Napoleon - Knowledge

645: 42: 441: 4480: 2486: 4610: 611: 1921: 1473: 1642: 509: 4635: 2182: 1848: 2434: 4463: 4217: 4349: 2753: 4660: 3212: 3279: 458: 20122: 2227: 2300: 3613: 3500: 2948: 20057: 19989: 3175: 21299: 21462: 14640: 4694: 1722: 1320: 543: 4067: 492: 4814: 1241: 2370: 2882: 2095: 21895: 984: 334: 22058: 22049: 19863: 1575: 3415: 1113: 3006: 19521: 3196:"Soldiers of my Old Guard, I have come to bid you farewell. For twenty years you have accompanied me faithfully on the paths of honor and glory. ...With men like you, our cause was lost, but the war would have dragged on interminably, and it would have been a civil war. ... So I am sacrificing our interests to those of our country. ...Do not lament my fate; if I have agreed to live on, it is to serve our glory. I wish to write the history of the great deeds we have done together. Farewell, my children!" 3752: 3078: 679: 4550: 424: 628: 21829: 475: 560: 3964:. The agreement recognized the Catholic Church as the majority church of France and in return the Church recognized Napoleon's regime, undercutting much of the ground from royalists. The Concordat confirmed the seizure of Church lands and endowments during the revolution, but reintroduced state salaries for the clergy. The government also controlled the nomination of bishops for investiture by the pope. Bishops and other clergy were required to swear an oath of loyalty to the regime. 3946: 526: 577: 390: 23607: 407: 594: 662: 3856: 352: 359: 15223: 3398: 4296: 2452:, on 2 December, Napoleon deployed his army below the Pratzen Heights. He ordered his right wing to feign retreat, enticing the Allies to descend from the heights in pursuit. The French centre and left wing then captured the heights and caught the allies in a pincer movement. Thousands of Russian troops fled across a frozen lake to escape the trap and 100 to 2,000 of them drowned. About a third of the allied forces were killed, captured or wounded. 2042: 3121: 4134: 2693: 20087: 2799: 2153:. Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly, as did Bonaparte's occupation of Holland and apparent ambitions in India. The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain in May 1803. Bonaparte responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne and ordering the arrest of every British male between eighteen and sixty years old in France and its dependencies as a 1977:

opposition newspapers were closed down to stifle dissent. Royalist and regional revolts were dealt with by a combination of amnesties for those who lay down their arms and brutal repression of those who continued to resist. Bonaparte also improved state finances by securing loans under a promise to defend private property, raising taxes on tobacco, alcohol and salt, and extracting levies from France's satellite republics.

20032: 1279:, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of the republican forces sent to recapture the port of Toulon which was occupied by British and allied forces. He quickly increased the available artillery and proposed a plan to capture a hill fort where republican guns could dominate the city's harbour and force the British to evacuate. The successful assault on the position on 16–17 December led to the capture of the city. 366: 21767: 2604: 15232: 1172: 4421:. His education laws of 1802 left most primary education in the hands of religious or communal schools which taught basic literacy and numeracy for a minority of the population. He abolished the revolutionary central schools and replaced them with secondary schools and elite lycées where the curriculum was based on reading, writing, mathematics, Latin, natural history, classics, and ancient history. 4158:, who met him in 1802, said "Samuel Rogers stood a little way from me and... seemed to be disappointed in the look of countenance and said it was that of a little Italian." Farington said Napoleon's eyes were "lighter, and more of a grey, than I should have expected from his complexion", that "his person is below middle size", and that "his general aspect was milder than I had before thought it." 3002:, outside Moscow, on 7 September. The battle resulted in 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, in one of the bloodiest days of battle in Europe up to that time. The Russians withdrew overnight and Napoleon later stated, "The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians worthy of being invincible". 4261:

and indirect elections with a high property qualification replaced direct elections. Real power in the regions was now in the hands of the prefects who were judged by how they met the main priorities of Napoleon's government: efficient administration, law and order, stimulating the local economy, gathering votes for plebiscites, conscripting soldiers and provisioning the army.

3159:(20–21 March). The coalition then moved towards Paris, whose defence was under the command of Joseph Bonaparte. On 29 March, a coalition army of 200,000 began their attack on the Belleville and Montmartre heights. Empress Marie Louise fled Paris that evening with her son, the King of Rome. With an army of only 38,000 to defend the capital, Joseph authorized the French marshal 2707:, which was reluctant to strictly enforce the blockade against its traditional ally Britain. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish consent and headed towards Portugal to enforce the blockade. Junot occupied Lisbon in November, but the Portuguese royal family had already fled to Brazil with the Portuguese fleet. 3801:. However, subsequent studies also found high concentrations of arsenic in hair samples from Napoleon's childhood and from his son and Joséphine. Arsenic was widely used in medicines and products such as hair creams in the 19th century. A 2021 study by an international team of gastrointestinal pathologists once again concluded that Napoleon died of stomach cancer. 2539: 4035:

and glory or for the welfare of France. Historians agree that Napoleon was highly intelligent with an excellent memory, and was a superior organizer who could work efficiently for long hours. In battle, he could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point.

4565:, books, theatre, and art were part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing peace and stability to France. Propaganda focused on his role first as a general then as a civil leader and emperor. He fostered a relationship with artists, commissioning and controlling different forms of art to suit his propaganda goals. 5793: 4086:, numerology, fate and lucky stars, and always asked of his generals: is he lucky? Dwyer states that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805–06 left him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. "I am of the race that founds empires", he once boasted, deeming himself an heir to the Ancient Romans. 3328:. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Louis XVIII, however, fled Paris for Belgium in the early hours of 20 March after realizing that he did not have enough reliable troops to oppose Napoleon. Napoleon entered Paris that evening. 4162:

in 1797 and 1798, noted that "Bonaparte was rather slight and emaciated-looking; his face, too, was very thin, with a dark complexion... his black, unpowdered hair hung down evenly over both shoulders", but that, despite his slight and unkempt appearance, "his looks and expression were earnest and powerful."

3238:. The following night, Napoleon attempted suicide with poison he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled, while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. He was conveyed to the island on 4260:

Napoleon introduced a series of centralizing administrative reforms soon after taking power. In 1800, he established prefects appointed to run France's regional departments, sub-prefects to run districts and mayors to run towns. Local representative bodies were retained, but their powers were reduced

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on 4 May 1814. In the first few months on Elba, he drew up plans for administrative reforms, road and building works, and improvements to the island's mines and agriculture, but results were limited by lack of funds. When Napoleon learned that Joséphine had died in France on 29 May, he was distraught

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which Alexander considered an insult as his uncle was the duke. The Tsar responded by allowing neutral shipping into Russian ports and banning most French imports. Russia feared that Napoleon intended to restore the Kingdom of Poland while Napoleon suspected Russia of seeking an alliance with Britain

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Napoleon was responsible for spreading many of the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially through the Napoleonic Code. After the fall of Napoleon, it continued to influence the law in western Europe and other parts of the world including Latin America, the Dominican Republic,

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A number of historians have argued that his expansionist foreign policy was a major factor in the Napoleonic wars which cost six million lives and caused economic disruption for a generation. McLynn and Barnett suggest that Napoleon's reputation as a military genius is exaggerated. Cobban and Conner

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Under Napoleon, the focus shifted towards destroying enemy armies rather than simply outmanoeuvering them. Wars became more costly and decisive as invasions of enemy territory occurred on larger fronts. The political cost of war also increased, as defeat for a European power now meant more than just

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A criminal code was promulgated in 1808, and eventually seven codes of law were produced under Napoleon. The Napoleonic code was carried by Napoleon's armies across Europe and influenced the law in many parts of the world. Cobban described it as, "the most effective agency for the propagation of the

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His face was slightly swarthy, with regular features. His nose was not very large, but straight, with a slight, hardly noticeable bend. The hair on his head was dark reddish-blond; his eyebrows and eyelashes were much darker than the colour of his hair, and his blue eyes, set off by the almost black

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A friend who first met him as a young man said Napoleon was only notable "for the dark color of his complexion... for his piercing and scrutinising glance, and for the style of his conversation". He also said that Napoleon was serious and sombre. Johann Ludwig Wurstemberger, who accompanied Napoleon

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to adapt the law of Moses to those of the empire. An imperial decree of March 1808 organized Jewish worship into consistories, limited usury and encouraged Jews to adopt a family name, intermarriage, and civil marriage and divorce. Jews, however, were still subject to discrimination in many parts of

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with Joséphine in 1796 and, at the pope's insistence, a private religious ceremony with her the day before his coronation as Emperor in 1804. This marriage was annulled by tribunals under Napoleon's control in January 1810. In April 1810, Napoleon married Austrian princess Marie Louise in a Catholic

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Napoleon also circulated reports of poor treatment in the hope that public opinion would force the allies to revoke his exile on Saint Helena. Under instructions from the British government, Lowe cut Napoleon's expenditure, refused to recognize him as a former emperor, and made his supporters sign a

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were peace terms offered by the coalition in November 1813 under which Napoleon would remain emperor, but France would be reduced to its "natural frontiers." That meant that France would retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the west bank of the Rhine, while withdrawing from Spain, Holland, Italy and

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Following the royalist plot, Bonaparte's supporters convinced him that creating a hereditary regime would help secure it in case of his death, make it more acceptable to constitutional monarchists, and put it on the same footing as other European monarchies. On 18 May, the senate proclaimed Napoleon

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Bonaparte believed that the best way to secure his regime was by a victorious peace. In May 1800, he led an army across the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Bonaparte was still in Egypt. After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the

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in Paris where he trained to become an artillery officer. He excelled at mathematics, and read widely in geography, history and literature. However, he was poor at French and German. His father's death in February 1785 cut the family income and forced him to complete the two-year course in one year.

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where he was routinely bullied by his peers for his accent, birthplace, short stature, mannerisms, and poor French. He became reserved and melancholic, applying himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well

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in 2005. Most modern critics of Napoleon, however, reject the Hitler comparison, arguing that Napoleon did not commit genocide and did not engage in the mass murder and imprisonment of his political opponents. Nevertheless, Bell and McLynn condemn his killing of 3,000-5,000 Turkish prisoners of war

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In his later years Napoleon gained weight and had a sallow complexion. Novelist Paul de Kock, who saw him in 1811, called Napoleon "yellow, obese, and bloated". A British captain who met him in 1815 stated "I felt very much disappointed, as I believe everyone else did, in his appearance ... He

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Some historians talk of Napoleon's dual nature: a rationalist with a strong romantic streak. He took a team of scholars, artists and engineers with him to Egypt in order to scientifically study the country's culture and history, but at the same time was struck by romantic "orientalism". "I was full

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Many historians see Napoleon as pragmatic and a realist, at least in the early years of his rule. He was not driven by ideology and promoted capable men irrespective of their political and social background, as long as they were loyal. As an expert in military matters, he valued technical expertise

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wrote in 1947, "It is impossible that two historians, especially two historians living in different periods, should see any historical personality in the same light." There is no dispute that Napoleon was ambitious, although commentators disagree on whether his ambition was mostly for his own power

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In November 1818, the allies announced that Napoleon would remain a prisoner on Saint Helena for life. When he learnt the news, he became depressed and more isolated, spending longer periods in his rooms which further undermined his health. A number of his entourage also left Saint Helena including

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Napoleon appointed a government and introduced constitutional changes which were approved by plebiscite in May. A Chamber of Representatives was also indirectly elected that month on a highly restrictive property franchise. Napoleon's priority was to raise an army to face the coalition, but the law

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The marriage was formalized in a civil ceremony on 1 April and a religious service at the Louvre on the following day. The marriage to Marie Louise was widely seen as a shift in French policy towards stronger ties with Austria and away from the already strained relationship with Russia. On 20 March

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By then, there were 120,000 French troops garrisoned in the peninsula and widespread Spanish opposition to the occupation and the overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons. On 2 May, an uprising against the French broke out in Madrid and spread throughout Spain in the following weeks. In the face of brutal

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Historians have variously described Bonaparte's new regime as "dictatorship by plebiscite," "absolutist rule decked out in the spirit of the age," and "soft despotism." Local and regional administration was reformed to concentrate power in the central government, censorship was introduced, and most

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Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return from Egypt with his army to ward off a possible invasion of France, but these messages never arrived. By the time that he reached Paris in October, France's situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic, however,

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in July 1794, Bonaparte's association with leading Jacobins made him politically suspect to the new regime. He was arrested on 9 August but released two weeks later. He was asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions as part of France's war with Austria and, in March 1795, he took part in an

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The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child. Later in life, Napoleon said, "The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother." Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities

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Critics also cite Napoleon's exploitation of conquered territories. To finance his wars, Napoleon increased taxes and levies of troops from annexed territories and satellite states. He also introduced discriminatory tariff policies which promoted French trade at the expense of allies and satellite

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Meanwhile, Napoleon was in Fontainebleau with an army of 40,000 to 60,000. He contemplated a march on Paris but, on 4 April, his senior commanders persuaded him to abdicate in favour of his son, with Marie Louise as regent. Tsar Alexander, however, demanded an unconditional abdication and Napoleon

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decided on war with France. Prussia and Russia signed a new military alliance creating the fourth coalition against France. Prussia, however, committed a strategic blunder by declaring war when French troops were still in southern Germany and months before sufficient Russian troops could reach the

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Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, Napoleon abandoned his invasion of England and sought to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian ally could arrive in force. On 25 September, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of

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and joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy and his aspirations to secede. He was given command over a battalion of Corsican volunteers and promoted to captain in the regular army in 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and a dispute between his volunteers and

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In 1808, he founded the Imperial University, a supervisory body with control over curriculum and discipline. The following year he introduced the baccalaureate. The system was designed to produce the efficient bureaucrats, technicians, professionals and military officers that the Napoleonic state

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said Napoleon saw others only as instruments and was cut off from feelings of admiration, sympathy or pity. Arthur Lévy replied that Napoleon genuinely loved Joséphine and often showed humanity and compassion to his enemies or those who had let him down. He had the normal middle class virtues and

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Napoleon's health continued to worsen, and in March 1821 he was confined to bed. In April he wrote two wills declaring that he had been murdered by the British, that the Bourbons would fall and that his son would rule France. He left his fortune to 97 legatees and asked to be buried by the Seine.

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Napoleon insisted on imperial formality. When he held a dinner party, men were expected to wear military dress and "women in evening gowns and gems. It was an explicit denial of the circumstances of his captivity". He formally received visitors, read, and dictated his memoirs and commentaries on

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The new constitution was approved by plebiscite on 7 February 1800. The official count was over three million in favour and 1,562 against. Lucien, however, had doubled the count of the "yes" vote to give the false impression that a majority of those eligible to vote had approved the constitution.

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outlawed him. In early June, Bonaparte and 400 French troops failed to capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was now controlled by Paoli's supporters. When Bonaparte learned that the Corsican assembly had condemned him and his family, the Buonapartes fled to Toulon on the French

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He understood the power of organized religion in social and political affairs, and later sought to use it to support his regime. His attitude to religion is often described as utilitarian. In 1800 he stated, "it was by making myself a Catholic that I won the war in the Vendée, by making myself a

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called him "the greatest statesman and the ablest general of ancient or modern times". Cobban states that he showed his genius in moving troops quickly and concentrating them on strategic points. His principles were to keep his forces united, keep no weak point unguarded, seize important points

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The civil code entrenched the principles of equality before the law, religious toleration, secure property rights, equal inheritance for all legitimate children, and the abolition of the vestiges of feudalism. However, it also reduced the rights of women and children and severely restricted the

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Similarly, historians are divided over whether Napoleon was consistently ruthless when his power was threatened or surprisingly indulgent in some cases. Those arguing for a ruthless personality point to episodes such as his violent suppression of revolts in France and conquered territories, his

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The Jews of France had been granted full civil rights in September 1791 and religious equality in 1795. The revolutionary and Napoleonic regimes abolished Jewish ghettoes in the territories they conquered. Napoleon wished to assimilate Jews into French society and convened an assembly of Jewish

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The French, pursued by the Russians, withdrew from most of Poland and Prussia over the winter of 1812–13 while both sides rebuilt their forces. Sweden and Prussia declared war on France in March 1813. In April, Napoleon assumed command of an army of 200,000 troops, and defeated the coalition at

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With the annexation of the Papal states (May 1809, February 1810), Holland (July 1810) and the northern coastal regions of Westphalia (August 1810), mainland France further increased its territory. Napoleon now ruled about 40% of the European population either directly or indirectly through his

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Napoleon's union with Joséphine had not produced a child, and he decided to secure the dynasty and strengthen its position in Europe by a strategic marriage into one of Europe's major royal houses. In November 1809, he announced his decision to divorce Joséphine and the marriage was annulled in

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The hereditary empire was confirmed by a plebiscite in June. The official result showed 3.5 million voted "yes" and 2,569 voted "no". The yes count, however, was falsely inflated by 300,000 to 500,000 votes. The turnout, at 35%, was below the figure for the previous plebiscite. Britain, Russia,

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Many historians have criticized Napoleon's authoritarian rule, especially after 1807, which included censorship, the closure of independent newspapers, the bypassing of direct elections and representative government, the dismissal of judges showing independence, and the exile of critics of the

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The defeats at Bailén and Vimiero convinced Napoleon that he had to take command of the Iberian campaign. Before leaving for Spain, he attempted to strengthen the alliance with Russia and obtain a commitment from Alexander that Russia would declare war on Austria if she attacked France. At the

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until after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, but spent long periods of leave in Corsica which fed his Corsican nationalism. In September 1789, he returned to Corsica and promoted the French revolutionary cause. Paoli returned to the island in July 1790, but he had no sympathy for

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One story of Napoleon at the school is that he led junior students to victory against senior students in a snowball fight, which allegedly showed his leadership abilities. But the story was only told after Napoleon had become famous. In his later years at Brienne, Napoleon became an outspoken

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asking the French people to make "Napoleon Bonaparte" Consul for life. (It was the first time his first name was officially used by the regime.) About 3.6 million voted "yes" and 8,374 "no." Around 40-60% of eligible Frenchmen voted, the highest turnout for a plebiscite since the Revolution.

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The Napoleonic legend played a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815–1830. People from different walks of life and areas of France, particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789

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In February 1795, the National Convention proclaimed religious equality for France's Protestant churches and other religions. In April 1802, Napoleon published laws increasing state control of Calvinist congregations and Lutheran directories, with their pastors to be paid by the state. With

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in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Under the treaty, Britain agreed to withdraw from most of the colonies it had recently captured from France and her allies, and France agreed to evacuate Naples. In April, Bonaparte publicly celebrated the peace and his controversial

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regime. Historians also blame Napoleon for reducing the civil rights of women, children and people of colour, and reintroducing the legal penalties of civil death and confiscation of property. His reintroduction of an hereditary monarchy and nobility remains controversial. His role in the

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was unpopular. Realizing that his wife and son would not be joining him in exile, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba in the brig

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was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and some 1,500–5,000 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

1829:. On 24 August 1799, fearing that the Republic's future was in doubt, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact that he had received no explicit orders from Paris. The army was left in the charge of 1681:, an enemy of the British. Bonaparte assured the Directory that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions". The Directory agreed in order to secure a trade route to the 2909:

January 1810. Napoleon had already commenced negotiations for the marriage of Tsar Alexander's sister Anna, but the Tsar responded that she was too young. Napoleon then turned to Austria, and a marriage to the Austrian Emperor's daughter, Marie Louise, was quickly agreed.

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under which the Pope recognized Bonaparte's regime and the regime recognized Catholicism as the majority religion of France. In a further step towards national reconciliation (known as "fusion"), Bonaparte offered an amnesty to most émigrés who wished to return to France.

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and listened to the advice of experts in other fields. However, there is a consensus that once he dominated Europe he became more intolerant of other views and surrounded himself with "yes men". Towards the end of his reign he lost his realism and ability to compromise.

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Bell sees the return of Napoleon's remains to France in 1840 as an attempt by Louis-Phillipe to prop up his unpopular regime by associating it with Napoleon, and that the regime of Napoleon III was only possible due to the continued resonance of the Napoleonic legend.

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Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought". Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one".

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During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and one for circulation in France. The royalists attacked him for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator.

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through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics. Bonaparte extracted an estimated 45 million French pounds from Italy during the campaign, another 12 million pounds in precious metals and jewels, and more than 300 paintings and sculptures.

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according to the revolutionary calendar), the conspirators launched a coup, and the following day, backed by grenadiers with fixed bayonets, forced the Council of Five Hundred to dissolve the Directory and appoint Bonaparte, Sieyès and Ducos provisional consuls.

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In the 21st century, Napoleon appears regularly in popular fiction, drama and advertising. Napoleon and his era remain major topics of historical research with a sharp increase in historical books, articles and symposia during the bicentenary years of 1999 to

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Napoleon instituted numerous reforms, many of which had a lasting influence on France, Europe and the world. He reformed the French administration, codified French law, implemented a new education system, and established the first French central bank, the

2585:, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which quickly disintegrated. 2971:

comprised around 450,000 frontline troops of which about a third were native French speakers. Napoleon called the invasion the "Second Polish War," but he refused to guarantee an independent Poland for fear of alienating his Austrian and Prussian allies.

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and invaded Bavaria. The Austrian advance, however, was disorganized and they were unable to defeat the Bavarian army before the French could concentrate their forces. Napoleon arrived from Paris on the 17th to lead the French campaign. In the following

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on 18 June. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French until, late in the afternoon, Blücher's Prussians arrived in force on Napoleon's right flank. The coalition forces broke through Napoleon's lines, inflicting a devastating defeat.

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is fat, rather what we call pot-bellied, and although his leg is well shaped, it is rather clumsy ... He is very sallow, with light grey eyes, and rather thin, greasy-looking brown hair, and altogether a very nasty, priestlike-looking fellow."

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In late 1811, Napoleon began planning an invasion of Russia. A Franco-Prussian alliance signed in February 1812 forced Prussia to provide 20,000 troops for the invasion and, in March, Austria agreed to provide 30,000 men. Napoleon's multinational

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to retake the colony and they landed there in February 1802 with 29,000 men. Although Toussaint was captured and sent to France in July, the expedition ultimately failed due to high rates of disease and a string of defeats against rebel commander

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The overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons caused alarm in Austria over Napoleon's ambitions while France's military difficulties in the Peninsular encouraged Austria to go to war. In the early morning of 10 April 1809, the Austrian army crossed the

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France had regained her overseas colonies under Amiens but did not control them all. The French National Convention had voted to abolish slavery in February 1794, but, in May 1802, Bonaparte reintroduced it in all the recovered colonies except

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he was slightly wounded in the heel but the Austrians were forced to retreat across the Danube. The French occupied Vienna on 13 May but most of the population had fled and the retreating army had destroyed all four bridges across the river.

2780:. British, Portuguese and Spanish regular forces engaged the French in a protracted series of conflicts. Meanwhile, a brutal guerrilla war engulfed much of the Spanish countryside, a conflict in which atrocities were committed by both sides. 2516:. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally". That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was formed between Napoleon and the 1290:, a leading Jacobin. He was promoted to brigadier general and put in charge of defences on the Mediterranean coast. In February 1794, he was made artillery commander of the Army of Italy and devised plans to attack the Kingdom of Sardinia. 21239: 3816:

permission to return Napoleon's remains to France. Napoleon's body was exhumed and found to be well preserved as it had been sealed in four coffins (two of metal and two of mahogany) and placed in a masonry tomb. On 15 December 1840, a

3436:. The prisoner was guarded by a garrison of 2,100 soldiers while a squadron of 10 ships continuously patrolled the waters to prevent escape. In the following years, there were rumours of escape plots, but no serious attempts were made. 2783:

Napoleon later called the Peninsular campaign, "the unlucky war ruined me." It tied up some 300,000 French troops from 1808 to 1812. By 1814, the French had been driven from the peninsula, with over 150,000 casualties in the campaign.

12468: 4268:, an advisory body of experts which could also draft laws for submission to the legislative body. Napoleon drew many of his ministers and ambassadors from the council. It was the council which undertook the codification of French law. 959:

of conquered territories, and his mixed record on civil rights. He abolished the free press, ended directly elected representative government, exiled and jailed critics of his regime, reinstated slavery in France's colonies except for

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Revolution. The defiance manifested itself in seditious materials, displaying the tricolour and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations.

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said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers. He could charm people when he needed to but could also publicly humiliate them and was known for his rages when his plans were frustrated. Historian McLynn sees him as a

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on 14 June. The Austrians fielded about 30,000 soldiers while Bonaparte commanded 24,000 troops. The Austrians' initial attack surprised the French who were gradually driven back. Late in the afternoon, however, a full division under

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was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid, and cavalry returned as an important formation in French military doctrine. These methods are now referred to as essential features of Napoleonic warfare.

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In the following month, the French captured 140,000 soldiers and over 2,000 cannon. Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

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in October. Although coalition casualties were 54,000 men, the French lost 38,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 taken prisoner. Up to 50,000 more were lost to death, illness and desertion during the French retreat to the Rhine.

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Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused lasting resentment against France in that country. The treaty was also unpopular in Russia, putting pressure on Alexander to end the alliance with France. Nevertheless, the

964:, banned the entry of blacks and mulattos into France, reduced the civil rights of women and children in France, reintroduced a hereditary monarchy and nobility, and violently repressed popular uprisings against his rule. 3058:

river on pontoon bridges in temperatures reaching −40 °C (−40 °F). On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left his disintegrating army for Paris. In the following weeks, the remnants of the

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to France. In contrast, Prussia was treated harshly. It lost half its territory and population and underwent a two-year occupation costing it about 1.4 billion francs. From former Prussian territory, Napoleon created the

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Many of those who met Napoleon were surprised by his unremarkable physical appearance in contrast to his significant deeds and reputation. In his youth he was consistently described as small and thin. English painter

2768:

and took command of 240,000 French troops. After a series of victories over Anglo-Spanish forces, Madrid was retaken on 4 December. Napoleon then pursued the retreating British forces who were eventually evacuated at

2016:

Bonaparte's triumph at Marengo increased his popularity and political authority. However, he still faced royalist plots and feared Jacobin influence, especially in the army. Several assassination plots, including the

4251:

to encourage civilian and military achievements. The order is still the highest decoration in France. He introduced three French constitutions culminating in the reintroduction of a hereditary monarchy and nobility.

3042:

and peasants and suffered from the intense cold, disease and lack of food and water. Around 40,000 to 50,000 troops reached Smolensk on 9 November, a loss of about 60,000 in three weeks. Napoleon also heard that an

4659: 1539:

in 1796, but Charles withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning of Bonaparte's assault. In their first encounter, Bonaparte pushed Charles back and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning the

4697: 2718:. The following month, Napoleon summoned Carlos and Fernando to Bayonne where, in May, he forced them both to relinquish their claims to the Spanish throne. Napoleon then made his brother Joseph King of Spain. 1878:

was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular. Despite the failures in Egypt, Bonaparte returned to a hero's welcome. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's desertion but was too weak to punish him.

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arrived on the field and reversed the tide of the battle. The Austrian army fled leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrians signed an armistice and agreed to abandon Northern Italy.

3141:

Germany. Napoleon did not accept the terms and the allies crossed the Rhine into French territory on 1 January 1814. Wellington's British forces had already crossed the Pyrenees into south-western France.

24018: 21209: 9813: 9763: 2828:. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other and the French were forced back. The battle was reported in European capitals as a defeat for Napoleon and damaged his aura of invincibility. 11232: 2835:(5–6 July) the Austrians were forced to retreat but the French and Austrians each suffered losses of 37,000 to 39,000 killed, wounded or captured. The French caught up with the retreating Austrians at 1814:, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. Bonaparte was alleged to have ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium to speed the retreat. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an 1759:. Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the French army's morale. 3876:

Napoleon was baptized in Ajaccio on 21 July 1771, and raised a Roman Catholic. He began to question his faith at age 13 while at Brienne. Biographers have variously described him from that time as a

4368:, and from the reforms of preceding French governments, and then developed what was already in place. He continued the Revolutionary policies of conscription and promotion based primarily on merit. 12180: 4634: 4275:

in France in 1801 and it was spread through western Europe by his armies. The new system was unpopular in some circles, so in 1812 he introduced a compromise system in the retail trade called the

21246: 18523: 4848:. When Napoleon abdicated in 1815 he named his son his successor as "Napoleon II", but the allies refused to recognize him. He was awarded the title of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1818 and died of 4059:

execution of the Duc d'Enghien and plotters against his rule, and his massacre of Turkish prisoners of war in Syria in 1799. Others point to his mild treatment of disloyal subordinates such as

1109:

to improve his French (his mother tongue was the Corsican dialect of Italian). Although he eventually became fluent in French, he spoke with a Corsican accent and his French spelling was poor.

3630:

An Act for regulating the Intercourse with the Island of Saint Helena, during the time Napoleon Buonaparté shall be detained there; and for indemnifying persons in the cases therein mentioned.

2638:, wiping out about 30% of the Russian army. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. The two emperors began peace negotiations on 25 June at the town of 1385:

where he worked on military planning. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for refusing to serve in the Vendée campaign. He sought a transfer to

20186: 4079:

of dreams," he stated. "I saw myself founding a religion, marching into Asia, riding an elephant, a turban on my head and in my hand a new Koran that I would have composed to suit my need."

4407:

Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of secondary and tertiary education in France and throughout much of Europe. He synthesized academic elements from the

4443:

Female education, in contrast, was designed to be practical and religious, based on home science, the catechism, basic literacy and numeracy, and enough science to eradicate superstition.

4322:

that revised the drafts. The code introduced a clearly written and accessible set of national laws to replace the various regional and customary law systems that had operated in France.

2504:

Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, possibly by forming an alliance with the

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The disaster at Austerlitz led Austria to seek an armistice. By the subsequent Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December, Austria left the coalition, lost substantial territory to the

4432:

in history and geography, but opposed one in literature because it was not vocational. He also founded the military academy of Saint Cyr. He promoted the advanced centres, such as the

19885: 3971:, which further increased state control over the French Church. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially in Italy and Germany. 4391:

quickly, and seize his chance. Owen Connelly, however, states, "Napoleon's personal tactics defy analysis." He used his intuition, engaged his troops, and reacted to what developed.

2203:

In February 1804, Bonaparte's police made a series of arrests in relation to a royalist plot to kidnap or assassinate him that involved the British government, Moreau and an unnamed

12726: 2873:; and the territory of the former Archbishopric of Salzburg went to Bavaria. Austria was required to pay an indemnity of 200 million francs and its army was reduced to 150,000 men. 13000: 685: 3991:

in France. In January 1813, Napoleon pressured the pope to sign a new "Concordat of Fontainebleau" which was soon repudiated by the pontiff. The pope was not released until 1814.

1528:. The French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, Austria lost 43% of its soldiers dead, wounded or taken prisoner. 1458:

The couple married on 9 March 1796 in a civil ceremony. Bonaparte now habitually styled himself "Napoleon Bonaparte" rather than using the Italian form "Napoleone di Buonaparte."

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for an emerging middle class, and centralized state power at the expense of religious authorities. His conquests acted as a catalyst for political change and the development of

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published articles insinuating the British government was trying to hasten his death. Napoleon often complained of his living conditions in letters to the island's governor,

21743: 4115:. Harold T. Parker speculated that rivalry with his older brother and bullying when he moved to France led him to develop an inferiority complex which made him domineering. 2581:. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards thus cutting the Prussians off from Berlin and the slowly approaching Russians. At the twin 3429:

in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,870 km (1,010 nmi) from the west coast of Africa. Napoleon and 27 followers arrived at Jamestown, Saint Helena, in October 1815 on board

3112:

The coalition, however, had a growing advantage in infantry, cavalry, reserves and armaments. In the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, the coalition was victorious at

1372:

region. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella

5777: 4189:". He was mocked as a short-tempered small man and was nicknamed "Little Boney in a strong fit". In fact, at about 170 cm (5 ft 7 in), he was of average height. 3983:

from 1805. When he annexed Rome in May 1809, the pope excommunicated him the following month. In July, French officials arrested the pope in the Vatican and exiled him to

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Sweden and the Ottoman Empire refused to recognize Napoleon's new title. Austria, however, recognized Napoleon as Emperor of the French in return for his recognition of

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as a genius in the art of war, and many historians rank him as a great military commander. Wellington considered him the greatest military commander of all time, and

3797:, the disease that had killed his father. A later theory, based on high concentrations of arsenic found in samples of Napoleon's hair, held that Napoleon had died of 2070:

With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Bonaparte became increasingly popular, both domestically and abroad. In May 1802, the Council of State recommended a

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Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his regime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship and control of the

3063:, about 75,000 troops, crossed the Nieman into allied territory. Russian military losses in the campaign were up to 300,000 and total deaths were up to one million. 3050:

From Smolensk, Napoleon's army headed for Vilnius, where there was a French garrison of 20,000. In late November, under attack from all sides by Russian forces, the

2134:

As war with Britain again loomed in 1803, Bonaparte realized that his American colony of Louisiana would be difficult to defend. In need of funds, he agreed to the

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In July, Joseph travelled to Madrid where he was proclaimed King of Spain on the 24th. However, following news of a French defeat by regular Spanish forces at the

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lashes, gave him a most pleasing expression ... The man I saw was of short stature, just over five feet tall, rather heavy although he was only 37 years old.

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in November, capturing 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. Napoleon then sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies. Tsar

19752: 18094: 12440: 4281:(traditional units of measurement). In December 1805, Napoleon abolished the Revolutionary calendar, with its ten-day week, which had been introduced in 1793. 2562:, a collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe. The creation of the confederation spelled the end of the 11222: 2027:

two months later, gave him a pretext to arrest about 100 suspected Jacobins and royalists, some of whom were shot and many others deported to penal colonies.

1564: 1500:

Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia in

24103: 22287: 13277: 11262: 22073: 20126: 20916: 16092: 15047: 14725: 9809: 24098: 21148: 18238: 12170: 2127:. In May 1803, Bonaparte acknowledged defeat, and the last 8,000 French troops left the island. The former slaves proclaimed the independent republic of 21577: 13436: 4479: 2600:

issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign.

20538: 19439: 19394: 19301: 19248: 19179: 19049: 19023: 18940: 18837: 18764: 1822: 1305:. After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine the country's intentions towards France. 758: 47: 4247:, which regulated public worship in France. He also implemented civil and religious equality for Protestants and Jews. In May 1802, he instituted the 2776:

Napoleon never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. In April, the British sent another army to the peninsula under Arthur Wellesley, the future

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There were actually three versions of the act written on 4 April 1814. The final signed version explicitly refers to "Napoleon II" as his successor.

3714:

and warned Lowe that he could die from the poor climate and lack of exercise. Lowe thought O'Meara was exaggerating and dismissed him in July 1818.

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Saint-Domingue was the most profitable of the colonies – a major source of sugar, coffee and indigo – but was under the control of the former slave

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but could not take communion due to his illness. He died on 5 May 1821 at age 51. His last words, variously recorded by those present, were either

3309:

on 7 March. Napoleon approached the battalion alone and called to them, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish!" The soldiers responded with, "

2524:. It collapsed in 1807 when France and Russia formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon made no effective alliances in the Middle East. 23903: 23893: 20134: 17973: 17946: 9379: 9290: 4310:, known from 1807 as the Napoleonic Code, was implemented in March 1804. It was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of 13505: 41: 24058: 23908: 23898: 21255: 19927: 12773: 4519:

states. He institutionalized plunder: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the

2935:

Tsar Alexander saw the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Napoleon's marriage alliance with Austria and the election of the French Marshal

2729:, Joseph fled Madrid several days later. The following month, a British force landed in Portugal and, on the 21st, they defeated the French at 1117: 4798:. Such leaders embraced nationalistic sentiments influenced by French nationalism and led successful independence movements in Latin America. 1619:. This left Barras and his republican allies in control again but more dependent upon Bonaparte who finalized peace terms with Austria by the 1209:

Bonaparte plunged into a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. He became a supporter of the

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in 1809. His will in 1821 stated, "I die in the Apostolical Roman religion, in the bosom of which I was born, more than fifty years since."

749:

in 1785. He supported the French Revolution in 1789, and promoted its cause in Corsica. He rose rapidly through the ranks after winning the

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Napoleon's military victories, formal religious equality and civil rights for religious minorities spread to the conquered territories and

1435:. On 26 October, he was promoted to commander of the Army of the Interior, and in January 1796 he was appointed head of the Army of Italy. 23635: 20465: 20407: 20196: 18282: 15358: 12718: 10132: 2749:

and called upon Britain to cease its war against France. However, Alexander failed to provide a firm commitment to make war with Austria.

2558:

and installed his elder brother, Joseph, on the throne. He then made his younger brother, Louis, King of Holland. He also established the

1802:

Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men. 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly

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in 1822, creating a legend of Napoleon as a liberal, visionary proponent of European unification, deposed by reactionary elements of the

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guarantee they would stay with the prisoner indefinitely. Accounts of the mistreatment led, in March 1817, to a debate in parliament and

14203: 13584: 11772: 9329: 9021: 8610: 8017: 5735: 5478: 2412:, Mack surrendered. For just 2,000 French casualties, Napoleon had captured 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. 976:

noble family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century and his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a noble family from

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Napoleon's reputation is generally favourable in Poland, which is the only country in the world to evoke him in its national anthem,

4593:

in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Writers and critics of the

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losing isolated territories. Peace terms were often punitive, sometimes involving regime change, which intensified the trend towards

2459:

and Bavaria, and was forced to pay an indemnity of 40 million francs. Alexander's army was granted safe passage back to Russia.

2408:. Napoleon's army, however, moved quickly and outflanked the Austrian positions. After some minor engagements that culminated in the 1945:, under which three consuls were appointed for 10 years. Real power lay with Bonaparte as First Consul, and his preferred candidates 23663: 21536: 20851: 20303: 20206: 14402: 12914: 3378:, considering an escape to the United States. However, when he found that British ships were blockading the port, he surrendered to 3164: 24083: 23928: 23918: 21980: 18473: 17554: 12979: 12968: 10264: 4515:

argue that Napoleon had insufficient regard for the lives of his soldiers and that his battle tactics led to excessive casualties.

4243:

with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the majority Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the

4039: 2777: 1512:. The Austrians launched offensives against the French to break the siege, but Bonaparte defeated every relief effort, winning the 719: 23679: 23630: 22259: 21546: 20430: 18101: 15353: 4905: 4311: 3880:, a follower of Rousseau's "natural religion" or a believer in destiny. He consistently expressed his belief in a God or creator. 3793:

Antommarchi and the British wrote separate autopsy reports, each concluding that Napoleon had died of internal bleeding caused by

2991:, making it increasingly difficult for the French to forage food for themselves and their horses. On 18 August, Napoleon captured 2623:

In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and fought a bloody stalemate at the

1946: 1094:, who became his patron and godfather to Napoleon. With Mabeuf's support, Carlo was named Corsican representative to the court of 24063: 22358: 21199: 20268: 20181: 19642: 17916: 17574: 15951: 15114: 11292: 19837: 13072: 8508: 2649:

Napoleon offered Alexander relatively lenient terms—demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from

2627:

in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at

2467:

disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen".

21107: 20881: 20598: 18206: 15235: 9556: 4701: 3635: 3522: 1404:, knew of Bonaparte's military exploits at Toulon and made him second in command of the forces defending the convention in the 13444: 12886: 10371: 22126: 22120: 22057: 20009: 19948: 19906: 19737: 18190: 17774: 17674: 17594: 15607: 14379: 14299: 14280: 14253: 14230: 14197: 14176: 14140: 14092: 14071: 14040: 13988: 13969: 13948: 13929: 13887: 13868: 13824: 13782: 13718: 13694: 13671: 13641: 13555: 13532: 13499: 13425: 13389: 13368: 13349: 13330: 13307: 13271: 13247: 13228: 13197: 13169: 13136: 13045: 12938: 12624: 12597: 11766: 11669: 11636: 11514: 11332: 11078: 10741: 10710: 10480: 10453: 10163: 9878: 9757: 9323: 9015: 8604: 8451: 8279: 8074: 8011: 7897: 7692: 7400: 7039: 6106: 5787: 5472: 5415: 4787: 3888:

that I turned men's hearts towards me in Italy. If I were to govern a nation of Jews I would rebuild the Temple of Solomon."

3359:

Napoleon returned to Paris and found that the legislature had turned against him. Realizing that his position was untenable,

3023:, and Napoleon entered Moscow on 14 September. The following evening, the city was set on fire on the orders of its governor 2346:

To facilitate the invasion, Napoleon planned to lure the Royal Navy from the English Channel by a diversionary attack on the

2071: 1258:

Bonaparte returned to his regiment in Nice and was made captain of a coastal battery. In July 1793, he published a pamphlet,

715: 20911: 20455: 19963: 18515: 14385: 13600:

Dwyer, Philip (2008b). "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars".

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which induced the coalition to offer peace on the basis of France's 1791 frontiers. Napoleon, however, decided to fight on.

2320:

By September 1805, Sweden, Russia, Austria, Naples and the Ottoman Empire had joined Britain in a coalition against France.

1585: 1221:. Following allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that his regime was corrupt and incompetent, the French 1180: 389: 24078: 23933: 23913: 23805: 21802: 20372: 19789: 19682: 18606: 17479: 15126: 13574: 12988: 12264: 11950: 10445: 5573: 5096: 4387: 3474: 2119: 1412:

there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence. He ordered a young cavalry officer,

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and decision to reinstate slavery in France's colonies in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean adversely affect his reputation.

4216: 2433: 931:

endures through the modernizing legal and administrative reforms he enacted in France and Western Europe, embodied in the

23943: 21307: 20886: 20841: 20014: 19166: 18927: 18182: 17569: 16011: 13203: 3234:, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 10 km (6 mi) off the Tuscan coast, where they made him 3105:. Britain formally joined the coalition in June followed by Austria in August, but the allies were again defeated in the 2223:

and approved a new constitution. The following day, Napoleon appointed 18 of his leading generals Marshals of the Empire.

1763: 24: 22892: 22283: 22189: 22108: 22089: 22048: 21710: 20387: 20341: 17207: 4871:, was also widely known to be his child, as DNA evidence has confirmed. He may have had further illegitimate offspring. 4711:

Napoleon's regime abolished remnants of feudalism in the lands he conquered and in his satellite states. He liberalized

2983:

with the aim of luring the Russians into one or two decisive battles. The Russians retreated 320 kilometres east to the

2857:

in October 1809 was harsh for Austria which lost substantial territory and over three million subjects. France received

2415:

For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the

23988: 21204: 21194: 19958: 19264: 18914: 17850: 16451: 15869: 14867: 14494: 10095:"The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon's death on St. Helena in 1821" 6503: 5729: 4688: 1636: 1455: 770: 22253: 22153: 21592: 20583: 19794: 19769: 10321: 5678: 4860: 4462: 3447:, a 40-room wooden bungalow. The location and interior of the house were damp, windswept, rat-infested and unhealthy. 2752: 24133: 24123: 24118: 23352: 23332: 23312: 22982: 20578: 19919: 19880: 19426: 19057: 18087: 18038: 17769: 17764: 17749: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17589: 17564: 17192: 16021: 13906: 13845: 13801: 13756: 13478: 13108: 12702: 12663: 11493: 11100:"Perfectionism: A Hallmark Quality of World Class Performers, or a Psychological Impediment to Athletic Development?" 6481: 5239: 4495: 3332:

did not allow conscription and he was only able to raise about 300,000 men, mostly raw recruits and national guards.

2150: 1715: 1536: 1477: 880:, which ended in the catastrophic retreat of his army that winter. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russia in the 21531: 19627: 1718:

surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured an important naval base with the loss of only three men.

1661:

After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided that France's naval strength was not yet sufficient to confront the

1508:, he knocked the Piedmontese out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians, laying siege to 23993: 23786: 23357: 23347: 23317: 23204: 22327: 20573: 20480: 19814: 18290: 18230: 17779: 17634: 17614: 16123: 14986: 13022: 11084: 9801: 9747: 6477: 3850: 3617: 3504: 3211: 2570: 2351: 745:

to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer in the

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unveiled by Napoleon III in 1858. Napoleon I strengthened the town's defences to prevent British naval incursions.

3821:

was held in Paris with 700,000-1,000,000 attendees who lined the route of the funeral procession to the chapel of

3340: 3339:, into Belgium, aiming to drive a wedge between Wellington's army of 112,000 British, German and Dutch troops and 2277:. Austria saw this as a provocation because of its own territorial interests in Italy. When Napoleon incorporated 1732: 24093: 24023: 23948: 23377: 23327: 23169: 22925: 22267: 22101: 21612: 20949: 20658: 19597: 18059: 18031: 18003: 17855: 17684: 17559: 16915: 16320: 15154: 15108: 14752: 11823: 5867: 4339: 4124: 3144:

In north-eastern France, Napoleon led about 70,000 troops against a coalition army of 200,000. After a defeat at

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Napoleonic propaganda survived his exile to Saint Helena. Las Cases, who was with Napoleon in exile, published

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in which short people adopt over-aggressive behaviour to compensate for lack of height; this inspired the term

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Bonaparte's role in defeating the rebellion earned him and his family the patronage of the new government, the

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was similarly sparked by Napoleonic rule. These changes contributed to the development of nationalism and the

2678:

gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.

2001:

When peace negotiations with Austria stalled, Bonaparte reopened hostilities in November. A French army under

1953:

were appointed as second and third consuls who only had an advisory role. The constitution also established a

1692:. His Egyptian expedition included a group of 167 scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and 23938: 23781: 23524: 23450: 23387: 23382: 23362: 23337: 23322: 23302: 23258: 23135: 23130: 22165: 21491: 21189: 19712: 19187: 19031: 19010: 18948: 18868: 18731: 18466: 18386: 18351: 17951: 17921: 16582: 15874: 15762: 15510: 15400: 15380: 14686: 14000: 11882:

Scientific education versus military training: the influence of Napoleon Bonaparte on the École Polytechnique

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Napoleon married Joséphine in 1796, but the marriage produced no children. In 1806, he adopted his step-son,

4050:

There is debate over whether Napoleon was an outsider who never felt at home in France or with other people.

3691: 3578: 3259: 2456: 2024: 1942: 1930: 1624: 1472: 1467: 1218: 904:. In February 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and again took control of France in what became known as the " 901: 21511: 19622: 19612: 18299: 17529: 17262: 17161: 16829: 15075: 10424:

William Roberts (1999), "Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and Its Consequences". in by Frank J. Coppa, ed.,

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Forging Napoleon's Grande Armée: Motivation, Military Culture, and Masculinity in the French Army, 1800–1808

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Napoleon's growing influence in Germany threatened the status of Prussia as a great power and in response

2430:

and Francis I decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates.

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had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

1627:, France's Foreign Minister, and took command of the Army of England for the planned invasion of Britain. 24068: 24053: 23851: 23817: 23199: 23164: 23115: 22320: 21572: 21567: 21003: 20628: 20523: 20402: 20382: 20293: 20222: 20044: 19542: 19309: 19002: 18855: 18343: 16980: 16682: 16416: 16370: 16365: 16138: 16082: 15797: 15540: 14901: 14817: 14453: 5336: 5301: 4778:

The Napoleonic invasion of Spain and ousting of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy had a significant effect on

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on 21 October. After Trafalgar, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by Napoleon's fleet.

2250:, on 2 December 1804. After having been anointed by the pope, Napoleon crowned himself with a replica of 2226: 1915: 1826: 1646: 1331: 1276: 972:

Napoleon's family was of Italian origin. His paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor

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with the loss of 4,000 to 10,000 men, Napoleon retreated towards Smolensk. The French were attacked by

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In January 1779, at age 9, Napoleon moved to the French mainland and enrolled at a religious school in

881: 869: 809: 766: 351: 23689: 23279: 22263: 21607: 21224: 20673: 20435: 19567: 17659: 17484: 17051: 14798: 14222:

The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire

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was allegedly removed during the autopsy and sold and exhibited. In 1840, the British government gave

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After six weeks of preparations, Napoleon made another attempt at crossing the Danube. In the ensuing

1950: 1567:, ending 1,100 years of Venetian independence. He authorized the French to loot treasures such as the 23968: 23548: 23519: 23500: 23481: 23248: 22195: 21911: 21857: 21379: 21153: 20738: 20470: 20313: 20168: 19971: 19534: 19410: 19333: 19211: 19195: 17820: 17489: 17282: 17061: 17005: 16955: 16834: 16587: 16567: 16411: 16360: 16335: 16264: 16244: 16163: 16064: 15818: 15166: 15040: 14925: 14826: 14742: 13998:

Glover, Richard (1967). "The French Fleet, 1807–1814; Britain's Problem; and Madison's Opportunity".

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in October 1808, Napoleon and Alexander reached an agreement that recognized the Russian conquest of

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Bonaparte, as he deemed his father a traitor for having deserted the cause of Corsican independence.

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formally ceded Corsica's rights, it remained un-incorporated during 1769 until it became one of the

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required. It outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

3967:

When the Concordat was published on 8 April 1802, Napoleon presented another set of laws called the

2947: 2865:, and the Adriatic ports of Trieste and Fiume(Rijeka); the part of Poland annexed by Austria in the 2333:, created in August 1805. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven 2049:

totalled 2,144,480 square kilometres (827,987 square miles), doubling the size of the United States.

1886: 773:

in 1798 which served as a springboard to political power. In November 1799, Napoleon engineered the

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prince. On the advice of his foreign minister, Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the

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expedition to take back Corsica from the British, but the French were repulsed by the Royal Navy.

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in professions including law, medicine, pharmacy, engineering and school teaching. He introduced

3988: 2480: 2476: 2397: 2385: 2124: 1925: 1882: 1815: 1541: 1378:, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Clary. 1361: 1176: 948: 889: 245: 20718: 20613: 19667: 17840: 17126: 17091: 16178: 13159: 11881: 4723:

of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalized divorce, closed the Jewish

4578:. Napoleon remained a central figure in the romantic art and literature of the 1820s and 1830s. 3364: 2939:

as Crown Prince of Sweden as attempts to contain Russia. In December 1810, Napoleon annexed the

2854: 1830: 1751:, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practise their defensive tactic for the 23978: 23973: 23440: 23209: 22735: 22363: 21851: 21622: 21501: 21476: 20503: 20336: 19940: 19632: 19617: 19490: 19357: 19235: 18981: 18901: 18570: 18445: 18437: 18327: 17900: 17860: 17845: 17825: 17800: 17654: 17398: 17313: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17247: 17237: 17141: 17096: 17081: 16612: 16330: 16234: 16209: 16168: 16118: 16102: 14873: 14832: 14805: 14715: 14580: 14487: 12747: 11318: 4896: 4802: 4783: 4757: 4646: 4491: 3738: 3383: 3317:, who had boasted that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, also joined Napoleon. 2746: 2715: 2498: 2285:

into his empire, Austria formally protested against this violation of the Treaty of Lunéville.

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in the mountains. From Ormea, it headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around

1287: 1260: 1235: 1012: 1008: 798: 750: 678: 440: 172: 109: 23684: 21298: 19447: 17805: 16492: 13035: 12928: 12441:""L'appel Au Soldat": Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque" 10727: 7887: 7682: 6098: 5405: 4813: 4693: 4433: 2362:

instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

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When Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to

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Dwyer, Phillip (2015a). "Napoleon, the Revolution and the Empire". In Andress, David (ed.).

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After Austerlitz, Napoleon increased his political power in Europe. In 1806, he deposed the

2327:

for an invasion of Britain. They never invaded, but the force formed the core of Napoleon's

2254:

crown. He then crowned Joséphine, who became only the second woman in French history, after

1962: 1591:

In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170

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Parker, Harold T. (1971). "The Formation of Napoleon's Personality: An Exploratory Essay".

11062: 11056: 10439: 5131: 5114: 4822: 4753: 4414: 4227: 4128: 3825:. The coffin was later placed in the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until 3440: 3239: 3235: 3206: 2858: 2734: 2449: 2441: 2307: 2111: 2094: 2013:

in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio.

1807: 1616: 1568: 1360:

had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, Bonaparte was assigned to the

1283: 1151: 1087: 1051:. Five more siblings were stillborn or did not survive infancy. Napoleon was baptized as a 813: 576: 525: 423: 20298: 19779: 19697: 18850: 18795: 17509: 16763: 16632: 16572: 16471: 16401: 14919: 11223:"Greatest cartooning coup of all time: The Brit who convinced everyone Napoleon was short" 3082: 2817: 1966: 1852:

General Bonaparte surrounded by members of the Council of Five Hundred during the Coup of

1673:. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East and join forces with 1365: 8: 23253: 23243: 23231: 23069: 23040: 23025: 23011: 22886: 22789: 22765: 22745: 22715: 22705: 22666: 22646: 22641: 22621: 22552: 22547: 22503: 22379: 22143: 22083: 21481: 21259: 21058: 20988: 20836: 20766: 20623: 20603: 20568: 20543: 20475: 20176: 19702: 19086: 18965: 18723: 18635: 18410: 18402: 18378: 18137: 17890: 17669: 17664: 17393: 17343: 17227: 17212: 17116: 17010: 16910: 16824: 16712: 16672: 16592: 16562: 16542: 16476: 16441: 16391: 16355: 16350: 16310: 16173: 16158: 16143: 16128: 16087: 15864: 15463: 15367: 15198: 14948: 14730: 14668: 14527: 13748: 12381: 12036: 5341: 5305: 4840:

Napoleon's marriage to Marie Louise produced one child, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles (

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who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler". He was compared to

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He was an inspiring leader who could obtain the best from his soldiers and subordinates.

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with the loss of 9,000 of his men, but the Russians were able to withdraw in good order.

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which separated the French and Russian troops and their respective spheres of influence.

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acquainted with history and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor".

1086:

during the Corsican war of independence against France. After the Corsican defeat at the

944: 845: 774: 731: 542: 22910: 20743: 20698: 17131: 16426: 16421: 16269: 12976: 12965: 11625:

Archer, Christon I.; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H. E. (2008).

7684:

Losing America, Conquering India: Lord Cornwallis and the Remaking of the British Empire

4786:, whom they considered the legitimate monarch. Napoleon indirectly began the process of 4271:

After several attempts by revolutionary governments, Napoleon officially introduced the

2726: 2577:

Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the

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On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention.

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Napoleon and Wellington: the Battle of Waterloo and the Great commanders who fought it

13415: 11284: 10426:

Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler

7029: 3031:, refused to negotiate a peace, and after six weeks Napoleon's army evacuated Moscow. 1778:). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of 1493: 1145: 23878: 23101: 23030: 22710: 22671: 22626: 22597: 22592: 22582: 22015: 21928: 21653: 21441: 21095: 21028: 21018: 20998: 20104: 19402: 19341: 19325: 19118: 18198: 18052: 18019: 17287: 17252: 17222: 17182: 17156: 17146: 17101: 17071: 17025: 16970: 16890: 16839: 16819: 16804: 16794: 16773: 16717: 16677: 16502: 16436: 16431: 16289: 16219: 16072: 15991: 15986: 15424: 15226: 14991: 14943: 14883: 14856: 14838: 14793: 14624: 14480: 14467: 14375: 14330: 14295: 14276: 14249: 14226: 14193: 14172: 14166: 14136: 14088: 14067: 14036: 14021: 13984: 13965: 13944: 13925: 13918: 13902: 13883: 13864: 13841: 13820: 13797: 13778: 13766: 13752: 13741: 13736: 13724: 13714: 13708: 13704: 13690: 13667: 13637: 13551: 13528: 13495: 13474: 13421: 13411: 13385: 13364: 13345: 13326: 13303: 13267: 13243: 13224: 13193: 13165: 13132: 13104: 13041: 12934: 12878: 12698: 12680: 12659: 12653: 12620: 12593: 12545: 12460: 12405: 12320: 11819: 11762: 11632: 11489: 11328: 11099: 11074: 10737: 10706: 10476: 10449: 10159: 10124: 9753: 9319: 9282: 9011: 8600: 8504: 8447: 8275: 8070: 8007: 7893: 7688: 7396: 7035: 6509: 6499: 6102: 6091: 5851: 5783: 5725: 5468: 5411: 5349: 5287: 5279: 5078: 4959: 4739: 4418: 4348: 4240: 4201: 4185:, poised to invade. A nursery rhyme warned children that he ate naughty people; the " 4146: 3961: 3950: 3940: 3798: 3663: 3550: 3113: 3106: 3086: 3024: 2770: 2730: 2563: 2282: 2138:

with the United States, doubling the latter's size. The price was $ 15 million.

2059: 1989: 1985: 1934: 1821:

Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs. He learned that France had suffered a

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In the Service of the Tsar Against Napoleon: The Memoirs of Denis Davydov, 1806–1814

9548: 7025: 3956:

Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, Napoleon and

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in January 1809. Napoleon left for France on 17 January, leaving Joseph in command.

2337:, artillery and cavalry reserves, and the élite Imperial Guard. By August 1805, the 1325: 1314: 1090:

in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the French governor

955:. However, he is controversial due to his role in wars which devastated Europe, his 754: 661: 23845: 23760: 23571: 23296: 23194: 23074: 23020: 22919: 22872: 22800: 22676: 22542: 22228: 21587: 21582: 21426: 21416: 21350: 21315: 21163: 21023: 20816: 20811: 20801: 20533: 20460: 20397: 20367: 20139: 20109: 20004: 19707: 19557: 19482: 19219: 19203: 19158: 19094: 19065: 18860: 18739: 18622: 18587: 18129: 18080: 18073: 17810: 17694: 17494: 17333: 17232: 17217: 17066: 17015: 16935: 16844: 16799: 16748: 16662: 16547: 16456: 16446: 16340: 16279: 16041: 15431: 15411: 15338: 15325: 15298: 15159: 15101: 15025: 14861: 14736: 14673: 14601: 14596: 14588: 14354: 14322: 14115: 14009: 13609: 13522: 12863: 12537: 12452: 12397: 12312: 11799: 11138: 11066: 10114: 10106: 9272: 8439: 6491: 5843: 5274: 5178: 4966: 4889: 4779: 4277: 4248: 4244: 4155: 4099: 4060: 3968: 3813: 3707: 3028: 3020: 2936: 2832: 2803: 2696: 2324: 2259: 2204: 2146: 2103: 2087:

which were under the control of rebel generals. A French military expedition under

2054: 1911: 1580: 1574: 1525: 1521: 1432: 1416:, to seize cannons and Bonaparte deployed them in key positions. On 5 October 1795— 1405: 1252: 1028: 1024: 1016: 988: 873: 857: 805: 778: 727: 644: 508: 322: 312: 23741: 20942: 18045: 17584: 13897:

Ellis, Geoffrey (1997a). "Religion according to Napoleon". In Aston, Nigel (ed.).

6495: 4409: 1894: 1504:

before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of victories during the

1112: 23153: 23045: 23035: 22696: 22562: 22537: 22521: 22234: 21678: 21658: 21526: 21436: 21431: 21335: 21320: 21088: 20876: 20553: 20548: 20513: 20263: 19867: 19862: 19764: 19687: 19577: 19547: 18906: 18782: 18507: 18453: 18254: 17689: 17624: 17609: 17499: 17383: 17373: 17348: 17323: 17151: 16985: 16507: 16315: 16239: 16214: 15966: 15854: 15778: 15176: 15070: 15013: 15008: 14965: 14907: 14709: 14701: 14629: 14606: 14449: 14369: 14120: 14103: 14082: 13489: 13451: 13440: 13379: 13189: 13122: 12983: 12972: 12614: 12279: 11888: 11626: 10700: 10470: 8269: 5257: 4290: 4178: 4051: 4011: 3344: 3155:

After a series of battles in March, the allies forced Napoleon to retreat at the

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Engman, Max (2016). "Finland and the Napoleonic Empire". In Planert, Ute (ed.).

5569: 5458: 4856: 4595: 4523:

for a grand central museum; an example which would later be followed by others.

3005: 2376: 2329: 2262:; and to govern in the interests, wellbeing and the glory of the French people. 835: 710:, was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the 23179: 23110: 23086: 22607: 22468: 21794: 21648: 21158: 21100: 20906: 20728: 20508: 20228: 20091: 20086: 20036: 20031: 19851: 19039: 18273: 17968: 17880: 17870: 17403: 17242: 17106: 16905: 16657: 16001: 15981: 15971: 15931: 15804: 15144: 15095: 14996: 14878: 14851: 14515: 14463: 13771: 13293: 13179: 12171:"'Glory of arms and art': Napoleonic plunder and the birth of national museums" 11314: 10110: 9315:

Making Sense of Constitutional Monarchism in Post-Napoleonic France and Germany

8265: 5164: 5100: 5020: 4995: 4868: 4744: 4674: 4650: 4472: 4236: 3927: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3830: 3794: 3751: 3444: 3418: 3414: 3130: 3077: 3013: 2988: 2687: 2658: 2547: 2505: 2464: 2080: 2005:

swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory over the Austrians at

1842: 1803: 1795: 1596: 1386: 1198: 1083: 996: 865: 841: 16016: 13183: 11070: 9549:"The Congress of Vienna, the Hundred Days, and Napoleon's Exile on St. Helena" 5321:

Aside from his name, there does not appear to be a connection between him and

4549: 3167:

as head of a provisional government. On 2 April, the Senate deposed Napoleon.

2634:

On 14 June Napoleon obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the

2091:

regained control of Guadeloupe and slavery was reintroduced there on 16 July.

923:

Napoleon is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history and

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Regent, Frédéric (2013). "Slavery and the Colonies". In McPhee, Peter (ed.).

5855: 5035: 4731:. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and 4272: 4222: 4165: 4108: 4047:

with a cruel streak which he often inflicted on women, children and animals.

3957: 3822: 3818: 3808:. Napoleon's heart and intestines were removed and sealed inside his coffin. 3761: 3363:. He left Paris three days later and settled at Joséphine's former palace in 3293:

On 1 March 1815, Napoleon and his followers landed on the French mainland at

3219: 2597: 2517: 2409: 2389: 2266: 2243: 2145:

as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his

2063: 1937:

was often used in portraits of rulers to indicate calm and stable leadership.

1697: 1655: 1556: 1413: 861: 794: 187: 20638: 15734: 14326: 12864:"Reconstruction of the Lineage Y Chromosome Haplotype of Napoléon the First" 12456: 9261:"4, 6 et 11 avril 1814 : les trois actes d'abdication de Napoléon I er" 3945: 1739:

Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at

1555:, signed on 18 April, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the 23606: 23055: 23006: 22945: 22488: 22478: 22473: 22453: 22448: 22393: 22240: 22177: 21521: 21362: 21345: 21179: 21124: 21038: 20993: 20821: 20703: 20495: 19652: 19637: 19607: 15996: 15832: 15244: 14959: 13457: 10128: 8596:

The Battle of Znaim: Napoleon, the Habsburgs and the end of the War of 1809

8003:

Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923

6513: 5670: 4987: 4849: 4772: 4712: 4557:: the ex-emperor is riding a donkey backwards while holding a broken sword. 4507: 4499: 4090: 3980: 3834: 3790:("who retreats... at the head of the army") or "France, my son, the Army." 3653: 3540: 3426: 3273: 3246: 2959: 2494: 2489:

The Iranian envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini meeting with Napoleon at the

2099: 1994: 1811: 1666: 952: 917: 905: 85: 22301: 12862:

Lucotte, Gérard; Macé, Jacques & Hrechdakian, Peter (September 2013).

12401: 12316: 9277: 8507:. Vol. 15, no. 4. Cobbett's political register. pp. 91–94. 4436:, that provided both military expertise and advanced research in science. 3264:

on 26 February 1815 with about 1,000 men and a flotilla of seven vessels.

2869:

in 1795, known at the time as West Galicia, was given to the Polish-ruled

999:. After their defeat, he eventually became the island's representative to 23596: 23220: 22881: 22861: 22557: 22531: 22483: 22438: 22428: 22413: 22403: 22222: 22206: 22069: 22037: 21486: 21288: 21033: 20891: 20781: 20558: 20528: 19677: 18997: 18790: 17784: 17754: 17742: 17699: 17454: 15674: 15313: 15149: 14572: 14434: 11530:"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system" 5779:

The Child and Childhood in Folk Thought: (The Child in Primitive Culture)

5016: 4991: 4841: 4716: 4621: 4599:

exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

4544: 4503: 4104: 4031: 3838: 3517:

An Act for the more effectually detaining in Custody Napoleon Buonaparté.

3454: 3254: 2914: 2812: 2616: 2251: 1890: 1853: 1674: 1397: 1357: 935:. He established a system of public education, abolished the vestiges of 920:

in the South Atlantic, where he died of stomach cancer in 1821, aged 51.

812:

by 1805. Napoleon shattered the coalition with a decisive victory at the

704: 290: 78: 21828: 21131: 14084:

The War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France, 1789-1815

8316: 4089:

Various psychologists have attempted to explain Napoleon's personality.

1881:

Bonaparte formed an alliance with Talleyrand and leading members of the

1424:—he fired on the rebels with canister rounds (later called: "a whiff of 23529: 22835: 22814: 22616: 22526: 22508: 22433: 22418: 22398: 22031: 21254: 20937: 20776: 20392: 19747: 18222: 17469: 14162: 12557: 12525: 6058: 4562: 4307: 4300: 4044: 3855: 3775: 3718:

Las Cases in December 1816, General Gaspard Gourgaud in March 1818 and

3397: 3314: 3294: 2850:

but lost 4,000 men, mainly to illness, before withdrawing in December.

2824:

On 21 May, the French attempted to cross the Danube, precipitating the

2710:

In March 1808, a palace coup led to the abdication of the Spanish king

2084: 1740: 1662: 1615:

that purged royalists from the legislative councils on 4 September—the

1408:. Bonaparte had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard during the 1382: 1098:

and Napoleon obtained a royal bursary to a military academy in France.

22967: 20644: 11811: 11787: 11150: 6034: 5863: 5831: 4141:, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large 3425:

Napoleon was held in British custody and transferred to the island of

1023:, where Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769. He had an elder brother, 872:, in which Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after winning the 23570: 22829: 22819: 22740: 22463: 22443: 22312: 22025: 20771: 20417: 20328: 19911: 19280: 15688: 12175: 10396:

Memoirs of the Life, Exile, and Conversations of the Emperor Napoleon

4396: 4019: 3949:

Leaders of the Catholic Church taking the civil oath required by the

3859:

Reorganisation of the religious geography: France is divided into 59

3711: 3640: 3527: 3449: 2980: 2881: 2722:

French repression, the uprising developed into a sustained conflict.

2650: 2509: 2041: 1783: 1766:

captured or destroyed all but two vessels of the French fleet in the

1425: 1393:. The request was eventually granted, but he never took up the post. 1390: 1319: 1175:

Bonaparte, aged 23, as lieutenant-colonel of a battalion of Corsican

1095: 1000: 936: 769:, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero. He led an 17988: 14444: 12541: 12494: 12386:"Memory and Political Imagination: The Legend of Napoleon Revisited" 8757: 8599:. Austria, February 1809: The Die is Cast for War. Greenhill Books. 8484: 8352: 8292: 4790:

when the power vacuum was filled by local political leaders such as

3120: 1369: 1282:

Toulon brought Bonaparte to the attention of powerful men including

24019:

French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars

22824: 22730: 22512: 22388: 21371: 21119: 21114: 21053: 20932: 14013: 12284: 12259: 12075: 11803: 11142: 8066:

Napoleon and Berlin: The Franco-Prussian War in North Germany, 1813

5847: 5522: 5520: 4186: 4133: 4014:, although their implementation varied with the local authorities. 3922: 3343:'s force of 130,000 Prussians and Saxons. After engagements at the 3306: 3298: 3039: 2862: 2692: 2654: 2369: 1958: 1623:. Bonaparte returned to Paris on 5 December 1797 as a hero. He met 1501: 1210: 983: 18116: 15747: 14439: 10509:"Napoleon and the Pope: From the Concordat to the Excommunication" 7889:

The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Time to the Present Day

5493: 4295: 4137:

Napoleon is often represented in his green colonel uniform of the

3163:

to capitulate on 31 March. The following day, the allies accepted

2798: 2592:

Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the

2359: 22408: 21766: 7266: 7264: 5048: 4197: 4142: 3860: 3458: 3301:

through the foothills of the Alps, taking the route now known as

2984: 1775: 1771: 1693: 1202: 1020: 992: 973: 742: 297: 155: 13899:

Religious change in Europe, 1650-1914: essays for John McManners

10173: 10061: 10059: 5517: 4589:

Venita Datta argues that following the collapse of militaristic

4264:

An enduring reform was the foundation, in December 1799, of the

3313:" and joined Napoleon's men. Six days later, 5,000 troops under 2350:. However, the plan unravelled after the British victory at the 1186:

Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a

1102:

to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time.

13859:

The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon

12301:"Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France" 11417: 11103: 7077: 7075: 5832:"The Formation of Napoleon's Personality: An Exploratory Essay" 4724: 4520: 4182: 3984: 3918: 3884:

Moslem that I established myself in Egypt, by making myself an

3686: 3573: 3368: 3325: 2836: 2757: 2603: 2423: 2405: 1748: 1548:, about 100 km from Vienna, the Austrians sued for peace. 1545: 1302: 1171: 22002: 20187:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

14411:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Henri Javal. pp. 10–12. 12655:

Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy

10928: 9980: 9846: 8212: 8210: 7261: 5532: 1961:

which were selected from indirectly elected candidates, and a

896:

in April 1814. They exiled him to the Mediterranean island of

20121: 12930:

Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era, 1795-1803

12114: 11200:. Translation by Gregory Troubetzkoy. Greenhill Books. p. 64. 10209: 10197: 10056: 8889: 8376: 6929: 4720: 4371: 3914: 3910: 3877: 2976: 2643: 2578: 2334: 2278: 2212: 2142: 2128: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1298: 1106: 11163:

The Fortnightly, Volume 114. Chapman and Hall, 1923. p. 836.

10829: 10783: 10781: 10581: 10559: 10557: 10408: 10406: 9968: 8123: 7518: 7429:

White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of Revolution

7072: 6970: 6247: 5407:

The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture

5228: 4424:

He retained the revolutionary higher education system, with

3126:

Napoleon after his abdication in Fontainebleau, 4 April 1814

2141:

The peace with Britain was uneasy. Britain did not evacuate

15627: 14472: 13161:

Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents

12785: 12783: 12210: 12200: 12198: 11565: 11563: 11393: 10527: 9770: 9378:. Bulletin des lois de la Republique Française. July 1814. 8207: 5222: 5216: 5202: 5199: 5193: 5184: 4554: 4475:, showing Spanish resisters being executed by French troops 4382:

Napoleon was regarded by the influential military theorist

4221:

First remittance of the Legion of Honour, 15 July 1804, at

4083: 3231: 1592: 1116:

Statue of Bonaparte as a schoolboy in Brienne, aged 15, by

897: 20161: 14244:

The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry

13462:

Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution

12280:"Napoleon's incendiary legacy divides France 200 years on" 11992: 11178: 9910: 9908: 8913: 7852: 7482: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6789: 5747: 5745: 3469:

for a few months but gave up as he was poor at languages.

2400:

had gathered most of the Austrian army at the fortress of

916:

in June 1815. Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of

20001: 12795: 12234: 12138: 12092: 12090: 11980: 11624: 11575: 11502: 11024: 11000: 10964: 10865: 10805: 10778: 10680: 10656: 10644: 10605: 10554: 10403: 10341: 10339: 10292: 10290: 10275: 10233: 9956: 9782: 9703: 9168: 9048: 8793: 8733: 8523: 8417: 8415: 8111: 7742: 7740: 6907: 6905: 6892: 6890: 6888: 5942: 5441: 5439: 3335:

On 12 June, Napoleon led about 124,000 men, known as the

2642:

during a meeting on a raft floating in the middle of the

2527: 2401: 1544:

in March 1797. Alarmed by the French thrust that reached

1535:. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by 1352:

From 1794, Bonaparte was in a romantic relationship with

19:"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. For other uses, see 12780: 12420: 12195: 12126: 11922: 11850: 11724: 11700: 11587: 11560: 11465: 11441: 11429: 11405: 11381: 11166: 10976: 10918: 10916: 10853: 10766: 10634: 10632: 10593: 10185: 10071: 10004: 9060: 9036: 8961: 8949: 8865: 8841: 8829: 8817: 8805: 8781: 8745: 8709: 8697: 8685: 8673: 8637: 8574: 8388: 8340: 8304: 8246: 8234: 8222: 8195: 8135: 8087: 8044: 7918: 7864: 6873: 6837: 6520: 6331: 4318:. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the 4204:

gesture—a reference to the painting produced in 1812 by

3706:

In mid-1817, Napoleon's health worsened. His physician,

3179:

Napoleon's farewell to his Imperial Guard, 20 April 1814

2998:

The Russians, now commanded by Kutuzov, made a stand at

2323:

In 1803 and 1804, Napoleon had assembled a force around

868:. In 1809, the Austrians again challenged France in the 12505: 12475: 11676: 10793: 10393:

Cases, Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonné comte de Las (1855).

9944: 9905: 9858: 9828:"A Journey to St. Helena, Home of Napoleon's Last Days" 9727: 9715: 7470: 7458: 7434: 6953: 5742: 5505: 4837:(1789–1860), and arranged dynastic marriages for them. 2538: 24049:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

24044:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

13221:

Napoleon: The Decline and Fall of an Empire, 1811-1821

12861: 12831: 12807: 12087: 12063: 12004: 11736: 11688: 11536: 11369: 11357: 11203: 11110: 11012: 10952: 10901: 10889: 10817: 10351: 10336: 10287: 10245: 8937: 8901: 8877: 8562: 8550: 8472: 8412: 7981: 7737: 7147: 6902: 6885: 5685: 5436: 5404:

Broers, M.; Hicks, P.; Guimera, A. (10 October 2012).

3782:("France, the army, head of the army, Joséphine"), or 2009:

in December. The Austrians capitulated and signed the

781:, and became First Consul of the Republic. He won the 753:

in 1793 and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris on

21751: 12335: 12222: 12150: 12102: 11957: 11898: 11862: 11838: 11712: 11599: 11548: 11453: 10940: 10913: 10877: 10629: 10221: 10016: 9992: 9356: 9072: 8985: 8925: 8769: 8721: 8625: 8460: 8400: 8364: 8328: 8183: 8171: 8032: 7957: 7930: 7725: 7713: 6664: 6532: 5882: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5240: 5219: 5205: 5181: 4682: 4181:, the British press depicted Napoleon as a dangerous 4018:

notables in 1806 to that end. In 1807, he summoned a

2053:

After a decade of war, France and Britain signed the

1381:

In August, he obtained a position with the Bureau of

1082:

ceded Corsica to France. His father fought alongside

927:

are still studied at military schools worldwide. His

20917:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

13957: 13941:

Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803-1815

13361:

Napoleon: Passion, Death and Resurrection, 1815-1840

12819: 12359: 12347: 12035: 11657: 10841: 10302: 9932: 9893: 8763: 8490: 8358: 8322: 8298: 5808: 5499: 5231: 5225: 5213: 5196: 5190: 4553:

1814 English caricature of Napoleon being exiled to

4364:, Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists such as 3725:

In September 1819, two priests and a new physician,

3047:

by General Malet in Paris had only narrowly failed.

2913:

1811, Marie Louise gave birth to the heir apparent,

1428:"). About 300 to 1,400 rebels died in the uprising. 1368:—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in the 1293:

The French army carried out Bonaparte's plan in the

1217:

In February 1793, Bonaparte took part in the failed

1150:

In September he was examined by the famed scientist

801:

Emperor of the French, further expanding his power.

21149:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

18239:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

14398:

advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era

13961:

The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire

12592:. Internet Archive. McGraw-Hill. pp. 428–429. 12024:

Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815

11215: 10988: 10754: 10617: 10569: 9394: 8062: 7276: 6765: 5918: 5373: 5210: 5187: 3722:, who was possibly Napoleon's lover, in July 1819. 1969:which were effectively nominated by the executive. 1755:on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the 1688:In May 1798, Bonaparte was elected a member of the 1275:In September, with the help of his fellow Corsican 1154:and became the first Corsican to graduate from the 884:, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated at the 703:; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his 14241: 13917: 13856: 13815:Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns 13812: 13770: 13740: 13682: 13318: 11631:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 380–404. 8540: 8538: 7212: 7210: 6676: 6580: 6090: 5544: 5403: 5308:in 1770. Corsica would be legally integrated as a 4782:. Many local elites sought to rule in the name of 2699:, Napoleon's brother, as King of Spain (1808–1813) 1272:which was now heavily influenced by the Jacobins. 1131:In May, he transferred to the military academy at 48:The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries 21361:Several family members held additional titles in 14371:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 14273:Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815 9007:Command Failure in War: Psychology and Leadership 7227: 7225: 5385: 4494:who laid the foundations of modern Europe" or "a 3305:. The 5th Regiment intercepted him just south of 2975:On 24 June, Napoleon's troops began crossing the 2242:Napoleon's coronation, with the participation of 1897:to overthrow the government. On 9 November 1799 ( 23999:French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 23870: 21578:Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano 20075:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 11532:. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69. 11513:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFO'Connor2003 ( 11488:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 191. 10544: 10542: 10475:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–262. 10472:Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1830 3979:Napoleon progressively occupied and annexed the 3804:Napoleon was buried with military honors in the 3439:Napoleon stayed for two months at a pavilion in 3230:of 11 April 1814, the allies exiled Napoleon to 1143:In September 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the 24039:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 17947:England expects that every man will do his duty 14360:Napoleon, from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799-1807 14101: 13794:A History of Modern France, Volume 2: 1799-1871 12690:Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800 10179: 10093:Lugli, Alessandro; et al. (4 March 2021). 8535: 8104: 8102: 7207: 5641: 5639: 4299:First page of the 1804 original edition of the 3188:In his farewell address to the soldiers of the 2703:After Tilsit, Napoleon turned his attention to 2198: 1595:. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 785:in 1800, which secured France's victory in the 691:Rescale the fullscreen map to see Saint Helena. 21497:Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 18117:Significant civil and political events by year 13958:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Fisher, Todd (2004). 10088: 10086: 10033: 10031: 9471: 9469: 7885: 7222: 6360: 6358: 6088: 5825: 5823: 4490:There is debate over whether Napoleon was "an 4374:replaced divisions as the largest army units, 3841:in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides. 3833:, was completed. In 1861, during the reign of 2876: 1706:in 1809. En route to Egypt, Bonaparte reached 1669:and thereby undermine Britain's access to its 1563:with Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and 1531:The French then invaded the heartlands of the 943:and other religious minorities, abolished the 738:from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. 23556: 22983: 22328: 21988: 21737: 21563:Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21387: 21240: 18004: 15763: 15739: 14488: 12917:(decreed on the 13th, proclaimed on the 15th) 12658:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 264ff. 12495:"H-Net announcements 2004-08-12 - 2004-08-17" 11758:Napoleon: Conquest, Reform and Reorganisation 10729:Soldiers And Warriors: An Illustrated History 10539: 10092: 5159: 5157: 3987:. In 1812 the pontiff was transferred to the 3465:military campaigns. He studied English under 3457:, while his attendants complained of "colds, 3250:and locked himself in his room for two days. 3066: 2787: 2666:, ruled by his young brother Jérôme, and the 2288: 1984:The French confronted an Austrian army under 1665:He decided on a military expedition to seize 1059:. In his youth, his name was also spelled as 24104:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 21659:Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark 21170: 21129: 21105: 21086: 20070:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 15249: 13880:The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution 13566: 13342:Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power 1799-1815 12933:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 276. 12754:. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992, pp. 402–403. 12380: 11754: 11508: 10725: 10441:Religion and revolution in France, 1780-1804 8853: 8099: 5636: 4867:(1810–1868), the son of his Polish mistress 4855:Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: 4330:basic principles of the French Revolution." 3759: 3421:, Saint Helena, site of Napoleon's captivity 3361:he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son 2681: 2374: 2338: 2030: 833: 722:from 1796 to 1815. He was the leader of the 185: 18757: 15587:Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine 14104:"The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?" 14102:Hindmarsh, J. Thomas; Savory, John (2008). 12896: 12524:Lobingier, Charles Sumner (December 1918). 11527: 10147: 10083: 10028: 9752:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 272. 9466: 8438:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 227–238. 8271:How Far From Austerlitz? Napoleon 1805–1815 8069:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 9. 7881: 7879: 6355: 5820: 5775: 5088:Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine 4366:Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert 4082:Napoleon was superstitious. He believed in 2470: 1696:among them. Their discoveries included the 1140:Corsican nationalist and admirer of Paoli. 24099:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences 23563: 23549: 22990: 22976: 22335: 22321: 21995: 21981: 21744: 21730: 21588:Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon 21394: 21380: 21247: 21233: 20274:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 18011: 17997: 15770: 15756: 15305:Provisional Consul of the French Republic 14495: 14481: 14401: 13840:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 13573: 13256: 12376: 12374: 12277: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11528:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906). 11347: 11184: 11172: 9003: 7999: 7947: 7945: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5348:. He is less realistically portrayed on a 5154: 3974: 3148:, the French won a series of victories in 1762:On 1 August 1798, the British fleet under 1297:in April 1794, and then advanced to seize 40: 16:Emperor of the French (r. 1804–1814, 1815) 23636:Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance 21512:Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland 21477:Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano 20539:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 20197:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 20020:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 14367: 14119: 14064:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe 14032:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe 13854: 13410: 12523: 11668:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFlynn2001 ( 11521: 10118: 9709: 9276: 8503:Hope, John; Baird, D. (28 January 1809). 8502: 7680: 6935: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6253: 3994: 3253:Napoleon understood that the French king 3216:Napoleon leaving Elba on 26 February 1815 1941:On 15 December, Bonaparte introduced the 1461: 1446:Bonaparte was romantically involved with 24114:People of the War of the First Coalition 23964:French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars 22061:Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte 21618:Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta 20971: 18255:Nationalization of the Church properties 14353: 13810: 13765: 13735: 13703: 13583:. Vol. 1. Charles Scribner's Sons. 13541: 13237: 13157: 12651: 11998: 11940: 11785: 11399: 10674: 9974: 9174: 9010:. Indiana University Press. p. 48. 8751: 8715: 8691: 8667: 8655: 8544: 8129: 8006:. Harvard University Press. p. 12. 7876: 7870: 7770: 7758: 7620: 7572: 7548: 7524: 7476: 7452: 7415: 7366: 7354: 7318: 7294: 7270: 7255: 7243: 7231: 7216: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7093: 7066: 7054: 7012: 6976: 6964: 6879: 6843: 6622: 6538: 6463: 6427: 6400: 6301: 6241: 6193: 6133: 6076: 6052: 5990: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5900: 5763: 5703: 5624: 5606: 4812: 4692: 4548: 4534: 4478: 4461: 4446: 4347: 4294: 4215: 4132: 4065: 4040:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 3944: 3854: 3780:France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine 3750: 3413: 3396: 3392: 3351:, Napoleon confronted Wellington at the 3277: 3210: 3173: 3119: 3076: 3004: 2946: 2880: 2797: 2751: 2691: 2602: 2537: 2484: 2432: 2368: 2298: 2225: 2180: 2093: 2040: 1919: 1846: 1720: 1640: 1573: 1471: 1318: 1239: 1170: 1111: 982: 908:". His opponents responded by forming a 720:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 22997: 21200:Historiography of the French Revolution 20471:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 20182:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 14289: 14270: 14128: 13938: 13796:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. 13629: 13520: 13377: 13098: 13091: 13073:Traité de Fontainebleau, 11 avril 1814. 12371: 12298: 12246: 12081: 11916: 11694: 11682: 11611: 11285:"Was Napoleon Short? | Britannica" 11209: 10698: 10686: 10611: 10369: 10271:from the original on 19 September 2011. 9889:from the original on 18 September 2016. 9745: 9311: 9222: 9138: 8919: 8216: 7942: 7464: 7440: 6795: 6526: 6475: 6451: 6439: 6411: 6409: 6289: 6064: 6040: 6025: 6014: 5888: 5709: 5691: 5561: 4844:) (1811–1832), known from birth as the 4738:Napoleon reorganized what had been the 4483:A mass grave of soldiers killed at the 4139:Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard 4118: 3487:Custody of Napoleon Buonaparte Act 1816 3404:, watercolour by Franz Josef Sandmann, 3367:. By 28 June, the Prussian army was at 2230:Napoleon's throne room at Fontainebleau 1710:on 9 June 1798, then controlled by the 232: 122:13 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 23904:19th-century French military personnel 23894:18th-century French military personnel 23871: 23664:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 22342: 21664:Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt 21583:Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21568:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21427:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 20207:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 20162:Other significant figures and factions 16093:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 15348:12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 15308:11 November – 12 December 1799 14726:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 14308: 14218: 14185: 14080: 13997: 13896: 13877: 13833: 13791: 13680: 13602:French Politics, Culture & Society 13599: 13468: 13316: 13292: 13218: 13178: 13033: 13012:Statut constitutionnel du 17 mars 1805 12926: 12902: 12849: 12843: 12837: 12825: 12813: 12801: 12752:Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850 12612: 12582: 12240: 12228: 12216: 12204: 12168: 12156: 12144: 12132: 12120: 12108: 12096: 12069: 12010: 11986: 11975: 11928: 11904: 11868: 11856: 11844: 11730: 11718: 11706: 11605: 11593: 11581: 11569: 11554: 11542: 11483: 11471: 11459: 11447: 11435: 11423: 11411: 11387: 11363: 11313: 11128: 11116: 11106:: Meyer & Meyer. pp. 178–211. 11030: 11006: 10982: 10970: 10958: 10946: 10934: 10922: 10907: 10895: 10883: 10871: 10859: 10823: 10811: 10787: 10772: 10662: 10650: 10638: 10599: 10563: 10548: 10533: 10412: 10372:"Napoléon et l'islam, l'anti-croisade" 10357: 10345: 10296: 10281: 10251: 10239: 10153: 10037: 9926: 9920: 9816:from the original on 27 February 2024. 9766:from the original on 27 February 2024. 9685: 9649: 9625: 9613: 9589: 9577: 9535: 9523: 9511: 9499: 9475: 9448: 9424: 9412: 9234: 9198: 9150: 9102: 9090: 8979: 8943: 8907: 8883: 8859: 8739: 8556: 8478: 8433: 8421: 8288:from the original on 25 February 2018. 8165: 8153: 8083:from the original on 18 November 2016. 8038: 7987: 7975: 7936: 7858: 7807: 7795: 7746: 7731: 7596: 7590: 7536: 7500: 7488: 7390: 7306: 7165: 7153: 7000: 6988: 6947: 6923: 6911: 6867: 6855: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6783: 6759: 6748: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6610: 6598: 6574: 6562: 6550: 6415: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6277: 6265: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145: 6121: 6008: 5996: 5936: 5912: 5829: 5814: 5751: 5715: 5681:from the original on 28 November 2017. 5657: 5645: 5630: 5618: 5594: 5538: 5526: 5445: 5379: 5344:and in Jacques-Louis David's imperial 4764:that opposed the French intervention. 4748:, into a more streamlined forty-state 4702:United States House of Representatives 4196:He is often portrayed wearing a large 4168:considered him average in appearance: 3913:in translation and had an interest in 3600:Intercourse with Saint Helena Act 1816 3165:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 2528:War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit 2023:(Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the 1700:, and their work was published in the 1630: 840:into Eastern Europe, and defeated the 24059:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 23909:19th-century heads of state of France 23899:18th-century heads of state of France 23544: 22971: 22316: 21976: 21725: 21375: 21228: 21075: 20970: 20254:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 20160: 20010:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 19949:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 19907:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 19510: 18756: 18387:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 18115: 18018: 17992: 17775:Spanish American wars of independence 15751: 15738: 15248: 14476: 14459:Daily tracking of Napoleon's location 14239: 14161: 13978: 13659: 13575:Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de 13487: 13456: 13358: 13339: 13206:from the original on 27 February 2024 13023:Die Rheinbunds-Akte. – 1806, Juli 12. 12789: 12776:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12763: 12678: 12616:Germany, 1871-1945: A Concise History 12564:from the original on 10 February 2023 12471:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12438: 12416:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12341: 12331:from the original on 7 December 2023. 11775:from the original on 18 October 2015. 11663: 11486:An Encyclopaedia of Napoleon's Europe 11295:from the original on 1 September 2022 11054: 11042: 10760: 10750:from the original on 7 December 2023. 10468: 10437: 10392: 10382:from the original on 2 December 2023. 10332:from the original on 21 January 2018. 10308: 10227: 10215: 10203: 10191: 10135:from the original on 27 February 2024 10077: 10065: 10022: 10010: 9998: 9986: 9962: 9950: 9938: 9914: 9899: 9864: 9852: 9788: 9776: 9733: 9721: 9697: 9673: 9661: 9637: 9601: 9559:from the original on 7 September 2023 9487: 9460: 9436: 9382:from the original on 22 December 2011 9362: 9350: 9246: 9210: 9186: 9162: 9126: 9114: 9078: 9066: 9054: 9042: 9004:Langer, Philip; Pois, Robert (2004). 8991: 8967: 8955: 8931: 8895: 8871: 8847: 8835: 8823: 8811: 8799: 8787: 8775: 8727: 8703: 8679: 8643: 8631: 8580: 8529: 8466: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8346: 8334: 8310: 8264: 8252: 8240: 8228: 8201: 8189: 8177: 8141: 8117: 8093: 8050: 7963: 7951: 7924: 7892:. Taylor & Francis. p. 133. 7834:Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars 7719: 7701:from the original on 27 February 2024 7668: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7608: 7584: 7560: 7512: 7378: 7342: 7330: 7282: 7081: 7024: 6771: 5924: 5870:from the original on 25 February 2018 5796:from the original on 27 February 2024 5467:. Yale University Press. p. 98. 5457: 5397: 5286: 5273: 5256: 4760:in 1871, as it sparked a new wave of 2924: 2839:on 10 July, and the latter signed an 1816:Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir 1268:), demonstrating his support for the 1078:Napoleon was born one year after the 757:in 1795. In 1796, Napoleon commanded 261: 23806:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano 22956:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 21401: 20408:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 19820:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 19511: 18607:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 15345:First Consul of the French Republic 15231: 14415:from the original on 7 December 2023 14388:from the original on 7 December 2023 14206:from the original on 7 December 2023 14149:from the original on 7 December 2023 14061: 14049:from the original on 2 December 2023 14028: 13652: 13620: 13587:from the original on 2 December 2023 13508:from the original on 5 December 2023 13398:from the original on 2 December 2023 13280:from the original on 2 December 2023 13145:from the original on 7 December 2023 13117: 13054:from the original on 2 December 2023 12989:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 12947:from the original on 2 December 2023 12633:from the original on 7 December 2023 12511: 12481: 12426: 12365: 12353: 12252: 12183:from the original on 9 November 2023 11963: 11826:from the original on 3 December 2017 11742: 11645:from the original on 7 December 2023 11375: 11097: 11018: 10994: 10847: 10835: 10799: 10623: 10587: 10575: 10515:from the original on 24 January 2018 10489:from the original on 2 December 2023 10446:Catholic University of America Press 9400: 9332:from the original on 2 November 2022 9258: 9024:from the original on 2 December 2023 8613:from the original on 2 December 2023 8592: 8568: 8511:from the original on 29 October 2021 8020:from the original on 2 December 2023 8000:Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (2001). 7395:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 409–12. 7393:A Companion to the French Revolution 7105: 6896: 6682: 6586: 6406: 5738:from the original on 22 August 2022. 5567: 5555: 5511: 5481:from the original on 2 December 2023 5424:from the original on 2 December 2023 5391: 4971:19 February 1803 – 29 December 1813 4833:(1781–1824), and his second cousin, 3871: 3475:Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland 3461:, damp floors and poor provisions". 2756:Napoleon accepting the surrender of 2508:. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor 2438:Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz 2265:On 26 May, Napoleon crowned himself 1166: 1027:, and, later, six younger siblings: 818:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 224: 24074:Marshals of the First French Empire 24029:Generals of the First French Empire 22304:from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II 21593:Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France 21573:Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli 21492:Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli 21284:Marie Louise, Empress of the French 21076: 20015:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 17760:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 15777: 15712:11 April 1814 – 20 March 1815 15436:19 February 1803 – 19 October 1813 15432:Mediator of the Swiss Confederation 13882:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12267:from the original on 20 April 2010. 12051:from the original on 24 August 2019 11788:"Science, Education and Napoleon I" 9806:The Spirit of the English Magazines 5275:[napoleˈoːnediˌbwɔnaˈparte] 4967:Mediator of the Swiss Confederation 4897:First Consul of the French Republic 3925:("a great man") against Voltaire's 1905: 110:First Consul of the French Republic 25:Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation) 13: 24089:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 24034:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz 22056: 22052:Coat of arms of the House of Capet 22047: 21205:Influence of the French Revolution 21195:Symbolism in the French Revolution 19959:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 19920:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 18175:Convocation of the Estates General 15387:President of the Italian Republic 14868:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 14264: 12892:from the original on 6 April 2014. 8764:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8491:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8359:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8323:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8299:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 7431:, Oxford University Press, p. 182. 6469: 6093:Napoleon: A Biographical Companion 5576:from the original on 20 April 2010 5500:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 5464:The Spanish Inquisition: A History 4700:of Napoleon in the chamber of the 4689:Influence of the French Revolution 4683:Long-term influence outside France 4284: 1836: 1637:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1586:Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux 1229: 1181:Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux 14: 24145: 24109:People of the First French Empire 20847:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 20579:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 19881:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 19663:François Christophe de Kellermann 18902:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 15167:"China is a sleeping giant" quote 14428: 13920:The Peninsular War: A New History 13544:Napoleon: The Man Behind The Myth 13363:. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing. 12871:International Journal of Sciences 12729:from the original on 31 July 2021 12255:"Furore over Austerlitz ceremony" 11941:Hastings, Max (31 October 2014). 9876: 9834:from the original on 3 March 2021 7906:from the original on 29 July 2014 7015:, pp. 209–10, 219–23, 229–34 6490:. pp. 15–16, 18, 20, 22–23. 5570:"Furore over Austerlitz ceremony" 5136:11 April 1814 – 26 February 1815 4934:President of the Italian Republic 4742:, made up of about three hundred 4255: 4023:the empire and satellite states. 3837:, his remains were entombed in a 3171:reluctantly complied on 6 April. 3010:Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia 2737:, the French evacuated Portugal. 1981:French captured Milan on 2 June. 1885:and Directory: Lucien Bonaparte, 1716:Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim 1537:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 1454:, and her family owned slaves on 1329:, artillery fire in front of the 1308: 265: 24014:French people of Lombard descent 24009:French people of Italian descent 23924:19th-century presidents of Italy 23787:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait 23680:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 23631:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 23605: 23574:(10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804) 21893: 21827: 21765: 21711:Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon 21649:Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti 21542:Mathilde, Princess of San Donato 21460: 21297: 21279:Joséphine, Empress of the French 20574:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 20481:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 20451:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 20342:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 20120: 20085: 20055: 20030: 19987: 19861: 19738:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 19519: 18291:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 17635:Frederick William III of Prussia 17615:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 15390:26 January 1802 – 17 March 1805 15354:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 15230: 15222: 15221: 14638: 14445:International Napoleonic Society 14408:Mémoires du Prince de Talleyrand 14374:. Oxford U.P. pp. 177–560. 14341:from the original on 15 May 2021 13066: 13027: 13016: 13005: 12994: 12959: 12920: 12915:Constitution du 13 décembre 1799 12908: 12855: 12757: 12741: 12711: 12672: 12645: 12606: 12576: 12517: 12487: 12432: 12292: 12271: 12162: 12041:"The Little Tyrant, A review of 12029: 12016: 11969: 11934: 11910: 11874: 11779: 11748: 11477: 11307: 11277: 11265:from the original on 4 June 2016 11247: 11235:from the original on 3 June 2023 11190: 11157: 11122: 11091: 11048: 11036: 10719: 10692: 10501: 10462: 10431: 10418: 10386: 10363: 10314: 10257: 10043: 9870: 9820: 9794: 9739: 9691: 9679: 9667: 9655: 9643: 9631: 9619: 9607: 9595: 9583: 9571: 9541: 9529: 9517: 9505: 9493: 9481: 9454: 9442: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9368: 9344: 9305: 9293:from the original on 2 July 2023 9252: 9240: 9228: 9216: 9204: 9192: 9180: 9156: 9144: 9132: 9120: 9108: 9096: 9084: 8997: 8973: 8661: 8649: 8586: 8496: 8427: 8258: 8159: 8147: 8056: 7993: 7969: 7839: 7826: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7776: 7764: 7752: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7626: 7614: 7602: 7578: 7566: 7554: 7542: 7530: 7506: 7494: 7446: 7421: 7409: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7249: 7237: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7159: 7135: 7123: 7111: 7099: 7087: 7060: 7048: 7031:The French Revolution, 1770-1814 7018: 7006: 6994: 6982: 6941: 6917: 6861: 6849: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6777: 6478:"Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands" 5355: 5328: 5288:[napuliˈɔnɛˌbwɔnaˈbartɛ] 5177: 4906:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès 4658: 4633: 4608: 4312:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 3851:Napoleon and the Catholic Church 3618:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3611: 3505:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3498: 3200: 2915:François Charles Joseph Napoleon 2304:Napoleon in his coronation robes 2160: 1559:, and promised to partition the 1389:to offer his services to Sultan 1214:the French garrison in Ajaccio. 765:and their Italian allies in the 716:a series of successful campaigns 677: 660: 643: 626: 609: 592: 575: 558: 541: 524: 507: 490: 473: 456: 439: 422: 405: 388: 364: 357: 350: 332: 228: 24084:Military personnel from Ajaccio 23929:19th-century princes of Andorra 23919:19th-century monarchs of France 22004:Pretenders to the French throne 21654:Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa 21432:Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 21274:Napoleon, Emperor of the French 20912:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 20659:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 20584:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 19795:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 19790:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 19770:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 19598:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 18516:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 17755:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 17685:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 15591:12 July 1806 – 19 October 1813 15109:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker 13040:. Routledge. pp. 246–248. 12299:Forrest, A. (1 December 2004). 12278:Williamson, Lucy (4 May 2021). 12169:Dodman, Benjamin (7 May 2021). 11085:Springer Science+Business Media 10370:Youssef, Ahmed (January 2023). 7847:Atlas of World Military History 7821:Atlas of World Military History 6736: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6652: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6343: 6319: 6307: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6199: 6187: 6175: 6163: 6151: 6139: 6127: 6115: 6082: 6070: 6046: 6002: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5930: 5906: 5894: 5776:Chamberlain, Alexander (1896). 5769: 5757: 5697: 5663: 5651: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5315: 5294: 4861:Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne 4340:Napoleonic weaponry and warfare 4125:Cultural depictions of Napoleon 4111:ascribed his nervous energy to 3320:On 13 March, the powers at the 3267: 2889:at its greatest extent in 1812: 2764:On 6 November, Napoleon was in 2615:on a raft in the middle of the 2237:Francis I as Emperor of Austria 2211:, violating the sovereignty of 1161: 791:sold the territory of Louisiana 730:from 1799 to 1804, then of the 257: 220: 24064:Leaders who took power by coup 21442:Pauline, Princess of Guastalla 21185:Women in the French Revolution 20787:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 19964:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 19628:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 19257:French invasion of Switzerland 17670:Prince Regent John of Portugal 17580:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 17525:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 17520:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 15632:11 April 1814 – 20 March 1815 15530:17 March 1805 – 11 April 1814 15518:as last crowned monarch, 1530 14192:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 13981:The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815 13080: 12766:"Napoleon and Polish Identity" 10705:. Da Capo Press. p. 171. 10702:Wellington: A Personal History 10158:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 9376:"Napoleon's act of abdication" 8274:. Pan Macmillan. p. 238. 7297:, pp. 283–84, 289, 294–96 5451: 5264: 5169: 5092:12 July 1806 – 4 November 1813 4901:13 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 4819:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 4093:cited Napoleon to describe an 4070:Napoleon visiting the Tribunat 4026: 1864: 1478:Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole 1410:Insurrection of 10 August 1792 1346:Fall of Maximilien Robespierre 876:. In summer 1812, he launched 1: 23782:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry 21190:Incroyables and merveilleuses 21009:Pierre Claude François Daunou 20797:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 19928:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 19899:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 19196:Naval Engagement off Brittany 18949:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 18923:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 18732:Constitution of the Year VIII 18467:Committee of General Security 18352:National Legislative Assembly 18207:National Constituent Assembly 17695:Prince Charles John of Sweden 15671:as King of France and Navarre 15649:as King of France and Navarre 15511:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 15495:as King of France and Navarre 15441:New Confederation established 14403:Talleyrand, Chares-Maurice de 14001:The Journal of Modern History 13580:Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 13124:Napoleon: A Concise Biography 12589:A history of the modern world 12253:Repa, Jan (2 December 2005). 11943:"Everything is Owed to Glory" 10699:Hibbert, Christopher (1999). 10180:Hindmarsh & Savory (2008) 9746:Hibbert, Christopher (2003). 6496:10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 6476:Knapton, Ernest John (1963). 5724:. Pearson Education Limited. 5568:Repa, Jan (2 December 2005). 4938:26 January 1802 – 18 May 1805 4399:since the Revolutionary era. 3900:by the pope through the bull 3729:, joined Napoleon's retinue. 3692:Statute Law Revision Act 1873 3579:Statute Law Revision Act 1873 3405: 3341:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 2583:battles of Jena and Auerstedt 2497:, 27 April 1807, to sign the 2311: 2025:Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise 1943:Constitution of the Year VIII 1935:the hand inside the waistcoat 1733:Louis-François, Baron Lejeune 1625:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand 1486: 1468:Italian Campaign of 1796-1797 1219:French expedition to Sardinia 967: 850:trade embargo against Britain 797:. In December 1804, Napoleon 283: 23730:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin 22284:Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe 21267:Emperor and immediate family 21108:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 20902:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 20792:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 20689:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 20589:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 20279:Charles Malo François Lameth 19954:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 19785:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 19728:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 18928:Second Battle of Wissembourg 18615:Constitution of the Year III 15483:18 May 1804 – 11 April 1814 15381:Italian Republic established 14502: 14363:. Columbia University Press. 14121:10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358 13916:Esdaile, Charles J. (2003). 13915: 13819:. Rowman & Littlefield. 13420:. Harvard University Press. 13266:. Harcourt Brace, & Co. 13185:Napoleon: Soldier of Destiny 11786:Williams, L. Pearce (1956). 10265:"L'Empire et le Saint-Siège" 9879:"Napoleon's English Lessons" 9318:. Springer. pp. 10–15. 8063:Michael V. Leggiere (2015). 7681:Rosenberg, Chaim M. (2017). 5367: 5040:17 March 1805 – 6 April 1814 4735:was proclaimed for all men. 4571:The Memorial of Saint Helena 4457: 4402: 3934: 3467:Emmanuel, comte de Las Cases 3376:Rochefort, Charente-Maritime 2199:Bonaparte becomes Napoleon I 912:, which defeated him at the 894:forcing Napoleon to abdicate 158:, Corsica, Kingdom of France 91:20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815 7: 24079:Military governors of Paris 23934:Characters in War and Peace 23914:19th-century kings of Italy 23852:First Cabinet of Napoleon I 22144:Blancs d'Espagne succession 21858:Francis Joseph I of Austria 21547:Napoléon, Prince of Monfort 21004:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 20629:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 20564:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 20524:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 20403:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 20388:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 20383:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 20192:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 20045:William V, Prince of Orange 18915:First Battle of Wissembourg 18872:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 18588:Closing of the Jacobin Club 18457:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 18414:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 18274:Abolition of the Parlements 18247:Women's March on Versailles 15541:Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy 15425:Helvetic Republic dissolved 14902:War of the Fourth Coalition 14454:Public Broadcasting Service 14368:Schroeder, Paul W. (1996). 13901:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 13494:. Oxford University Press. 13321:Napoleon: The Path to Power 13223:. New York: Pegasus books. 13001:Constitution du 18 mai 1804 12084:, pp. 41, 53, 75, 103. 12047:. The Claremont Institute. 10677:, "Introduction", pp. 3-36. 9259:Vial, Charles-Éloi (2014). 5337:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 4852:aged 21, with no children. 4808: 4788:Latin American independence 4671:French occupation of Moscow 4667:Napoleon leaves the Kremlin 4642:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 4344:Military career of Napoleon 4055:understood the common man. 3844: 3283:Napoleon's Return from Elba 3192:on 20 April, Napoleon said: 2877:Consolidation of the Empire 2846:In August, a British force 2534:War of the Fourth Coalition 2366:260 km (160 mi). 2102:coin depicting Napoleon as 1916:War of the Second Coalition 1827:War of the Second Coalition 1647:Bonaparte Before the Sphinx 1364:, which was engaged in the 1332:Church of Saint-Roch, Paris 1277:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 1179:. Portrait made in 1835 by 947:, enacted the principle of 822:War of the Fourth Coalition 787:War of the Second Coalition 771:invasion of Egypt and Syria 10: 24150: 23944:Deaths from stomach cancer 23492:North German Confederation 23408:Confederation of the Rhine 21957:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 21890:North German Confederation 21875:Archduke Johann of Austria 21762:Confederation of the Rhine 21139:French Republican calendar 20694:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 20319:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 19673:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 19623:Charles François Dumouriez 19613:Jacques François Dugommier 19427:League of Armed Neutrality 19260:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 19212:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 19035:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 19014:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 18678:Second Congress of Rastatt 18462:Committee of Public Safety 18449:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 17530:Frederick I of Württemberg 15900:Confederation of the Rhine 15678:according to his will only 15211:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven) 15076:Column of the Grande Armée 14938:War of the Sixth Coalition 14914:War of the Fifth Coalition 14890:War of the Third Coalition 14132:Heavy Words Lightly Thrown 13491:Napoleon: The End of Glory 13381:Napoleon: A Political Life 13099:Barnett, Corelli (1997) . 13084: 12652:Astarita, Tommaso (2005). 11880:Margaret Bradley (1975), " 10734:Courier Dover Publications 10156:Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac? 10111:10.1007/s00428-021-03061-1 9802:"Two Days at Saint Helena" 8456:– via Springer Link. 7687:. McFarland. p. 168. 7034:. Blackwell. p. 212. 5830:Parker, Harold T. (1971). 5782:. MacMillan. p. 385. 5529:, pp. 574–76, 582–84. 5346:Napoleon Crossing the Alps 5258:[napɔleɔ̃bɔnapaʁt] 5009:18 May 1804 – 6 April 1814 4865:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski 4752:; this helped promote the 4750:Confederation of the Rhine 4686: 4617:Napoleon Crossing the Alps 4538: 4450: 4337: 4333: 4288: 4211: 4122: 3998: 3938: 3848: 3774:On 3 May he was given the 3736: 3727:François Carlo Antommarchi 3593:United Kingdom legislation 3480:United Kingdom legislation 3271: 3204: 3073:War of the Sixth Coalition 3070: 3067:War of the Sixth Coalition 3019:The Russians retreated to 2928: 2794:War of the Fifth Coalition 2791: 2788:War of the Fifth Coalition 2685: 2560:Confederation of the Rhine 2531: 2474: 2295:War of the Third Coalition 2292: 2289:War of the Third Coalition 2187:The Coronation of Napoleon 2170: 2164: 2149:, which established a new 2034: 2020:Conspiration des poignards 1909: 1870: 1840: 1690:French Academy of Sciences 1634: 1465: 1422:French Republican calendar 1312: 1233: 882:War of the Sixth Coalition 870:War of the Fifth Coalition 856:and installed his brother 810:War of the Third Coalition 767:War of the First Coalition 18: 23989:French governors of Egypt 23840: 23830:Jean François Aimé Dejean 23824: 23812: 23800: 23774: 23748: 23736: 23724: 23698: 23672: 23659:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard 23651: 23644: 23618: 23603: 23579: 23509: 23490: 23471: 23449: 23425: 23406: 23095: 23054: 23005: 22954: 22935: 22909: 22871: 22845: 22799: 22774: 22695: 22606: 22502: 22378: 22348: 22297: 22205: 22142: 22068: 22045: 22014: 21942: 21921: 21904: 21888: 21867: 21838: 21822: 21793: 21776: 21760: 21703: 21687: 21641: 21598:Prince Jerome Napoleon II 21555: 21469: 21458: 21447:Caroline, Queen of Naples 21409: 21359: 21306: 21295: 21266: 21154:Cult of the Supreme Being 21082: 21071: 20977: 20966: 20925: 20759: 20752: 20637: 20494: 20416: 20327: 20314:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 20220: 20169:Patriotic Society of 1789 20167: 20156: 20118: 20083: 20053: 20028: 19985: 19972:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 19894:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 19859: 19850: 19828: 19533: 19517: 19506: 19475: 19438: 19411:Convention of Alessandria 19393: 19300: 19247: 19178: 19048: 19022: 18939: 18836: 18763: 18752: 18708: 18697:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 18689: 18662: 18599: 18535: 18430: 18363: 18312: 18266: 18158:What Is the Third Estate? 18149: 18122: 18111: 18026: 17909: 17793: 17708: 17690:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 17680:William, Prince of Orange 17543: 17490:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 17423: 17416: 17296: 17175: 17039: 16868: 16782: 16736: 16485: 16379: 16303: 16197: 16111: 16063: 16054: 15950: 15851: 15842: 15819:French Invasion of Russia 15785: 15745: 15740:Links to related articles 15714: 15699: 15694: 15687: 15663: 15654: 15641: 15624: 15619: 15584: 15575: 15567: 15558: 15547: 15532: 15523: 15502: 15485: 15476: 15452: 15447: 15429: 15418: 15392: 15385: 15374: 15343: 15332: 15303: 15292: 15287: 15260: 15255: 15219: 15135: 15063: 15041:Saint-Domingue expedition 14979: 14926:French invasion of Russia 14827:French Revolutionary Wars 14816: 14647: 14636: 14537: 14510: 14271:Chesney, Charles (2006). 14225:. Greenwood. p. 99. 14035:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 13939:Esdaile, Charles (2007). 13855:Cordingly, David (2004). 13834:Conner, Susan P. (2004). 13777:. Saturday Review Press. 13743:The Campaigns of Napoleon 13710:The Campaigns of Napoleon 13689:. Yale University Press. 13681:Bordes, Philippe (2007). 13623:Napoleon: For and Against 13567:Historiography and memory 13473:. London: Jonathan Cape. 13344:. Yale University Press. 13325:. Yale University Press. 12445:French Historical Studies 11761:. Routledge. p. 52. 11131:French Historical Studies 11071:10.1007/978-1-349-08847-8 9616:, pp. 540–45, 562–64 9237:, pp. 461–62, 487–88 7845:Richard Brooks (editor), 7819:Richard Brooks (editor), 6601:, pp. 245–50, 268–71 5836:French Historical Studies 5716:Ellis, Geoffrey (1997b). 5410:. Springer. p. 230. 5302:1768 Treaty of Versailles 5138: 5129: 5123: 5105: 5085: 5069: 5053: 5033: 5027: 5013: 5000: 4983: 4973: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4821:and her son Napoleon, by 4223:Saint-Louis des Invalides 4063:, Talleyrand and Fouché. 3760: 3697: 3685: 3680: 3672: 3662: 3652: 3647: 3634: 3624: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3584: 3572: 3567: 3559: 3549: 3539: 3534: 3521: 3511: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3183:Antoine-Alphonse Montfort 2931:French invasion of Russia 2682:Peninsular War and Erfurt 2381:receive the surrender of 2352:Battle of Cape Finisterre 2118:under his brother-in-law 2116:Saint-Domingue expedition 2031:Temporary peace in Europe 1743:on 1 July. He fought the 1286:, the younger brother of 718:across Europe during the 328: 318: 308: 296: 276: 197: 186: 178: 162: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 115: 108: 104: 96: 84: 74: 63: 56: 39: 34: 21:Napoleon (disambiguation) 24134:Self-proclaimed monarchy 24124:Politicians from Ajaccio 24119:People of Tuscan descent 23716:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 23706:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 23460:Archduke John of Austria 21803:Karl Theodor von Dalberg 21695:Charles, Prince Napoléon 21256:Imperial House of France 20862:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 20827:Joséphine de Beauharnais 20709:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 20679:François-Nicolas Vincent 20664:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 19838:Charles-Alexandre Linois 19733:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 19713:François Séverin Marceau 19693:François Joseph Lefebvre 19588:Jean-Étienne Championnet 19563:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 19558:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 19553:Alexandre de Beauharnais 19543:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 19265:French Invasion of Egypt 19143:Second Battle of Bassano 18877:Battle of Kaiserslautern 18651:Conspiracy of the Equals 18344:The Constitution of 1791 18215:Storming of the Bastille 17600:Archduke John of Austria 17595:Prince von Schwarzenberg 17440:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 15661:20 March – 22 June 1815 15595:Confederation dissolved 15250:Offices and distinctions 14954:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 14550:Joséphine de Beauharnais 14275:. Kessinger Publishing. 14186:Watson, William (2003). 14062:Grab, Alexander (2003). 14029:Grab, Alexander (2017). 13666:. Taylor & Francis. 13636:. Simon & Schuster. 13630:Roberts, Andrew (2001). 13625:. London: Jonathan Cape. 13614:10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306 13521:Roberts, Andrew (2014). 13378:Englund, Steven (2010). 13238:Chandler, David (2002). 13219:Broers, Michael (2022). 13087:Bibliography of Napoleon 12927:Kubben, Raymond (2011). 12619:. Berg. pp. 11–13. 12613:Scheck, Raffael (2008). 12043:Napoleon: A Penguin Life 12022:Charles Esdaile (2008), 11895:(1975) 32#5 pp. 415–449. 11628:World History of Warfare 11055:Ellis, Geoffrey (2003). 10154:Cullen, William (2008). 9989:, pp. 82–89, 90–93. 9855:, pp. 44–46, 64–67. 8444:10.1057/9781137455475_16 7427:Christer Petley (2018), 6488:Harvard University Press 5541:, pp. 32–34, 50–51. 5148: 5011:20 March – 22 June 1815 4835:Stéphanie de Beauharnais 4005:Napoleon and Protestants 3865:ecclesiastical provinces 3732: 3477:'s call for an inquiry. 3402:Napoleon on Saint Helena 3380:Frederick Lewis Maitland 3157:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 2987:river and implemented a 2826:Battle of Aspern-Essling 2631:that proved indecisive. 2611:: Napoleon meeting with 2471:Middle-Eastern alliances 2173:Coronation of Napoleon I 1671:trade interests in India 1448:Joséphine de Beauharnais 1295:Second Battle of Saorgio 1092:Charles Louis de Marbeuf 848:. Seeking to extend his 830:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 209:Joséphine de Beauharnais 23994:French military leaders 23690:Claude Ambroise Régnier 22369:List of French monarchs 21947:List of German monarchs 21608:Victor, Prince Napoléon 20842:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 20714:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 20674:Antoine-François Momoro 20669:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 20486:François de Neufchâteau 20436:Charles-François Lebrun 20378:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 20259:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 20135:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 19941:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 19936:Karl Mack von Leiberich 19568:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 19382:Second Battle of Zurich 19273:Irish Rebellion of 1798 19119:First Battle of Bassano 18957:Second Battle of Boulou 18758:Revolutionary campaigns 18716:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 18631:Council of Five Hundred 18419:First republic declared 18355:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 18336:Declaration of Pillnitz 18060:Constitutional monarchy 17535:Frederick VI of Denmark 17485:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 16275:Greater Poland uprising 16098:Duc d'Enghien Execution 15359:Charles-François Lebrun 15086:Palace of Fontainebleau 14327:10.1111/1468-229X.12089 14309:Dwyer, Philip (2015b). 14219:Sicker, Martin (2001). 14129:Roberts, Chris (2004). 14081:Harvey, Robert (2007). 13811:Connelly, Owen (2006). 13792:Cobban, Alfred (1963). 13542:Zamoyski, Adam (2018). 13439:19 October 2016 at the 13359:Dwyer, Phillip (2018). 13317:Dwyer, Philip (2008a). 13158:Blaufarb, Rafe (2008). 13129:Oxford University Press 13127:. Oxford and New York: 12982:2 December 2023 at the 12971:2 December 2023 at the 12695:Oxford University Press 12526:"Napoleon and His Code" 12457:10.1215/00161071-28-1-1 11947:The Wall Street Journal 11426:, p. 29-35, 51-53. 11325:Weidenfeld and Nicolson 11255:"La taille de Napoléon" 11196:Davydov, Denis (1999). 10937:, pp. 573, 575–76. 10838:, pp. 135–37, 175. 10590:, pp. 135–37, 198. 10218:, pp. 216–19, 225. 10206:, pp. 141, 195–99. 10068:, pp. 115, 282n82. 9141:, pp. 600–602, 608 8898:, pp. 361, 370–71. 7886:Adrian Gilbert (2000). 6577:, pp. 195, 204–206 6089:David Nicholls (1999). 6067:, Chapter 2, pp. 29–53. 5675:Encyclopædia Britannica 4911:Charles-François Lebrun 4733:equality before the law 3989:Palace of Fontainebleau 3975:Arrest of Pope Pius VII 3896:ceremony. Napoleon was 3806:Valley of the Geraniums 3443:before he was moved to 3371:, just north of Paris. 3228:Treaty of Fontainebleau 2542:Napoleon reviewing the 2512:recognized Napoleon as 2481:Franco-Persian alliance 2477:Franco-Ottoman alliance 2422:French forces occupied 2125:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1951:Charles-François Lebrun 1926:Bonaparte, First Consul 1883:Council of Five Hundred 1774:of Damascus (Syria and 1703:Description de l'Égypte 1607:Bonaparte sent General 1057:Napoleone di Buonaparte 949:equality before the law 864:in 1808, provoking the 852:, Napoleon invaded the 701:Napoleone di Buonaparte 246:Marie Louise of Austria 24094:Monarchs who abdicated 24024:French Roman Catholics 23949:Emperors of the French 23818:François Barbé-Marbois 23592:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 22875:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 22364:List of Frankish kings 22359:Simplified family tree 22207:Bonapartist pretenders 22062: 22053: 21852:Ferdinand I of Austria 21669:Louis, Prince Napoléon 21623:William Bonaparte-Wyse 21613:Prince Louis Bonaparte 21532:Prince Jérôme Napoléon 21507:Prince Pierre Napoléon 21289:Napoleon, King of Rome 21171: 21130: 21106: 21087: 20599:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 20594:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 20504:Maximilien Robespierre 20337:Jacques Pierre Brissot 20202:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 19633:Louis-Charles de Flers 19618:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 19583:Jean François Carteaux 19358:First Battle of Zurich 19321:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 19276:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 19236:Treaty of Campo Formio 18982:Glorious First of June 18910:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 18869:Expedition to Sardinia 18547:Desmoulins guillotined 18482:Assassination of Marat 18474:Fall of the Girondists 18446:Revolutionary Tribunal 18438:Execution of Louis XVI 18328:Champ de Mars massacre 18231:Abolition of Feudalism 17655:Ferdinand VII of Spain 16103:Coronation of Napoleon 15708:Emperor of the French 15471:as King of the French 15318:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 14874:Battle of the Pyramids 14679:Assassination attempts 14581:Carlo Maria Buonaparte 14290:Johnson, Paul (2002). 13943:. London: Allen Lane. 13713:. New York: Scribner. 13469:McLynn, Frank (1997). 13340:Dwyer, Philip (2013). 13034:Emsley, Clive (2014). 12439:Datta, Venita (2005). 12123:, pp. 62, 105–07. 10322:"Napoleon's "divorce"" 9165:, pp. 453, 458–63 8593:Gill, John H. (2020). 8385:, p. 271-72, 275. 7587:, pp. 125, 129–31 6745:, pp. 327, 333–35 6637:, pp. 285–86, 291 6043:, Chapter 1, pp. 3–28. 5283: 5253: 4943:Francesco Melzi d'Eril 4826: 4803:Poland Is Not Yet Lost 4784:Ferdinand VII of Spain 4758:unification of Germany 4708:Louisiana and Quebec. 4704: 4558: 4487: 4476: 4357: 4303: 4231: 4175: 4150: 4071: 3995:Religious emancipation 3953: 3868: 3767: 3739:Death mask of Napoleon 3422: 3411: 3290: 3223: 3198: 3185: 3133: 3093: 3016: 2963: 2952:Napoleon watching the 2905: 2807: 2761: 2700: 2620: 2556:Bourbon king of Naples 2551: 2501: 2499:Treaty of Finckenstein 2445: 2393: 2375: 2339: 2317: 2271:Iron Crown of Lombardy 2231: 2195: 2107: 2050: 1938: 1887:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 1861: 1753:Battle of the Pyramids 1736: 1727:Battle of the Pyramids 1658: 1621:Treaty of Campo Formio 1611:to Paris to support a 1588: 1497: 1462:First Italian campaign 1341: 1288:Maximilien Robespierre 1261:Le souper de Beaucaire 1255: 1236:Siege of Toulon (1793) 1183: 1128: 1013:Maria Letizia Ramolino 1009:Carlo Maria Buonaparte 1004: 834: 741:Born on the island of 173:Longwood, Saint Helena 23959:French Army personnel 22060: 22051: 21962:House of Hohenzollern 21809:Eugène de Beauharnais 21753:German Confederations 21674:Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse 21633:Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse 21452:Jérôme I of Westfalia 21331:Eugène de Beauharnais 21044:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 20309:Jean-Charles Pichegru 20289:Jean-François Rewbell 19775:Jean-Charles Pichegru 19658:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 19648:Jacques Maurice Hatry 19419:Battle of Hohenlinden 19292:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 19127:Battle of Emmendingen 19074:Battle of Castiglione 18961:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 18892:Battle of Hondschoote 18563:Thermidorian Reaction 18527:(throughout the year) 18300:Fête de la Fédération 18226:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 18210:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 18194:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 17942:Conference of Dresden 17851:Paris (February 1812) 17780:Swedish–Norwegian War 17605:Alexander I of Russia 15702:— TITULAR — 15658:Co-Prince of Andorra 15656:Emperor of the French 15565:1806 – 11 April 1814 15479:Emperor of the French 15339:Consulate established 14240:Wells, David (1992). 14189:Tricolor and crescent 13979:Gates, David (2003). 13660:Amini, Iradj (2000). 13621:Geyl, Pieter (1949). 13488:Price, Munro (2014). 13471:Napoleon: a Biography 13464:. St. Martin's Press. 13450:23 March 2018 at the 13258:Kircheisen, Friedrich 12679:Alter, Peter (2006). 11755:Clive Emsley (2014). 11484:Palmer, Alan (1984). 11058:The Napoleonic Empire 10726:Jack Coggins (1966). 10469:Aston, Nigel (2002). 10438:Aston, Nigel (2000). 10143:– via Springer. 9779:, pp. 39–41, 90. 9278:10.3917/napo.141.0003 6466:, pp. 97, 103–04 5045:Eugène de Beauharnais 5003:Emperor of the French 4831:Eugène de Beauharnais 4816: 4696: 4552: 4541:Napoleonic propaganda 4535:Propaganda and memory 4482: 4468:The Third of May 1808 4465: 4447:Memory and evaluation 4362:military organization 4351: 4338:Further information: 4326:grounds for divorce. 4298: 4219: 4170: 4136: 4123:Further information: 4069: 4001:Napoleon and the Jews 3999:Further information: 3948: 3939:Further information: 3858: 3849:Further information: 3754: 3417: 3400: 3393:Exile on Saint Helena 3349:Battle of Quatre Bras 3324:declared Napoleon an 3281: 3214: 3194: 3177: 3123: 3080: 3054:managed to cross the 3008: 2989:scorched earth policy 2950: 2884: 2801: 2755: 2714:in favour of his son 2695: 2664:Kingdom of Westphalia 2613:Alexander I of Russia 2606: 2571:Frederick William III 2541: 2488: 2436: 2428:Alexander I of Russia 2372: 2354:in July 1805. French 2302: 2229: 2221:Emperor of the French 2184: 2114:. Bonaparte sent the 2097: 2044: 1923: 1850: 1745:Battle of Shubra Khit 1724: 1644: 1577: 1514:Battle of Castiglione 1475: 1402:Thermidorian Reaction 1322: 1243: 1177:Republican volunteers 1174: 1115: 986: 878:an invasion of Russia 832:in 1806, marched his 804:The breakdown of the 736:Emperor of the French 58:Emperor of the French 23939:Corsican politicians 23766:Jean-Antoine Chaptal 23756:Pierre-Simon Laplace 23473:German Confederation 23427:German Confederation 22354:Detailed family tree 22280:Napoléon VII Charles 21912:Wilhelm I of Prussia 21846:Francis I of Austria 21824:German Confederation 21628:Marie Bonaparte-Wyse 20972:Influential thinkers 20719:Jean-François Varlet 20619:Jean-Lambert Tallien 20614:Jean Bon Saint-André 20441:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 20363:Marquis de Condorcet 20212:Nicolas de Condorcet 19977:Dagobert von Wurmser 19810:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 19753:Pierre-Jacques Osten 19668:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 19603:Louis-Nicolas Davout 19593:Chapuis de Tourville 19135:Battle of Schliengen 19082:Battle of Theiningen 19003:Battle of Aldenhoven 18887:Battle of Wattignies 18856:Battle of Neerwinden 18670:Coup of 18 Fructidor 18183:Death of the Dauphin 17896:Fontainebleau (1814) 17450:Louis-Nicolas Davout 16371:Invasion of Portugal 15602:Francis I of Austria 15561:Co-Prince of Andorra 15262:Napoleon I of France 14896:Battle of Austerlitz 14753:Weaponry and warfare 14435:The Napoleonic Guide 13749:Simon & Schuster 13417:Bonaparte: 1769–1802 13103:. Ware: Wordsworth. 13092:Biographical studies 12770:www.historytoday.com 12764:Nieuwazny, Andrzej. 12725:. Brown University. 12719:"The Crisis of 1808" 12382:Hazareesingh, Sudhir 12219:, pp. 578, 584. 12037:Hanson, Victor Davis 11953:on 13 November 2014. 11063:Macmillan Publishers 10536:, pp. 242, 245. 10448:. pp. 279–315. 9312:Prutsch, M. (2012). 9265:Napoleonica la Revue 6097:. ABC-CLIO. p. 5987:, pp. 26, 30–31 5334:This is depicted in 5284:Napulione Buonaparte 5115:German Confederation 5030:Himself as President 4767:The movement toward 4754:German Confederation 4239:. He negotiated the 4228:Jean-Baptiste Debret 4200:hat—sideways—with a 4129:Uniforms of Napoleon 4119:Appearance and image 3710:, diagnosed chronic 3365:Château de Malmaison 3207:Principality of Elba 3081:Napoleon and Prince 2921:satellite kingdoms. 2855:Treaty of Schönbrunn 2735:Convention of Cintra 2657:, and hand over the 2522:Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar 2450:Battle of Austerlitz 2112:Toussaint Louverture 1831:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 1617:Coup of 18 Fructidor 1569:Horses of Saint Mark 1565:forced its surrender 1438:Within weeks of the 1418:13 Vendémiaire An IV 1284:Augustin Robespierre 1152:Pierre-Simon Laplace 1088:Battle of Ponte Novu 1007:Napoleon's parents, 892:and captured Paris, 824:, Napoleon defeated 814:Battle of Austerlitz 24004:French nationalists 23685:André Joseph Abrial 23580:Provisional consuls 23012:Carolingian dynasty 22999:Monarchs of Germany 22790:Henry VI of England 22302:Orléanist pretender 22074:Unionist pretenders 21517:Louis II of Holland 21502:Prince Louis Lucien 21260:First French Empire 21059:Mary Wollstonecraft 20837:Jean Sylvain Bailly 20624:Pierre Louis Prieur 20569:Jean-Henri Voulland 20544:Jacques-Louis David 20476:Jean Joseph Mounier 20177:Jean Sylvain Bailly 19815:Belgrand de Vaubois 19703:Jean-Antoine Marbot 19643:Emmanuel de Grouchy 19448:Treaty of Lunéville 19087:Battle of Neresheim 19032:Siege of Luxembourg 19011:Siege of Luxembourg 18966:Battle of Tourcoing 18897:Siege of Bellegarde 18724:Coup of 18 Brumaire 18636:Council of Ancients 18411:National Convention 18403:September Massacres 18379:Brunswick Manifesto 18371:France declares war 18138:Assembly of Vizille 17922:Bourbon Restoration 17665:Maria I of Portugal 17650:Prince of Hohenlohe 17640:Gebhard von Blücher 16583:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 15890:Swiss Confederation 15636:Relinquished title 15299:Directory dissolved 15155:Cultural depictions 14949:Battle of Vauchamps 14669:Coup of 18 Brumaire 14528:First French Empire 13837:The Age of Napoleon 13685:Jacques-Louis David 13663:Napoleon and Persia 12429:, pp. 107–109. 12402:10.1093/fh/18.4.463 12317:10.1093/fh/18.4.426 11098:Hall, H.K. (2006). 9977:, pp. 638–639. 9965:, pp. 103–105. 9791:, pp. 769–770. 9057:, pp. 400–407. 8802:, pp. 326–330. 8532:, pp. 296–300. 8505:"Battle of Corunna" 8325:, pp. 198–199. 8219:, pp. 458–461. 8132:, pp. 467–468. 8120:, pp. 225–228. 8108:Brooks 2000, p. 110 7861:, pp. 233–252. 7782:Michael J. Hughes, 7527:, pp. 338–339. 7491:, pp. 389–390. 6979:, pp. 205–206. 6938:, pp. 500–502. 6256:, pp. 137–159. 5514:, pp. 204–211. 5352:in the latter work. 5342:Hippolyte Delaroche 5306:Provinces of France 4927:Cisalpine Directory 4769:Italian unification 4729:Spanish Inquisition 4626:Jacques-Louis David 4434:École Polytechnique 4384:Carl von Clausewitz 4354:Cherbourg-Octeville 4206:Jacques-Louis David 4095:inferiority complex 3921:. He also defended 3720:Albine de Montholon 3245:and disembarked at 3138:Frankfurt proposals 3091:January Suchodolski 2894: French Empire 2636:Battle of Friedland 2491:Finckenstein Palace 2417:Battle of Trafalgar 2396:Austrian commander 2348:British West Indies 2248:Notre Dame de Paris 2192:Jacques-Louis David 2167:First French Empire 2151:Swiss Confederation 2011:Treaty of Lunéville 1808:reduce the fortress 1712:Knights Hospitaller 1683:Indian subcontinent 1663:British Royal Navy. 1631:Egyptian expedition 1506:Montenotte campaign 1270:National Convention 1223:National Convention 995:independence under 987:Napoleon's father, 945:Spanish Inquisition 846:Battle of Friedland 816:, which led to the 775:Coup of 18 Brumaire 759:a military campaign 345:Battles of Napoleon 24069:Marshals of France 24054:House of Bonaparte 23825:War Administration 23801:Secretary of State 23626:Napoleon Bonaparte 23587:Napoleon Bonaparte 23097:Kingdom of Germany 23061:Kingdom of Germany 22937:House of Bonaparte 22847:House of Bonaparte 22777:House of Lancaster 22343:Monarchs of France 22063: 22054: 21952:History of Germany 21482:Princess Charlotte 21437:Louis I of Holland 20897:Loménie de Brienne 20872:Madame de Lamballe 20807:Napoléon Bonaparte 20604:Prieur de la Marne 20519:Camille Desmoulins 20373:Marie Jean Hérault 20249:Jean-Sifrein Maury 20244:Arnaud de La Porte 20100:Alexander Korsakov 19886:Count of Clerfayt 19805:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 19718:Auguste de Marmont 19573:Napoléon Bonaparte 19464:Algeciras campaign 19456:Treaty of Florence 19334:Battle of Stockach 19167:Ireland expedition 19151:Battle of Calliano 19111:Battle of Rovereto 19103:Battle of Würzburg 18555:Law of 22 Prairial 18524:Anti-clerical laws 18499:The Death of Marat 18320:Flight to Varennes 17937:Continental System 17932:Congress of Erfurt 17856:Paris (March 1812) 17630:Peter Wittgenstein 17555:Duke of Wellington 17510:Prince Poniatowski 17475:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 17460:Auguste de Marmont 16855:Arroyo dos Molinos 16703:Walcheren Campaign 16693:Armistice of Znaim 16588:Dalmatian Campaign 16513:Tyrolean Rebellion 15719:Title next held by 15689:Titles in pretence 15552:Title last held by 15537:Title next held by 15507:Title last held by 15460:Title last held by 15408:Title next held by 15350:Served alongside: 15310:Served alongside: 15288:Political offices 15267:House of Bonaparte 15193:Retour des cendres 15172:German Romanticism 15122:Rue de la Victoire 15036:Law of 20 May 1802 14971:Battle of Waterloo 14932:Battle of Borodino 14620:Caroline Bonaparte 14568:Alexandre Walewski 14168:Napoleon Bonaparte 14108:Clinical Chemistry 13737:Chandler, David G. 13432:; 1008 pp.; vol 1 13412:Gueniffey, Patrice 12792:, pp. 320–21. 12697:. pp. 61–76. 12530:Harvard Law Review 12484:, pp. 109–12. 12243:, pp. 579–84. 11989:, pp. 666–67. 11919:, pp. 278–281 11887:4 May 2023 at the 11402:, pp. 101–10. 11289:www.britannica.com 11045:, pp. 175–176 11033:, pp. 288–89. 11009:, pp. 287–91. 10973:, pp. 19, 47. 10814:, pp. 277–79. 10802:, pp. 135–37. 10790:, pp. 279–80. 10665:, pp. 280–81. 10566:, pp. 160–61. 10415:, pp. 244–45. 10284:, pp. 236–37. 10242:, pp. 239–41. 10194:, pp. 126–27. 10105:(479): 1055–1060. 10080:, pp. 120–23. 10013:, pp. 108–13. 9810:Monroe and Francis 9415:, pp. 593–594 9069:, pp. 410–19. 9045:, pp. 388–98. 8970:, pp. 379–82. 8922:, pp. 563–64. 8874:, pp. 358–61. 8850:, pp. 353–55. 8838:, pp. 350–53. 8826:, pp. 334–41. 8790:, pp. 321–25. 8742:, pp. 285–86. 8706:, pp. 312–14. 8682:, pp. 308–12. 8646:, pp. 306–08. 8583:, pp. 304–05. 8547:, pp. 659–660 8397:, pp. 276–78. 8349:, pp. 269–70. 8313:, pp. 262–63. 8255:, pp. 261–62. 8243:, pp. 251–53. 8231:, pp. 247–50. 8204:, pp. 245–47. 8144:, pp. 233–34. 8096:, pp. 224–25. 8053:, pp. 216–20. 7927:, pp. 204–05. 7832:Andrew Uffindell, 7786:(NYU Press, 2012). 7381:, pp. 100–102 7345:, pp. 111–114 7219:, pp. 279–281 6870:, pp. 411–424 6798:, pp. 127–28. 6613:, pp. 282–285 6340:, pp. 159–63. 6148:, pp. 106–122 5609:, pp. xiv, 14 5323:Napoleon's theorem 5254:Napoléon Bonaparte 5141:Himself as Emperor 5126:Himself as Emperor 5062:Victor Emmanuel II 5058:Title next held by 4918:Himself as Emperor 4882:Political offices 4827: 4796:José de San Martín 4762:German nationalism 4705: 4559: 4529:Haitian Revolution 4492:enlightened despot 4488: 4485:Battle of Waterloo 4477: 4453:Legacy of Napoleon 4358: 4308:civil code of laws 4304: 4232: 4151: 4113:sexual dysfunction 4072: 3954: 3909:Napoleon read the 3869: 3768: 3743:Retour des cendres 3423: 3412: 3353:Battle of Waterloo 3322:Congress of Vienna 3291: 3287:Charles de Steuben 3224: 3186: 3161:Auguste de Marmont 3134: 3094: 3017: 2964: 2941:Duchy of Oldenburg 2925:Invasion of Russia 2906: 2808: 2778:Duke of Wellington 2762: 2743:Congress of Erfurt 2701: 2676:Treaties of Tilsit 2621: 2609:Treaties of Tilsit 2594:Continental System 2552: 2502: 2446: 2394: 2358:then retreated to 2356:Admiral Villeneuve 2318: 2275:Cathedral of Milan 2232: 2196: 2136:Louisiana Purchase 2108: 2089:Antoine Richepanse 2051: 2047:Louisiana Purchase 2037:Haitian Revolution 1939: 1862: 1768:Battle of the Nile 1764:Sir Horatio Nelson 1737: 1659: 1589: 1561:Republic of Venice 1498: 1400:, a leader of the 1375:Clisson et Eugénie 1342: 1256: 1195:artillery regiment 1184: 1133:Brienne-le-Château 1129: 1005: 925:Napoleonic tactics 914:Battle of Waterloo 697:Napoleon Bonaparte 23866: 23865: 23860: 23859: 23836: 23835: 23775:Navy and Colonies 23538: 23537: 23464: 23463:(Imperial Regent) 23102:Holy Roman Empire 23031:Louis the Younger 22965: 22964: 22926:Louis Philippe II 22849:(1804–1814; 1815) 22310: 22309: 22305: 22264:Napoléon V Victor 22260:Napoléon V Jérôme 22249: 22246:Emperor 1852–1870 22016:Monarchy in exile 21970: 21969: 21938: 21937: 21929:Otto von Bismarck 21884: 21883: 21818: 21817: 21719: 21718: 21417:Joseph I of Spain 21369: 21368: 21222: 21221: 21218: 21217: 21096:Cockade of France 21067: 21066: 21029:Antoine Lavoisier 21019:Benjamin Franklin 20999:Anacharsis Cloots 20962: 20961: 20958: 20957: 20882:Louis de Breteuil 20724:Theophile Leclerc 20152: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20105:Alexander Suvorov 19846: 19845: 19780:Józef Poniatowski 19698:Étienne Macdonald 19502: 19501: 19403:Battle of Marengo 19366:Battle of Trebbia 19350:Battle of Cassano 19342:Battle of Magnano 19326:Battle of Ostrach 19228:Battle of Neuwied 18990:Battle of Fleurus 18974:Battle of Tournay 18851:War in the Vendée 18787:Royalist Revolts 18748: 18747: 18305: 18281:Abolition of the 18199:Tennis Court Oath 18191:National Assembly 18020:French Revolution 17986: 17985: 17982: 17981: 17974:Types of military 17770:Russo-Turkish War 17765:Russo-Persian War 17733:Anglo-Turkish War 17728:Anglo-Swedish War 17723:Anglo-Spanish War 17718:Anglo-Russian War 17645:Duke of Brunswick 17548:political leaders 17428:political leaders 17412: 17411: 16417:Medina de Rioseco 16139:Haslach-Jungingen 16073:French Revolution 16050: 16049: 15833:Seventh Coalition 15732: 15731: 15727: 15726: 15704: 15683: 15664:Succeeded by 15652: 15626:Sovereign of the 15599:successive ruler: 15568:Succeeded by 15521: 15498: 15486:Succeeded by 15474: 15457:French Revolution 15405: 15242: 15241: 15137:Legacy and memory 15081:Equestrian statue 15064:Homes and honours 14992:Concordat of 1801 14944:Battle of Leipzig 14920:Battle of Eckmühl 14884:Battle of Marengo 14857:Battle of Bassano 14839:French Revolution 14721:Sale of Louisiana 14625:Pauline Bonaparte 14468:Project Gutenberg 14464:Works by Napoleon 14381:978-0-1982-0654-5 14355:Lefebvre, Georges 14301:978-0-6700-3078-1 14294:. Penguin Books. 14282:978-1-4286-4988-0 14255:978-0-1401-1813-1 14248:. Penguin Books. 14232:978-0-2759-6891-5 14199:978-0-2759-7470-1 14178:978-0-0601-7214-5 14171:. HarperCollins. 14142:978-1-8620-7765-2 14094:978-1-8452-9635-3 14073:978-0-3336-8275-3 14042:978-1-4039-3757-5 13990:978-0-7126-0719-3 13971:978-1-8417-6831-1 13950:978-0-1419-0946-2 13931:978-1-4039-6231-7 13889:978-0-1996-3974-8 13870:978-1-5823-4468-3 13826:978-0-7425-5318-7 13784:978-0-8415-0254-3 13720:978-0-0252-3660-8 13696:978-0-3001-2346-3 13673:978-0-9342-1158-1 13653:Specialty studies 13643:978-0-7432-2832-9 13557:978-0-0081-1607-1 13546:. Great Britain: 13534:978-0-6700-2532-9 13527:. Penguin Group. 13501:978-0-1996-6080-3 13427:978-0-6743-6835-4 13391:978-0-6740-1803-7 13370:978-1-4088-9175-9 13351:978-0-3002-1253-2 13332:978-0-3001-3754-5 13309:978-0-0063-7521-0 13302:. HarperCollins. 13273:978-0-8369-6981-8 13249:978-0-8505-2750-6 13230:978-1-6393-6177-9 13199:978-0-5712-7345-4 13171:978-0-3124-3110-5 13138:978-0-1902-6271-6 13047:978-1-317-89780-4 13037:Napoleonic Europe 12966:Acte de Médiation 12940:978-90-04-18558-6 12804:, p. 318-19. 12681:T. C. W. Blanning 12626:978-1-84520-817-2 12599:978-0-07-040826-5 12514:, p. 2016ff. 12207:, pp. 32–34. 12147:, p. 29, 46. 12135:, pp. 81–82. 11931:, pp. 60–61. 11893:Annals of science 11859:, pp. 58–59. 11768:978-1-317-61028-1 11745:, pp. 10–13. 11733:, pp. 93–94. 11709:, pp. 46–47. 11638:978-0-8032-1941-0 11596:, pp. 43–44. 11584:, p. 577-78. 11474:, pp. 21–23. 11450:, pp. 24–25. 11438:, pp. 75–76. 11414:, pp. 49–51. 11390:, pp. 37–40. 11378:, pp. 53–56. 11348:Kircheisen (1932) 11334:978-0-297-78809-6 11320:Napoleon's family 11231:. 28 April 2016. 11185:Kircheisen (1932) 11173:Bourrienne (1889) 11080:978-1-4039-4401-6 10985:, pp. 95–96. 10874:, p. 279-80. 10862:, pp. 16–17. 10743:978-0-486-45257-9 10712:978-0-7382-0148-1 10653:, p. 280-83. 10614:, pp. 88–89. 10602:, pp. 18–19. 10551:, pp. 435–36 10482:978-0-521-46592-2 10455:978-0-8132-0976-0 10165:978-0-85404-363-7 9953:, pp. 93–97. 9917:, pp. 64–67. 9867:, pp. 43–44. 9759:978-0-393-32499-0 9736:, pp. 71–74. 9724:, pp. 13–34. 9700:, pp. 556–62 9676:, pp. 551–56 9664:, pp. 546–47 9652:, pp. 573–74 9640:, pp. 544–46 9628:, pp. 553–54 9604:, pp. 538–42 9592:, pp. 537–38 9553:library.brown.edu 9538:, pp. 532–33 9526:, pp. 525–26 9502:, pp. 522–23 9490:, pp. 514–16 9451:, pp. 513–15 9439:, pp. 500–03 9353:, pp. 484–86 9325:978-1-137-29165-3 9249:, pp. 479–84 9225:, pp. 626–67 9213:, pp. 475–78 9189:, pp. 465–69 9129:, pp. 445–46 9093:, pp. 280–84 9017:978-0-253-11093-0 8958:, p. 371-72. 8862:, pp. 494–95 8814:, p. 328-30. 8606:978-1-78438-451-7 8571:, pp. 78–80. 8453:978-1-349-56731-7 8436:Napoleon's Empire 8281:978-1-74328-540-4 8076:978-0-8061-8017-5 8013:978-0-674-00541-9 7899:978-1-57958-216-6 7694:978-1-4766-6812-3 7671:, pp. 185–87 7659:, pp. 164–66 7647:, pp. 130–31 7635:, pp. 144–45 7611:, pp. 127–28 7575:, pp. 349–50 7563:, pp. 116–23 7551:, pp. 342–48 7515:, pp. 110–13 7402:978-1-4443-3564-4 7321:, pp. 313–15 7234:, pp. 271–74 7192:, pp. 268–70 7057:, pp. 240–43 7041:978-0-631-20299-8 6899:, pp. 39–40. 6721:, pp. 311–16 6709:, pp. 304–05 6625:, pp. 149–51 6529:, pp. 92–94. 6483:Empress Josephine 6328:, pp. 76, 84 6316:, pp. 155–57 6280:, pp. 154–55 6268:, pp. 147–52 6232:, pp. 245–47 6220:, pp. 140–41 6208:, pp. 132–35 6184:, pp. 131–32 6108:978-0-87436-957-1 6055:, pp. 36, 38 5951:, pp. 12–14. 5789:978-1-4219-8748-4 5754:, pp. 20–21. 5474:978-0-300-11982-4 5448:, pp. 38–40. 5417:978-1-137-27139-6 5146: 5145: 5139:Succeeded by 5118: 5106:Succeeded by 5103: 5082: 5079:Holy Roman Empire 5051: 5014:Succeeded by 4977:Swiss Restoration 4974:Succeeded by 4960:Helvetic Assembly 4949:Succeeded by 4946: 4916:Succeeded by 4913: 4740:Holy Roman Empire 4415:The Enlightenment 4388:Henry Vassall-Fox 4241:Concordat of 1801 4202:hand-in-waistcoat 4147:hand-in-waistcoat 3962:Concordat of 1801 3951:Concordat of 1801 3941:Concordat of 1801 3872:Religious beliefs 3799:arsenic poisoning 3788:à la tête d'armée 3704: 3703: 3681:Other legislation 3606:Act of Parliament 3591: 3590: 3568:Other legislation 3493:Act of Parliament 3389:on 15 July 1815. 3337:Army of the North 3107:Battle of Dresden 3025:Feodor Rostopchin 2981:Russian Lithuania 2956:in September 1812 2848:landed in Holland 2818:Battle of Eckmühl 2760:, 4 December 1808 2564:Holy Roman Empire 2550:, 14 October 1806 2373:Napoleon and the 2106:from AN XI, 1802 2060:Concordat of 1801 1986:Michael von Melas 1823:series of defeats 1708:Hospitaller Malta 1533:House of Habsburg 1518:Battle of Bassano 1483:Antoine-Jean Gros 1456:sugar plantations 1366:War in the Vendée 1245:Bonaparte at the 1188:second lieutenant 1167:Return to Corsica 1080:Republic of Genoa 1055:, under the name 910:Seventh Coalition 902:Bourbons to power 900:and restored the 886:Battle of Leipzig 854:Iberian Peninsula 783:Battle of Marengo 747:French Royal Army 712:French Revolution 340: 339: 24141: 23969:French Consulate 23846:French Directory 23761:Lucien Bonaparte 23649: 23648: 23609: 23572:French Consulate 23565: 23558: 23551: 23542: 23541: 23462: 23021:Louis the German 22992: 22985: 22978: 22969: 22968: 22920:Louis Philippe I 22911:House of Orléans 22873:House of Bourbon 22801:House of Bourbon 22337: 22330: 22323: 22314: 22313: 22299: 22243: 21997: 21990: 21983: 21974: 21973: 21902: 21901: 21897: 21836: 21835: 21831: 21774: 21773: 21769: 21746: 21739: 21732: 21723: 21722: 21464: 21403:Bonaparte family 21396: 21389: 21382: 21373: 21372: 21351:Lucien Bonaparte 21341:Jérôme Bonaparte 21316:Joseph Bonaparte 21301: 21249: 21242: 21235: 21226: 21225: 21176: 21164:Temple of Reason 21135: 21111: 21092: 21073: 21072: 21024:Thomas Jefferson 20968: 20967: 20887:de Chateaubriand 20817:Joseph Bonaparte 20812:Lucien Bonaparte 20802:Marie Antoinette 20757: 20756: 20744:Sylvain Maréchal 20699:François Hanriot 20534:Louis Philippe I 20461:Louis Philippe I 20456:Philippe Égalité 20398:Olympe de Gouges 20368:Charlotte Corday 20358:Étienne Clavière 20158: 20157: 20140:Antonio Ricardos 20125: 20124: 20110:Andrei Rosenberg 20090: 20089: 20060: 20059: 20035: 20034: 20005:Ralph Abercromby 19992: 19991: 19967: 19944: 19931: 19923: 19915: 19902: 19889: 19866: 19865: 19857: 19856: 19761: 19708:Marcellin Marbot 19531: 19530: 19524: 19523: 19512:Military leaders 19508: 19507: 19495: 19487: 19483:Treaty of Amiens 19468: 19460: 19452: 19431: 19423: 19415: 19407: 19386: 19385:(25–26 Sep 1799) 19378: 19370: 19369:(17–20 Jun 1799) 19362: 19354: 19353:(27–28 Apr 1799) 19346: 19338: 19330: 19329:(20–21 Mar 1799) 19322: 19314: 19310:Second Coalition 19293: 19285: 19277: 19269: 19261: 19240: 19232: 19224: 19220:Treaty of Leoben 19216: 19208: 19207:(14–15 Jan 1797) 19204:Battle of Rivoli 19200: 19192: 19188:Italian campaign 19171: 19163: 19162:(15–17 Nov 1796) 19159:Battle of Arcole 19155: 19147: 19139: 19131: 19123: 19115: 19107: 19099: 19095:Battle of Amberg 19091: 19078: 19070: 19066:Battle of Lonato 19062: 19058:Italian campaign 19036: 19015: 19007: 18994: 18986: 18978: 18970: 18962: 18953: 18932: 18931:(26–27 Dec 1793) 18919: 18911: 18873: 18865: 18861:Battle of Famars 18829: 18754: 18753: 18736: 18728: 18720: 18701: 18682: 18674: 18655: 18647: 18627: 18619: 18611: 18592: 18584: 18576: 18567: 18559: 18551: 18528: 18520: 18512: 18504: 18494: 18486: 18478: 18458: 18450: 18442: 18423: 18415: 18407: 18399: 18391: 18383: 18375: 18356: 18348: 18340: 18332: 18324: 18323:(20–21 Jun 1791) 18303: 18295: 18287: 18278: 18259: 18251: 18243: 18235: 18227: 18219: 18211: 18203: 18195: 18187: 18179: 18171: 18163: 18142: 18134: 18130:Day of the Tiles 18113: 18112: 18013: 18006: 17999: 17990: 17989: 17750:Dano-Swedish War 17738:Anglo-Danish War 17590:Archduke Charles 17505:Jérôme Bonaparte 17421: 17420: 17354:Castel di Sangro 17263:Fère-Champenoise 16916:García Hernández 16830:Fuentes de Oñoro 16346:Guttstadt-Deppen 16083:Second Coalition 16061: 16060: 16042:French Royalists 15849: 15848: 15798:Fourth Coalition 15772: 15765: 15758: 15749: 15748: 15736: 15735: 15700: 15668: 15646: 15642:Preceded by 15515: 15492: 15468: 15412:Enrico De Nicola 15397: 15283: 15276: 15258: 15257: 15246: 15245: 15234: 15233: 15225: 15224: 15160:Napoleon complex 15102:Maison Bonaparte 15056: 15026:Organic Articles 14862:Battle of Rivoli 14818:Battles and wars 14802: 14788: 14737:Mesures usuelles 14665: 14642: 14612:Jérôme Bonaparte 14602:Lucien Bonaparte 14597:Joseph Bonaparte 14589:Letizia Ramolino 14497: 14490: 14483: 14474: 14473: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14397: 14395: 14393: 14364: 14350: 14348: 14346: 14305: 14292:Napoleon: A life 14286: 14259: 14247: 14236: 14215: 14213: 14211: 14182: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14125: 14123: 14098: 14077: 14058: 14056: 14054: 14025: 13994: 13975: 13954: 13935: 13923: 13912: 13893: 13874: 13862: 13851: 13830: 13818: 13807: 13788: 13776: 13762: 13746: 13732: 13700: 13688: 13677: 13647: 13626: 13617: 13596: 13594: 13592: 13561: 13538: 13524:Napoleon: A Life 13517: 13515: 13513: 13484: 13465: 13431: 13407: 13405: 13403: 13374: 13355: 13336: 13324: 13313: 13289: 13287: 13285: 13253: 13234: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13175: 13154: 13152: 13150: 13114: 13075: 13070: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13059: 13031: 13025: 13020: 13014: 13009: 13003: 12998: 12992: 12963: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12952: 12924: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12868: 12859: 12853: 12847: 12841: 12835: 12829: 12823: 12817: 12811: 12805: 12799: 12793: 12787: 12778: 12777: 12761: 12755: 12745: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12715: 12709: 12708: 12676: 12670: 12669: 12649: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12610: 12604: 12603: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12521: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12502: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12378: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12339: 12333: 12332: 12296: 12290: 12289: 12275: 12269: 12268: 12250: 12244: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12085: 12079: 12073: 12067: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12033: 12027: 12020: 12014: 12008: 12002: 12001:, p. xliii. 11996: 11990: 11984: 11978: 11973: 11967: 11966:, pp. 7–10. 11961: 11955: 11954: 11949:. Archived from 11938: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11914: 11908: 11902: 11896: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11860: 11854: 11848: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11752: 11746: 11740: 11734: 11728: 11722: 11716: 11710: 11704: 11698: 11692: 11686: 11680: 11674: 11673: 11661: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11622: 11609: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11572:, p. 27-28. 11567: 11558: 11552: 11546: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11506: 11500: 11499: 11481: 11475: 11469: 11463: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11409: 11403: 11397: 11391: 11385: 11379: 11373: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11345: 11339: 11338: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11201: 11194: 11188: 11182: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11161: 11155: 11154: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11107: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11021:, p. 37-38. 11016: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10992: 10986: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10950: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10911: 10905: 10899: 10893: 10887: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10776: 10775:, p. 18-19. 10770: 10764: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10696: 10690: 10689:, p. 379ff. 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10636: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10552: 10546: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10505: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10435: 10429: 10422: 10416: 10410: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10334: 10333: 10318: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10267:. Napoleon.org. 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10195: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10171: 10169: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10122: 10090: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10054: 10047: 10041: 10035: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9978: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9749:Napoleon's Women 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9710:Cordingly (2004) 9707: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9372: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9280: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9201:, p. 432-39 9196: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7883: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7369:, p. 319-20 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7333:, pp. 79–84 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7220: 7214: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7144:, p. 249-50 7139: 7133: 7132:, p. 246-47 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6936:Gueniffey (2015) 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6900: 6894: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6762:, pp. 13–14 6757: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6454:, pp. 67–68 6449: 6443: 6442:, pp. 65–66 6437: 6431: 6430:, pp. 95–96 6425: 6419: 6413: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6367:, p. 165-68 6362: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6304:, pp. 79–80 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6254:Gueniffey (2015) 6251: 6245: 6244:, pp. 76–79 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6196:, pp. 65–66 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6160:, pp. 58–63 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6136:, pp. 52–53 6131: 6125: 6124:, pp. 52–54 6119: 6113: 6112: 6096: 6086: 6080: 6079:, pp. 41–46 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6023: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5999:, pp. 38–42 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5963:, pp. 22–23 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5773: 5767: 5766:, pp. 16–20 5761: 5755: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5713: 5707: 5706:, pp. 13–17 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5359: 5353: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5124:Preceded by 5112: 5097:Karl von Dalberg 5094: 5077:(Emperor of the 5076: 5070:Preceded by 5042: 5028:Preceded by 4984:Preceded by 4957:Preceded by 4945:as Vicepresident 4940: 4924:Preceded by 4903: 4890:French Directory 4887:Preceded by 4879: 4878: 4719:, abolished the 4662: 4637: 4612: 4376:mobile artillery 4360:In the field of 4320:Council of State 4278:mesures usuelles 4266:Council of State 4249:Legion of Honour 4245:Organic Articles 4237:Banque de France 4156:Joseph Farington 4100:Napoleon complex 4061:Charles XIV John 4012:satellite states 3969:Organic Articles 3814:Louis Philippe I 3810:Napoleon's penis 3765: 3764: 3699:Status: Repealed 3615: 3614: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3586:Status: Repealed 3502: 3501: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3410: 3407: 3311:Vive l'empereur! 3034:After capturing 3027:. Alexander, in 2944:against France. 2917:, King of Rome. 2902:satellite states 2899: 2893: 2833:Battle of Wagram 2804:Battle of Wagram 2802:Napoleon at the 2727:Battle of Bailén 2697:Joseph Bonaparte 2457:Kingdom of Italy 2392:in October 1805. 2380: 2342: 2316: 2313: 2260:Legion of Honour 2256:Marie de' Medici 2246:, took place at 2147:Act of Mediation 2055:Treaty of Amiens 1967:Council of State 1955:Legislative Body 1912:French Consulate 1906:French Consulate 1859:François Bouchot 1772:Ottoman province 1679:Sultan of Mysore 1652:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1581:Battle of Rivoli 1579:Napoleon at the 1551:The preliminary 1542:Battle of Tarvis 1526:Battle of Rivoli 1522:Battle of Arcole 1491: 1488: 1433:French Directory 1406:Tuileries Palace 1362:Army of the West 1338:Rue Saint-Honoré 1253:Edouard Detaille 1126: 1017:Maison Bonaparte 989:Carlo Buonaparte 941:emancipated Jews 888:. The coalition 874:Battle of Wagram 839: 806:Treaty of Amiens 687: 681: 674: 669: 664: 657: 652: 647: 640: 635: 630: 623: 618: 613: 606: 601: 596: 589: 584: 579: 572: 567: 562: 555: 550: 545: 538: 533: 528: 521: 516: 511: 504: 499: 494: 487: 482: 477: 470: 465: 460: 453: 448: 443: 436: 431: 426: 419: 414: 409: 402: 397: 392: 385: 380: 375: 368: 367: 361: 354: 336: 323:Letizia Ramolino 313:Carlo Buonaparte 287: 269: 267: 263: 259: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 191: 190: 182:15 December 1840 169: 152: 150: 120: 92: 70: 44: 32: 31: 24149: 24148: 24144: 24143: 24142: 24140: 24139: 24138: 24129:Royal reburials 23984:French generals 23869: 23868: 23867: 23862: 23861: 23856: 23832: 23820: 23808: 23796: 23770: 23744: 23732: 23720: 23694: 23668: 23652:Foreign Affairs 23640: 23614: 23612: 23610: 23601: 23575: 23569: 23539: 23534: 23505: 23486: 23467: 23445: 23421: 23402: 23269:Frederick (III) 23100: 23091: 23059: 23050: 23046:Louis the Child 23036:Charles the Fat 23010: 23001: 22996: 22966: 22961: 22950: 22931: 22905: 22867: 22841: 22795: 22770: 22697:House of Valois 22691: 22602: 22563:Charles the Fat 22522:Pepin the Short 22507: 22498: 22374: 22373: 22344: 22341: 22311: 22306: 22293: 22201: 22138: 22064: 22055: 22043: 22010: 22001: 21971: 21966: 21934: 21917: 21892: 21880: 21868:Imperial regent 21863: 21826: 21814: 21789: 21764: 21756: 21750: 21720: 21715: 21699: 21683: 21679:Eugenia Rasponi 21637: 21551: 21527:Dermide Leclerc 21465: 21456: 21405: 21400: 21370: 21365: 21355: 21336:Elisa Bonaparte 21321:Louis Bonaparte 21302: 21293: 21262: 21253: 21223: 21214: 21089:La Marseillaise 21078: 21077:Cultural impact 21063: 20973: 20954: 20921: 20877:Madame du Barry 20867:Catherine Théot 20857:Thérésa Tallien 20748: 20739:Gracchus Babeuf 20684:François Chabot 20641: 20633: 20554:Georges Couthon 20549:Marquis de Sade 20514:Jean-Paul Marat 20490: 20446:Bertrand Barère 20412: 20323: 20304:Boissy d'Anglas 20299:Madame de Staël 20264:Antoine Barnave 20232: 20225: 20216: 20163: 20144: 20119: 20114: 20084: 20079: 20054: 20049: 20029: 20024: 19986: 19981: 19965: 19942: 19929: 19921: 19913: 19900: 19887: 19876:József Alvinczi 19860: 19842: 19824: 19765:Nicolas Oudinot 19755: 19688:Claude Lecourbe 19683:Charles Leclerc 19578:Guillaume Brune 19548:Pierre Augereau 19518: 19513: 19498: 19493: 19491:Treaty of Paris 19485: 19471: 19466: 19458: 19450: 19434: 19429: 19421: 19413: 19405: 19389: 19384: 19376: 19368: 19360: 19352: 19344: 19336: 19328: 19320: 19312: 19296: 19291: 19283: 19275: 19267: 19259: 19243: 19238: 19230: 19222: 19214: 19206: 19198: 19190: 19174: 19169: 19161: 19153: 19145: 19137: 19129: 19121: 19113: 19105: 19097: 19089: 19076: 19068: 19060: 19044: 19034: 19018: 19013: 19005: 18992: 18984: 18976: 18968: 18960: 18951: 18935: 18930: 18917: 18909: 18907:Siege of Toulon 18871: 18863: 18846:First Coalition 18832: 18823: 18759: 18744: 18734: 18726: 18718: 18704: 18699: 18685: 18680: 18672: 18658: 18653: 18645: 18625: 18617: 18609: 18595: 18590: 18582: 18574: 18565: 18557: 18549: 18531: 18526: 18518: 18510: 18508:Law of Suspects 18502: 18492: 18484: 18476: 18456: 18454:Reign of Terror 18448: 18440: 18426: 18421: 18413: 18405: 18397: 18389: 18381: 18373: 18359: 18354: 18346: 18338: 18330: 18322: 18308: 18293: 18285: 18276: 18262: 18257: 18249: 18241: 18234:(4–11 Aug 1789) 18233: 18225: 18217: 18209: 18201: 18193: 18185: 18177: 18169: 18167:Réveillon riots 18161: 18145: 18140: 18132: 18118: 18107: 18022: 18017: 17987: 17978: 17905: 17789: 17710: 17704: 17660:Miguel de Álava 17625:Pyotr Bagration 17620:Count Bennigsen 17610:Mikhail Kutuzov 17575:Thomas Cochrane 17547: 17545: 17539: 17500:Louis Bonaparte 17427: 17425: 17424:French and ally 17408: 17292: 17208:Château-Thierry 17171: 17035: 17006:Maloyaroslavets 16864: 16778: 16732: 16523:Yevenes/Yébenes 16481: 16397:Rosily Squadron 16375: 16299: 16265:Waren-Nossentin 16193: 16124:Cape Finisterre 16107: 16078:First Coalition 16056: 16046: 15953: 15946: 15857: 15853: 15844: 15838: 15826:Sixth Coalition 15812:Fifth Coalition 15791:Third Coalition 15781: 15779:Napoleonic Wars 15776: 15741: 15733: 15728: 15720: 15711: 15705: 15672: 15667: 15660: 15657: 15645: 15631: 15615: 15604: 15600: 15597: 15590: 15582: 15579: 15571: 15564: 15553: 15538: 15529: 15514: 15508: 15491: 15482: 15467: 15461: 15458: 15435: 15427: 15422: 15409: 15406: 15389: 15383: 15378: 15357: 15356:(Second Consul) 15352: 15349: 15347: 15341: 15336: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15301: 15296: 15277: 15271: 15270: 15263: 15251: 15243: 15238: 15215: 15177:Napoleonic Code 15131: 15127:Warsaw monument 15071:Arc de Triomphe 15059: 15050: 15014:Infamous Decree 15009:Grand Sanhedrin 14987:Catholic Church 14975: 14966:Battle of Ligny 14908:Battle of Eylau 14833:Siege of Toulon 14812: 14796: 14782: 14710:Napoleonic Wars 14659: 14657:Stay in Auxonne 14649:Life and career 14643: 14634: 14630:Elisa Bonaparte 14607:Louis Bonaparte 14533: 14532: 14506: 14501: 14440:Napoleon Series 14431: 14418: 14416: 14391: 14389: 14382: 14344: 14342: 14302: 14283: 14267: 14265:Further reading 14262: 14256: 14233: 14209: 14207: 14200: 14179: 14152: 14150: 14143: 14095: 14074: 14052: 14050: 14043: 13991: 13972: 13951: 13932: 13909: 13890: 13871: 13848: 13827: 13804: 13785: 13767:Chandler, David 13759: 13721: 13705:Chandler, David 13697: 13674: 13655: 13650: 13644: 13590: 13588: 13569: 13564: 13558: 13535: 13511: 13509: 13502: 13481: 13452:Wayback Machine 13441:Wayback Machine 13428: 13401: 13399: 13392: 13371: 13352: 13333: 13310: 13294:Cronin, Vincent 13283: 13281: 13274: 13250: 13231: 13209: 13207: 13200: 13190:Faber and Faber 13180:Broers, Michael 13172: 13148: 13146: 13139: 13111: 13094: 13089: 13083: 13078: 13071: 13067: 13057: 13055: 13048: 13032: 13028: 13021: 13017: 13010: 13006: 12999: 12995: 12984:Wayback Machine 12973:Wayback Machine 12964: 12960: 12950: 12948: 12941: 12925: 12921: 12913: 12909: 12901: 12897: 12889: 12866: 12860: 12856: 12848: 12844: 12836: 12832: 12824: 12820: 12812: 12808: 12800: 12796: 12788: 12781: 12762: 12758: 12746: 12742: 12732: 12730: 12717: 12716: 12712: 12705: 12677: 12673: 12666: 12650: 12646: 12636: 12634: 12627: 12611: 12607: 12600: 12581: 12577: 12567: 12565: 12542:10.2307/1327640 12522: 12518: 12510: 12506: 12493: 12492: 12488: 12480: 12476: 12437: 12433: 12425: 12421: 12379: 12372: 12364: 12360: 12352: 12348: 12340: 12336: 12297: 12293: 12276: 12272: 12251: 12247: 12239: 12235: 12227: 12223: 12215: 12211: 12203: 12196: 12186: 12184: 12167: 12163: 12155: 12151: 12143: 12139: 12131: 12127: 12119: 12115: 12107: 12103: 12095: 12088: 12080: 12076: 12068: 12064: 12054: 12052: 12034: 12030: 12021: 12017: 12009: 12005: 11999:Chandler (1973) 11997: 11993: 11985: 11981: 11974: 11970: 11962: 11958: 11939: 11935: 11927: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11903: 11899: 11889:Wayback Machine 11879: 11875: 11867: 11863: 11855: 11851: 11843: 11839: 11829: 11827: 11784: 11780: 11769: 11753: 11749: 11741: 11737: 11729: 11725: 11717: 11713: 11705: 11701: 11693: 11689: 11681: 11677: 11667: 11662: 11658: 11648: 11646: 11639: 11623: 11612: 11604: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11568: 11561: 11553: 11549: 11541: 11537: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11509:O'Connor (2003) 11507: 11503: 11496: 11482: 11478: 11470: 11466: 11458: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11422: 11418: 11410: 11406: 11400:Blaufarb (2008) 11398: 11394: 11386: 11382: 11374: 11370: 11362: 11358: 11346: 11342: 11335: 11327:. p. 124. 11315:Seward, Desmond 11312: 11308: 11298: 11296: 11283: 11282: 11278: 11268: 11266: 11253: 11252: 11248: 11238: 11236: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11208: 11204: 11195: 11191: 11183: 11179: 11171: 11167: 11162: 11158: 11127: 11123: 11115: 11111: 11096: 11092: 11081: 11065:. p. 125. 11053: 11049: 11041: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11017: 11013: 11005: 11001: 10993: 10989: 10981: 10977: 10969: 10965: 10957: 10953: 10945: 10941: 10933: 10929: 10921: 10914: 10906: 10902: 10894: 10890: 10882: 10878: 10870: 10866: 10858: 10854: 10846: 10842: 10834: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10798: 10794: 10786: 10779: 10771: 10767: 10759: 10755: 10744: 10736:. p. 187. 10724: 10720: 10713: 10697: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10675:Chandler (1966) 10673: 10669: 10661: 10657: 10649: 10645: 10637: 10630: 10622: 10618: 10610: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10586: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10555: 10547: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10507: 10506: 10502: 10492: 10490: 10483: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10436: 10432: 10423: 10419: 10411: 10404: 10391: 10387: 10368: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10344: 10337: 10320: 10319: 10315: 10307: 10303: 10295: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10226: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10202: 10198: 10190: 10186: 10182:, p. 2092. 10178: 10174: 10166: 10152: 10148: 10138: 10136: 10099:Virchows Archiv 10091: 10084: 10076: 10072: 10064: 10057: 10048: 10044: 10036: 10029: 10021: 10017: 10009: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9985: 9981: 9975:Zamoyski (2018) 9973: 9969: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9945: 9937: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9913: 9906: 9898: 9894: 9875: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9851: 9847: 9837: 9835: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9787: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9760: 9744: 9740: 9732: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9672: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9612: 9608: 9600: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9562: 9560: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9534: 9530: 9522: 9518: 9510: 9506: 9498: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9423: 9419: 9411: 9407: 9399: 9395: 9385: 9383: 9374: 9373: 9369: 9361: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9335: 9333: 9326: 9310: 9306: 9296: 9294: 9257: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9233: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9209: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9185: 9181: 9177:, p. 1020. 9175:Chandler (1995) 9173: 9169: 9161: 9157: 9149: 9145: 9137: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9085: 9077: 9073: 9065: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9027: 9025: 9018: 9002: 8998: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8974: 8966: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8930: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8822: 8818: 8810: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8752:Chandler (1973) 8750: 8746: 8738: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8716:Chandler (1973) 8714: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8692:Chandler (1973) 8690: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8668:Chandler (1966) 8666: 8662: 8656:Chandler (1966) 8654: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8616: 8614: 8607: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8545:Chandler (1966) 8543: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8514: 8512: 8501: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8282: 8266:Horne, Alistair 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8130:Chandler (1966) 8128: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8014: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7909: 7907: 7900: 7884: 7877: 7871:Chandler (1973) 7869: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7844: 7840: 7831: 7827: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7781: 7777: 7771:Chandler (1966) 7769: 7765: 7759:Chandler (1966) 7757: 7753: 7745: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7695: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7621:Zamoyski (2018) 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7573:Zamoyski (2018) 7571: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7549:Zamoyski (2018) 7547: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7525:Zamoyski (2018) 7523: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7477:Connelly (2006) 7475: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7453:Zamoyski (2018) 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7426: 7422: 7416:Zamoyski (2018) 7414: 7410: 7403: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7367:Zamoyski (2018) 7365: 7361: 7355:Zamoyski (2018) 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7319:Zamoyski (2018) 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7295:Zamoyski (2018) 7293: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7271:Chandler (1966) 7269: 7262: 7256:Chandler (1966) 7254: 7250: 7244:Chandler (1966) 7242: 7238: 7232:Zamoyski (2018) 7230: 7223: 7217:Chandler (1966) 7215: 7208: 7202:Chandler (2002) 7200: 7196: 7190:Zamoyski (2018) 7188: 7184: 7178:Zamoyski (2018) 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7142:Zamoyski (2018) 7140: 7136: 7130:Zamoyski (2018) 7128: 7124: 7118:Zamoyski (2018) 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7094:Zamoyski (2018) 7092: 7088: 7080: 7073: 7067:Zamoyski (2018) 7065: 7061: 7055:Zamoyski (2018) 7053: 7049: 7042: 7026:Furet, François 7023: 7019: 7013:Zamoyski (2018) 7011: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6977:Zamoyski (2018) 6975: 6971: 6965:Connelly (2006) 6963: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6910: 6903: 6895: 6886: 6880:Zamoyski (2018) 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6844:Zamoyski (2018) 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6623:Zamoyski (2018) 6621: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6539:Chandler (1966) 6537: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6506: 6474: 6470: 6464:Zamoyski (2018) 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6428:Zamoyski (2018) 6426: 6422: 6414: 6407: 6401:Zamoyski (2018) 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6302:Zamoyski (2018) 6300: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6242:Zamoyski (2018) 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6194:Zamoyski (2018) 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6134:Zamoyski (2018) 6132: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6087: 6083: 6077:Zamoyski (2018) 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6053:Zamoyski (2018) 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6024: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5985:Zamoyski (2018) 5983: 5979: 5973:Zamoyski (2018) 5971: 5967: 5961:Zamoyski (2018) 5959: 5955: 5949:Chandler (1973) 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5901:Zamoyski (2018) 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5764:Zamoyski (2018) 5762: 5758: 5750: 5743: 5732: 5714: 5710: 5704:Zamoyski (2018) 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5607:Zamoyski (2018) 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5475: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5316: 5299: 5295: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5246: 5242: 5209: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5155: 5151: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5119: 5111: 5093: 5091: 5083: 5075: 5059: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5023: 5010: 5008: 5005: 4998: 4990: 4979: 4970: 4962: 4952: 4951:Himself as King 4939: 4937: 4929: 4919: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4877: 4859:(1806–1881) by 4823:François Gérard 4811: 4780:Spanish America 4691: 4685: 4678: 4665:Moscow (1812). 4663: 4654: 4638: 4629: 4613: 4547: 4539:Main articles: 4537: 4521:Musée du Louvre 4460: 4455: 4449: 4405: 4346: 4336: 4293: 4291:Napoleonic Code 4287: 4285:Napoleonic Code 4258: 4214: 4179:Napoleonic Wars 4131: 4121: 4052:Hippolyte Taine 4029: 4007: 3997: 3977: 3943: 3937: 3891:Napoleon had a 3874: 3853: 3847: 3827:Napoleon's tomb 3756:Napoleon's tomb 3749: 3747:Napoleon's tomb 3735: 3700: 3620: 3612: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3507: 3499: 3486: 3481: 3408: 3395: 3345:Battle of Ligny 3297:and headed for 3276: 3270: 3209: 3203: 3109:(August 1813). 3075: 3069: 3036:Maloyaroslavets 2933: 2927: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2879: 2871:Duchy of Warsaw 2867:third partition 2796: 2790: 2690: 2684: 2668:Duchy of Warsaw 2625:Battle of Eylau 2536: 2530: 2483: 2475:Main articles: 2473: 2442:François Gérard 2314: 2308:François Gérard 2297: 2291: 2209:Duke of Enghien 2201: 2179: 2177:Napoleonic Wars 2169: 2163: 2155:prisoner of war 2120:General Leclerc 2039: 2033: 1918: 1910:Main articles: 1908: 1875: 1869: 1845: 1839: 1837:Ruler of France 1806:. He failed to 1796:attack on Jaffa 1729:on 21 July 1798 1714:. Grand Master 1639: 1633: 1609:Pierre Augereau 1597:pitched battles 1553:peace of Leoben 1494:Musée du Louvre 1489: 1470: 1464: 1452:Lesser Antilles 1317: 1311: 1247:Siege of Toulon 1238: 1232: 1230:Siege of Toulon 1197:. He served in 1169: 1164: 1156:École militaire 1146:École militaire 1120: 1015:, lived in the 970: 933:Napoleonic Code 844:in 1807 at the 799:crowned himself 751:siege of Toulon 724:French Republic 708:Napoleon I 694: 693: 692: 689: 688: 684: 682: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 369: 365: 362: 355: 347: 281: 280: 272: 271: 268: 1814) 255: 251: 248: 238: 218: 214: 211: 193: 183: 171: 167: 154: 148: 146: 121: 116: 90: 68: 52: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 24147: 24137: 24136: 24131: 24126: 24121: 24116: 24111: 24106: 24101: 24096: 24091: 24086: 24081: 24076: 24071: 24066: 24061: 24056: 24051: 24046: 24041: 24036: 24031: 24026: 24021: 24016: 24011: 24006: 24001: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23956: 23954:Exiled royalty 23951: 23946: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23926: 23921: 23916: 23911: 23906: 23901: 23896: 23891: 23886: 23881: 23864: 23863: 23858: 23857: 23855: 23854: 23848: 23841: 23838: 23837: 23834: 23833: 23828: 23826: 23822: 23821: 23816: 23814: 23810: 23809: 23804: 23802: 23798: 23797: 23795: 23794: 23789: 23784: 23778: 23776: 23772: 23771: 23769: 23768: 23763: 23758: 23752: 23750: 23746: 23745: 23740: 23738: 23734: 23733: 23728: 23726: 23722: 23721: 23719: 23718: 23713: 23708: 23702: 23700: 23696: 23695: 23693: 23692: 23687: 23682: 23676: 23674: 23670: 23669: 23667: 23666: 23661: 23655: 23653: 23646: 23642: 23641: 23639: 23638: 23633: 23628: 23622: 23620: 23616: 23615: 23604: 23602: 23600: 23599: 23594: 23589: 23583: 23581: 23577: 23576: 23568: 23567: 23560: 23553: 23545: 23536: 23535: 23533: 23532: 23527: 23522: 23516: 23514: 23507: 23506: 23504: 23503: 23497: 23495: 23488: 23487: 23485: 23484: 23482:Franz Joseph I 23478: 23476: 23469: 23468: 23466: 23465: 23456: 23454: 23447: 23446: 23444: 23443: 23438: 23432: 23430: 23423: 23422: 23420: 23419: 23413: 23411: 23404: 23403: 23401: 23400: 23395: 23390: 23385: 23380: 23375: 23370: 23365: 23360: 23355: 23350: 23345: 23340: 23335: 23330: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23310: 23305: 23300: 23293: 23288: 23283: 23276: 23271: 23266: 23261: 23256: 23251: 23246: 23241: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23217: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23192: 23187: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23170:Lothair II/III 23167: 23162: 23157: 23150: 23143: 23138: 23133: 23128: 23123: 23118: 23113: 23107: 23105: 23093: 23092: 23090: 23089: 23084: 23077: 23072: 23066: 23064: 23052: 23051: 23049: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23023: 23017: 23015: 23003: 23002: 22995: 22994: 22987: 22980: 22972: 22963: 22962: 22955: 22952: 22951: 22949: 22948: 22942: 22940: 22933: 22932: 22930: 22929: 22922: 22916: 22914: 22907: 22906: 22904: 22903: 22896: 22889: 22884: 22878: 22876: 22869: 22868: 22866: 22865: 22858: 22852: 22850: 22843: 22842: 22840: 22839: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22806: 22804: 22797: 22796: 22794: 22793: 22785: 22783: 22772: 22771: 22769: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22753: 22748: 22743: 22738: 22733: 22728: 22723: 22718: 22713: 22708: 22702: 22700: 22693: 22692: 22690: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22674: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22613: 22611: 22608:House of Capet 22604: 22603: 22601: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22585: 22580: 22575: 22570: 22565: 22560: 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22529: 22524: 22518: 22516: 22500: 22499: 22497: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22481: 22476: 22471: 22469:Childebert III 22466: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22391: 22385: 22383: 22376: 22375: 22372: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22350: 22349: 22346: 22345: 22340: 22339: 22332: 22325: 22317: 22308: 22307: 22298: 22295: 22294: 22292: 22291: 22276: 22270: 22256: 22250: 22237: 22231: 22225: 22219: 22212: 22210: 22209:(1814–present) 22203: 22202: 22200: 22199: 22192: 22186: 22180: 22174: 22168: 22162: 22156: 22149: 22147: 22146:(1883–present) 22140: 22139: 22137: 22136: 22129: 22123: 22117: 22111: 22105: 22098: 22092: 22086: 22079: 22077: 22076:(1830–present) 22066: 22065: 22046: 22044: 22042: 22041: 22034: 22028: 22021: 22019: 22012: 22011: 22000: 21999: 21992: 21985: 21977: 21968: 21967: 21965: 21964: 21959: 21954: 21949: 21943: 21940: 21939: 21936: 21935: 21933: 21932: 21925: 21923: 21919: 21918: 21916: 21915: 21908: 21906: 21899: 21886: 21885: 21882: 21881: 21879: 21878: 21871: 21869: 21865: 21864: 21862: 21861: 21855: 21849: 21842: 21840: 21833: 21820: 21819: 21816: 21815: 21813: 21812: 21806: 21799: 21797: 21795:Prince primate 21791: 21790: 21788: 21787: 21780: 21778: 21771: 21758: 21757: 21749: 21748: 21741: 21734: 21726: 21717: 21716: 21714: 21713: 21707: 21705: 21704:6th generation 21701: 21700: 21698: 21697: 21691: 21689: 21688:5th generation 21685: 21684: 21682: 21681: 21676: 21671: 21666: 21661: 21656: 21651: 21645: 21643: 21642:4th generation 21639: 21638: 21636: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21603:Prince Charles 21600: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21565: 21559: 21557: 21556:3rd generation 21553: 21552: 21550: 21549: 21544: 21539: 21534: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21473: 21471: 21470:2nd generation 21467: 21466: 21459: 21457: 21455: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21413: 21411: 21410:1st generation 21407: 21406: 21399: 21398: 21391: 21384: 21376: 21367: 21366: 21360: 21357: 21356: 21354: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21338: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21312: 21310: 21308:French Princes 21304: 21303: 21296: 21294: 21292: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21270: 21268: 21264: 21263: 21252: 21251: 21244: 21237: 21229: 21220: 21219: 21216: 21215: 21213: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21168: 21167: 21166: 21159:Cult of Reason 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21103: 21101:Flag of France 21098: 21093: 21083: 21080: 21079: 21069: 21068: 21065: 21064: 21062: 21061: 21056: 21051: 21046: 21041: 21036: 21031: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20978: 20975: 20974: 20964: 20963: 20960: 20959: 20956: 20955: 20953: 20952: 20947: 20946: 20945: 20940: 20929: 20927: 20923: 20922: 20920: 20919: 20914: 20909: 20907:Jacques Necker 20904: 20899: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20763: 20761: 20754: 20750: 20749: 20747: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20729:Claire Lacombe 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20654:Jacques Hébert 20650: 20648: 20635: 20634: 20632: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20509:Georges Danton 20506: 20500: 20498: 20492: 20491: 20489: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20428: 20422: 20420: 20414: 20413: 20411: 20410: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20380: 20375: 20370: 20365: 20360: 20355: 20353:Henri Grégoire 20349: 20344: 20339: 20333: 20331: 20325: 20324: 20322: 20321: 20316: 20311: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20294:Camille Jordan 20291: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20266: 20261: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20235: 20233: 20221: 20218: 20217: 20215: 20214: 20209: 20204: 20199: 20194: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20173: 20171: 20165: 20164: 20154: 20153: 20150: 20149: 20146: 20145: 20143: 20142: 20137: 20131: 20129: 20116: 20115: 20113: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20096: 20094: 20081: 20080: 20078: 20077: 20072: 20066: 20064: 20051: 20050: 20048: 20047: 20041: 20039: 20026: 20025: 20023: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 19998: 19996: 19983: 19982: 19980: 19979: 19974: 19969: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19938: 19933: 19925: 19917: 19909: 19904: 19896: 19891: 19883: 19878: 19872: 19870: 19854: 19848: 19847: 19844: 19843: 19841: 19840: 19834: 19832: 19826: 19825: 19823: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19539: 19537: 19528: 19515: 19514: 19504: 19503: 19500: 19499: 19497: 19496: 19488: 19479: 19477: 19473: 19472: 19470: 19469: 19461: 19453: 19444: 19442: 19436: 19435: 19433: 19432: 19424: 19416: 19408: 19399: 19397: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19387: 19379: 19374:Battle of Novi 19371: 19363: 19361:(4–7 Jun 1799) 19355: 19347: 19339: 19331: 19323: 19315: 19306: 19304: 19298: 19297: 19295: 19294: 19286: 19278: 19270: 19262: 19253: 19251: 19245: 19244: 19242: 19241: 19233: 19225: 19217: 19209: 19201: 19193: 19184: 19182: 19176: 19175: 19173: 19172: 19164: 19156: 19154:(6–7 Nov 1796) 19148: 19140: 19132: 19124: 19116: 19108: 19100: 19092: 19084: 19079: 19071: 19069:(3–4 Aug 1796) 19063: 19054: 19052: 19046: 19045: 19043: 19042: 19040:Peace of Basel 19037: 19028: 19026: 19020: 19019: 19017: 19016: 19008: 19000: 18995: 18987: 18979: 18971: 18963: 18954: 18945: 18943: 18937: 18936: 18934: 18933: 18925: 18920: 18912: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18882:Siege of Mainz 18879: 18874: 18866: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18842: 18840: 18834: 18833: 18831: 18830: 18818: 18813: 18811:Siege of Mainz 18808: 18803: 18802: 18801: 18798: 18793: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18769: 18767: 18761: 18760: 18750: 18749: 18746: 18745: 18743: 18742: 18737: 18729: 18721: 18712: 18710: 18706: 18705: 18703: 18702: 18693: 18691: 18687: 18686: 18684: 18683: 18675: 18666: 18664: 18660: 18659: 18657: 18656: 18648: 18643:13 Vendémiaire 18640: 18639: 18638: 18633: 18620: 18612: 18603: 18601: 18597: 18596: 18594: 18593: 18585: 18577: 18568: 18560: 18552: 18539: 18537: 18533: 18532: 18530: 18529: 18521: 18513: 18505: 18495: 18490:Levée en masse 18487: 18479: 18471: 18470: 18469: 18464: 18451: 18443: 18434: 18432: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18424: 18416: 18408: 18400: 18395:10th of August 18392: 18384: 18376: 18367: 18365: 18361: 18360: 18358: 18357: 18349: 18341: 18333: 18325: 18316: 18314: 18310: 18309: 18307: 18306: 18296: 18288: 18279: 18277:(Feb–Jul 1790) 18270: 18268: 18264: 18263: 18261: 18260: 18252: 18244: 18236: 18228: 18220: 18212: 18204: 18196: 18188: 18180: 18172: 18164: 18153: 18151: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18143: 18135: 18126: 18124: 18120: 18119: 18109: 18108: 18106: 18105: 18098: 18091: 18084: 18077: 18070: 18063: 18056: 18049: 18042: 18035: 18027: 18024: 18023: 18016: 18015: 18008: 18001: 17993: 17984: 17983: 17980: 17979: 17977: 17976: 17971: 17969:Longwood House 17966: 17965: 17964: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17913: 17911: 17907: 17906: 17904: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17797: 17795: 17791: 17790: 17788: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17746: 17745: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17714: 17712: 17706: 17705: 17703: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17675:Count of Feira 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17570:Horatio Nelson 17567: 17562: 17557: 17551: 17549: 17541: 17540: 17538: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17480:Marshal Victor 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17431: 17429: 17418: 17414: 17413: 17410: 17409: 17407: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17300: 17298: 17294: 17293: 17291: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17258:Arcis-sur-Aube 17255: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17179: 17177: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17043: 17041: 17037: 17036: 17034: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 17001:Venta del Pozo 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16876:Ciudad Rodrigo 16872: 16870: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16786: 16784: 16780: 16779: 16777: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16754:Ciudad Rodrigo 16751: 16746: 16740: 16738: 16734: 16733: 16731: 16730: 16728:Alba de Tormes 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16628:Aspern-Essling 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16482: 16480: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16383: 16381: 16377: 16376: 16374: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16307: 16305: 16301: 16300: 16298: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16230:Jena–Auerstedt 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16201: 16199: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16115: 16113: 16109: 16108: 16106: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16069: 16067: 16058: 16052: 16051: 16048: 16047: 16045: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 16002:Ottoman Empire 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15962:United Kingdom 15958: 15956: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15932:Ottoman Empire 15929: 15927:Denmark–Norway 15924: 15923: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15870:Polish Legions 15867: 15861: 15859: 15846: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15836: 15829: 15822: 15815: 15808: 15805:Peninsular War 15801: 15794: 15786: 15783: 15782: 15775: 15774: 15767: 15760: 15752: 15746: 15743: 15742: 15730: 15729: 15725: 15724: 15718: 15713: 15698: 15692: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15665: 15662: 15653: 15643: 15639: 15638: 15633: 15628:Island of Elba 15623: 15617: 15616: 15610:Präsidialmacht 15598: 15592: 15583: 15580: 15573: 15572: 15569: 15566: 15557: 15551: 15545: 15544: 15536: 15531: 15522: 15506: 15500: 15499: 15487: 15484: 15475: 15459: 15456: 15450: 15449: 15448:Regnal titles 15445: 15444: 15437: 15428: 15423: 15416: 15415: 15407: 15396: 15391: 15384: 15379: 15372: 15371: 15363: 15361:(Third Consul) 15342: 15337: 15330: 15329: 15321: 15302: 15297: 15290: 15289: 15285: 15284: 15275:15 August 1769 15264: 15261: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15240: 15239: 15220: 15217: 15216: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15202: 15201: 15196: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15152: 15147: 15145:Bank of France 15141: 15139: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15118: 15117: 15105: 15098: 15096:Longwood House 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15067: 15065: 15061: 15060: 15058: 15057: 15045: 15044: 15043: 15038: 15030: 15029: 15028: 15018: 15017: 15016: 15011: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14934: 14929: 14922: 14917: 14910: 14905: 14898: 14893: 14886: 14881: 14879:Siege of Jaffa 14876: 14871: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14852:Battle of Lodi 14849: 14846:13 Vendémiaire 14842: 14835: 14830: 14822: 14820: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14810: 14809: 14808: 14791: 14790: 14789: 14775:2nd abdication 14772: 14770:Route Napoléon 14767: 14766: 14765: 14758:1st abdication 14755: 14750: 14745: 14743:Looting of art 14740: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14683:Constitutions 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14653: 14651: 14645: 14644: 14637: 14635: 14633: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14591: 14583: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14557: 14552: 14543: 14541: 14535: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14516:Napoleonic era 14512: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14500: 14499: 14492: 14485: 14477: 14471: 14470: 14461: 14456: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14430: 14429:External links 14427: 14426: 14425: 14399: 14380: 14365: 14351: 14321:(339): 40–57. 14306: 14300: 14287: 14281: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14254: 14237: 14231: 14216: 14198: 14183: 14177: 14159: 14141: 14126: 14099: 14093: 14078: 14072: 14059: 14041: 14026: 14014:10.1086/240080 14008:(3): 233–252. 13995: 13989: 13976: 13970: 13955: 13949: 13936: 13930: 13913: 13907: 13894: 13888: 13875: 13869: 13863:. Bloomsbury. 13852: 13846: 13831: 13825: 13808: 13802: 13789: 13783: 13763: 13757: 13733: 13719: 13701: 13695: 13678: 13672: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13648: 13642: 13627: 13618: 13608:(3): 110–122. 13597: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13562: 13556: 13539: 13533: 13518: 13500: 13485: 13479: 13466: 13454: 13426: 13408: 13390: 13375: 13369: 13356: 13350: 13337: 13331: 13314: 13308: 13290: 13272: 13254: 13248: 13242:. Leo Cooper. 13235: 13229: 13216: 13198: 13176: 13170: 13155: 13137: 13119:Bell, David A. 13115: 13109: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13085:Main article: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13076: 13065: 13046: 13026: 13015: 13004: 12993: 12958: 12939: 12919: 12907: 12895: 12877:(9): 127–139. 12854: 12842: 12840:, p. 105. 12830: 12818: 12816:, p. 203. 12806: 12794: 12779: 12756: 12740: 12710: 12703: 12671: 12664: 12644: 12625: 12605: 12598: 12575: 12536:(2): 114–134. 12516: 12504: 12486: 12474: 12431: 12419: 12396:(4): 463–483. 12390:French History 12370: 12368:, p. 107. 12358: 12356:, p. 106. 12346: 12344:, p. 262. 12334: 12311:(4): 426–445. 12305:French History 12291: 12270: 12245: 12233: 12221: 12209: 12194: 12161: 12149: 12137: 12125: 12113: 12101: 12099:, p. 665. 12086: 12082:Barnett (1997) 12074: 12072:, p. 666. 12062: 12028: 12015: 12013:, p. 574. 12003: 11991: 11979: 11968: 11956: 11933: 11921: 11917:Roberts (2014) 11909: 11897: 11873: 11861: 11849: 11837: 11804:10.1086/348507 11798:(4): 369–382. 11778: 11767: 11747: 11735: 11723: 11711: 11699: 11695:Roberts (2001) 11687: 11685:, p. 272. 11683:Roberts (2004) 11675: 11656: 11637: 11610: 11598: 11586: 11574: 11559: 11547: 11545:, p. 234. 11535: 11520: 11501: 11494: 11476: 11464: 11452: 11440: 11428: 11416: 11404: 11392: 11380: 11368: 11366:, p. 118. 11356: 11340: 11333: 11306: 11276: 11246: 11214: 11210:Roberts (2004) 11202: 11189: 11187:, p. 129. 11177: 11165: 11156: 11143:10.2307/286104 11121: 11119:, p. 285. 11109: 11090: 11079: 11047: 11035: 11023: 11011: 10999: 10987: 10975: 10963: 10961:, p. 582. 10951: 10939: 10927: 10912: 10910:, p. 573. 10900: 10898:, p. 286. 10888: 10876: 10864: 10852: 10850:, p. 198. 10840: 10828: 10826:, p. 287. 10816: 10804: 10792: 10777: 10765: 10753: 10742: 10718: 10711: 10691: 10687:Englund (2010) 10679: 10667: 10655: 10643: 10628: 10616: 10612:Barnett (1997) 10604: 10592: 10580: 10568: 10553: 10538: 10526: 10500: 10481: 10461: 10454: 10430: 10417: 10402: 10385: 10362: 10360:, p. 197. 10350: 10348:, p. 248. 10335: 10313: 10301: 10299:, p. 235. 10286: 10274: 10256: 10254:, p. 236. 10244: 10232: 10230:, p. 235. 10220: 10208: 10196: 10184: 10172: 10164: 10146: 10082: 10070: 10055: 10053:(2014) 799–801 10042: 10027: 10025:, p. 115. 10015: 10003: 10001:, p. 105. 9991: 9979: 9967: 9955: 9943: 9931: 9919: 9904: 9892: 9877:Hicks, Peter. 9869: 9857: 9845: 9819: 9793: 9781: 9769: 9758: 9738: 9726: 9714: 9712:, p. 254. 9702: 9690: 9688:, pp. 635 9678: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9582: 9570: 9540: 9528: 9516: 9504: 9492: 9480: 9465: 9453: 9441: 9429: 9417: 9405: 9393: 9367: 9365:, p. 259. 9355: 9343: 9324: 9304: 9251: 9239: 9227: 9223:Esdaile (2007) 9215: 9203: 9191: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9143: 9139:Esdaile (2007) 9131: 9119: 9107: 9095: 9083: 9081:, p. 425. 9071: 9059: 9047: 9035: 9016: 8996: 8994:, p. 385. 8984: 8972: 8960: 8948: 8946:, p. 773. 8936: 8934:, p. 370. 8924: 8920:Esdaile (2007) 8912: 8910:, p. 508. 8900: 8888: 8886:, p. 501. 8876: 8864: 8852: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8780: 8778:, p. 316. 8768: 8766:, p. 144. 8756: 8754:, p. 732. 8744: 8732: 8730:, p. 314. 8720: 8718:, p. 729. 8708: 8696: 8694:, p. 708. 8684: 8672: 8660: 8648: 8636: 8634:, p. 306. 8624: 8605: 8585: 8573: 8561: 8559:, p. 128. 8549: 8534: 8522: 8495: 8493:, p. 205. 8483: 8481:, p. 118. 8471: 8469:, p. 286. 8459: 8452: 8426: 8424:, p. 218. 8411: 8409:, p. 296. 8399: 8387: 8375: 8373:, p. 267. 8363: 8361:, p. 199. 8351: 8339: 8337:, p. 264. 8327: 8315: 8303: 8301:, p. 197. 8291: 8280: 8257: 8245: 8233: 8221: 8217:Roberts (2014) 8206: 8194: 8192:, p. 244. 8182: 8180:, p. 243. 8170: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8122: 8110: 8098: 8086: 8075: 8055: 8043: 8031: 8012: 7992: 7990:, p. 344. 7980: 7968: 7966:, p. 209. 7956: 7941: 7929: 7917: 7898: 7875: 7873:, p. 407. 7863: 7851: 7838: 7825: 7812: 7800: 7788: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7749:, p. 138. 7736: 7724: 7722:, p. 190. 7712: 7693: 7673: 7661: 7649: 7637: 7625: 7613: 7601: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7541: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7467:, Introduction 7465:Roberts (2014) 7457: 7445: 7443:, p. 303. 7441:Roberts (2014) 7433: 7420: 7408: 7401: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7287: 7275: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7221: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7170: 7158: 7156:, p. 256. 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7071: 7059: 7047: 7040: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6916: 6914:, p. 280. 6901: 6884: 6882:, p. 198. 6872: 6860: 6848: 6846:, p. 188. 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6796:Englund (2010) 6788: 6776: 6764: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6673:, p. 135. 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6603: 6591: 6579: 6567: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6527:Englund (2010) 6519: 6505:978-0674252011 6504: 6468: 6456: 6452:Roberts (2014) 6444: 6440:Roberts (2014) 6432: 6420: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6294: 6290:Roberts (2014) 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6114: 6107: 6081: 6069: 6065:Roberts (2014) 6057: 6045: 6041:Roberts (2014) 6033: 6026:Roberts (2001) 6013: 6001: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5889:Roberts (2014) 5881: 5848:10.2307/286104 5819: 5807: 5788: 5768: 5756: 5741: 5731:978-1317874690 5730: 5708: 5696: 5694:, p. 142. 5692:Roberts (2014) 5684: 5662: 5650: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5560: 5543: 5531: 5516: 5504: 5502:, p. 336. 5492: 5473: 5450: 5435: 5416: 5396: 5384: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5354: 5327: 5314: 5293: 5263: 5168: 5165:King of France 5152: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5132:Prince of Elba 5128: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5109:Francis II (I) 5107: 5104: 5101:Prince-primate 5084: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5057: 5052: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5021:King of France 5015: 5012: 5006:as Napoleon I 4999: 4996:King of France 4985: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4873: 4869:Maria Walewska 4810: 4807: 4745:Kleinstaaterei 4727:and ended the 4687:Main article: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4675:Maurice Orange 4673:, painting by 4669:, part of the 4664: 4657: 4655: 4651:Paul Delaroche 4639: 4632: 4630: 4614: 4607: 4536: 4533: 4473:Francisco Goya 4459: 4456: 4451:Main article: 4448: 4445: 4430:grandes écoles 4426:grandes écoles 4419:the Revolution 4404: 4401: 4335: 4332: 4289:Main article: 4286: 4283: 4257: 4256:Administration 4254: 4213: 4210: 4120: 4117: 4028: 4025: 3996: 3993: 3976: 3973: 3960:agreed to the 3936: 3933: 3903:Quum memoranda 3898:excommunicated 3893:civil marriage 3873: 3870: 3846: 3843: 3831:Louis Visconti 3829:, designed by 3795:stomach cancer 3734: 3731: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3445:Longwood House 3433:Northumberland 3419:Longwood House 3394: 3391: 3303:Route Napoléon 3272:Main article: 3269: 3266: 3205:Main article: 3202: 3199: 3131:Paul Delaroche 3089:, painting by 3071:Main article: 3068: 3065: 3045:attempted coup 3014:Adolph Northen 3012:, painting by 2954:fire of Moscow 2929:Main article: 2926: 2923: 2896: 2890: 2878: 2875: 2792:Main article: 2789: 2786: 2688:Peninsular War 2686:Main article: 2683: 2680: 2659:Ionian Islands 2548:Battle of Jena 2544:Imperial Guard 2532:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2518:Persian Empire 2506:Ottoman Empire 2472: 2469: 2465:Vincent Cronin 2293:Main article: 2290: 2287: 2200: 2197: 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2081:Saint-Domingue 2072:new plebiscite 2032: 2029: 2003:General Moreau 1907: 1904: 1871:Main article: 1868: 1863: 1843:Napoleonic era 1841:Main article: 1838: 1835: 1804:bubonic plague 1635:Main article: 1632: 1629: 1466:Main article: 1463: 1460: 1387:Constantinople 1326:13 Vendémiaire 1315:13 Vendémiaire 1313:Main article: 1310: 1309:13 Vendémiaire 1307: 1234:Main article: 1231: 1228: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1084:Pasquale Paoli 997:Pasquale Paoli 969: 966: 890:invaded France 866:Peninsular War 789:, and in 1803 755:13 Vendémiaire 690: 683: 676: 671: 666: 659: 654: 649: 642: 637: 632: 625: 620: 615: 608: 603: 598: 591: 586: 581: 574: 569: 564: 557: 552: 547: 540: 535: 530: 523: 518: 513: 506: 501: 496: 489: 484: 479: 472: 467: 462: 455: 450: 445: 438: 433: 428: 421: 416: 411: 404: 399: 394: 387: 382: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 348: 343: 342: 341: 338: 337: 330: 326: 325: 320: 316: 315: 310: 306: 305: 300: 294: 293: 288: 274: 273: 253: 249: 244: 243: 242: 241: 216: 212: 207: 206: 205: 204: 201: 199: 195: 194: 184: 180: 176: 175: 170:(aged 51) 164: 160: 159: 153:15 August 1769 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 113: 112: 106: 105: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 88: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 67:18 May 1804 – 65: 61: 60: 54: 53: 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24146: 24135: 24132: 24130: 24127: 24125: 24122: 24120: 24117: 24115: 24112: 24110: 24107: 24105: 24102: 24100: 24097: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24067: 24065: 24062: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24012: 24010: 24007: 24005: 24002: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23979:French exiles 23977: 23975: 23974:French deists 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23920: 23917: 23915: 23912: 23910: 23907: 23905: 23902: 23900: 23897: 23895: 23892: 23890: 23887: 23885: 23882: 23880: 23877: 23876: 23874: 23853: 23849: 23847: 23843: 23842: 23839: 23831: 23827: 23823: 23819: 23815: 23811: 23807: 23803: 23799: 23793: 23790: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23780: 23779: 23777: 23773: 23767: 23764: 23762: 23759: 23757: 23754: 23753: 23751: 23747: 23743: 23742:Joseph Fouché 23739: 23735: 23731: 23727: 23723: 23717: 23714: 23712: 23711:Lazare Carnot 23709: 23707: 23704: 23703: 23701: 23697: 23691: 23688: 23686: 23683: 23681: 23678: 23677: 23675: 23671: 23665: 23662: 23660: 23657: 23656: 23654: 23650: 23647: 23643: 23637: 23634: 23632: 23629: 23627: 23624: 23623: 23621: 23617: 23608: 23598: 23595: 23593: 23590: 23588: 23585: 23584: 23582: 23578: 23573: 23566: 23561: 23559: 23554: 23552: 23547: 23546: 23543: 23531: 23528: 23526: 23525:Frederick III 23523: 23521: 23518: 23517: 23515: 23512: 23511:German Empire 23508: 23502: 23499: 23498: 23496: 23493: 23489: 23483: 23480: 23479: 23477: 23474: 23470: 23461: 23458: 23457: 23455: 23452: 23451:German Empire 23448: 23442: 23439: 23437: 23434: 23433: 23431: 23428: 23424: 23418: 23415: 23414: 23412: 23409: 23405: 23399: 23396: 23394: 23391: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23361: 23359: 23356: 23354: 23353:Ferdinand III 23351: 23349: 23346: 23344: 23341: 23339: 23336: 23334: 23333:Maximilian II 23331: 23329: 23326: 23324: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23313:Frederick III 23311: 23309: 23306: 23304: 23301: 23299: 23298: 23294: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23284: 23282: 23281: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23239: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23222: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23186: 23183: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23155: 23151: 23149: 23148: 23144: 23142: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23132: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23108: 23106: 23103: 23098: 23094: 23088: 23085: 23083: 23082: 23078: 23076: 23073: 23071: 23068: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23057: 23053: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23018: 23016: 23013: 23008: 23004: 23000: 22993: 22988: 22986: 22981: 22979: 22974: 22973: 22970: 22959: 22953: 22947: 22944: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22934: 22928: 22927: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22917: 22915: 22912: 22908: 22902: 22901: 22897: 22895: 22894: 22890: 22888: 22885: 22883: 22880: 22879: 22877: 22874: 22870: 22864: 22863: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22844: 22838: 22837: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22798: 22792: 22791: 22787: 22786: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22778: 22773: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22752: 22749: 22747: 22744: 22742: 22739: 22737: 22734: 22732: 22729: 22727: 22724: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22694: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22614: 22612: 22609: 22605: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22533: 22530: 22528: 22525: 22523: 22520: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22510: 22505: 22501: 22495: 22494:Childeric III 22492: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22459:Theuderic III 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22424:Childebert II 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22377: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22351: 22347: 22338: 22333: 22331: 22326: 22324: 22319: 22318: 22315: 22303: 22296: 22289: 22285: 22281: 22277: 22275: 22271: 22269: 22265: 22261: 22257: 22255: 22251: 22247: 22242: 22238: 22236: 22232: 22230: 22226: 22224: 22220: 22218: 22214: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22204: 22197: 22193: 22191: 22187: 22185: 22181: 22179: 22175: 22173: 22169: 22167: 22163: 22161: 22157: 22155: 22151: 22150: 22148: 22145: 22141: 22134: 22130: 22128: 22124: 22122: 22118: 22116: 22112: 22110: 22109:Philippe VIII 22106: 22103: 22099: 22097: 22093: 22091: 22087: 22085: 22081: 22080: 22078: 22075: 22071: 22067: 22059: 22050: 22039: 22035: 22033: 22029: 22027: 22023: 22022: 22020: 22017: 22013: 22009: 22005: 21998: 21993: 21991: 21986: 21984: 21979: 21978: 21975: 21963: 21960: 21958: 21955: 21953: 21950: 21948: 21945: 21944: 21941: 21930: 21927: 21926: 21924: 21920: 21913: 21910: 21909: 21907: 21903: 21900: 21896: 21891: 21887: 21876: 21873: 21872: 21870: 21866: 21859: 21856: 21853: 21850: 21847: 21844: 21843: 21841: 21837: 21834: 21830: 21825: 21821: 21810: 21807: 21804: 21801: 21800: 21798: 21796: 21792: 21785: 21782: 21781: 21779: 21775: 21772: 21768: 21763: 21759: 21754: 21747: 21742: 21740: 21735: 21733: 21728: 21727: 21724: 21712: 21709: 21708: 21706: 21702: 21696: 21693: 21692: 21690: 21686: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21667: 21665: 21662: 21660: 21657: 21655: 21652: 21650: 21647: 21646: 21644: 21640: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21561: 21560: 21558: 21554: 21548: 21545: 21543: 21540: 21538: 21537:Prince Jérôme 21535: 21533: 21530: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21474: 21472: 21468: 21463: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21414: 21412: 21408: 21404: 21397: 21392: 21390: 21385: 21383: 21378: 21377: 21374: 21364: 21363:vassal states 21358: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21327: 21326:Joachim Murat 21324: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21313: 21311: 21309: 21305: 21300: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21271: 21269: 21265: 21261: 21257: 21250: 21245: 21243: 21238: 21236: 21231: 21230: 21227: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21175: 21174: 21173:Sans-culottes 21169: 21165: 21162: 21161: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21144:Metric system 21142: 21140: 21137: 21134: 21133: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21110: 21109: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21091: 21090: 21085: 21084: 21081: 21074: 21070: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21047: 21045: 21042: 21040: 21037: 21035: 21032: 21030: 21027: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20984: 20980: 20979: 20976: 20969: 20965: 20951: 20948: 20944: 20943:Panthéon Club 20941: 20939: 20936: 20935: 20934: 20931: 20930: 20928: 20924: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20832:Joachim Murat 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20764: 20762: 20758: 20755: 20751: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20651: 20649: 20647: 20646: 20640: 20636: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20609:Gilbert Romme 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20501: 20499: 20497: 20493: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20431:de Cambacérès 20429: 20427: 20424: 20423: 20421: 20419: 20415: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20350: 20348: 20347:Madame Roland 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20334: 20332: 20330: 20326: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20284:André Chénier 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20239:Grace Elliott 20237: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20230: 20224: 20219: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20205: 20203: 20200: 20198: 20195: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20174: 20172: 20170: 20166: 20159: 20155: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20132: 20130: 20128: 20123: 20117: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20097: 20095: 20093: 20088: 20082: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20067: 20065: 20063: 20058: 20052: 20046: 20043: 20042: 20040: 20038: 20033: 20027: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20000: 19999: 19997: 19995: 19990: 19984: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19926: 19924: 19918: 19916: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19873: 19871: 19869: 19864: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19849: 19839: 19836: 19835: 19833: 19831: 19827: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19800:Joseph Souham 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19759: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19743:Joachim Murat 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19723:André Masséna 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19540: 19538: 19536: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19522: 19516: 19509: 19505: 19494:(25 Jun 1802) 19492: 19489: 19486:(25 Mar 1802) 19484: 19481: 19480: 19478: 19474: 19465: 19462: 19459:(18 Mar 1801) 19457: 19454: 19449: 19446: 19445: 19443: 19441: 19437: 19428: 19425: 19420: 19417: 19414:(15 Jun 1800) 19412: 19409: 19406:(14 Jun 1800) 19404: 19401: 19400: 19398: 19396: 19392: 19383: 19380: 19377:(15 Aug 1799) 19375: 19372: 19367: 19364: 19359: 19356: 19351: 19348: 19343: 19340: 19337:(25 Mar 1799) 19335: 19332: 19327: 19324: 19319: 19318:Siege of Acre 19316: 19311: 19308: 19307: 19305: 19303: 19299: 19290: 19289:Peasants' War 19287: 19282: 19279: 19274: 19271: 19266: 19263: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19252: 19250: 19246: 19239:(17 Oct 1797) 19237: 19234: 19231:(18 Apr 1797) 19229: 19226: 19223:(17 Apr 1797) 19221: 19218: 19215:(25 Jan 1797) 19213: 19210: 19205: 19202: 19199:(13 Jan 1797) 19197: 19194: 19189: 19186: 19185: 19183: 19181: 19177: 19168: 19165: 19160: 19157: 19152: 19149: 19144: 19141: 19138:(26 Oct 1796) 19136: 19133: 19130:(19 Oct 1796) 19128: 19125: 19120: 19117: 19112: 19109: 19104: 19101: 19098:(24 Aug 1796) 19096: 19093: 19090:(11 Aug 1796) 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19075: 19072: 19067: 19064: 19059: 19056: 19055: 19053: 19051: 19047: 19041: 19038: 19033: 19030: 19029: 19027: 19025: 19021: 19012: 19009: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18993:(26 Jun 1794) 18991: 18988: 18983: 18980: 18977:(22 May 1794) 18975: 18972: 18969:(18 May 1794) 18967: 18964: 18958: 18955: 18952:(24 Apr 1794) 18950: 18947: 18946: 18944: 18942: 18938: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18918:(13 Oct 1793) 18916: 18913: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18870: 18867: 18864:(23 May 1793) 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18843: 18841: 18839: 18835: 18827: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18788: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18770: 18768: 18766: 18762: 18755: 18751: 18741: 18738: 18735:(24 Dec 1799) 18733: 18730: 18725: 18722: 18719:(18 Jun 1799) 18717: 18714: 18713: 18711: 18707: 18700:(11 May 1798) 18698: 18695: 18694: 18692: 18688: 18679: 18676: 18671: 18668: 18667: 18665: 18661: 18652: 18649: 18644: 18641: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18628: 18624: 18621: 18618:(22 Aug 1795) 18616: 18613: 18608: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18598: 18591:(11 Nov 1794) 18589: 18586: 18581: 18578: 18575:(28 Jul 1794) 18572: 18569: 18566:(27 Jul 1794) 18564: 18561: 18558:(10 Jun 1794) 18556: 18553: 18548: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18538: 18534: 18525: 18522: 18519:(16 Oct 1793) 18517: 18514: 18511:(17 Sep 1793) 18509: 18506: 18501: 18500: 18496: 18493:(23 Aug 1793) 18491: 18488: 18485:(13 Jul 1793) 18483: 18480: 18475: 18472: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18459: 18455: 18452: 18447: 18444: 18441:(21 Jan 1793) 18439: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18429: 18422:(22 Sep 1792) 18420: 18417: 18412: 18409: 18404: 18401: 18398:(10 Aug 1792) 18396: 18393: 18388: 18385: 18382:(25 Jul 1792) 18380: 18377: 18374:(20 Apr 1792) 18372: 18369: 18368: 18366: 18362: 18353: 18350: 18345: 18342: 18339:(27 Aug 1791) 18337: 18334: 18331:(17 Jul 1791) 18329: 18326: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18311: 18304:(14 Jul 1790) 18302: 18301: 18297: 18294:(12 Jul 1790) 18292: 18289: 18286:(23 Jun 1790) 18284: 18280: 18275: 18272: 18271: 18269: 18265: 18256: 18253: 18248: 18245: 18242:(26 Aug 1789) 18240: 18237: 18232: 18229: 18224: 18221: 18218:(14 Jul 1789) 18216: 18213: 18208: 18205: 18202:(20 Jun 1789) 18200: 18197: 18192: 18189: 18186:(4 June 1789) 18184: 18181: 18176: 18173: 18170:(28 Apr 1789) 18168: 18165: 18160: 18159: 18155: 18154: 18152: 18148: 18141:(21 Jul 1788) 18139: 18136: 18131: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18121: 18114: 18110: 18104: 18103: 18099: 18097: 18096: 18092: 18090: 18089: 18085: 18083: 18082: 18078: 18076: 18075: 18071: 18069: 18068: 18064: 18062: 18061: 18057: 18055: 18054: 18050: 18048: 18047: 18046:Ancien Régime 18043: 18041: 18040: 18036: 18034: 18033: 18029: 18028: 18025: 18021: 18014: 18009: 18007: 18002: 18000: 17995: 17994: 17991: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17963: 17960: 17959: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17914: 17912: 17910:Miscellaneous 17908: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17796: 17792: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17744: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17715: 17713: 17707: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17585:Manuel Lapeña 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17552: 17550: 17542: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17515:Prince Eugène 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17465:André Masséna 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17445:Joachim Murat 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17432: 17430: 17422: 17419: 17415: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17389:Rocheserviere 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17295: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17174: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17077:San Sebastián 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17044: 17042: 17038: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16867: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16781: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16735: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16638:Sankt Michael 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16553:Teugen-Hausen 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16490: 16488: 16484: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16384: 16382: 16378: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16302: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16202: 16200: 16196: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16110: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16070: 16068: 16066: 16062: 16059: 16053: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15955: 15949: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15902: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15862: 15860: 15856: 15855:client states 15850: 15847: 15841: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15816: 15814: 15813: 15809: 15807: 15806: 15802: 15800: 15799: 15795: 15793: 15792: 15788: 15787: 15784: 15780: 15773: 15768: 15766: 15761: 15759: 15754: 15753: 15750: 15744: 15737: 15723: 15717: 15710: 15709: 15703: 15697: 15693: 15690: 15686: 15682: 15681: 15677: 15676: 15659: 15651: 15650: 15640: 15637: 15634: 15630: 15629: 15622: 15618: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15603: 15596: 15593: 15589: 15588: 15581:State created 15578: 15574: 15563: 15562: 15556: 15550: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15535: 15528: 15527: 15526:King of Italy 15520: 15519: 15513: 15512: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15496: 15490: 15481: 15480: 15473: 15472: 15466: 15465: 15455: 15451: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15433: 15426: 15421: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15404: 15402: 15395: 15388: 15382: 15377: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15364: 15362: 15360: 15355: 15346: 15340: 15335: 15331: 15328: 15327: 15322: 15320: 15319: 15315: 15306: 15300: 15295: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15274: 15269: 15268: 15259: 15254: 15247: 15237: 15228: 15218: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15194: 15190: 15189: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15161: 15158: 15157: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15138: 15134: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15116: 15113: 15112: 15111: 15110: 15106: 15104: 15103: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15091:Les Invalides 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15062: 15054: 15049: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15027: 15024: 15023: 15022: 15019: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15006: 15005: 15004:Jewish people 15002: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14989: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14978: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14961: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14939: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14927: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14903: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14891: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14869: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14847: 14843: 14841: 14840: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14828: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14819: 14815: 14807: 14804: 14803: 14800: 14795: 14792: 14786: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14764: 14761: 14760: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14738: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14650: 14646: 14641: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14542: 14540: 14536: 14529: 14526: 14522: 14519: 14518: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14498: 14493: 14491: 14486: 14484: 14479: 14478: 14475: 14469: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14432: 14414: 14410: 14409: 14404: 14400: 14387: 14383: 14377: 14373: 14372: 14366: 14362: 14361: 14356: 14352: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14307: 14303: 14297: 14293: 14288: 14284: 14278: 14274: 14269: 14268: 14257: 14251: 14246: 14245: 14238: 14234: 14228: 14224: 14223: 14217: 14205: 14201: 14195: 14191: 14190: 14184: 14180: 14174: 14170: 14169: 14164: 14160: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14134: 14133: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14100: 14096: 14090: 14086: 14085: 14079: 14075: 14069: 14065: 14060: 14048: 14044: 14038: 14034: 14033: 14027: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14003: 14002: 13996: 13992: 13986: 13982: 13977: 13973: 13967: 13963: 13962: 13956: 13952: 13946: 13942: 13937: 13933: 13927: 13924:. Macmillan. 13922: 13921: 13914: 13910: 13908:0-1982-0596-1 13904: 13900: 13895: 13891: 13885: 13881: 13876: 13872: 13866: 13861: 13860: 13853: 13849: 13847:0-3133-2014-4 13843: 13839: 13838: 13832: 13828: 13822: 13817: 13816: 13809: 13805: 13803:0-1402-0525-X 13799: 13795: 13790: 13786: 13780: 13775: 13774: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13758:0-02-523660-1 13754: 13750: 13745: 13744: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13716: 13712: 13711: 13706: 13702: 13698: 13692: 13687: 13686: 13679: 13675: 13669: 13665: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13645: 13639: 13635: 13634: 13628: 13624: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13598: 13586: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13572: 13571: 13559: 13553: 13549: 13548:HarperCollins 13545: 13540: 13536: 13530: 13526: 13525: 13519: 13507: 13503: 13497: 13493: 13492: 13486: 13482: 13480:0-2240-4072-3 13476: 13472: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13458:Lyons, Martyn 13455: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13445:online review 13442: 13438: 13435: 13429: 13423: 13419: 13418: 13413: 13409: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13383: 13382: 13376: 13372: 13366: 13362: 13357: 13353: 13347: 13343: 13338: 13334: 13328: 13323: 13322: 13315: 13311: 13305: 13301: 13300: 13295: 13291: 13279: 13275: 13269: 13265: 13264: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13245: 13241: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13222: 13217: 13205: 13201: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13186: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13163: 13162: 13156: 13144: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13125: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13110:1-8532-6678-7 13106: 13102: 13097: 13096: 13088: 13074: 13069: 13053: 13049: 13043: 13039: 13038: 13030: 13024: 13019: 13013: 13008: 13002: 12997: 12991: 12990: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12962: 12946: 12942: 12936: 12932: 12931: 12923: 12916: 12911: 12905:, p. 423 12904: 12903:McLynn (1997) 12899: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12865: 12858: 12852:, p. 630 12851: 12850:McLynn (1997) 12846: 12839: 12838:Palmer (1984) 12834: 12828:, p. 663 12827: 12826:McLynn (1997) 12822: 12815: 12814:Palmer (1984) 12810: 12803: 12802:McLynn (1997) 12798: 12791: 12786: 12784: 12775: 12771: 12767: 12760: 12753: 12749: 12744: 12728: 12724: 12723:www.brown.edu 12720: 12714: 12706: 12704:0-19-726382-8 12700: 12696: 12692: 12691: 12686: 12685:Hagen Schulze 12682: 12675: 12667: 12665:0-393-05864-6 12661: 12657: 12656: 12648: 12632: 12628: 12622: 12618: 12617: 12609: 12601: 12595: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12584:Palmer, R. R. 12579: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12520: 12513: 12508: 12500: 12496: 12490: 12483: 12478: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12435: 12428: 12423: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12375: 12367: 12362: 12355: 12350: 12343: 12338: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12295: 12287: 12286: 12281: 12274: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12256: 12249: 12242: 12241:Dwyer (2015a) 12237: 12231:, p. 49. 12230: 12229:Conner (2004) 12225: 12218: 12217:Dwyer (2015a) 12213: 12206: 12205:Conner (2004) 12201: 12199: 12182: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12165: 12159:, p. 52. 12158: 12157:Cobban (1963) 12153: 12146: 12145:Cobban (1963) 12141: 12134: 12133:Conner (2004) 12129: 12122: 12121:Conner (2004) 12117: 12111:, p. 19. 12110: 12109:Cobban (1963) 12105: 12098: 12097:McLynn (1997) 12093: 12091: 12083: 12078: 12071: 12070:McLynn (1997) 12066: 12050: 12046: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12025: 12019: 12012: 12011:Dwyer (2015a) 12007: 12000: 11995: 11988: 11987:McLynn (1997) 11983: 11977: 11976:Dwyer (2008b) 11972: 11965: 11960: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11937: 11930: 11929:Conner (2004) 11925: 11918: 11913: 11907:, p. 59. 11906: 11905:Conner (2004) 11901: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11877: 11871:, p. 60. 11870: 11869:Conner (2004) 11865: 11858: 11857:Conner (2004) 11853: 11847:, p. 34. 11846: 11845:Cobban (1963) 11841: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11782: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11751: 11744: 11739: 11732: 11731:Conner (2004) 11727: 11721:, p. 90. 11720: 11719:Conner (2004) 11715: 11708: 11707:Cobban (1963) 11703: 11697:, p. 59. 11696: 11691: 11684: 11679: 11671: 11666:, p. 16. 11665: 11660: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11630: 11629: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11608:, p. 28. 11607: 11606:Cobban (1963) 11602: 11595: 11594:Conner (2004) 11590: 11583: 11582:Dwyer (2015a) 11578: 11571: 11570:Cobban (1963) 11566: 11564: 11557:, p. 41. 11556: 11555:Conner (2004) 11551: 11544: 11543:Palmer (1984) 11539: 11531: 11524: 11516: 11510: 11505: 11497: 11495:0-297-78394-7 11491: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11472:Cobban (1963) 11468: 11462:, p. 76. 11461: 11460:Conner (2004) 11456: 11449: 11448:Cobban (1963) 11444: 11437: 11436:Conner (2004) 11432: 11425: 11424:Conner (2004) 11420: 11413: 11412:Conner (2004) 11408: 11401: 11396: 11389: 11388:Conner (2004) 11384: 11377: 11372: 11365: 11364:Bordes (2007) 11360: 11353: 11349: 11344: 11336: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11310: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11280: 11264: 11261:(in French). 11260: 11256: 11250: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11228:National Post 11224: 11218: 11212:, p. 93. 11211: 11206: 11199: 11193: 11186: 11181: 11174: 11169: 11160: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11117:McLynn (1997) 11113: 11105: 11101: 11094: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11051: 11044: 11039: 11032: 11031:McLynn (1997) 11027: 11020: 11015: 11008: 11007:McLynn (1997) 11003: 10997:, p. 20. 10996: 10991: 10984: 10983:Conner (2004) 10979: 10972: 10971:Cobban (1963) 10967: 10960: 10959:Dwyer (2015a) 10955: 10949:, p. 56. 10948: 10947:Cobban (1963) 10943: 10936: 10935:Dwyer (2015a) 10931: 10925:, p. 21. 10924: 10923:Cobban (1963) 10919: 10917: 10909: 10908:Dwyer (2015a) 10904: 10897: 10896:McLynn (1997) 10892: 10886:, p. 12. 10885: 10884:Cobban (1963) 10880: 10873: 10872:McLynn (1997) 10868: 10861: 10860:Cobban (1963) 10856: 10849: 10844: 10837: 10832: 10825: 10824:McLynn (1997) 10820: 10813: 10812:McLynn (1997) 10808: 10801: 10796: 10789: 10788:McLynn (1997) 10784: 10782: 10774: 10773:Cobban (1963) 10769: 10762: 10757: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10730: 10722: 10714: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10695: 10688: 10683: 10676: 10671: 10664: 10663:McLynn (1997) 10659: 10652: 10651:McLynn (1997) 10647: 10641:, p. 18. 10640: 10639:Cobban (1963) 10635: 10633: 10626:, p. 26. 10625: 10620: 10613: 10608: 10601: 10600:Cobban (1963) 10596: 10589: 10584: 10578:, p. 15. 10577: 10572: 10565: 10564:Palmer (1984) 10560: 10558: 10550: 10549:McLynn (1997) 10545: 10543: 10535: 10534:Ellis (1997a) 10530: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10473: 10465: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10434: 10427: 10421: 10414: 10413:Ellis (1997a) 10409: 10407: 10398: 10397: 10389: 10381: 10378:(in French). 10377: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10358:Conner (2004) 10354: 10347: 10346:Ellis (1997a) 10342: 10340: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10311:, p. 84. 10310: 10305: 10298: 10297:Ellis (1997a) 10293: 10291: 10283: 10282:Ellis (1997a) 10278: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10253: 10252:Ellis (1997a) 10248: 10241: 10240:Ellis (1997a) 10236: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10212: 10205: 10200: 10193: 10188: 10181: 10176: 10167: 10161: 10157: 10150: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10087: 10079: 10074: 10067: 10062: 10060: 10052: 10046: 10040:, p. 655 10039: 10038:McLynn (1997) 10034: 10032: 10024: 10019: 10012: 10007: 10000: 9995: 9988: 9983: 9976: 9971: 9964: 9959: 9952: 9947: 9941:, p. 64. 9940: 9935: 9929:, p. 642 9928: 9927:McLynn (1997) 9923: 9916: 9911: 9909: 9902:, p. 41. 9901: 9896: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9866: 9861: 9854: 9849: 9833: 9829: 9823: 9815: 9812:: 402. 1832. 9811: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9790: 9785: 9778: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9742: 9735: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9711: 9706: 9699: 9694: 9687: 9686:Broers (2022) 9682: 9675: 9670: 9663: 9658: 9651: 9650:Broers (2022) 9646: 9639: 9634: 9627: 9626:Broers (2022) 9622: 9615: 9614:Broers (2022) 9610: 9603: 9598: 9591: 9590:Broers (2022) 9586: 9580:, p. 607 9579: 9578:McLynn (1997) 9574: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9537: 9536:Broers (2022) 9532: 9525: 9524:Broers (2022) 9520: 9514:, p. 605 9513: 9512:McLynn (1997) 9508: 9501: 9500:Broers (2022) 9496: 9489: 9484: 9478:, p. 604 9477: 9476:McLynn (1997) 9472: 9470: 9463:, p. 507 9462: 9457: 9450: 9449:Broers (2022) 9445: 9438: 9433: 9427:, p. 597 9426: 9425:McLynn (1997) 9421: 9414: 9413:McLynn (1997) 9409: 9403:, p. 97. 9402: 9397: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9364: 9359: 9352: 9347: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9316: 9308: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9267:(in French). 9266: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9235:Broers (2022) 9231: 9224: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9200: 9199:Broers (2022) 9195: 9188: 9183: 9176: 9171: 9164: 9159: 9153:, p. 565 9152: 9151:McLynn (1997) 9147: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9123: 9117:, p. 445 9116: 9111: 9105:, p. 550 9104: 9103:McLynn (1997) 9099: 9092: 9091:Broers (2022) 9087: 9080: 9075: 9068: 9063: 9056: 9051: 9044: 9039: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9000: 8993: 8988: 8982:, p. 518 8981: 8980:McLynn (1997) 8976: 8969: 8964: 8957: 8952: 8945: 8944:Harvey (2007) 8940: 8933: 8928: 8921: 8916: 8909: 8908:McLynn (1997) 8904: 8897: 8892: 8885: 8884:McLynn (1997) 8880: 8873: 8868: 8861: 8860:McLynn (1997) 8856: 8849: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8825: 8820: 8813: 8808: 8801: 8796: 8789: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8753: 8748: 8741: 8740:Palmer (1984) 8736: 8729: 8724: 8717: 8712: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8688: 8681: 8676: 8670:, p. 707 8669: 8664: 8658:, p. 706 8657: 8652: 8645: 8640: 8633: 8628: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8565: 8558: 8557:Conner (2004) 8553: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8531: 8526: 8510: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8480: 8479:Palmer (1984) 8475: 8468: 8463: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8422:Palmer (1984) 8418: 8416: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8391: 8384: 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8312: 8307: 8300: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8211: 8203: 8198: 8191: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8168:, p. 370 8167: 8166:McLynn (1997) 8162: 8156:, p. 497 8155: 8154:McLynn (1997) 8150: 8143: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8105: 8103: 8095: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8059: 8052: 8047: 8041:, p. 99. 8040: 8039:Sicker (2001) 8035: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7996: 7989: 7988:Cronin (1994) 7984: 7978:, p. 350 7977: 7976:McLynn (1997) 7972: 7965: 7960: 7954:, p. 414 7953: 7948: 7946: 7939:, p. 18. 7938: 7937:Palmer (1984) 7933: 7926: 7921: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7882: 7880: 7872: 7867: 7860: 7859:Glover (1967) 7855: 7848: 7842: 7835: 7829: 7822: 7816: 7810:, p. 332 7809: 7808:McLynn (1997) 7804: 7798:, p. 321 7797: 7796:McLynn (1997) 7792: 7785: 7779: 7773:, p. 333 7772: 7767: 7761:, p. 332 7760: 7755: 7748: 7747:Palmer (1984) 7743: 7741: 7734:, p. 96. 7733: 7732:Conner (2004) 7728: 7721: 7716: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7623:, p. 359 7622: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7599:, p. 297 7598: 7597:McLynn (1997) 7593: 7586: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7550: 7545: 7539:, p. 296 7538: 7537:McLynn (1997) 7533: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7503:, p. 265 7502: 7501:McLynn (1997) 7497: 7490: 7489:Broers (2015) 7485: 7479:, p. 70. 7478: 7473: 7466: 7461: 7455:, p. 337 7454: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7424: 7418:, p. 329 7417: 7412: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7357:, p. 319 7356: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7309:, p. 243 7308: 7307:McLynn (1997) 7303: 7296: 7291: 7285:, p. 302 7284: 7279: 7273:, p. 296 7272: 7267: 7265: 7258:, p. 293 7257: 7252: 7246:, p. 292 7245: 7240: 7233: 7228: 7226: 7218: 7213: 7211: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7180:, p. 267 7179: 7174: 7167: 7166:Conner (2004) 7162: 7155: 7154:Dwyer (2015a) 7150: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7120:, p. 265 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7096:, p. 243 7095: 7090: 7084:, p. 111 7083: 7078: 7076: 7069:, p. 242 7068: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7003:, p. 455 7002: 7001:Dwyer (2008a) 6997: 6991:, p. 444 6990: 6989:Dwyer (2008a) 6985: 6978: 6973: 6967:, p. 57. 6966: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6950:, p. 442 6949: 6948:Dwyer (2008a) 6944: 6937: 6932: 6926:, p. 189 6925: 6924:McLynn (1997) 6920: 6913: 6912:McLynn (1997) 6908: 6906: 6898: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6868:Dwyer (2008a) 6864: 6858:, p. 392 6857: 6856:Dwyer (2008a) 6852: 6845: 6840: 6834:, p. 372 6833: 6832:Dwyer (2008a) 6828: 6822:, p. 179 6821: 6820:McLynn (1997) 6816: 6810:, p. 175 6809: 6808:McLynn (1997) 6804: 6797: 6792: 6786:, p. 342 6785: 6784:Dwyer (2008a) 6780: 6774:, p. 12. 6773: 6768: 6761: 6760:Watson (2003) 6756: 6754: 6752: 6744: 6743:Dwyer (2008a) 6739: 6733:, p. 322 6732: 6731:Dwyer (2008a) 6727: 6720: 6719:Dwyer (2008a) 6715: 6708: 6707:Dwyer (2008a) 6703: 6697:, p. 306 6696: 6695:Dwyer (2008a) 6691: 6685:, p. 30. 6684: 6679: 6672: 6671:McLynn (1997) 6667: 6661:, p. 296 6660: 6659:Dwyer (2008a) 6655: 6649:, p. 132 6648: 6647:McLynn (1997) 6643: 6636: 6635:Dwyer (2008a) 6631: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6611:Dwyer (2008a) 6607: 6600: 6599:Dwyer (2008a) 6595: 6589:, p. 29. 6588: 6583: 6576: 6575:Dwyer (2008a) 6571: 6565:, p. 109 6564: 6563:Broers (2015) 6559: 6552: 6551:Dwyer (2008a) 6547: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6416:McLynn (1997) 6412: 6410: 6402: 6397: 6391:, p. 169 6390: 6389:Dwyer (2008a) 6385: 6378: 6377:McLynn (1997) 6373: 6366: 6365:Dwyer (2008a) 6361: 6359: 6351: 6350:McLynn (1997) 6346: 6339: 6338:Dwyer (2008a) 6334: 6327: 6326:McLynn (1997) 6322: 6315: 6314:Dwyer (2008a) 6310: 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6278:Dwyer (2008a) 6274: 6267: 6266:Dwyer (2008a) 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6230:Dwyer (2008a) 6226: 6219: 6218:Dwyer (2008a) 6214: 6207: 6206:Dwyer (2008a) 6202: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6182:Dwyer (2008a) 6178: 6172:, p. 130 6171: 6170:Dwyer (2008a) 6166: 6159: 6158:McLynn (1997) 6154: 6147: 6146:Dwyer (2008a) 6142: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6122:McLynn (1997) 6118: 6110: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6010: 6009:McLynn (1997) 6005: 5998: 5997:Dwyer (2008a) 5993: 5986: 5981: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5937:McLynn (1997) 5933: 5927:, p. 74. 5926: 5921: 5914: 5913:McLynn (1997) 5909: 5902: 5897: 5891:, p. 11. 5890: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5824: 5817:, p. 27. 5816: 5815:Cronin (1994) 5811: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5752:Cronin (1994) 5748: 5746: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5659: 5658:McLynn (1997) 5654: 5647: 5646:McLynn (1997) 5642: 5640: 5632: 5631:Dwyer (2008a) 5627: 5620: 5619:McLynn (1997) 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5595:McLynn (1997) 5591: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5558:, p. 52. 5557: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5540: 5539:Conner (2004) 5535: 5528: 5527:Dwyer (2015a) 5523: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5459:Pérez, Joseph 5454: 5447: 5446:Conner (2004) 5442: 5440: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5400: 5394:, p. 56. 5393: 5388: 5382:, p. xv. 5381: 5380:Dwyer (2008a) 5376: 5372: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5318: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5300:Although the 5297: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5236: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5134: 5133: 5122: 5116: 5113:(Head of the 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5089: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5037: 5036:King of Italy 5026: 5022: 5018: 5007: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4955: 4944: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4922: 4912: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4880: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4806: 4804: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4792:Simón Bolívar 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4713:property laws 4709: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4576:Ancien Régime 4573: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4506:in 1947, and 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4454: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4410:Ancien Régime 4400: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316:Second Consul 4313: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4273:metric system 4269: 4267: 4262: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4166:Denis Davydov 4163: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4109:Wilhelm Reich 4106: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3958:Pope Pius VII 3952: 3947: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823:Les Invalides 3820: 3819:state funeral 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3763: 3762:Les Invalides 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708:Barry O'Meara 3696: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3676:5 August 1873 3675: 3671: 3668:11 April 1816 3667: 3665: 3661: 3658:11 April 1816 3657: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3563:5 August 1873 3562: 3558: 3555:11 April 1816 3554: 3552: 3548: 3545:11 April 1816 3544: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3220:Joseph Beaume 3217: 3213: 3208: 3201:Exile to Elba 3197: 3193: 3191: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3029:St Petersburg 3026: 3022: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2961: 2960:Adam Albrecht 2957: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2910: 2903: 2900: French 2888: 2887:French Empire 2883: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2843:on the 12th. 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2806:, 6 July 1809 2805: 2800: 2795: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2619:, 7 July 1807 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2598:Berlin Decree 2595: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2410:Battle of Ulm 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2390:Battle of Ulm 2387: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267:King of Italy 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Charlemagne's 2249: 2245: 2244:Pope Pius VII 2240: 2238: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2161:French Empire 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2064:Pope Pius VII 2061: 2056: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895:Joseph Fouché 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698:Rosetta Stone 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1656:Hearst Castle 1653: 1650:(c. 1886) by 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:Low Countries 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Joachim Murat 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356:whose sister 1355: 1354:Désirée Clary 1350: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 998: 994: 991:, fought for 990: 985: 981: 979: 975: 965: 963: 958: 954: 953:nation states 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862:King of Spain 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 837: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 795:United States 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 732:French Empire 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 706: 702: 698: 686: 680: 663: 646: 629: 612: 595: 578: 561: 544: 527: 510: 493: 476: 459: 442: 425: 408: 391: 360: 353: 346: 335: 331: 327: 324: 321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 304: 301: 299: 295: 292: 289: 286: 285: 279: 275: 247: 240: 239: 210: 203: 202: 200: 196: 189: 188:Les Invalides 181: 177: 174: 165: 161: 157: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 119: 114: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 89: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 66: 62: 59: 55: 50: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 23850:Followed by 23844:Preceded by 23792:Denis Decrès 23625: 23613:First Consul 23586: 23416: 23358:Ferdinand IV 23348:Ferdinand II 23318:Maximilian I 23295: 23278: 23236: 23221:Henry (VIII) 23219: 23205:Frederick II 23160:Conrad (III) 23152: 23145: 23079: 23056:East Francia 23007:East Francia 22957: 22946:Napoleon III 22924: 22898: 22891: 22860: 22855: 22834: 22788: 22780: 22775: 22736:Charles VIII 22504:Carolingians 22489:Theuderic IV 22479:Chilperic II 22474:Dagobert III 22454:Childeric II 22449:Chlothar III 22394:Childebert I 22380:Merovingians 22241:Napoléon III 22216: 22102:Philippe VII 21783: 21522:Napoléon III 21421: 21346:Joseph Fesch 21273: 21180:Phrygian cap 21125:Bastille Day 21039:Thomas Paine 20994:Edmund Burke 20989:Beaumarchais 20983:Les Lumières 20981: 20822:Joseph Fesch 20806: 20734:Pauline Léon 20704:Jacques Roux 20643: 20227: 19653:Lazare Hoche 19638:Paul Grenier 19608:Louis Desaix 19572: 19467:(8 Jul 1801) 19451:(9 Feb 1801) 19422:(3 Dec 1800) 19345:(5 Apr 1799) 19146:(6 Nov 1796) 19122:(8 Sep 1796) 19114:(4 Sep 1796) 19106:(3 Sep 1796) 19077:(5 Aug 1796) 19006:(2 Oct 1794) 18985:(1 Jun 1794) 18727:(9 Nov 1799) 18673:(4 Sep 1797) 18610:(1 Apr 1795) 18580:White Terror 18573:guillotined 18550:(5 Apr 1794) 18497: 18477:(2 Jun 1793) 18347:(3 Sep 1791) 18298: 18258:(2 Nov 1789) 18250:(5 Oct 1789) 18178:(5 May 1789) 18156: 18133:(7 Jun 1788) 18100: 18093: 18086: 18079: 18072: 18065: 18058: 18051: 18044: 18037: 18030: 17957:Grande Armée 17917:Bibliography 17901:Paris (1815) 17861:Paris (1814) 17846:Paris (1810) 17826:Finckenstein 17801:Campo Formio 17560:Rowland Hill 17546:military and 17434: 17426:military and 17399:Rocquencourt 17268:Saint-Dizier 17238:Bar-sur-Aube 17193:Mincio River 16688:Schöngrabern 16467:2nd Zaragoza 16407:1st Zaragoza 16361:Stralsund II 16210:Campo Tenese 16184:Schöngrabern 16169:Cape Ortegal 16119:Diamond Rock 15997:Papal States 15831: 15824: 15817: 15810: 15803: 15796: 15789: 15722:Napoleon II 15721: 15715: 15707: 15706: 15701: 15695: 15679: 15670: 15669: 15655: 15648: 15647: 15635: 15625: 15620: 15609: 15608:Head of the 15605: 15594: 15585: 15576: 15559: 15554: 15548: 15539: 15533: 15524: 15517: 15516: 15509: 15503: 15494: 15493: 15477: 15470: 15469: 15462: 15453: 15439: 15430: 15419: 15410: 15398: 15393: 15386: 15375: 15365: 15351: 15344: 15333: 15326:First Consul 15323: 15311: 15304: 15293: 15279: 15272: 15265: 15229: / 15191: 15107: 15100: 14960:Hundred Days 14958: 14936: 14924: 14912: 14900: 14888: 14866: 14844: 14837: 14825: 14735: 14708: 14616: 14593: 14585: 14577: 14563:Charles Léon 14559: 14555:Marie Louise 14546: 14503: 14417:. Retrieved 14407: 14390:. Retrieved 14370: 14359: 14345:25 September 14343:. Retrieved 14318: 14314: 14291: 14272: 14243: 14221: 14208:. Retrieved 14188: 14167: 14151:. Retrieved 14131: 14114:(12): 2092. 14111: 14107: 14087:. Robinson. 14083: 14066:. Palgrave. 14063: 14051:. Retrieved 14031: 14005: 13999: 13980: 13960: 13940: 13919: 13898: 13879: 13858: 13836: 13814: 13793: 13772: 13747:. New York: 13742: 13709: 13684: 13662: 13632: 13622: 13605: 13601: 13589:. Retrieved 13579: 13543: 13523: 13510:. Retrieved 13490: 13470: 13461: 13416: 13400:. Retrieved 13384:. Scribner. 13380: 13360: 13341: 13320: 13298: 13282:. Retrieved 13262: 13239: 13220: 13208:. Retrieved 13184: 13160: 13147:. Retrieved 13123: 13100: 13068: 13056:. Retrieved 13036: 13029: 13018: 13007: 12996: 12987: 12961: 12949:. Retrieved 12929: 12922: 12910: 12898: 12874: 12870: 12857: 12845: 12833: 12821: 12809: 12797: 12790:Dwyer (2013) 12769: 12759: 12751: 12743: 12731:. 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New York: 6482: 6471: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6418:, p. 96 6403:, p. 92 6396: 6384: 6379:, p. 93 6372: 6352:, p. 92 6345: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6292:, p. 55 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6117: 6092: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6036: 6011:, p. 26 6004: 5992: 5980: 5975:, p. 28 5968: 5956: 5944: 5939:, p. 21 5932: 5925:Wells (1992) 5920: 5915:, p. 18 5908: 5903:, p. 19 5896: 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5839: 5835: 5810: 5798:. Retrieved 5778: 5771: 5759: 5721: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5674: 5665: 5660:, p. 20 5653: 5633:, p. xv 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578:. Retrieved 5563: 5534: 5507: 5495: 5483:. Retrieved 5463: 5453: 5426:. Retrieved 5406: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5357: 5345: 5335: 5330: 5317: 5296: 5266: 5171: 5130: 5086: 5060: 5054: 5034: 5001: 4988:First Consul 4965: 4932: 4895: 4857:Charles Léon 4854: 4850:tuberculosis 4846:King of Rome 4839: 4828: 4800: 4777: 4773:nation state 4766: 4743: 4737: 4710: 4706: 4666: 4640: 4615: 4601: 4596:Belle Époque 4594: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4560: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4508:Claude Ribbe 4500:Adolf Hitler 4496:megalomaniac 4489: 4466: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4425: 4423: 4408: 4406: 4393: 4381: 4370: 4359: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4305: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4233: 4220: 4195: 4191: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4098: 4091:Alfred Adler 4088: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4057: 4049: 4037: 4030: 4016: 4008: 3981:Papal States 3978: 3966: 3955: 3926: 3908: 3901: 3890: 3886:ultramontane 3882: 3875: 3835:Napoleon III 3803: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3724: 3716: 3705: 3664:Commencement 3654:Royal assent 3551:Commencement 3541:Royal assent 3471: 3463: 3448: 3438: 3432: 3427:Saint Helena 3424: 3401: 3385: 3373: 3358: 3334: 3330: 3319: 3310: 3292: 3282: 3274:Hundred Days 3268:Hundred Days 3260: 3252: 3247:Portoferraio 3241: 3225: 3215: 3195: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3154: 3143: 3135: 3125: 3111: 3095: 3061:grande armée 3060: 3052:grande armée 3051: 3049: 3033: 3018: 3009: 2997: 2977:Nieman river 2974: 2969:grande armée 2968: 2965: 2951: 2934: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2852: 2845: 2830: 2823: 2809: 2782: 2775: 2763: 2739: 2733:. Under the 2724: 2720: 2716:Fernando VII 2709: 2702: 2672: 2648: 2644:River Niemen 2633: 2622: 2596:through the 2591: 2587: 2576: 2568: 2553: 2513: 2503: 2495:West Prussia 2461: 2454: 2447: 2437: 2421: 2414: 2395: 2386:General Mack 2377:Grande Armée 2364: 2345: 2340:Grande Armée 2330:Grande Armée 2328: 2322: 2319: 2303: 2264: 2241: 2233: 2220: 2217: 2202: 2185: 2140: 2133: 2109: 2104:First Consul 2077: 2069: 2052: 2018: 2015: 2000: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1940: 1924: 1898: 1880: 1876: 1865: 1851: 1820: 1801: 1761: 1747:against the 1738: 1725: 1701: 1687: 1660: 1645: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1590: 1578: 1550: 1530: 1499: 1476: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1430: 1417: 1395: 1380: 1373: 1351: 1343: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1292: 1281: 1274: 1259: 1257: 1244: 1216: 1208: 1192: 1185: 1162:Early career 1155: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1118:Louis Rochet 1104: 1100: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1006: 971: 922: 918:Saint Helena 906:Hundred Days 836:Grande Armée 803: 777:against the 761:against the 740: 728:First Consul 707: 700: 696: 695: 282: 168:(1821-05-05) 117: 100:Louis XVIII 69:6 April 1814 46: 29: 23889:1821 deaths 23884:1769 births 23597:Roger Ducos 23513:(1871–1918) 23494:(1867–1871) 23475:(1850–1866) 23453:(1848/1849) 23441:Ferdinand I 23429:(1815–1848) 23410:(1806–1813) 23378:Charles VII 23328:Ferdinand I 23210:Henry (VII) 23185:Frederick I 22939:(1852–1870) 22913:(1830–1848) 22882:Louis XVIII 22862:Napoleon II 22803:(1589–1792) 22781:(1422–1453) 22726:Charles VII 22699:(1328–1589) 22573:Charles III 22558:Carloman II 22534:(Charles I) 22532:Charlemagne 22484:Chlothar IV 22439:Sigebert II 22429:Chlothar II 22414:Chilperic I 22404:Charibert I 22274:Napoléon VI 22254:Napoléon IV 22223:Napoléon II 22190:Alphonse II 22172:Charles XII 22038:Louis XVIII 22018:(1792–1815) 21931:(1867–1871) 21914:(1867–1871) 21877:(1848–1849) 21860:(1850–1866) 21854:(1835–1848) 21848:(1815–1835) 21805:(1806–1813) 21786:(1806–1813) 21755:(1806–1871) 21487:Napoléon II 21049:Abbé Sieyès 21034:Montesquieu 20950:Social Club 20892:Jean Chouan 20782:Louis XVIII 20559:Roger Ducos 20529:Paul Barras 20496:Montagnards 20426:Abbé Sieyès 20229:monarchiens 20037:Netherlands 19966:(Hungarian) 19914:(Hungarian) 19830:French Navy 19756: [ 19678:Jean Lannes 19535:French Army 19313:(1798–1802) 19284:(1798–1800) 19268:(1798–1801) 18998:Chouannerie 18959:(Pyrenees) 18824: [ 18791:Chouannerie 18583:(Fall 1794) 18571:Robespierre 17785:War of 1812 17743:Gunboat War 17700:Louis XVIII 17455:Jean Lannes 17369:Quatre Bras 17359:San Germano 17309:Occhiobello 17198:Champaubert 17188:La Rothière 17112:San Marcial 16996:2nd Polotsk 16961:1st Polotsk 16946:Majadahonda 16886:Villagarcia 16815:Campo Maior 16603:Piave River 16528:Ciudad Real 16518:Villafranca 16387:Dos de Mayo 16336:Stralsund I 16088:18 Brumaire 16022:Netherlands 15920:Württemberg 15675:Napoleon II 15666:Louis XVIII 15644:Louis XVIII 15570:Louis XVIII 15489:Louis XVIII 15314:Roger Ducos 15150:Bonapartism 15051: [ 15021:Protestants 14797: [ 14783: [ 14660: [ 14573:Napoleon II 14163:Schom, Alan 13983:. Pimlico. 13210:27 February 13164:. Bedford. 13081:Works cited 13058:30 November 12951:30 November 12512:Grab (2017) 12499:Arthist.net 12482:Bell (2015) 12451:(1): 1–30. 12427:Bell (2015) 12366:Bell (2015) 12354:Bell (2015) 11964:Geyl (1949) 11830:5 September 11743:Bell (2015) 11376:Bell (2015) 11137:(1): 6–26. 11019:Bell (2015) 10995:Geyl (1949) 10848:Geyl (1949) 10836:Geyl (1949) 10800:Geyl (1949) 10624:Bell (2015) 10588:Geyl (1949) 10576:Geyl (1949) 10399:. Redfield. 10139:28 November 9563:7 September 9401:Bell (2015) 8569:Bell (2015) 7106:Bell (2015) 6897:Bell (2015) 6683:Bell (2015) 6587:Bell (2015) 5842:(1): 6–26. 5718:"Chapter 2" 5648:, p. 6 5621:, p. 4 5597:, p. 2 5556:Bell (2015) 5512:Grab (2017) 5392:Grab (2003) 5310:département 5017:Louis XVIII 4992:Louis XVIII 4986:Himself as 4842:Napoleon II 4717:manorialism 4649:version by 4624:version by 4545:Bonapartism 4504:Pieter Geyl 4306:Napoleon's 4177:During the 4105:Erich Fromm 4032:Pieter Geyl 4027:Personality 3839:sarcophagus 3687:Repealed by 3574:Repealed by 3455:Hudson Lowe 3409: 1820 3386:Bellerophon 3255:Louis XVIII 3146:La Rothière 3083:Poniatowski 2617:Neman River 2579:River Saale 2546:before the 2315: 1805 2269:, with the 2007:Hohenlinden 1899:18 Brumaire 1891:Roger Ducos 1873:18 Brumaire 1866:18 Brumaire 1854:18 Brumaire 1675:Tipu Sultan 1613:coup d'état 1490: 1801 1481:, by Baron 1440:Vendémiaire 1398:Paul Barras 1358:Julie Clary 1324:Journée du 1264:(Supper at 1121: [ 808:led to the 705:regnal name 291:Napoleon II 79:Louis XVIII 23873:Categories 23530:William II 23417:Napoleon I 23398:Francis II 23393:Leopold II 23373:Charles VI 23286:Wenceslaus 23274:Charles IV 23180:Henry (VI) 23175:Conrad III 23104:(962–1806) 23099:within the 23009:during the 22856:Napoleon I 22836:Louis XVII 22815:Louis XIII 22761:Charles IX 22756:Francis II 22721:Charles VI 22687:Charles IV 22662:Philip III 22652:Louis VIII 22617:Hugh Capet 22610:(987–1328) 22543:Charles II 22527:Carloman I 22509:Robertians 22434:Dagobert I 22419:Sigebert I 22399:Chlothar I 22217:Napoléon I 22215:1814 1815 22184:Jacques II 22178:Alphonse I 22160:Charles XI 22070:Legitimist 22032:Louis XVII 21922:Chancellor 21839:Presidents 21784:Napoleon I 21422:Napoléon I 20938:Cordeliers 20852:Talleyrand 20777:Louis XVII 20639:Hébertists 20393:Jean Debry 20223:Feuillants 19852:Opposition 19748:Michel Ney 19170:(Dec 1796) 18778:Thionville 18681:(Dec 1797) 18654:(May 1796) 18646:5 Oct 1795 18623:Directoire 18503:(painting) 18406:(Sep 1792) 18390:(Jun 1792) 18223:Great Fear 18162:(Jan 1789) 18053:Revolution 17927:Casualties 17841:Schönbrunn 17816:Artlenburg 17565:John Moore 17470:Michel Ney 17339:Scapezzano 17329:Cesenatico 17273:Montmartre 17203:Montmirail 17137:Wartenburg 17092:Großbeeren 16951:Gorodechno 16941:Klyastitsy 16921:Saltanovka 16810:Casal Novo 16683:Hollabrunn 16668:Korneuburg 16462:Somosierra 16366:Copenhagen 16189:Austerlitz 16179:Dürenstein 15915:Westphalia 15858:and allies 15555:Louis XVI 15282:5 May 1821 15182:Propaganda 14716:Coronation 14452:by the US 14419:5 December 14135:. Granta. 14053:2 December 13964:. Osprey. 13591:2 December 13512:5 December 13402:2 December 13284:2 December 13188:. London: 13149:5 December 12748:John Lynch 12637:5 December 12568:5 December 12187:5 December 12055:16 October 11649:5 December 11350:, p. 10519:23 January 10493:2 December 9336:2 November 9297:6 December 9028:2 December 8617:2 December 8515:23 October 8024:2 December 7705:18 October 6028:, p. 5874:2 December 5800:15 October 5485:2 December 5428:2 December 5252:; French: 5073:Francis II 4698:Bas-relief 4591:Boulangism 4511:in Syria. 4352:Statue in 4301:Code Civil 4045:misogynist 3784:qui recule 3776:last rites 3737:See also: 3626:Long title 3513:Long title 3315:Michel Ney 3295:Golfe-Juan 3261:Inconstant 2937:Bernadotte 2388:after the 2171:See also: 2085:Guadeloupe 2035:See also: 1947:Cambacérès 1741:Alexandria 1694:geodesists 1524:, and the 1383:Topography 1344:After the 1226:mainland. 1069:Napolionne 968:Early life 566:Austerlitz 515:Somosierra 264:; 227:; 166:5 May 1821 149:1769-08-15 23645:Ministers 23611:Bonaparte 23520:William I 23501:William I 23436:Francis I 23388:Joseph II 23383:Francis I 23363:Leopold I 23338:Rudolf II 23323:Charles V 23308:Albert II 23303:Sigismund 23259:Henry VII 23215:Conrad IV 23136:Henry III 23131:Conrad II 23063:(919–962) 23058:(911–919) 23014:(843–911) 22893:Louis XIX 22887:Charles X 22830:Louis XVI 22820:Louis XIV 22766:Henry III 22746:Francis I 22741:Louis XII 22716:Charles V 22706:Philip VI 22667:Philip IV 22647:Philip II 22642:Louis VII 22622:Robert II 22553:Louis III 22515:(751–987) 22464:Clovis IV 22444:Clovis II 22382:(509–751) 22286:present ( 22166:Jacques I 22127:Henri VII 22090:Louis XIX 22084:Charles X 22040:1814 1815 22026:Louis XVI 21905:President 21898:1867–1871 21832:1815–1866 21777:Protector 21770:1806–1813 20772:Louis XVI 20767:Charles X 20418:The Plain 20329:Girondins 20269:Lafayette 19930:(Walloon) 19912:Pál Kray 19888:(Walloon) 19430:(1800–02) 19281:Quasi-War 18740:Consulate 18626:(1795–99) 18081:Consulate 18074:Directory 17891:Casalanza 17866:Tauroggen 17821:Pressburg 17806:Lunéville 17711:conflicts 17544:Coalition 17394:La Suffel 17344:Tolentino 17228:Montereau 17213:Vauchamps 17162:Bornhöved 17117:Dennewitz 17062:Tarragona 17011:Chashniki 16911:Salamanca 16835:Tarragona 16759:Barquilla 16713:Almonacid 16673:Stockerau 16643:Stralsund 16613:2nd Porto 16593:Ebelsberg 16563:Abensberg 16533:1st Porto 16493:Castellón 16477:Benavente 16442:Valmaseda 16356:Friedland 16351:Heilsberg 16321:Ostrołęka 16311:Mohrungen 16245:Magdeburg 16174:Amstetten 16159:Trafalgar 16144:Elchingen 16129:Wertingen 16027:Brunswick 15952:Coalition 15696:New title 15621:New title 15577:New title 15464:Louis XVI 15420:New title 15376:New title 15334:New title 15294:New title 14780:2nd exile 14763:1st exile 14674:Consulate 14594:Brothers: 14560:Children: 14450:Biography 14335:1468-229X 14022:143376566 13769:(1973) . 13739:(1995) . 13729:740560411 13577:(1889) . 13414:(2015) . 13101:Bonaparte 12977:Médiation 12883:2305-3925 12550:0017-811X 12465:0016-1071 12410:0269-1191 12325:0269-1191 12176:France 24 11820:144112149 11299:20 August 10049:Roberts, 9386:28 August 9287:2100-0123 7849:. p. 156. 5856:0016-1071 5671:"Corsica" 5368:Citations 5175:English: 4458:Criticism 4403:Education 4397:total war 4103:. Adler, 4020:Sanhedrin 3935:Concordat 3712:hepatitis 3641:56 Geo. 3 3528:56 Geo. 3 3450:The Times 3384:HMS 3242:Undaunted 3236:sovereign 3226:With the 3190:Old Guard 2859:Carinthia 2841:armistice 2813:Inn River 2712:Carlos IV 2651:Wallachia 2629:Heilsberg 2510:Selim III 2398:Karl Mack 2273:, at the 2131:in 1804. 2098:Silver 5 2045:The 1803 1959:Tribunate 1933:. Posing 1593:standards 1426:grapeshot 1391:Selim III 1266:Beaucaire 1096:Louis XVI 1073:Napulione 1061:Nabulione 1003:'s court. 1001:Louis XVI 937:feudalism 820:. In the 779:Directory 763:Austrians 532:Friedland 379:Rochefort 329:Signature 303:Bonaparte 118:In office 97:Successor 86:2nd reign 75:Successor 64:1st reign 23879:Napoleon 23813:Treasury 23749:Interior 23368:Joseph I 23343:Matthias 23264:Louis IV 23254:Albert I 23244:Rudolf I 23190:Henry VI 23141:Henry IV 23126:Henry II 23121:Otto III 23070:Conrad I 23026:Carloman 22825:Louis XV 22810:Henry IV 22751:Henry II 22731:Louis XI 22682:Philip V 22657:Louis IX 22637:Louis VI 22632:Philip I 22588:Louis IV 22578:Robert I 22548:Louis II 22513:Bosonids 22389:Clovis I 22288:disputed 22196:Louis XX 22154:Jean III 22121:Henri VI 22115:Jean III 21132:Panthéon 21120:Muscadin 21115:Marianne 21054:Voltaire 20933:Jacobins 20926:Factions 20466:Mirabeau 19922:(French) 18816:Jemappes 18800:Dauphiné 18283:Nobility 18095:Journals 18088:Glossary 18067:Republic 18039:Timeline 17962:Uniforms 17876:Chaumont 17794:Treaties 17495:Joseph I 17435:Napoleon 17379:Waterloo 17319:Casaglia 17283:Toulouse 17167:Sehested 17142:Bidassoa 17122:2nd Kulm 17107:1st Kulm 17097:Katzbach 17087:Sorauren 17082:Pyrenees 17047:Castalla 17031:Berezina 17021:Smoliani 16991:Tarutino 16976:Borodino 16966:Valutino 16956:Smolensk 16926:Ostrovno 16896:Maguilla 16860:Valencia 16850:Saguntum 16698:Talavera 16578:Ratisbon 16568:Landshut 16543:Bergisel 16538:Medellín 16452:Espinosa 16412:Valencia 16285:Czarnowo 16255:Pasewalk 16250:Prenzlau 16225:Saalfeld 16164:Caldiero 16134:Günzburg 16012:Sardinia 15987:Portugal 15399:(Became 15227:Category 15032:Slavery 14617:Sisters: 14521:timeline 14504:Napoleon 14413:Archived 14405:(1891). 14386:Archived 14357:(1969). 14339:Archived 14204:Archived 14165:(1997). 14147:Archived 14047:Archived 13773:Napoleon 13707:(1966). 13585:Archived 13506:Archived 13460:(1994). 13448:Archived 13437:Archived 13396:Archived 13299:Napoleon 13296:(1994). 13278:Archived 13263:Napoleon 13260:(1932). 13240:Napoleon 13204:Archived 13182:(2015). 13143:Archived 13121:(2015). 13052:Archived 12980:Archived 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5249:-nə-part 5245:-lee-ən 5064:in 1861 4817:Empress 4809:Children 4756:and the 4715:, ended 4622:romantic 4187:bogeyman 4149:gesture. 3923:Muhammad 3917:and the 3861:dioceses 3845:Religion 3766:in Paris 3673:Repealed 3636:Citation 3560:Repealed 3523:Citation 3459:catarrhs 3307:Grenoble 3299:Grenoble 3150:February 3056:Berezina 3040:Cossacks 3021:Tarutino 3000:Borodino 2993:Smolensk 2863:Carniola 2705:Portugal 2655:Moldavia 2383:Austrian 2325:Boulogne 1757:pyramids 1502:Piedmont 1442:uprising 1211:Jacobins 1053:Catholic 1045:Caroline 1019:home in 993:Corsican 978:Lombardy 842:Russians 714:and led 481:Borodino 464:Berezina 396:Waterloo 374:620miles 35:Napoleon 23725:Finance 23673:Justice 23619:Consuls 23280:Günther 23238:Alfonso 23232:Richard 23227:William 23200:Otto IV 23165:Henry V 23154:Hermann 23116:Otto II 23075:Henry I 22958:italics 22900:Henry V 22711:John II 22672:Louis X 22627:Henry I 22598:Louis V 22593:Lothair 22583:Rudolph 22538:Louis I 22409:Guntram 22262:/ 1891 22198:present 22135:present 22133:Jean IV 22096:Henri V 21258:of the 21014:Diderot 20760:Figures 20645:Enragés 20351:Father 20062:Prussia 19994:Britain 19943:(Saxon) 19901:(Swiss) 19868:Austria 17709:Related 17288:Bayonne 17253:Craonne 17223:Mormant 17183:Brienne 17157:Nivelle 17147:Leipzig 17102:Dresden 17072:Vitoria 17057:Bautzen 17026:Krasnoi 16971:Mesoten 16931:Vitebsk 16891:Almaraz 16881:Badajoz 16840:Albuera 16825:Almeida 16820:Sabugal 16805:Redinha 16795:Barrosa 16774:Bussaco 16769:Almeida 16749:Astorga 16718:Tamames 16678:Gefrees 16633:Alcañiz 16573:Eckmühl 16503:Corunna 16472:Sahagún 16437:Zornoza 16432:Vimeiro 16402:Cabezón 16326:Kolberg 16295:Pułtusk 16290:Golymin 16280:Hamelin 16260:Stettin 16220:Schleiz 16065:Prelude 16057:battles 16032:Hanover 15977:Prussia 15967:Austria 15905:Bavaria 15885:Etruria 15880:Holland 15852:France, 15845:gerents 15612:Austria 15368:Emperor 15366:Became 15324:Became 15236:Commons 15206:Studies 14748:Tactics 14731:Holland 14586:Mother: 14578:Father: 14315:History 14210:12 June 13443:; also 13434:excerpt 12558:1327640 12026:, p. 39 11269:15 July 10120:8572813 7910:11 July 7836:. p. 15 6514:1740591 5580:5 April 5572:. 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