397:
310:
129:
1315:
952:
593:
249:
32:
1550:
663:. In some western European languages (English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, etc.), the term "grand prince" was rare or non-existent, used to refer to some rulers of Ukraine, Transylvania, Russia or Tuscany prior to the 19th century. In German and Scandinavian languages, both titles co-exist:
408:
The term "grand duchy" is of relatively late invention, used at first in
Western Europe in 1569 in the case of Tuscany, to denote either territories of a particularly mighty duke or territories of significant importance in political, economical or military matters without being of sufficient size or
1521:
516:
abolished, the
Congress of Vienna restored some of the previous sovereign duchies and principalities, while recognizing others as grand duchies. As a result, the 19th century saw the creation of a new group of grand duchies in central Europe, such as the grand duchies of
167:
Prior to the early 1800s, the only Grand duchies in Europe were located in what is now Italy: Tuscany (declared in 1569) and Savoy (in 1696). During the 19th century there were as many as 14 grand duchies in Europe at once (a few of which were first created as
437:
in modern historiography, they held lands in modern-day eastern France (Burgundy, Franche-Comté, Alsatia, Lorraine, Champagne, Picardy and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) as well as most of modern
Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg and small parts of western Germany
476:
became the Grand Duchy of Savoy when its duke was promoted to grand duke by writ of the emperor. The title was considered a necessary bribe to keep Savoy aligned with the rest of the imperial states during the
420:, as compared to the national, pre-medieval tribal provinces. As a consequence, a new title was needed to make the difference between important and unimportant regional powers: the title grand duke was born.
737:
571:(HIH). Ranking, internationally, no higher than the members of other reigning dynasties whose head held the title of emperor, the usage was an historical anomaly, persisting from the elevation of the
567:
The title of grand duke borne under the
Russian Empire by children and grandchildren of its rulers was a non-sovereign honorific, unrelated to any grand duchy, to which was attached the style of
1399:-speaking part of the portion of Luxembourg which was annexed by Belgium in 1839. It's comparable to how "the Republic" is used in the UK and Ireland as a shorthand to refer to the
372:, the throne would go to the next in line from any of the other branches. This resulted in the title of grand duke being bestowed on a distant male cousin of William III,
336:
In order to act as a sufficient counterbalance to France, the
Congress decided to grant the dignity of grand duke of Luxembourg to the monarch of the newly created
504:
to the title of grand duke was usually accompanied by an expansion of their realms with additional territory gathered at the expense of subdued powers such as
1105:; conquered by the Russian Empire and held 1809–1917 in personal union with the Russian Empire; later became a fully independent Republic of Finland in 1917)
839:. Some princes however could add "Grand" to their title without winning the competition, such establishing their principality's independence from Kievan
352:, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, died without leaving a male heir. He was succeeded on the Dutch throne by his daughter
133:
1114:
496:
given to his relatives or generals. Other allies abandoned the orbit of the Holy Roman Empire to join
Napoleon's nominally independent
176:
but later re-created, usually with different borders, under another dynasty). Some of these were sovereign and nominally independent (
697:) of the Holy Roman Empire and retained by several of the smaller post-1815 German states' rulers, and still in use today by the
790:, an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire and established in 1809, was referred to in Swedish, Finnish and Russian as a
1016:, only two grand duchies were recognized in Europe. Both were in Italy, the first, Tuscany, was elevated to that status by a
657:(such as Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Belarusian and Russian), the term often translated into English as "grand duke" is literally
1488:
96:
1260:
1238:
1232:
486:
462:
189:
185:
68:
894:
873:
461:, the first rulers receiving the title in 1569. Tuscany remained a grand duchy until 1860, when it was annexed by the
1362:
999:
640:
373:
337:
296:
115:
1344:
981:
622:
278:
759:
has usually been translated into
English as "grand duke". Since the 18th century it has also been used to refer to
75:
396:
385:
1554:
1340:
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1108:
977:
618:
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274:
53:
353:
82:
1336:
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614:
270:
49:
532:
Historically, in Europe a sovereign grand duke was one of the highest ranks among hereditary rulers after
1111:(Belarusian: Вялікае Княства Смаленскае; separated Principality of Kievan Rus', raised from duchy status)
492:
In the early nineteenth century, Napoléon I occasionally used the title "grand duchy" for several French
128:
1511:
Peter Wilson. "Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire." Cambridge: 2016. Pages 227 and 445.
309:
64:
497:
1177:
709:, which is used for a member of the dynasty of a monarch; both are translated as "prince" in English.
1388:
1226:
720:, as well as other Eastern European princes and later Russian dynasts, were referred to by the title
1325:
1266:
1214:
1049:
962:
916:
Junior members of the dynasties of historical grand duchies in
Germany sometimes bore the style of
861:
603:
526:
259:
225:
193:
1052:(Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Ruthenian: Великое князство Литовське; established
1329:
966:
910:
698:
607:
263:
42:
1075:
1024:
787:
654:
572:
439:
401:
201:
771:
grandchildren of a
Russian emperor. More remote descendants of emperors were titled "prince" (
1280:
1276:
1132:
1120:
925:
1392:
1244:
1197:
1187:
1160:
1059:/1236, in personal union with the Kingdom of Poland in 1386–1401, 1447–1492, and 1501–1795)
921:
865:
836:
522:
518:
197:
177:
745:), whose literal English translation is "grand prince" rather than "grand duke". Although
551:
8:
1400:
1208:
1167:
1037:
into the greater
Kingdom of Sardinia, which was later absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy)
853:
750:
221:
89:
357:
1430:
1156:
1042:
935:
509:
361:
326:
224:), and some whose territorial boundaries were nominal and the position purely titular (
181:
20:
1570:
1204:
1147:
The Napoleonic Wars saw several minor ducal titles so elevated, and between then and
1069:
930:
884:
760:
568:
173:
1041:
Other states whose names are translated as "grand duchy" in English were, properly,
897:
in English rather than as a Grand Duchy, since its name/title derives directly from
831:. After the dissantigration process occurred in the state, different members of the
1408:
1229:(from 1815 in personal union with the Netherlands until 1890. Extant independently)
1068:
Grand Duchy of Rus' (Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Руське; intended to be a part of
803:
795:
764:
466:
434:
424:
209:
1298:
1117:(1765–1867) a realm of the Hungarian Crown and after 1804 an Austrian crown land.
1091:
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1279:(1846–1918 nominally a separate Austrian crown land, administered as part of
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161:
149:
427:, who almost succeeded in forming a new kingdom in the historical region of
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217:
213:
1444:
1148:
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in German and the Principality of Transylvania in English, much like the
713:
458:
429:
413:
364:. In terms of the law, the grand ducal throne had to be passed to a male
341:
365:
1293:
The term "grand duchy" is often, but incorrectly, used in reference to
1152:
1017:
454:
318:
232:
157:
880:
also used this grand-princely title for their non-Polish territories.
423:
One of the first examples was the unofficial use of the title for the
840:
325:
France and became a sovereign grand duchy in 1815 by decision of the
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248:
31:
1420:
1396:
1384:
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with larger realms by a monarch whose grand-dukedom was borne as a
1151:
there were many grand duchies in Europe. Some were created in the
1065:
or Kievan Rus' (Ruthenian: Вели́ке Кня́зівство Київське; 882–1240)
676:
445:
The first monarchy ever officially titled a "grand duchy" was the
416:
to an extent that included middle-sized towns or relatively small
1404:
1376:
1181:
1171:
1020:
while the second, Savoy, was elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor:
544:; ranking as royalty, i.e., European rulers and, in Germany, the
533:
505:
481:
against France. From 1713, the primary title of the ruler of the
450:
356:, but she could not become Grand Duchess of Luxembourg under the
169:
153:
687:
is specifically a monarchal title (as used, for example, by the
1549:
1489:"Grand Duchy of Tuscany | Overview, History & Significance"
1435:
1294:
704:
667:
501:
446:
835:
in the northern principalities could compete for the title of
579:
and, later, empire of All Russia, until its collapse in 1917.
19:"Grand Duchy" redirects here. For the American rock band, see
1425:
730:
545:
1391:. This practice helps to avoid confusion with the adjacent
903:. Until the 18th century it had been simply referred to as
576:
537:
417:
1027:(1569–1860, absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy afterwards)
872:, it was found among the titles used by the rulers of the
412:
The number of duchies had inflated towards the end of the
409:
importance to be recognized internationally as a kingdom.
368:. If there were no male heirs in a specific branch of the
820:; The Russian Tsar held title as Grand Duke of Finland.
1251:
part of Prussia (nominally ruled in a personal union),
749:
is found in historical references, since the reign of
1522:"КИЇВСЬКА РУСЬ, СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК ЯДРА ДЕРЖАВИ"
1217:(1810–1813, part of several German states afterwards)
815:
778:
754:
727:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
State with a grand duke or duchess as head of state
485:became "king" instead (briefly of Sicily, then of
348:with the crown of the Netherlands until 1890 when
1562:
329:which dealt with the political aftermath of the
1383:(French for "grand duchy") is often used as a
827:) was used by the supreme Ukrainian rulers of
1297:between 1807 and 1813, which was in fact the
1263:(1815–1918, joined the German Empire in 1871)
1241:(1815–1918, joined the German Empire in 1871)
1235:(1815–1918, joined the German Empire in 1871)
1200:(1806–1918, joined the German Empire in 1871)
1136:
1124:
860:) is said to have been used by the rulers of
772:
721:
556:). The correct form of address (also for the
313:Coat of Arms of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
1465:"Grand duke | European peerage | Britannica"
1284:
1252:
924:, and continued to be accorded those styles
904:
898:
888:
716:, the rulers of Ukraine, Lithuania and some
702:
692:
682:
673:
664:
549:
1343:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
980:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
928:by courtesy in such reference works as the
847:
621:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
277:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1387:to refer to the neighbouring country, the
1363:Learn how and when to remove this message
1000:Learn how and when to remove this message
641:Learn how and when to remove this message
465:which succeeded in establishing a united
297:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1070:Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth
823:The title of "Grand Prince" (Ukrainian:
395:
308:
127:
1563:
508:. Though Napoleon was defeated at the
404:(1569–1860, part of Italy afterwards)
317:The only grand duchy still extant is
1341:adding citations to reliable sources
1308:
978:adding citations to reliable sources
945:
619:adding citations to reliable sources
586:
582:
344:and Belgium. Luxembourg remained in
321:. It regained its independence from
275:adding citations to reliable sources
242:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1261:Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1239:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1233:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1155:era, others were recognized by the
13:
1115:Grand Principality of Transylvania
895:Grand Principality of Transylvania
876:. The Polish kings of the Swedish
817:Velikoye knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye
14:
1582:
1542:
1159:and were founding members of the
338:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
136:as Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1570.
1548:
1313:
950:
591:
247:
30:
386:Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
41:needs additional citations for
1514:
1505:
1481:
1457:
1393:Belgian Province of Luxembourg
1379:and to some extent in France,
1223:(1815–1822 as part of Prussia)
1221:Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine
1109:Grand Principality of Smolensk
874:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
512:and most of his newly created
204:), some sovereign but held in
1:
1450:
1095:
1088:Великое Княжество Финляндское
1053:
812:Великое княжество Финляндское
238:
1126:Великое Княжество Московское
864:, and after rulers from the
433:. Collectively known as the
340:which comprised present-day
148:or territory whose official
7:
1414:
1304:
1138:Великое Княжество Рязанское
890:Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen
816:
779:
755:
728:
540:, and was equal to that of
384:). The current monarch is
376:, from the elder branch of
10:
1587:
1211:, annexed by Prussia 1866)
1180:(1806–1814, absorbed into
1170:(1806–1813, absorbed into
498:Confederation of the Rhine
391:
231:In the 21st century, only
220:of a more powerful realm (
18:
1403:instead of the island of
1389:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
1227:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
1137:
1125:
1087:
1080:Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta
811:
808:Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta
773:
722:
500:. The elevation of these
1267:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
1215:Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
1207:(1816–1866) part of the
1084:Storfurstendömet Finland
1050:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
800:Storfurstendömet Finland
1526:resource.history.org.ua
1269:(1829–1918, joined the
1190:(1806–1918, joined the
1178:Grand Duchy of Würzburg
1101:to 1809 as part of the
941:
911:Danubian Principalities
906:Fürstentum Siebenbürgen
883:On the other hand, the
701:) and is distinct from
699:Prince of Liechtenstein
360:law established by the
235:remains a grand duchy.
1285:
1253:
1083:
1079:
1076:Grand Duchy of Finland
1025:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
905:
899:
893:is referred to as the
889:
857:
848:
807:
799:
788:Grand Duchy of Finland
742:
703:
693:
683:
674:
665:
655:Balto-Slavic languages
573:Grand Duchy of Muscovy
550:
440:Burgundian Netherlands
405:
402:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
314:
216:), some of which were
212:(Finland, Luxembourg,
137:
1281:Galicia and Lodomeria
1277:Grand Duchy of Cracow
1133:Grand Duchy of Ryazan
1121:Grand Duchy of Moscow
767:who were children or
718:Eastern Slavic states
399:
312:
156:bearing the title of
131:
1557:at Wikimedia Commons
1337:improve this section
1286:Großherzogtum Krakau
1245:Grand Duchy of Posen
1198:Grand Duchy of Hesse
1188:Grand Duchy of Baden
1161:German Confederation
1043:grand principalities
1031:Grand Duchy of Savoy
974:improve this section
922:Grand Ducal Highness
920:, sometimes that of
866:Jagiellonian dynasty
858:Didysis kunigaikštis
837:Grand Prince of Kiev
615:improve this section
271:improve this section
198:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
190:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
186:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
50:improve this article
1401:Republic of Ireland
1254:Großherzogtum Posen
1209:Electorate of Hesse
1168:Grand Duchy of Berg
1063:Grand Duchy of Kiev
751:Catherine the Great
672:("grand duke") and
489:from 1720 onward).
463:Kingdom of Sardinia
134:Cosimo I de' Medici
1469:www.britannica.com
1431:Grand principality
1157:Congress of Vienna
792:Grand Principality
712:Emerging from the
681:("grand prince").
510:Battle of Waterloo
406:
362:Congress of Vienna
327:Congress of Vienna
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182:Hesse and by Rhine
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21:Grand Duchy (band)
1553:Media related to
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1002:
931:Almanach de Gotha
852:or "grand duke" (
651:
650:
643:
583:Associated titles
569:Imperial Highness
560:and his wife) is
449:sovereignty over
425:dukes of Burgundy
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833:Rurik Dynasty
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723:Великий Князь
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631:February 2024
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600:This section
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558:heir apparent
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162:grand duchess
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65:"Grand duchy"
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
37:
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28:
27:
22:
1529:. Retrieved
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1496:. Retrieved
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1472:. Retrieved
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1335:Please help
1323:
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1092:duchy status
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1033:(1696–1847,
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972:Please help
960:
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882:
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791:
785:
756:Veliky Knyaz
747:grand prince
746:
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660:grand prince
658:
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628:
613:Please help
601:
566:
531:
491:
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453:thanks to a
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428:
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388:since 2000.
381:
380:(at present
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269:Please help
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214:Transylvania
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1445:Savoy Opera
1395:, i.e. the
1381:Grand-Duché
1184:afterwards)
1174:afterwards)
1149:World War I
1099: 1580
1086:, Russian:
1082:, Swedish:
1057: 1183
887:(Austrian)
829:Kievan Rus'
810:; Russian:
769:patrilineal
714:Middle Ages
653:In several
459:Pope Pius V
430:Lotharingia
414:Middle Ages
350:William III
342:Netherlands
142:grand duchy
1531:2024-09-21
1498:2023-07-03
1474:2023-07-03
1451:References
1153:Napoleonic
1135:(Russian:
1123:(Russian:
1078:(Finnish:
1018:papal bull
854:Lithuanian
849:Magnus Dux
846:The title
548:nobility (
457:issued by
455:papal bull
358:semi-Salic
354:Wilhelmina
323:Napoleonic
319:Luxembourg
239:Luxembourg
233:Luxembourg
158:grand duke
76:newspapers
1493:study.com
1324:does not
961:does not
862:Lithuania
841:metropole
743:Großfürst
738:‹See Tfd›
602:does not
527:Oldenburg
258:does not
226:Frankfurt
194:Oldenburg
106:July 2023
1571:Monarchy
1565:Category
1421:Archduke
1415:See also
1305:Metonymy
1273:in 1871)
1249:de facto
1194:in 1871)
918:Highness
885:Habsburg
741:German:
552:Hochadel
546:reigning
487:Sardinia
170:exclaves
1405:Ireland
1397:Walloon
1385:metonym
1377:Belgium
1345:removed
1330:sources
1182:Bavaria
1172:Prussia
1094:, from
982:removed
967:sources
868:became
804:Finnish
796:Swedish
729:Veliky
623:removed
608:sources
577:tsardom
575:to the
564:(HRH).
534:emperor
506:Prussia
502:vassals
451:Tuscany
392:History
374:Adolphe
279:removed
264:sources
202:Tuscany
172:of the
154:monarch
146:country
90:scholar
1436:Herzog
1295:Warsaw
761:cadets
668:herzog
447:Medici
366:dynast
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1426:Duchy
1205:Fulda
1035:fused
780:knyaz
774:князь
731:Knyaz
705:Prinz
684:Fürst
677:fürst
523:Baden
519:Hesse
418:fiefs
178:Baden
144:is a
97:JSTOR
83:books
1443:, a
1328:any
1326:cite
965:any
963:cite
942:List
934:and
786:The
675:Groß
666:Groß
606:any
604:cite
538:king
536:and
525:and
400:The
262:any
260:cite
200:and
69:news
1407:or
1375:In
1339:by
976:by
843:.
783:).
617:by
442:).
273:by
228:).
160:or
52:by
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