151:Prince of Pontecorvo 2035:Partitions of Poland 1923:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1917:Kingdom of Jerusalem 705:Unification of Italy 694:Second French Empire 6893:Trinidad and Tobago 6780:Commonwealth realms 6665:United Baltic Duchy 5808:Antigua and Barbuda 5800:Commonwealth realms 5494:Order of succession 5293:. November 16, 1905 4727:faculty.webster.edu 4495:. Perennial Press. 3528:Māori King Movement 3517:Muhammad bin Salman 3479:presidents for life 3371:President of France 3171:and the associated 3132:United Baltic Duchy 3130:as the Duke of the 2886:hereditary monarchy 2825:united to form the 2794:and the end of the 2699:Chile and Argentina 2652:Queen Liliʻuokalani 2620:hereditary monarchy 2601:Māori King movement 2190:Knights Hospitaller 2170:House of Bernadotte 2140:Stockholm Bloodbath 1881:. His half-brother 1843:Glorious Revolution 1832:Visigothic Hispania 1763:. Since 1526, when 1755:was elected by the 1578:order of succession 1546:Glorious Revolution 1523:Henry IV of England 1494:Anglo-Saxon England 1367:Historical examples 1355:with the office of 1328:hereditary monarchy 1326:, in contrast to a 1278:Politics portal 678:First French Empire 652:Glorious Revolution 5291:The New York Times 4405:. Viking. p. 4320:Theutenberg, Bo J. 3568:President for life 3513:Muhammad bin Nayef 3505:Allegiance Council 3495:as to who will be 3309:is elected by the 3173:Vatican City State 3113:Finnish Parliament 3041:Carol I of Romania 3032: 2956:as King of Poland. 2927:Examples include: 2733:Alexander Hamilton 2478:was chosen by the 2383:Proto-Indo-Iranian 2262:Regency of Algiers 2256:Regency of Algiers 2250:Regency of Algiers 2222:Republic of Venice 2111:monarchy of Norway 2105:was instituted by 2047:first elected king 1975: 1933:primus inter pares 1909:, thus avoiding a 1773:Holy Roman Emperor 1739:were elected by a 1729:imperial immediacy 1725:cathedral chapters 1683:King of the French 1512:Arthur of Brittany 1440:position with the 1363:of the incumbent. 1117:List of monarchies 918:Related ideologies 785:Nepalese Civil War 772:Iranian Revolution 746:Russian Revolution 741:Chinese Revolution 723:German unification 6933:Political systems 6923:Elective monarchy 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6595:Piedmont-Sardinia 6347:Sip Song Chau Tai 6157:Thirteen Colonies 5898: 5897: 5112:. Actualidad CR. 4814:978-0-14-341678-4 4150:E. Olsen (2002). 3546:Wallis and Futuna 3459:are reserved for 3221:Council of Rulers 3052:Amadeo I of Spain 2968:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 2946:1573: The Polish 2823:Arabian Peninsula 2784:Michael of Russia 2759:The crown of the 2689:Kingdom of Nicoya 2640:King Kamehameha V 2198:international law 2194:sovereign subject 2103:absolute monarchy 2023:primate of Poland 1887:Princess Beatrice 1733:prince-bishoprics 1717:House of Habsburg 1709:Holy Roman Empire 1703:Imperial election 1697:Holy Roman Empire 1587:In Scotland, the 1550:Act of Succession 1535:Wars of the Roses 1316:elective monarchy 1312: 1311: 710:Meiji Restoration 657:French Revolution 639:Tsarist autocracy 600:Popescu-Tăriceanu 99:Abdication system 77:Royal prerogative 72:Mandate of Heaven 6940: 6834:Irish Free State 6600:Poland–Lithuania 5909: 5908: 5860:Papua New Guinea 5590: 5589: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5270:. Archived from 5250: 5248: 5247: 5238:. Archived from 5223: 5221: 5220: 5207:Worsøe, Hans H. 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5087:. Diario Extra. 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4997:. 11 June 2019. 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4945: 4944: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4551: 4532:. Kuala Lumpur. 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4404: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4341:. Archived from 4330: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3874:Case of Tanistry 3871: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3812: 3811: 1100-1707 3809: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3736: 3725: 3724: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3685: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3592: 3179:is elected in a 3061:as its reigning 2996:of the Hellenes. 2841:, then ruler of 2798:. The resulting 2796:Time of Troubles 2711:to be the Great 2703:French explorer 2612:Hawaiian Kingdom 2531:heir presumptive 2426: 2419: 2411: 2403: 2395: 2368: 2302:Kingdom of Kongo 2270:Divan of Algiers 2230:highest official 2074:Originally, the 1936: 1921:In the Crusader 1913:Castilian king. 1879:King of Portugal 1863:1383–1385 Crisis 1821:Battle of Mohács 1790:Thirty Years War 1539:Exclusion Crisis 1471:Praetorian Guard 1450:princeps senatus 1417:Roman assemblies 1304: 1297: 1290: 1276: 1275: 1156:Philosopher king 486: 476: 466: 456: 446: 436: 426: 388:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 124:Crowned republic 109:Chinese Legalist 48:Central concepts 41: 19: 18: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6902: 6827:princely states 6775: 6711:Kingdom of Fiji 6684: 6430:Austria-Hungary 6398: 6161: 6095: 5894: 5880:Solomon Islands 5794: 5776: 5708: 5623: 5581: 5513: 5459:Democratization 5427: 5371: 5338: 5333: 5296: 5294: 5285: 5277: 5275: 5268: 5245: 5243: 5226: 5218: 5216: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5141:Wayback Machine 5132: 5128: 5119: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5062:. p. 456. 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5032: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4942: 4940: 4933: 4914: 4910: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4695: 4691: 4678: 4674: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4573: 4569: 4553: 4552: 4540: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4373: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4339: 4328: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4213: 4209: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3961: 3957: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3921: 3917: 3902:, ed. (1911). " 3887: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3777: 3773: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3707: 3703: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3628: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3559: 3550:French Republic 3331: 3303: 3278:Sultan of Perak 3249:Negeri Sembilan 3207: 3193: 3165: 3149: 3141: 3120:First World War 3109:King of Finland 3083:William of Wied 2981:to become King 2918:King of Finland 2862: 2800:Romanov dynasty 2792:Rurikid dynasty 2769: 2761:Empire of Haiti 2757: 2725: 2701: 2681: 2665: 2660: 2587:of the central 2578: 2556:Si Suriyawongse 2508:Kingdom of Siam 2504: 2488: 2468: 2445:Parthian Empire 2441: 2357: 2351: 2346: 2314: 2298: 2280:In Africa, the 2278: 2258: 2252: 2247: 2218: 2182: 2174:Napoleonic Wars 2154:Jean Bernadotte 2099:Danish monarchy 2089:designated the 2076:Kings of Sweden 2063: 2051:Stephen Báthory 1953: 1947: 1919: 1829: 1819:died after the 1798: 1753:King of Bohemia 1749: 1721:prince-electors 1705: 1699: 1687:July Revolution 1663:Medieval France 1647: 1631:House of Orange 1619: 1607: 1601: 1504:John of England 1490: 1411:In the ancient 1409: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1345: 1308: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1027: 919: 911: 910: 909: 828: 820: 819: 818: 798: 790: 789: 781: 777:Modern Cambodia 750: 714: 698: 682: 673:Trienio Liberal 661: 619: 611: 610: 609: 499: 491: 490: 489: 484: 474: 464: 454: 444: 434: 424: 262: 254: 253: 252: 228:Self-proclaimed 93: 85: 84: 81: 49: 24:Politics series 17: 12: 11: 5: 6946: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6831: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6585:Ottoman Empire 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6545:Kartli-Kakheti 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5954:Central Africa 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5890:United Kingdom 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5850: 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Serhii 4908: 4892: 4872: 4855: 4841:Blockmans, Wim 4832: 4813: 4793: 4768: 4743: 4714: 4707: 4689: 4672: 4642: 4636:978-1136869259 4635: 4617: 4611:978-1477265161 4610: 4592: 4586:978-1000232127 4585: 4567: 4539:978-9839541885 4538: 4520: 4501: 4481: 4465:New York Times 4451: 4435:Order of Malta 4422: 4415: 4389: 4371: 4351: 4348:on 2015-11-23. 4337: 4311: 4305:978-1351665018 4304: 4286: 4274: 4259: 4246: 4232: 4226:978-1789141658 4225: 4207: 4192: 4185: 4167: 4160: 4139: 4132: 4114: 4108:978-0192506436 4107: 4089: 4074: 4068:978-0313363061 4067: 4049: 4020: 4005: 3999:978-0810862562 3998: 3980: 3974:978-3734074752 3973: 3965:Louis Philippe 3955: 3940: 3933: 3915: 3900:Chisholm, Hugh 3878: 3866: 3853: 3847:978-0810874978 3846: 3828: 3822:978-1845860288 3821: 3796: 3790:978-0773596566 3789: 3771: 3756: 3750:978-1108495929 3749: 3726: 3719: 3701: 3680: 3662: 3656:978-1597975193 3655: 3637: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3524: 3486: 3435: 3415: 3388: 3374: 3355:First Republic 3330: 3327: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3274: 3192: 3189: 3164: 3161: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3116: 3101: 3090: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3055: 3044: 3020: 3019: 2997: 2986: 2983:Otto of Greece 2975: 2964: 2957: 2944: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2819: 2808:Feodor Romanov 2786:, chosen by a 2768: 2765: 2756: 2753: 2724: 2721: 2700: 2697: 2687:(king) of the 2680: 2677: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2560: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2523:Maha Senanurak 2503: 2500: 2487: 2484: 2467: 2464: 2440: 2437: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2334:royal families 2322:Ashanti Empire 2313: 2310: 2297: 2294: 2277: 2274: 2254:Main article: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241:for election. 2217: 2214: 2181: 2178: 2156:to be the new 2062: 2059: 1966:Royal Election 1962:Golden Liberty 1949:Main article: 1946: 1943: 1918: 1915: 1828: 1825: 1797: 1794: 1748: 1745: 1698: 1695: 1646: 1643: 1635:Oldenbarnevelt 1623:Dutch Republic 1618: 1617:Dutch Republic 1615: 1603:Main article: 1600: 1597: 1544:Following the 1489: 1488:United Kingdom 1486: 1408: 1405: 1378: 1377:Ancient Greece 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1344: 1341: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1036:Related topics 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1001: 996: 995: 994: 989: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 953: 952: 950:Traditionalist 947: 937: 932: 927: 921: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 908: 907: 902: 901: 900: 895: 890: 880: 879: 878: 873: 872: 871: 866: 861: 851: 846: 844:Great Officers 841: 830: 829: 827:Administration 826: 825: 822: 821: 817: 816: 811: 806: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 780: 779: 774: 768: 766: 761: 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EJJ Books. 5259: 5258: 5252: 5242:on 2011-06-04 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5215:on 2009-02-27 5214: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5130: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5031:9781433084829 5027: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4952: 4938: 4934: 4932:9781139458924 4928: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4895: 4893:9781861892195 4889: 4885: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4858: 4856:9781315278551 4852: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4708:0-231-08903-1 4704: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4684: 4676: 4669: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4502:9781531263249 4498: 4494: 4493: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4418: 4416:0-670-86745-4 4412: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4393: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4355: 4344: 4340: 4338:91-974235-6-4 4334: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4284:, p. 12. 4283: 4278: 4272:, p. 10. 4271: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4250: 4242: 4236: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4196: 4188: 4186:9780801492648 4182: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4161:9780230597143 4157: 4153: 4146: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4038: 4035:. Heraldica. 4034: 4030: 4024: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3895:public domain 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3720:9780192558268 3716: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3681:9780205846795 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601:Public Choice 3598: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3493:House of Saud 3490: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3351:Count of Foix 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3329:Similar forms 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286:Raja Di-Hilir 3283: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263:ruling chiefs 3260: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3205:Yamtuan Besar 3202: 3201:Adat Perpatih 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3133: 3129: 3126:to recognize 3125: 3124:German Empire 3121: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2773: 2764: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729:United States 2723:United States 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2648:King Kalākaua 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2546:Chetsadabodin 2543: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2502:Siam/Thailand 2499: 2497: 2496:Unified Silla 2493: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472:Mongol Empire 2466:Mongol Empire 2463: 2461: 2460:Shahs of Iran 2456: 2454: 2450: 2449:King of Kings 2446: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324:and those of 2323: 2319: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2242: 2240: 2239:supermajority 2235: 2234:Great Council 2231: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2109:. Though the 2108: 2107:Frederick III 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2045:depose their 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:wolna elekcja 2028: 2027:free election 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:Order of Aviz 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1737:prince-abbots 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1651:Gallic tribes 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:Earl of March 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:Roman Kingdom 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381:The kings of 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1205:Regnal number 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132:Non-sovereign 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 951: 948: 946: 945:Authoritarian 943: 942: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 915: 914: 906: 903: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 888:Crown Council 886: 885: 884: 883:Privy council 881: 877: 874: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 832: 831: 824: 823: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 794: 793: 786: 783: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 700: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 684: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 668: 666: 663: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 615: 614: 606: 605:Zourabichvili 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 495: 494: 483: 482: 478: 473: 472: 468: 463: 462: 458: 453: 452: 448: 443: 442: 438: 433: 432: 428: 423: 422: 418: 417: 416: 415: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 318:Chateaubriand 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 269: 268: 258: 257: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 186:Non-sovereign 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 145: 142: 141: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 89: 88: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 54: 52: 51: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 25: 21: 20: 6883:South Africa 6878:Sierra Leone 6825: 6655:Two Sicilies 6590:Papal States 6390: 6329: 6222: 6088: 5848:Cook Islands 5701: 5687:Saudi Arabia 5616: 5397: 5295:. 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Retrieved 3607:(1): 63–84. 3604: 3600: 3501:Saudi Arabia 3497:Crown Prince 3489:Saudi Arabia 3483:His Highness 3477:), as joint 3474: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3423:Ngöbe people 3363:Napoleon III 3339:principality 3314: 3304: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3256: 3252: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3217:Malay States 3210: 3208: 3169:The Holy See 3166: 3150: 3142: 3062: 2947: 2926: 2878:royal family 2867: 2863: 2788:Zemsky Sobor 2774: 2770: 2758: 2726: 2702: 2692: 2684: 2682: 2673:Aztec Empire 2666: 2658:The Americas 2615: 2609: 2589:North Island 2579: 2539: 2534: 2505: 2489: 2469: 2457: 2442: 2432: 2428: 2414: 2406: 2398: 2390: 2387:Central Asia 2358: 2318:West African 2315: 2307: 2299: 2279: 2259: 2219: 2183: 2162:Charles XIII 2158:Crown Prince 2144: 2128: 2124:a referendum 2073: 2064: 2042: 2030: 2000: 1990: 1979: 1976: 1959: 1920: 1859: 1840: 1837: 1830: 1808: 1799: 1777:Ferdinand II 1750: 1706: 1691:Napoleon III 1676: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1620: 1608: 1586: 1543: 1516: 1502: 1491: 1482: 1475: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1420: 1410: 1394: 1380: 1353:royal family 1346: 1336: 1315: 1313: 1080:Illegitimate 1075:Family trees 940:Conservatism 905:Royal assent 689:Liberal Wars 479: 469: 459: 449: 439: 429: 419: 413: 412: 267:Philosophers 266: 265: 206:Principality 155: 22:Part of the 6822:British Raj 6794:(Sri Lanka) 6680:Württemberg 6392:South Yemen 6280:Maguindanao 6173:Afghanistan 5934:Barotseland 5870:Saint Lucia 5843:New Zealand 5752:Netherlands 5525:Chhatrapati 5509:Sovereignty 5449:Aristocracy 5042:26 November 4513:26 November 3532:New Zealand 3475:Tama-a-Aiga 3441:has been a 3385:Indlovukazi 3271:Minangkabau 3267:matrilineal 2853:Pala Empire 2802:was an old 2669:Tlatoanimeh 2593:New Zealand 2569:Prajadhipok 2565:Prajadhipok 2439:Persia/Iran 2361:Afghanistan 2349:Afghanistan 2312:West Africa 2282:Mali Empire 2276:Mali Empire 2116:Prince Carl 2095:Gustav Vasa 2061:Scandinavia 1972:Jan Matejko 1911:jure uxoris 1883:Ferdinand I 1847:Isabella II 1765:Ferdinand I 1685:during the 1645:Gaul/France 1627:Stadtholder 1558:William III 1554:Hanoverians 1498:Witenagemot 1235:Interregnum 1200:Regnal list 1105:presumptive 930:Bonapartism 876:Royal guard 839:Appointment 804:Aristocracy 629:Magna Carta 595:Zhirinovsky 498:Politicians 425:(1265-1266) 353:Kierkegaard 6917:Categories 6888:Tanganyika 6803:The Gambia 6731:Niuē-Fekai 6670:Yugoslavia 6570:Montenegro 6377:Upper Yafa 6372:Upper Asir 6009:Madagascar 5742:Luxembourg 5474:Government 5439:Abdication 5408:Hereditary 5336:Monarchies 5297:2008-01-03 5278:2008-01-02 5246:2008-01-02 5219:2008-01-02 5163:2012-02-19 5120:2019-03-28 5095:2019-03-28 5070:2020-11-26 5005:2019-12-05 4943:2017-07-18 4899:2017-07-18 4862:2017-07-18 4787:2019-12-13 4762:2019-12-13 4737:2016-09-11 4475:2014-10-29 4445:2018-02-23 4383:2020-09-23 4372:0300068859 4133:0160015677 4043:2008-02-20 3934:0743289064 3813:, Volume 2 3631:2021-02-21 3579:References 3427:Costa Rica 3411:kingmakers 3381:Great Wife 3195:See also: 3009:Maximilian 2999:1863: The 2914:Wilhelm II 2860:Invitation 2777:revolution 2679:Costa Rica 2622:utilizing 2476:Great Khan 2355:Loya Jirga 2338:kingmakers 2330:Oyo Empire 2204:under the 2068:joint rule 1927:Haute Cour 1527:Richard II 1519:Parliament 1434:Principate 1361:abdication 1333:monarchies 1220:Succession 1092:Figurehead 1043:Coronation 992:Luxembourg 972:Legitimism 967:Jacobitism 530:Metternich 461:Patriarcha 358:Dostoevsky 288:Bellarmine 261:Philosophy 211:Real union 176:Hereditary 62:Monarchism 6858:Mauritius 6751:Rarotonga 6736:Nuku Hiva 6726:Mangareva 6701:Bora Bora 6580:Neuchâtel 6550:Lithuania 6455:Catalonia 6342:Sri Lanka 6295:Manchukuo 6270:Kurdistan 6224:Indonesia 6147:Talamanca 6107:Araucanía 6090:and other 6069:Wassoulou 5813:Australia 5489:Oligarchy 4979:August 3, 4752:"The UAE" 4556:cite book 4548:898313910 4282:Roșu 2017 4270:Roșu 2017 3690:cite book 3621:154097838 3509:Abdulaziz 3434:Bejarano. 3414:rotation. 3319:Abu Dhabi 3307:president 3294:Raja Muda 3290:Raja Muda 3282:Raja Muda 3065:(prince). 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