2899:
5715:
1849:
4857:
2875:
1151:
4176:
1335:
1845:) from a reactive, defence-oriented citizen army into an army of professional career soldiers, increasingly dependent on foreign mercenaries. Mercenaries were expensive, however, and as the threat of invasion receded in the 10th century, so did the need for maintaining large garrisons and expensive fortifications. Basil II left a burgeoning treasury upon his death, but he neglected to plan for his succession. None of his immediate successors had any particular military or political talent, and the imperial administration increasingly fell into the hands of the civil service. Incompetent efforts to revive the Byzantine economy resulted in severe inflation and a debased gold currency. The army was seen as both an unnecessary expense and a political threat. Several standing local units were demobilised, further augmenting the army's dependence on mercenaries, who could be retained and dismissed on an as-needed basis.
56:
6017:
4538:
4509:
4633:
2347:, Andronikos was determined to root out corruption: under his rule, the sale of offices ceased; selection was based on merit, rather than favouritism; and officials were paid an adequate salary to reduce the temptation of bribery. In the provinces, Andronikos's reforms produced a speedy and marked improvement. Gradually, however, Andronikos's reign deteriorated. The aristocrats were infuriated against him, and to make matters worse, Andronikos seemed to have become increasingly unbalanced; executions and violence became increasingly common, and his reign turned into a reign of terror. Andronikos seemed almost to seek the extermination of the aristocracy as a whole. The struggle against the aristocracy turned into wholesale slaughter, while the emperor resorted to ever more ruthless measures to shore up his regime.
2647:
3036:
5730:
4228:. Beginning in the 630s, the Arab wars with the Romans halved Byzantine territory, including rich provinces such as Egypt. These collective disasters led to severe economic deterioration, culminating in large-scale deurbanization and impoverishment throughout the empire. Demographic and urban decline sparked the destruction of trade routes, with trade reaching its lowest point by the 8th century. Isaurian reforms and Constantine V's repopulation, public works, and tax measures marked the beginning of a revival that continued until 1204 despite territorial contraction. From the 10th century until the end of the 12th, the Byzantine Empire projected an image of luxury; travellers were impressed by the wealth accumulated in the capital.
4529:
4518:
1160:
2014:
5522:
2424:
5450:
4665:
27856:
2273:, brought troops from the capital and was able to gather an army along the way, a sign that the Byzantine army remained strong and that the defensive program of western Asia Minor was still successful. John and Manuel pursued active military policies, and both deployed considerable resources on sieges and city defences; aggressive fortification policies were at the heart of their imperial military policies. Despite the defeat at Myriokephalon, the policies of Alexios, John and Manuel resulted in vast territorial gains, increased frontier stability in Asia Minor, and secured the stabilisation of the empire's European frontiers. From
80:
5174:
5167:
5878:
3093:
3929:
3847:) would begin to free enslaved people who were prisoners of war, and from the 9th century onwards, emperors would free the slaves of conquered people. Christianity as an institution had no direct impact, but by the 6th century it was a bishop's duty to ransom Christians, there were established limits on trading them, and state policies which prohibited the enslavement of Christians shaped Byzantine slave-holding from the 8th century onwards. However, slavery persisted due to a steady source of non-Christians with prices remaining stable until 1300, when prices for adult slaves, particularly females, started rising.
4164:. Large sections of the Byzantine population lived within the many urbanized settlements inherited from the previously unified Roman Empire. Constantinople, the capital of the empire, was the largest city in the world at the time; it housed at least 400,000 people. These cities continued to grow during the 6th century, with evidence of massive construction projects suggesting that the Byzantine treasury remained strong. During the 5th and 6th centuries, rural development continued alongside urban development; the number of documented agricultural settlements increased significantly during this period. Although the
2134:
1535:
4708:
3514:, mercenaries and allies instead—and which led to a neglect in defensive capability. Mercenary armies would further fuel political divisions and civil wars that led to a collapse in the Empire's defence and resulting in significant losses such as Italy and the Anatolian heartland in the 11th century. Major military and fiscal reforms under the emperors of the Komnenian dynasty after 1081 re-established a modest-sized, adequately compensated and competent army. However, the costs were not sustainable and the structural weaknesses of the Komnenian approach—namely, the reliance on fiscal exemptions called
5220:
6075:
1679:
5761:
4394:
3507:, that guarded the emperor. The defence-orientated thematic militias were gradually replaced with more specialised offensive field armies but also to counter the generals who would rebel against the emperor. When the Empire was expanding, the state began to commute thematic military service for cash payments: in the 10th century, there were 6,000 Varangians, another 3,000 foreign mercenaries and when including paid and unpaid citizen soldiers, the army on paper was 140,000 (an expeditionary force was 15,000 soldiers and field armies seldom were more than 40,000).
944:
2069:
6056:
5636:
3344:
1346:
3920:
1791:
3900:
artisan guilds. They also worked in disreputable occupations: entertainers, tavern keepers, and prostitutes; a class where some saints and empresses allegedly originated from. Prostitution was widespread, and attempts were made to limit it, especially during
Justinian's reign under the influence of Theodora. Women participated in public life, engaging in social events and protests. Women's rights would not be better in comparable societies, Western Europe or America until the 19th century.
27988:
27892:
793:
2476:
1988:
2612:, but the war-ravaged empire was ill-equipped to deal with the enemies that surrounded it. To maintain his campaigns against the Latins, Michael pulled troops from Asia Minor and levied crippling taxes on the peasantry, causing much resentment. Massive construction projects were completed in Constantinople to repair the damage of the Fourth Crusade, but none of these initiatives were of any comfort to the farmers in Asia Minor suffering raids from Muslim ghazis.
3966:
4468:, an indication of a thriving urban aristocracy. The game was introduced to the West by crusaders, who had developed a taste for it particularly during the pro-Western reign of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. Chariot races were popular and held at hippodromes across the empire. There were four major factions in chariot racing, differentiated by the colour of the uniform which they wore; the colours were also worn by their supporters. These factions were the Blues (
3069:, emphasizing peace as a strategic necessity. Even when it had more resources and less threats in the 6th century, the costs of defense were enormous; foreign affairs had become more multi-polar, complex and interconnected; further the challenges in protecting the empire's primarily agricultural income as well as numerous aggressive neighbours made avoiding war a preferred strategy. Between the 4th and 8th centuries, diplomats leveraged the Empire's status as
21925:
27920:
27971:
4254:, where they held special interests. The emperor and his officials intervened at times of crises to ensure the stockpiling of provisions for the capital and to keep the prices of cereals affordable. Finally, the government often collected a part of the economic surplus through taxation, and put it back into circulation through either redistribution in the form of salaries to state officials or in the form of investment in public works.
27880:
27868:
27954:
5816:), as well as differences in religious practices (such as celibacy, and even the growing of beards), underline the increasing separation of their unique social structures and cultures. Theological differences became more pronounced. There was a general lack of charity and respect on both sides. In 1054, the Patriarch of Constantinople refused to submit to the supremacy of the Roman Pope. Eventually, this all led to the
27937:
27844:
10765:: "The fifth century marked a definite turning point in Byzantine higher education. Theodosios ΙΙ founded in 425 a major university with 31 chairs for law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, rhetoric and other subjects. Fifteen chairs were assigned to Latin and 16 to Greek. The university was reorganized by Michael III (842–867) and flourished down to the fourteenth century".
3016:, the preservation of civilisation in eastern Europe was due to the skill and resourcefulness of the Empire's diplomacy, Imperial Diplomacy is one of its lasting contributions to the history of Europe. The Empire's longevity has been said to be due to its aggressive diplomacy in negotiating treaties, the formation of alliances, and partnerships with the enemies of its enemies, notably seen with the
3408:. The double-headed eagle is more confidently attested as a symbol of the emperor in the late era when Andronikos II Palaiologos used it in 1301, but Babuin also says that it never was exclusive to the Empire as other contemporary empires also used it. The tetragrammatic cross was a state symbol during the Palaiologoi, which has a four-fold symmetrical representation of the Greek letter
3028:. Diplomacy often involved long-term embassies, hosting foreign royals as potential hostages or political pawns, and overwhelming visitors with displays of wealth and power (with deliberate efforts that word of it would travel). Other tools in diplomacy included political marriages, bestowing titles, bribery, differing levels of persuasion, and leveraging intelligence as attested in the ‘
5726:, along the trade and travel routes followed by merchants, soldiers and migrating tribes, moving from fewer than 50,000 adherents to over a million in the hundred years between 150 and 250. Driven by a universalist logic, Christianity has been, from its beginnings, a missionary faith with global aspirations, leading it to become a part of the history of a great many civilizations.
3180:) made the Praetorian Edict permanent and ruled that if all the Jurists agreed on a legal point, it would be considered law. The law eventually became confusing due to conflicting sources, and it was not clear what it should be. Efforts were made to reduce the confusion, such as two private collections collating the imperial constitutions since Hadrian's reign, the
5780:
The ancient state was a religious institution, yet East and West related to that State differently: the
Catholic church condemned Roman culture as sinful, kept itself as separate as possible, and struggled to resist State control. This is in pointed contrast with Eastern Christianity which acclaimed harmony with Greek culture, and whose emperors and
3872:. Women usually married at ages 15–20, and were used as a way to connect men and create economic benefit among families. The average family had 2 children, with mortality rates around 40–50%. Divorce could be done by mutual consent but would be restricted over time, for example, only being allowed if a married person was joining a convent.
6235:, or edited collections such as The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies do not even mention the concept. It has been used as a way to distinguish earlier Roman emperors and Byzantine philosophy, but it is now understood that there was no real change and that the concept codified by Justinian originated with the power transition of the
2393:. The internal policy of the Angeloi was characterised by the squandering of the public treasure and fiscal maladministration. Imperial authority was severely weakened, and the growing power vacuum at the centre of the empire encouraged fragmentation. There is evidence that some Komnenian heirs had set up a semi-independent state in
5489:
first transmission of classical Greek knowledge to the West occurred during the
Komnenian period. In terms of prosperity and cultural life, the Komnenian period was one of the peaks in Byzantine history, and Constantinople remained the leading city of the Christian world in size, wealth, and culture. There was a renewed interest in
2694:'s army of 80,000 men and large numbers of irregulars laid siege to the city. Despite a desperate last-ditch defence of the city by the massively outnumbered Christian forces (c. 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreign), Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans after a two-month siege on 29 May 1453. The final Byzantine emperor,
753:", and "Byzantine history" significantly overlap, there is no consensus on a "foundation date" for the Byzantine Empire, if there was one at all. The growth of the study of "late antiquity" has led to some historians setting a start date in the seventh or eighth centuries. Others believe a "new empire" began during changes in
6223:, the "living law", both lawgiver and administrator, claimed as being in accordance with what Justinian I had codified. The concept is associated with Hellenistic ideas of kingship and authoritarianism that influenced medieval thought of absolute power, and is now better understood as being promoted by the pagan rhetorician
3688:) until the East's peak following Justinian's recovery of western territories in 540, the population could have been as high as 27 million, but would fall to as low as 12 million in 800. Plague and loss of territories to the Arab Muslim invaders significantly impacted the Empire, but it recovered, and by the near end of the
5212:– composed to Greek texts as ceremonial, festival, or church music – are today the most well-known forms. Ecclesiastical chants were a fundamental part of this genre. Greek and foreign historians agree that the ecclesiastical tones and in general the whole system of Byzantine music is closely related to the
6096:
As the only stable long-term state in Europe during the Middle Ages, Byzantium isolated
Western Europe from newly emerging forces to the East. Constantly under attack, it distanced Western Europe from Persians, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, and for a time, the Ottomans. From a different perspective, since the
6046:
This traditional approach towards
Byzantium has been partially or wholly disputed and revised by modern studies, which focus on the positive aspects of Byzantine culture and legacy. From the ninth to the twelfth centuries, Byzantine Christianity converted and helped establish multiple nations in what
3239:
in Greek as well, which legal historian
Bernard Stolte proposes as a convenient breaking point to demarcate the end of Roman law and the start of Byzantine law. This division is proposed largely due to the legal heritage of Western Europe coming mostly from law written in Latin as transmitted through
2568:
emperor and established himself in
Trebizond. Of the three successor states, Epirus and Nicaea stood the best chance of reclaiming Constantinople. The Nicaean Empire struggled to survive the next few decades, however, and by the mid-13th century it had lost much of southern Anatolia. The weakening of
718:
After the empire's fall, early modern scholars referred to the empire by many names, including the "Empire of
Constantinople", the "Empire of the Greeks", the "Eastern Empire", the "Late Empire", the "Low Empire", and the "Roman Empire". The increasing use of "Byzantine" and "Byzantine Empire" likely
5803:
The patriarchs in the East frequently looked to the Pope, the bishop of Rome, to resolve disagreements for them, thereby establishing what would later become important features of papal power and influence. Still, by the end of the sixth century, large sections of both the
Western and Eastern church
4848:
Constantine's sponsorship produced an exuberant burst of
Christian art and architecture, frescoes and mosaics for church walls, and hieroglyphic type drawings. While classical and Christian culture did coexist into the seventh century, Christian imagery gradually replaced classical images, which had
2940:
The emperor was the centre of the whole administration of the Empire, who the legal historian Kaius Tuori has said was "above the law, within the law, and the law itself"; with a power that is difficult to define and which does not align with our modern understanding of the separation of powers. The
2222:
at the head of the combined forces of the empire and the Crusader states; yet despite his efforts in leading the campaign, his hopes were disappointed by the treachery of his Crusader allies. In 1142, John returned to press his claims to Antioch, but he died in the spring of 1143 following a hunting
6038:
Byzantium has been often identified with absolutism, orthodox spirituality, orientalism and exoticism, while the terms "Byzantine" and "Byzantinism" have been used as bywords for decadence, complex bureaucracy, and repression. Both Eastern and Western European authors have often perceived Byzantium
5488:
is considered the greatest example of Byzantine humanism as he studied both classics and theology. In philosophy, there was a resurgence of classical learning not seen since the 7th century, characterised by a significant increase in the publication of commentaries on classical works. Moreover, the
3879:
claims that these rights may have been what prevented the emergence of large properties and a hereditary nobility capable of intimidating the state. The prevalence of widows (estimated at 20%) meant that women often controlled family assets as heads of households and businesses, contributing to the
2497:, starting a major fire that damaged large parts of the city, and briefly seized control. Alexios III fled from the capital, and Alexios Angelos was elevated to the throne as Alexios IV along with his blind father Isaac. Alexios IV and Isaac II were unable to keep their promises and were deposed by
2290:
This allowed the Western provinces to achieve an economic revival that continued until the close of the century. It has been argued that Byzantium under the Komnenian rule was more prosperous than at any time since the Persian invasions of the 7th century. During the 12th century, population levels
2084:
Having achieved stability in the West, Alexios could turn his attention to the severe economic difficulties and the disintegration of the empire's traditional defences. However, he still did not have enough manpower to recover the lost territories in Asia Minor and to the advance by the Seljuks. At
6248:
The historian Sofie Remijsen indicates that there are several reasons to conclude that the Olympic games continued after Theodosius I, as the traditional end day of 393 is linked to his anti-pagan constitution. She argues that the games instead came to an end under Theodosius II when a fire burned
6088:
Its use of vernacular language, and the development of the first Slavic written script, increased education and literacy and influenced the direction of the spiritual, religious, and cultural development of the entire region. The Byzantines also preserved and copied classical manuscripts, and they
5828:
to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The conquest of 1453 destroyed the Orthodox Church as an institution of the Christian empire inaugurated by Constantine, sealing off Greek-speaking Orthodoxy from the West for almost a century and a half. However, the church survived in altered form, and the spiritual
5779:
The Church of this age was seen by its supporters as a universal all-embracing union of separate individual churches. Yet, the tendency for East and West to grow apart was already evident. The western church spoke Latin, while the East spoke, and wrote, in Greek and at least five other languages.
3829:
During the third century, 10–15% of the population was enslaved (numbering around 3 million in the east). Youval Rotman calls the changes to slavery during this period "different degrees of unfreedom". Previous roles fulfilled by slaves became high-demand free market professions (like tutors), and
3457:
claims the fiscally stretched Empire could only handle one major enemy at a time. The Islamic conquests between 634 and 642 led to significant changes, transforming the 4th-7th centuries field forces into provincialised militia-like units with a core of professional soldiers. The state shifted the
3143:
states that the Constantinople patriarch elevated the emperor's credibility, during this challenging time as the Empire battled militant Islam geographically and Latin Christians economically; and ultimately, it was its efficient foreign relations that kept the state alive in this late era and not
3120:
states a change in policies by emperors in the 9th and early 10th centuries was the basis for future activity. This change involved halting, reversing, and attacking Muslim power; cultivating relations with Armenians and Rus; and subjugating the Bulgarians. Telemachos Lounghis notes that diplomacy
3863:
The Ekloge in 741 made marriage a Christian institution and no longer a private contract, and the institution's development correlated with the increased rights of slaves and the change in power relations. Marriage was considered an institution to sustain the population, transfer property rights,
3692:
in 1025, the population is estimated to have been as high as 18 million. A few decades after the recapture of Constantinople in 1282, the Empire's population was in the range of 3–5 million; by 1312, the number had dropped to 2 million. By the time the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, there
2980:
In earlier times, cities had been a collection of self-governing communities with central government and church representatives, whereas the emperor focused on defense and foreign relations. The Arab destruction primarily changed this due to constant war and their regular raids, with a decline in
2169:
succeeded him in 1118 and ruled until 1143. John was a pious and dedicated emperor who was determined to undo the damage to the empire suffered at the Battle of Manzikert half a century earlier. Famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign, John was an exceptional example of a moral
5752:
Constantine did not make Christianity the state religion. Law, literature, rituals, and institutions indicate that converting the empire to Christianity was a complex, long-term, slow-paced, and uneven process with no single moment or event to mark Christianity becoming the Roman Empire's state
4899:
banned the pictorial representation of Christ, saints, and biblical scenes. Bishops, the army and the civil service supported the emperors, while monks, sometimes at the cost of their lives, and the western papacy, refused to participate, leading to further separation between the East and West.
3899:
in the Church from the 7th century onwards, women were mostly assigned household responsibilities that were "labour-intensive". They worked in professions, such as in the food and textile industry, as medical staff, in public baths, had a heavy presence in retail, and were practicing members of
3989:
There was never an official language of the Empire, however, Latin and Greek were the main languages. During the early years of the Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek had been useful to pass the requirements to be an educated noble, and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military,
3653:
claims that over time, the distinction between field troops and garrison units eventually disappeared as resources were strained. The frequent civil wars further drained the Empire, now increasingly instigated by foreigners such as the Serbs and Turks to win concessions, and the emperors were
2291:
rose and extensive tracts of new agricultural land were brought into production. Archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements, together with a notable upsurge in new towns. Trade was also flourishing; the Venetians, the
4151:
Following the split of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, the West fell victim to political instability, social unrest, civil war, and invasions from foreign powers. In contrast, the Byzantines remained comparatively stable, allowing for the growth of a flourishing and resilient economy.
4127:; these were typically the languages of the lower strata of the population and the illiterate, who were the vast majority. The Empire was a multi-lingual state, but Greek bound everyone, and the forces of assimilation would lead to the diversity of its peoples' languages declining over time.
4156:, and the maintenance of infrastructure created a secure environment for economic growth. In the 530s, the territory of the empire encompassed both a massive population of around 30 million people and a wide array of natural resources. The Byzantines had access to resources such as abundant
5807:
According to the early Christian expert Tia Kolbaba, the Arab, Lombard, and Slavic invasions contributed to the alienation between the churches of Rome and Constantinople despite their shared past. Disagreement about Constantinople's jurisdiction compared to Rome's intensified as a result.
3132:(satellite states) and the principle of unbalanced power less effective and eventually abandoned. This meant by the 11th century, the Empire had changed this core diplomatic principle to one of equality, and Byzantine diplomacy evolved instead to solicit and utilise the emperor's presence.
2250:. In an effort to restore Byzantine control over the ports of southern Italy, he sent an expedition to Italy in 1155, but disputes within the coalition led to the eventual failure of the campaign. Despite this military setback, Manuel's armies successfully invaded the southern parts of the
2615:
Rather than holding on to his possessions in Asia Minor, Michael chose to expand the empire, gaining only short-term success. To avoid another sacking of the capital by the Latins, he forced the Church to submit to Rome, again a temporary solution for which the peasantry hated Michael and
727:. "Byzantine" was used adjectivally alongside terms such as "Empire of the Greeks" until the 19th century. It is now the primary term, used to refer to all aspects of the empire; some modern historians believe that, as an originally prejudicial and inaccurate term, it should not be used.
3251:
was inaccessible in Latin, particularly in the Empire's provinces. There was also a stronger association of Christianity with the law, after people questioned how the law was developed and used following the 7th century Islamic conquests. Together, this created the backdrop for Leo III
5682:
were principally responsible for carrying, in person and writing, ancient Greek grammatical, literary, mathematical, and astronomical knowledge to early Renaissance Italy. They also brought with them classical learning and texts on botany, medicine and zoology, as well as the works of
5787:
Regional variations led to competing orthodoxies, and conflicts over defining heresy and orthodoxy dominated fourth century Christianity. These ongoing controversies were a large part of what led the Armenian, Assyrian, and Egyptian churches to combine into what is today known as
4288:
roots, with most changes and different styles being evident only in the upper strata of Byzantine society, however, always with the influence of the Hellenic environment. The Byzantines preferred colour and pattern, and made and exported very richly patterned cloth, especially
6051:
regards this as undeniable, and both Cameron and Obolensky recognize the major role of Byzantium in shaping Orthodoxy, which in turn occupies a central position in the history, societies and culture of Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Georgia, Serbia and other countries.
5823:
In 1439, a reunion agreement between the Eastern and Western church was proposed. Popular resistance in the East interfered, so it wasn't until 1452 that the decree of union was officially published in Constantinople. The agreement was overthrown the very next year by the
5662:
from Syria who fled during the Arab conquest of Syria. However, it has also been argued that no single person invented Greek fire, but rather, that it was "invented by the chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school...".
3715:
Education was voluntary and required financial means to attend, with the most literate people being the ones associated with the church. Reading, writing, and arithmetic were foundational subjects taught in primary education whereas Secondary school focused on the
5919:
submitted to Venice. The Empire of Trebizond, which had split away from the Byzantine Empire just weeks before Constantinople was taken by the Crusaders in 1204, became the last remnant of and de facto successor state to the Byzantine Empire. Efforts by Emperor
17353:
4005:
BC onwards, and especially so in the western provinces, but not as much in the eastern provinces with a change due to Diocletian's reforms: there was a decline in the knowledge of Greek in the west, and Latin was asserted as the language of power in the east.
3539:
The navy dominated the eastern Mediterranean and were active also on the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Aegean. Imperial naval forces were restructured to challenge Arab naval dominance in the 7th century, and would later cede its own dominance to the
1618:. Although she was a capable administrator who temporarily resolved the iconoclasm controversy, the empire was destabilized by her feud with her son. The Bulgars and Abbasids meanwhile inflicted numerous defeats on the Byzantine armies, and the papacy crowned
2472:, son of the deposed and blinded Emperor Isaac II, made contact with the Crusaders. Alexios offered to reunite the Byzantine church with Rome, pay the Crusaders 200,000 silver marks, join the crusade, and provide all the supplies they needed to reach Egypt.
3778:
in 212 to all free men residing in its territories transformed the multi-lingual Roman Empire, expanding citizenship to a vast majority of its population and leading to a shift towards societal uniformity, particularly in its citizens' religious practices.
2114:
to recover Jerusalem and the East from the Muslims. The response in Western Europe was overwhelming. Alexios was able to recover a number of important cities, islands and much of western Asia Minor. The Crusaders agreed to become Alexios' vassals under the
3227:) commissioned a complete standardisation of imperial decrees since Hadrian's reign, and also incorporated a comprehensive collection of Jurists' opinions, resolving conflicts to create a final authority. This work was not restricted in its scope to just
4924:. Manuscript painting preserved some of the classical realist tradition that was missing in larger works till the end of the empire. Byzantine art was highly prestigious and sought-after in Western Europe, where it maintained a continuous influence on
3894:
Although women shared the same socio-economic status as men, they faced legal discrimination and had limitations in economic opportunities and vocations. Prohibited from serving as soldiers or holding political office, and restricted from serving as
5493:, as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek. Byzantine art and literature held a pre-eminent place in Europe, and the cultural impact of Byzantine art on the West during this period was enormous and of long-lasting significance.
5216:. It remains the oldest genre of extant music, of which the manner of performance and (with increasing accuracy from the 5th century onwards) the names of the composers, and sometimes the particulars of each musical work's circumstances, are known.
1934:, agree with Skylitzes that by demobilising these soldiers, Constantine did catastrophic harm to the empire's eastern defences. The emergency lent weight to the military aristocracy in Anatolia, who in 1068 secured the election of one of their own,
18388:
3855:
Agriculture was the main basis of taxation and the state sought to bind everyone to land for productivity. Most land consisted of small and medium-sized lots around villages, with family farms serving as the primary source of agriculture. The
4900:
Lasting for over one hundred years, this ban led to nearly all figurative religious art being destroyed. It wasn't until the tenth and early eleventh centuries that Byzantine culture fully recovered and Orthodoxy was again manifested in art.
1782:
in 1045. Importantly, both Georgia and Armenia were significantly weakened by the Byzantine administration's policy of heavy taxation and abolishing of the levy. The weakening of Georgia and Armenia played a significant role in the Byzantine
5658:, an incendiary weapon which could even burn on water, is attributed to the Byzantines. It played a crucial role in the empire's victory over the Umayyad Caliphate during the siege of Constantinople (717–718). The discovery is attributed to
5908:. The despotate continued as an independent state by paying an annual tribute to the Ottomans. Incompetent rule, failure to pay the annual tribute, and a revolt against the Ottomans finally led to Mehmed II's invasion of Morea in May 1460.
1002:. He was the last emperor to rule both the western and eastern halves of the empire; after his death, the West would be destabilised by a succession of "soldier-emperors", unlike the East, where administrators would continue to hold power.
3798:
in 529 when conversions would be enforced. The confiscation of pagan treasures, diversion of funds, and legal discrimination led to the decline of paganism, resulting in events like the closure of schools of philosophy and the end of the
2093:
about the suffering of the Christians of the East and underscored that without help from the West, they would continue to suffer under Muslim rule. Urban saw Alexios' request as a dual opportunity to cement Western Europe and reunite the
5748:
expressing tolerance for all religions in 313. The Edict was a pluralist policy, and throughout the Roman Empire of the fourth to sixth centuries, people chose between a variety of religious groups in a kind of "religious marketplace".
1088:
Through a combination of luck, cultural factors, and political decisions, the Eastern empire never suffered from rebellious barbarian vassals and was never ruled by barbarian warlords—the problems which ensured the downfall of the West.
6097:
7th century, the evolution and constant reshaping of the Byzantine state were directly related to the respective progress of Islam. Following the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II took the title "
3073:
and sophistication as a state, which influenced the formation of new settlements on former Roman territories. Byzantine diplomacy drew fledgling states into dependency, creating a network of international and inter-state relations (the
2525:
was chosen as patriarch. The lands divided up among the leaders included most of the former Byzantine possessions. Although Venice was more interested in commerce than conquering territory, it took key areas of Constantinople, and the
5631:
The Byzantines pioneered the concept of the hospital as an institution offering medical care and the possibility of a cure for the patients, as a reflection of the ideals of Christian charity, rather than merely being a place to die.
2258:. By 1168, nearly the whole of the eastern Adriatic coast lay in Manuel's hands. Manuel made several alliances with the pope and Western Christian kingdoms, and he successfully handled the passage of the crusaders through his empire.
4367:. The garos fish sauce condiment was also not much appreciated by the unaccustomed; Liutprand of Cremona described being served food covered in an "exceedingly bad fish liquor". The Byzantines also used a soy sauce-like condiment,
892:, the previous capital, was further from the important eastern provinces and in a less strategically important location; it was not esteemed by the "soldier-emperors" who ruled from the frontiers or by the empire's population who,
2201:
in Asia Minor. His campaigns fundamentally altered the balance of power in the East, forcing the Turks onto the defensive, while retaking many towns, fortresses, and cities across the peninsula for the Byzantines. He defeated the
4203:
caused significant demographic decline, negatively affecting the production and demand of the Byzantine economy; consequently, the Imperial treasury took a substantial hit. Economic downturn was worsened by conflicts with the
17792:
2959:
states that there were nine dynasties between Heraclius in 610 and 1453, however only 30 of those 843 years was the Empire not ruled by men linked by blood or kinship which was largely due to the practice of co-emperorship.
3319:
The Roman and Byzantine law codes form the basis of the modern world's civil law tradition, underlying the legal system of Western and Eastern Europe, Latin America, African nations like Ethiopia, the countries that follow
3640:
and the Southern Peloponnese Tzacones/Lakones (marines), and Proselontes/Prosalentai (oarsmen)—but similarly could not sustain funding a standing force, largely relying on mercenaries as soldiers and fiscal exemptions to
3583:) and could be used to transport cavalry. The galleys were oar-driven, designed for coastal navigation, and are estimated to be able to operate for up to four days at a time. They were equipped with apparatus to deliver
17374:
6253:
argues that it's a common misconception that they were banned by decree and that instead the declining interest in chariot games, lack of funding (due to state policies) and hostility from zealots is what led to their
5776:, Christians of this era compiled many of Christianity's greatest works as they transformed and defined its art, culture, literature, philosophy and politics, its internal and external relationships, and its theology.
5276:, in Venice, where it is considered by many to have been the predecessor of the contemporary violin, which later flourished there. The bowed "lyra" is still played in former Byzantine regions, where it is known as the
3548:
in the 11th century. The navy's patrols, in addition to chains of watchtowers and fire signals that warned inhabitants of threats, created the coastal defense for the Empire and were the responsibility of three themes
3078:) dominated by the Empire, utilising Christianity as a tool. This network focused on treaty-making, welcoming new rulers into the family of kings, and assimilating social attitudes, values, and institutions into what
17709:
1430:
began almost immediately, and the Byzantines resorted to holding fortified centres and avoiding battle at all costs; although it was invaded annually, Anatolia avoided permanent Arab occupation. The outbreak of the
4359:, wine flavoured with pine resin, was also drunk, as it still is in Greece today. "To add to our calamity the Greek wine, on account of being mixed with pitch, resin, and plaster was to us undrinkable", complained
23569:
5166:
1208:
and Justinian produced extensive legislation on provincial administration; he reasserted imperial control over religion and morality through purges of non-Christians and "deviants"; and having ruthlessly subdued
17397:
5382:(from ancient Greek: angion (Τὸ ἀγγεῖον), "the container"), had been played even in Roman times and continue to be played throughout the empire's former realms till the present day. These are namely the Balkan
2689:
Constantinople by this stage was underpopulated and dilapidated. The population of the city had collapsed so severely that it was now little more than a cluster of villages separated by fields. On 2 April 1453,
1495:
sought to build on the stability secured by his father Constantine but was overthrown in 695 after attempting to exact too much from his subjects; over the next twenty-two years, six more rebellions followed in
459:. The term "Byzantine Empire" was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as "Romans". Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to
1423:. By Heraclius' death in 641, the empire had been severely reduced economically as well as territorially—the loss of the wealthy eastern provinces had deprived Constantinople of three-quarters of its revenue.
17613:
3328:
was the basis of Greece's civil code until the mid-20th century. Historians used to think that "there was no continuity between Roman and Byzantine law", but this view has now changed due to new scholarship.
1656:, permanently extinguished the iconoclastic movement; the empire prospered under their sometimes-fraught rule. However, Michael was posthumously vilified by historians loyal to the dynasty of his successor
55:
5851:
schism and the Venetian and Genoese conquests during the Fourth Crusade introduced divisions, but these did not significantly impact the commercial or cultural life of the Jewish or Christian communities.
2057:. Guiscard's death in 1085 temporarily eased the Norman problem. The following year, the Seljuq sultan died, and the sultanate was split due to internal rivalries. By his own efforts, Alexios defeated the
4907:
is mostly religious and, with exceptions during certain periods, is highly conventional, following traditional models that translate carefully controlled church theology into artistic terms. Painting in
4599:
with golden backgrounds. Byzantine architects used marble mostly as interior cladding, in contrast to the structural roles it had for the Ancient Greeks. They used mostly stone and brick, and also thin
17796:
1565:), two of the most capable Byzantine emperors, withstood continued Arab attacks, civil unrest, and natural disasters, and reestablished the state as a major regional power. Leo's reign produced the
13031:
4932:
art. However, few incoming influences affected the Byzantine style. With the expansion of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Byzantine forms and styles spread throughout the Orthodox world and beyond.
3880:
rise of some empresses to power. Women were major taxpayers, landowners, and petitioners to the imperial court, primarily seeking resolution for property-related disputes in the latter capacity.
2593:
that would eventually conquer Constantinople. However, the Mongol invasion also gave Nicaea a temporary respite from Seljuk attacks, allowing it to concentrate on the Latin Empire to its north.
17134:
4239:
tried to revive the economy, but the late Byzantine state could not gain full control of either foreign or domestic economic forces. Eventually, Constantinople also lost its influence on the
5753:
religion. Constantine wrote laws against sacrifice and magic, and laws that favored Christianity, but there was no legislation forcing the conversion of polytheists until the reign of the
20094:
5943:
to the Roman Empire. They considered that they had shifted their religious basis as Constantine had done before, and they continued to refer to their conquered Eastern Roman inhabitants (
779:
5480:, and regional schools of architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences. In this period, the Byzantines provided the earliest model of
5620:. Unlike Aristotle, who based his physics on verbal arguments, Philoponus relied on observations. Philoponus' criticism of the Aristotelian principles of physics was an inspiration for
1256:
that killed a large proportion of the population and severely weakened the empire's social and financial stability. The most difficult period of the Ostrogothic war, against their king
12414:
848:, when a combination of external threats and internal instabilities caused the Roman state to splinter as regional armies acclaimed their generals as "soldier-emperors". One of these,
5986:, is a term traditionally applied by Slavs to the Byzantine emperors). Their successors supported the idea that Moscow was the proper heir to Rome and Constantinople. The idea of the
637:
in 1261, the reconstituted empire would wield only regional power during its final two centuries of existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans in
645:
to the Ottomans in 1453 ultimately brought the empire to an end. Many refugees who had fled the city after its capture settled in Italy and throughout Europe, helping to ignite the
11831:
10862:
Homeland of origin and elective homelands: multiple citizenships in the Greek world during the Roman period; proceedings of the international conference of Tours, 6–7 November 2009
4928:
till the near end of the period. This was especially true in Italy, where Byzantine styles persisted in modified forms through the 12th century, and became formative influences on
4604:
sheets for windows. Mosaics were used to cover brick walls and any other surface where fresco would not resist. Notable examples of mosaics from the proto-Byzantine era are at the
4261:
were certainly imported into Egypt and appeared also in Bulgaria and the West. The state strictly controlled internal and international trade, and retained the monopoly of issuing
3803:. Christianity was also aided by the prevalence of Greek, and Christianity's debates further increased the importance of Greek, making the emergent church dependent on branches of
12757:
5772:
In the fourth century, the diverse network of separate churches became an organization that mirrored the structure of the Roman Empire. Often referred to as the "golden age" of
863:, or rule of four, and dividing the empire into eastern and western halves. Although the Tetrarchy system quickly failed, the division of the empire proved an enduring concept.
2295:
and others opened up the ports of the Aegean to commerce, shipping goods from the Crusader states and Fatimid Egypt to the west and trading with the empire via Constantinople.
20804:
3089:
has called a "Byzantine Caliphate". Diplomacy with the Muslim states, however, differed and centred on war-related matters such as hostages or the prevention of hostilities.
23613:
17717:
2265:
against the Turks. These losses were quickly recovered, and in the following year Manuel's forces inflicted a defeat upon a force of "picked Turks". The Byzantine commander
4257:
One of the economic foundations of Byzantium was trade, fostered by the maritime character of the empire. Textiles must have been by far the most important item of export;
1268:
failed to make a real difference. Justinian died in 565; his reign saw more success than that of any other Byzantine emperor, yet he left his empire under massive strain.
23580:
18013:
2682:) to establish themselves in Europe. By the time the Byzantine civil wars had ended, the Ottomans had defeated the Serbians and subjugated them as vassals. Following the
691:), due to having a contested legacy to Roman identity and to associate negative connotations from ancient Latin literature. The adjective "Byzantine", which derived from
1848:
1571:, a new code of law to succeed that of Justinian II, and continued to reform the "theme system" in order to lead offensive campaigns against the Muslims, culminating in
23560:
23556:
19219:"K. Buraselis, ΘΕΙΑ ΔΩΡΕΑ. ΜΕΛΕΤΕΣ ΠΑΝΩ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΤΗΣ ΔΥΝΑΣΤΕΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΣΕΒΗΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ CONSTITUTIO ANTONINIANA (with English summary) (Academy of Athens monograph 1)"
17415:
2343:
Andronikos began his reign well; in particular, the measures he took to reform the government of the empire have been praised by historians. According to the historian
15755:
4301:
for the lower. A different border or trimming round the edges was very common, and many single stripes down the body or around the upper arm are seen, often denoting
3366:. It later came to represent the emperor and was used by his successors for legitimisation and is known to have had usage up until the reign of Nikephoros II Phokas (
2967:
and the army was separated from the civil administration. From the 7th century onwards, the prefectures became provinces and were later divided into districts called
17621:
19991:
Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire)
6263:
This is despite Hellenic culture already having a long influence on Roman identity and the entrenchment of the Greek language in the east since the Hellenistic era.
13251:
4092:
claims contact with Western Europe in the 10th century revived Latin studies, and by the 11th century, knowledge of Latin was no longer unusual in Constantinople.
2218:, Prince of Antioch, to recognise Byzantine suzerainty. In an effort to demonstrate the emperor's role as the leader of the Christian world, John marched into the
5674:
were taught in Trebizond; medicine attracted the interest of almost all scholars. The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 fuelled the era later commonly known as the "
4070:
in the 8th century, following the collapse of the Western Empire after the Muslim invasions broke the connection between speakers. During the reign of Justinian (
2505:, and Constantinople was subjected to pillage and massacre by the rank and file for three days. Many priceless icons, relics and other objects later turned up in
2385:, saw the collapse of what remained of the centralised machinery of Byzantine government and defence. Although the Normans were driven out of Greece, in 1186 the
1810:
in southern Italy in the west. Many successes had been achieved, ranging from the conquest of Bulgaria to the annexation of parts of Georgia and Armenia, and the
539:
The empire experienced several cycles of decline and recovery throughout its history, reaching its greatest extent after the fall of the west during the reign of
28043:
10858:
Patrie d'origine et patries électives: les citoyennetés multiples dans le monde grec d'époque romaine actes du colloque international de Tours, 6–7 novembre 2009
3139:
managed to recover Constantinople in 1261 and its statecraft is what allowed the weakened Empire to act like a great power of the past in the 13–14th centuries.
23583:
3658:. The strategy of employing mercenary Turks to fight civil wars was repeatedly used by emperors and always led to the same outcome: subordination to the Turks.
3377:
also known as the tau-rho, and the cross were the most prominent Christian signs that could be seen, with the labarum-cross becoming the main banner during the
2513:, a prostitute was even set up on the patriarchal throne. When order had been restored, the crusaders and the Venetians proceeded to implement their agreement;
2374:. Andronikos mobilised a small fleet of 100 ships to defend the capital, but other than that he was indifferent to the populace. He was finally overthrown when
28048:
25431:
23554:
4284:
Byzantine dress changed considerably over the thousand years of the Empire, but was essentially conservative. Popular Byzantine dress remained attached to its
3783:'s reforms significantly altered governmental structure, reach and taxation, and these reforms also had the effect of downgrading the first capital, Rome. The
1825:
The Byzantine Empire then fell into a period of difficulties, caused to a large extent by the undermining of the theme system and the neglect of the military.
16092:
van Dieten, Jan Louis (1980). "Die Byzantinische Literatur – Eine Literatur Ohne Geschichte?" [Byzantine Literature – A Literature Without History?].
7887:
7820:
21037:
7954:
17097:
16945:
12071:"The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment as a philological resource. Latin in the East Roman army and two new loanwords in Greek: palmarium and *recala"
4436:, which is still popular in former Byzantine realms and still known by the same name in Greece. Byzantine nobles were devoted to horsemanship, particularly
3388:
was a symbol that was in continuous usage by the military until the 6th century, with one or two eagles likely representing the emperor through all reigns.
1391:
and Egypt and pushed into Asia Minor, while Byzantine control of Italy slipped and the Avars and Slavs ran riot in the Balkans. Although Heraclius repelled
23471:
17928:
3769:
18545:
6200:
Leo VI was officially the son of Basil I, but a persistent rumour alleged that he had been fathered by Michael III, who had previously taken Leo's mother
5128:. The empire's final centuries saw a renewal of hagiography and increased Western influence, leading to mass Greek to Latin translations. Authors such as
4172:
by Justinian I were expensive and draining campaigns, they reopened Mediterranean trade routes and parts of the Roman west were reconnected with the east.
3836:, tenants bound to the land, as a new legal category between freemen and slaves. From 294, but not completely, the enslavement of children was forbidden;
2624:
marked Byzantium's last genuine attempts to restoring the glory of the empire. However, the use of mercenaries by Andronikos II often backfired, with the
1260:, came during this decade, while divisions among Justinian's advisors undercut the administration's response. He also did not fully heal the divisions in
3079:
2336:. After eliminating his potential rivals, he had himself crowned as co-emperor in September 1183. He eliminated Alexios II and took his 12-year-old wife
17526:
9872:
3997:
Most early emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a practice that first started during the
1427:
5808:
Misunderstandings and conflicts over ritual, such as the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist, and differences in points of doctrine (such as the
24881:
23606:
20017:
1123:
brought occasional issues, Anastasius was a capable administrator and instituted several successful financial reforms including the abolition of the
13023:
5888:
By the time of the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, already an empire in name only since the Fourth Crusade, had been reduced to three
4985:. Most contemporary scholars consider all medieval Greek texts to be literature, but some offer varying constraints. The literature's early period (
2460:
in the summer of 1202 and hired the Venetian fleet to transport them to Egypt. As a payment to the Venetians, they captured the (Christian) port of
14530:
4572:
2707:
2585:
to set up their own principalities in Anatolia, weakening the Byzantine hold on Asia Minor. Two centuries later, one of the Beys of these beyliks,
23579:
5714:
4448:. Emperor Basil I excelled at it; Emperor Alexander died from exhaustion while playing, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was injured while playing with
28078:
19888:
14572:
2401:, "the dynasty of the Angeloi, Greek in its origin, ... accelerated the ruin of the Empire, already weakened without and disunited within."
16457:"Medieval Sourcebook: Iconoclastic Council, 754 – Epitome of the definition of the iconoclastic Conciliabulum, held in Constantinople, A.D. 754"
5955:(whose rulers also considered themselves the heirs of the Eastern Roman Emperors) harboured Orthodox refugees, including some Byzantine nobles.
5709:
4452:, and John I of Trebizond died from a fatal injury during a game. Other than Constantinople and Trebizond, other Byzantine cities also featured
1240:
In the 540s, however, Justinian began to suffer reversals on multiple fronts. Taking advantage of Constantinople's preoccupation with the West,
21913:
20267:
20168:
15494:
The Roman Empire: Essays on the Constitutional History from the Accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the Retirement of Nicephorus III (1081 A.D.)
11368:
6119:
6089:
are thus regarded as transmitters of classical knowledge, as important contributors to modern European civilization, and as precursors of both
2853:) and Singidunum. By water, Crete, Cyprus and Sicily were key naval points and the main ports connecting Constantinople were Alexandria, Gaza,
2418:
1525:
634:
79:
22328:
10498:"John H. Pryor and Elizabeth M. Jeffreys, The Age of the ΔPOMΩN: the Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2006. Pp. lxxvii, 754"
8286:
5722:
The first Christian communities began in Judea, in the Roman Empire, in the second quarter of the first century. They swiftly spread into the
25318:
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20178:
20111:
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13781:
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remained unconvinced they should be submissive to the Roman See. The vision of a universal and united Christendom was slowly coming undone.
3378:
2941:
proclamations of the crowds of Constantinople, and the inaugurations of the patriarch from 457, would legitimise the rule of an emperor. The
1669:
783:
18643:
3787:
dynasty's support for Christianity, as well as the elevation of Constantinople as an imperial seat, further solidified this transformation.
3636:
that ruled until 1453, built on the Komnenian foundation initially with four types of military units—the Thelematarii (volunteer soldiers),
2242:. Manuel reinforced his position as overlord of the Crusader states, with his hegemony over Antioch and Jerusalem secured by agreement with
28083:
25860:
23599:
23535:
20126:
20121:
1140:
1136:
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10757:. "The Formation of the Hellenic Christian Mind". Christian Hellenism: Essays and Studies in Continuity and Change. 1998: A. D. Caratzas.
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1953:
and was captured. Alp Arslan treated him with respect and imposed no harsh terms on the Byzantines. In Constantinople a coup put in power
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23492:
21202:
20188:
20163:
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13413:
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of trade, price mechanisms, control over the outflow of precious metals and, according to some scholars, even over the minting of coins.
3815:
views Christianity as "bringing no economic, social, or political changes to the state other than being more deeply integrated into it".
2359:
2022:
1982:
1521:
583:
23501:
13492:
11066:
10811:. Transformation of the Classical Heritage. Vol. 7. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. p. 122.
7755:
1871:
who arrived in Italy at the beginning of the 11th century. During a period of strife between Constantinople and Rome culminating in the
25949:
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20193:
20173:
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Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery 1984 & 1985: Cookery: Science, Lore & Books: Proceedings (Introduction by Alan Davidson)
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17187:
12751:
11034:
Emperor and Senators in the Reign of Constantius II: Maintaining Imperial Rule Between Rome and Constantinople in the Fourth Century AD
7090:
5438:
2698:, was last seen casting off his imperial regalia and throwing himself into hand-to-hand combat after the walls of the city were taken.
2315:
1529:
23575:
23538:
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19537:
16468:
12407:"Clothing of the Byzantine Empire. Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages"
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to recruit European powers for an anti-Ottoman crusade provoked war between the Ottomans and Trebizond in the summer of 1461. After a
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would later be adopted, but the lack of evidence makes it a challenge to confidently identify what was the most prominent. Historian
3007:
1673:
1315:
1291:
787:
559:
23563:
23540:
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8970:
Eck, Werner (2016). "The Emperor, the Law and Imperial Administration". In DuPlessis, Paul J.; Tuori, Kaius; Ando, Clifford (eds.).
5718:
Map of the Roman empire with the distribution of the Christian congregations of the first three centuries displayed for each century
4035:, a compilation of mostly Roman jurists, was written almost entirely in Latin; however, the laws issued after 534, from Justinian's
3645:
who provided a small force of mostly cavalry. The Fleet was disbanded in 1284 and attempts were made to build it back later but the
3210:) elevated five Jurists to the role of principal authorities and compiled the legislation issued since Constantine's reign into the
896:, considered themselves "Roman". Constantine extensively reformed the empire's military and civil administration and instituted the
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21448:
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onwards, were in both Greek and Latin, which marks the year when the government also officially began to use the former language.
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999:
987:
533:
464:
133:
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11157:
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16917:——— (2022). "From "Empire of the Greeks" to "Byzantium"". In Ransohoff, Jake; Aschenbrenner, Nathanael (eds.).
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The Fourth Crusade led to the disruption of Byzantine manufacturing and the commercial dominance of the Western Europeans in the
3362:, initially for the army, which was a pole with a transverse bar forming a cross, with the monogram of Christ, also known as the
23578:
23577:
23573:
23522:
23508:
23503:
23495:
23494:
4670:
Diptych Leaf with a Byzantine Empress; 6th century; ivory with traces of gilding and leaf; height: 26.5 cm (10.4 in);
4444:. The game came from Sassanid Persia, and a Tzykanisterion (stadium for playing the game) was built by Theodosius II inside the
4175:
1630:
in 811. Military defeats and societal disorder, especially the resurgence of iconoclasm, characterised the next eighteen years.
28073:
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The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century
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4587:
plans favored in medieval Western European churches, Byzantine churches usually had more centralized ground plans, such as the
3473:
states that the field forces of the Eastern Empire between 284 and 602 were the best in the western world, while the historian
1587:
against the Bulgars, and continued to make administrative and military reforms. However, due to both emperors' support for the
905:
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23555:
23550:
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13874:
13750:
2468:, which was a vassal city of Venice, it had rebelled and placed itself under Hungary's protection in 1186. Shortly afterward,
2230:, who campaigned aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and east. In Palestine, Manuel allied with the Crusader
709:
was established on, was only used to describe the inhabitants of that city; it did not refer to the empire, which they called
27152:
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Micheau, Françoise. "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In
14983:
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7749:
5820:, also known as the "Great Schism", which officially separated Christianity into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
4718:
4302:
2935:
1794:
Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe throughout late antiquity and most of the Middle Ages until the
1505:
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as a resolution, yet more problems continued to develop. Schisms broke out after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 wrote the
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Day, Gerald W. (1977). "Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century".
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1326:. Phocas lost Constantinople in 610 and was soon executed, but the destructive civil war accelerated the empire's decline.
455:
in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the
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9387:
4246:
The government attempted to exercise formal control over interest rates and to set the parameters for the activity of the
28068:
28058:
27908:
27790:
25823:
24937:
24779:
24522:
24470:
23457:
20444:
19958:
18684:
17449:
14535:. Vol. 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–97.
13278:
5648:
4624:. Christian liturgies were held in the interior of the churches, the exterior usually having little to no ornamentation.
4216:. Heraclius waged numerous campaigns to fend off the mounting threats to the empire, recovering the wealthy provinces of
3293:, but also noteworthy because they show an effort to define the emperor's power according to the prevalent laws. Leo VI (
3121:
with the West became more challenging from 752/3 and later with the Crusades, as the balance of power shifted. Historian
2931:
2646:
16398:
13259:
12651:
6043:, the focus was mainly on the classical past, while Byzantine tradition had been associated with negative connotations.
6016:
3347:
The Chi-Rho cross with a wreath, above Roman soldiers, symbolising a representation of the resurrection of Christ c. 350
1217:. Justinian took advantage of political instability in Italy to attempt the reconquest of lost western territories. The
27977:
27644:
25494:
24661:
24332:
23491:
23333:
22333:
21782:
21195:
19933:
17409:
17368:
17116:
17001:
11316:
6204:
as his mistress. One of Leo's first acts was to rebury Michael III in Basil's mausoleum, which exacerbated the rumours.
5872:
5457:
5076:
4804:
4420:
because of a very unlucky dice throw for Zeno (red), as he threw 2, 5 and 6 and was forced to leave eight pieces alone.
3672:
3491:
The military structure would diversify to include militia-like soldiers tied to regions, professional thematic forces (
2955:) was the first military overthrow since the third century, his reign also being one of 43 emperors violently removed.
2337:
1965:. By 1081, the Seljuks had expanded their rule over virtually the entire Anatolian plateau from Armenia in the east to
1726:
1704:
1584:
622:
23520:
23509:
18284:
15626:
Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (2007a). "Introduction". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).
13378:
5106:, rejected the Encyclopedist emphasis on order, and were interested in individual-focused ideals variously concerning
3445:
In the 5th century the East was fielding five armies of ~20,000 each in two army branches: stationary frontier units (
3316:, published in 1345 by a jurist, was a law book in six volumes compiled from a wide range of Byzantine legal sources.
27162:
25922:
25489:
25484:
25460:
25311:
24773:
24381:
23562:
21977:
21883:
20449:
19738:
19474:
19242:
18997:
18637:
18067:
17734:
17558:
16982:
16702:
16418:
15682:
15635:
15604:
15514:
15301:
15050:
15005:
13908:
13850:
13840:
13820:
13810:
11804:(1st ed.). Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
10816:
10784:
6114:
6011:
5940:
5679:
2037:
in 1081. From the outset of his reign, Alexios faced a formidable attack from the Normans under Guiscard and his son
1876:
1648:, overhaul provincial governance, and wage inconclusive campaigns against the Abbasids. After his death, his empress
23496:
5571:
were cultivated and preserved in Byzantium. Therefore, Byzantine science was in every period closely connected with
4508:
4095:
Many other languages are attested in the Empire, not just in Constantinople but also at its frontiers. They include
2992:) during his legal reforms formally ending the rights of city councils and the legislative authority of the senate.
1736:, which codified Constantinople's trading regulations. In non-literary contexts Leo was less successful: the empire
1202:
was a watershed in Byzantine history. Following his accession in 527, the law-code was rewritten as the influential
27775:
27370:
27177:
25850:
25499:
25426:
24867:
23622:
20946:
20003:
19672:
16748:"The origins of Christianity in the territory of Czech and Slovak republics within the contexts of written sources"
16203:"Spatial constraints on the diffusion of religious innovations: The case of early Christianity in the Roman Empire"
12106:
11037:. Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–228, 325.
10176:
7883:
7816:
6227:
from 364 as the Empire transitioned into Christianity. More recent scholarship, such as the narrative histories of
4001:. Classical languages expert Bruno Rochette claims Latin had experienced a period of spread from the second century
3860:
once referred to as proto-serfs, were free citizens; however, their status remains a subject of historical debate.
3623:
3561:) and an imperial fleet that consisted of mercenaries like the Norsemen and Russians that later became Varangians.
2270:
1299:
1265:
1055:
440:
23547:
18884:(1993). "The Evidence for the Conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity in Book 16 of the 'Theodosian Code".
17497:
16315:. Publications for the Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College, London. Aldershot, Burlington (Vt.): Ashgate.
5951:. This claim gradually faded away as the Ottoman Empire assumed a more Islamic political identity. Meanwhile, the
2537:
After the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Latin crusaders, two Byzantine successor states were established: the
2378:, surviving an imperial assassination attempt, seized power with the aid of the people and had Andronikos killed.
27800:
27403:
27268:
25443:
25376:
24791:
23502:
22959:
21918:
21740:
20272:
20040:
19920:
19830:
17122:
17056:
16937:
15466:
15444:
10984:
7554:
6666:
6144:
5017:
4828:
4240:
3824:
3116:
has claimed "defensive imperialism", shaped by the Empire's strategic location and limited resources. Historian
3017:
2304:
2183:
913:
736:
23531:
22121:
19978:
19751:(2008). "Byzantine diplomacy: good faith, trust and co-operation in international relations in Late Antiquity".
17967:
11331:
3310:, a monumental work consisting of 60 books, and that became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law. The
3231:, but also covered the power of the emperor, the organisation of the Empire and other matters now classified as
3035:
1802:
Basil II is considered among the most capable Byzantine emperors and his reign as the apex of the empire in the
1767:
used his fleet to secure power, crowning himself and demoting Constantine to the position of junior co-emperor.
27587:
27420:
27358:
26197:
26122:
25880:
24767:
24671:
24615:
23773:
23557:
23541:
21888:
21878:
21750:
21671:
21489:
21357:
20929:
20873:
20794:
20661:
19565:
17162:
17138:
16759:
15610:
15492:
14934:
Anastos, Milton V. (1962). "The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961".
12385:. The new Middle Ages series (Transferred to digital print ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6.
10248:
8530:
8395:
6182:
6149:
6007:
5991:
5594:, and it is through this manuscript tradition, kept alive by the school of mathematics and engineering founded
5444:
4744:
4632:
4445:
3794:
built on previous emperors' bans and enacted many laws restricting pagan activities; but it would not be until
3440:
3393:
2494:
2398:
1958:
1867:
At the same time, Byzantium was faced with new enemies. Its provinces in southern Italy were threatened by the
1819:
1014:
25073:
23526:
23515:
23498:
16434:
Grosdidier de Matons, Jean (1967). "La femme dans l'empire byzantin" [Women in the Byzantine Empire].
5270:). The first of these, the early bowed stringed instrument known as the Byzantine lyra, came to be called the
27795:
27704:
26693:
24656:
24590:
24389:
24121:
24044:
23895:
23530:
23500:
23397:
21745:
21735:
21650:
21405:
21190:
17182:
16486:
15936:
Cross, Richard (2001). "A Recent Contribution on the Distinction between Monophysitism and Chalcedonianism".
11890:
9835:
Salogubova, Elena; Zenkov, Alan (15 June 2018). "Roman law 's influence on russian civil law and procedure".
6870:
6806:
6710:
5030:
4962:
3909:
3889:
3865:
2982:
1649:
1408:
1392:
1303:
770:. Geoffrey Greatrex believes that it is impossible to precisely date the foundation of the Byzantine Empire.
120:
23553:
20625:
19854:
19052:. "7: Byzantine-Arab diplomacy in the Near East from the Islamic conquests to the mid-eleventh century". In
17518:
11799:
7390:
6926:
2453:
28023:
26533:
26137:
25589:
25304:
25271:
23571:
23392:
23276:
21819:
21787:
21691:
21400:
21372:
21180:
20719:
18524:
The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades
15488:
12313:
12311:
11762:
10864:]. Scripta antiqua (in French). Bordeaux Pessac Paris: Ausonius éd. diff. de Boccard. pp. 79–98 .
10528:
5516:
5071:) saw a renewed proliferation of literature and revived the earlier Hellenic-Christian synthesis. Works by
5054:
3725:
3710:
3338:
2724:
as its capital. In the 5th century, it controlled the eastern basis of the Mediterranean running east from
2601:
2042:
1778:, resulting in the annexation of several Georgian provinces to the empire. Basil's successors also annexed
1645:
1450:", in which troops were allocated to defend specific provinces. With the help of the recently rediscovered
1108:
to take control of Italy from Odoacer, which he did; dying with the empire at peace, Zeno was succeeded by
859:), seeing that the state was too big to be ruled by one man, attempted to fix the problem by instituting a
23532:
23506:
16900:
Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition
14613:
12589:
7046:
6690:
6554:
1744:, while he provoked theological scandal by marrying four times in an attempt to father a legitimate heir.
1150:
28018:
27754:
27749:
27365:
27232:
27157:
26916:
25972:
25855:
25401:
24785:
24737:
24428:
23915:
23551:
23548:
23402:
22439:
21543:
21185:
21032:
20789:
20540:
19287:
18456:
Pryor, John H. (2017). "The Dromōn and the Byzantine navy". In Buchet, Christian; Balard, Michel (eds.).
18380:
17292:
Kenworthy, Scott M. (2008). "Beyond Schism: Restoring Eastern Orthodoxy to the History of Christianity".
16634:
15993:
14836:
Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)
10648:
9494:
7498:
5157:
4651:
2371:
2235:
845:
649:. The fall of Constantinople is sometimes used to mark the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the
23572:
23527:
23511:
23499:
23493:
19844:
14657:
Reclaiming Byzantium: Russia, Turkey and the Archaeological Claim to the Middle East in the 19th Century
12308:
11548:
9018:. Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. p. 28.
6534:
4571:, particularly in religious buildings, can be found in diverse regions ranging from Egypt and Arabia to
3112:
The primary objective of diplomacy was survival, not conquest, and it was fundamentally defensive or as
3021:
2985:
states that due to the Empire's fight for survival, it developed into one centre of power, with Leo VI (
2945:
had its own identity but would become an extension of the emperor's court, becoming largely ceremonial.
1724:, a Greek translation of Justinian I's law-code which included over 100 new laws of Leo's devising; the
1500:. The reconstituted caliphate sought to break Byzantium by taking Constantinople, but the newly crowned
27834:
27810:
27805:
27261:
27192:
26856:
26748:
26518:
26290:
26112:
26020:
25885:
25828:
24731:
24725:
24676:
24666:
24096:
24081:
23944:
23533:
21863:
21809:
21548:
21420:
21410:
21110:
20990:
20868:
20799:
20687:
20656:
20499:
20439:
19868:
18917:. Vol. IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590–1073. Grand Rapids, Michigan: CCEL. pp. 161–162.
18424:
17843:
16352:
13349:
11668:
11301:"Review of: Response: Rotman on Lenski on Youval Rotman, Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World"
6124:
6060:
5861:
5485:
4945:
4821:
4285:
2969:
2695:
2637:
2621:
1962:
1447:
1435:
in 656 gave Byzantium breathing space, which it used wisely: some order was restored in the Balkans by
638:
308:
169:
31:
23565:
23558:
23539:
19885:
18402:
Poppe, Andrzej (1991). "Christianity and Ideological change in Kievan Rus': The First Hundred Years".
15457:
13317:
11866:
11141:
10700:
9793:(2010). "Magna Carta, the ius commune, and English Common Law". In Senderowitz Loengard, Janet (ed.).
9582:
6782:
6514:
3598:) developed professional marines, this combination kept a check on Muslim raiding through piracy. The
3273:
which Zachary Chitwood claims were likely used on a daily basis in the provinces as companions to the
1334:
28053:
28013:
27780:
27534:
27495:
27212:
26305:
26260:
26187:
26107:
26055:
26045:
25997:
25344:
24843:
24126:
23524:
23523:
23519:
23514:
23505:
23360:
22508:
22072:
21723:
21247:
21103:
20888:
20779:
20666:
19466:
17481:. Vol. 2: AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–481.
14626:
11185:
5925:
5088:
5087:
was heavily reorganized. After this early flowering of monastic literature, there was a dearth until
5049:), production of literature mostly stopped, although some important theologians were active, such as
3757:
3312:
2617:
2198:
1915:
1815:
1416:
1261:
499:
17:
23534:
12995:
9962:
1806:. By 1025, the date of Basil II's death, the Byzantine Empire stretched from Armenia in the east to
610:, and Constantinople would remain the largest and wealthiest city in Europe until the 13th century.
26813:
26723:
26232:
26212:
26207:
26192:
26145:
26085:
26040:
25842:
24749:
24101:
23954:
23890:
23549:
23546:
23544:
23318:
23293:
23143:
22802:
22797:
21022:
20774:
20261:
20140:
9763:
7314:
6105:
of Rome), since he was determined to make the Ottoman Empire the heir of the Eastern Roman Empire.
6040:
5929:
5928:, David surrendered the city of Trebizond on 14 August 1461. Trebizond's Crimean principality, the
5897:
5659:
5490:
5001:
4916:
and on wood panels and mosaics, especially in earlier periods, were the main media, and figurative
4671:
4169:
3228:
3136:
2609:
2514:
2351:
1923:
1741:
1517:
1497:
1481:. Nevertheless, he and Constans had done enough to secure the empire's position, especially as the
1230:
978:
to settle in Roman territory; he also twice intervened in the western half, defeating the usurpers
23513:
23512:
23504:
19518:
19064:. "18: Blood and ink: some observations on Byzantine attitudes towards warfare and diplomacy". In
14870:
13775:
12450:
10124:(Report) (in Greek). pp. 209–221 – via University of Thessaly Institutional Repository.
8321:
7964:
6039:
as a body of religious, political, and philosophical ideas contrary to those of the West. Even in
1127:. He was the first emperor to die with no serious problems affecting his empire since Diocletian.
28088:
27860:
27785:
27443:
27222:
27202:
27142:
27132:
27122:
26528:
26217:
26117:
26097:
26012:
26002:
25707:
25647:
25627:
25339:
25022:
24837:
24512:
24404:
24366:
23861:
23791:
23537:
23385:
23266:
22807:
22760:
22703:
22402:
22346:
22094:
21928:
21352:
21078:
20898:
20784:
18112:
16375:
16094:
15396:
15180:
11269:
9982:
9790:
9642:
9047:
7630:
7410:
7070:
6614:
6281:
6236:
6173:
6139:
5952:
5741:
5701:
5561:
5213:
4997:
4707:
4036:
3775:
3749:
3236:
2574:
2390:
2366:
who declared his independence from the Byzantine Empire. Yet, none of these troubles compared to
2287:, the Komnenian army assured the empire's security, enabling Byzantine civilisation to flourish.
2262:
2187:
2182:. He thwarted Hungarian and Serbian threats during the 1120s, and in 1130 he allied himself with
2095:
1737:
1600:
1396:
1370:
893:
720:
491:
23545:
19201:
18827:
Pagans and Christians in the Late Roman Empire: New Evidence, New Approaches (4th–8th centuries)
6494:
6302:
5958:
At Constantine's death, the role of the emperor as a patron of Eastern Orthodoxy was claimed by
4021:
in 439 expanded its use in legal procedures, the first law in Greek was issued in 448, and when
2243:
2013:
27609:
27438:
27227:
27217:
27167:
27147:
26961:
26936:
26901:
26783:
26508:
26155:
25917:
25448:
24797:
24743:
24691:
24681:
24517:
24460:
24131:
23529:
23518:
23407:
23308:
23303:
22991:
22939:
22859:
22792:
22696:
22681:
22574:
22341:
22295:
22136:
22023:
21853:
21443:
21285:
20729:
20535:
20509:
20504:
20277:
20253:
20249:
20216:
19896:
19644:
19508:
15015:
14834:
13673:
12157:
10754:
10082:
6946:
6762:
6742:
6454:
6134:
5893:
5882:
5825:
5583:, the Greek mathematician and architect of the Hagia Sophia, produced the first compilation of
4913:
4884:
4734:
4617:
4568:
4537:
4498:
4388:
4225:
3804:
3125:
claims the number and nature of the Empire's neighbours also changed significantly, making the
2651:
2641:
2550:
2502:
2266:
1922:
calls the "Iberian Army", which consisted of 50,000 men, and it was turned into a contemporary
1478:
1412:
1404:
1189:
642:
614:
591:
563:
448:
23536:
19952:. Resources for medieval history, including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars.
14444:
13410:
9135:
4339:(known as plakountas tetyromenous or tyritas plakountas), and the famed medieval sweet wines (
2355:
1938:, as emperor. In the summer of 1071, Romanos undertook a massive eastern campaign to draw the
1252:
in 540. Meanwhile, the emperor's internal reforms and policies began to falter, not helped by
763:
AD. Still others hold that these starting points are too early or too late, and instead begin
27943:
27689:
27554:
27197:
27127:
26951:
26703:
26503:
26498:
26295:
26202:
26127:
26090:
26075:
26050:
26030:
25932:
25189:
24761:
24605:
24557:
24543:
24371:
24111:
24024:
23974:
23653:
23636:
23564:
23552:
23338:
23298:
23111:
22986:
22050:
22040:
21999:
21970:
21571:
21425:
20615:
20525:
20489:
20374:
20104:
20099:
18360:
Martín, Inmaculada Pérez. "Modes of Manuscript Transmission (Ninth–Fifteenth Centuries)". In
18028:
16690:
16074:
15895:
14910:
13476:
12292:
9866:
7733:
7594:
7466:
7370:
7274:
7238:
7026:
6890:
6646:
6594:
5963:
5905:
5625:
5606:
5602:
5050:
5005:
4232:
3800:
3784:
3602:
were the most advanced galleys on the Mediterranean, until the 10th century development of a
3117:
3097:
2964:
2820:
2679:
2423:
2329:
2170:
ruler at a time when cruelty was the norm. For this reason, he has been called the Byzantine
2146:
2038:
1700:
1644:), who exploited economic growth to complete construction programs, including rebuilding the
1595:, they were later vilified by Byzantine historians; Constantine's reign also saw the loss of
925:
909:
825:
607:
503:
188:
23226:
19798:
17450:"The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14–212 ce: Quantification in the Face of High Uncertainty"
16201:
Fousek, Jan; Kaše, Vojtěch; Mertel, Adam; Výtvarová, Eva; Chalupa, Aleš (26 December 2018).
9711:
9652:
9211:
9171:
6830:
5729:
2658:
The situation became worse for Byzantium during the civil wars after Andronikos III died. A
2197:
In the later part of his reign, John focused his activities on the East, personally leading
28038:
27994:
27744:
27739:
27679:
27614:
27519:
27207:
27172:
26861:
26728:
26628:
26553:
26418:
26381:
25757:
25421:
24809:
24686:
24625:
24610:
24533:
24497:
24453:
24443:
24221:
24193:
23999:
23843:
23741:
23685:
23431:
23261:
23231:
23106:
23037:
23008:
22927:
22261:
22099:
22089:
21814:
21797:
21618:
21377:
21342:
21225:
21162:
21157:
20692:
20635:
19972:
19902:
19788:
19554:
19037:
18863:
18857:
18224:
17999:"The Understanding of Papal Supremacy as revealed in the Letters of Pope Gregory the Great"
17887:
17252:
16775:
16456:
16216:
13560:
12750:
Ousterhout, Robert (2021). "Middle Byzantine Church Architecture". In Freeman, Evan (ed.).
10804:
10272:
10006:
9731:
8981:
6474:
6090:
5817:
5765:
5684:
5617:
5512:
5481:
4950:
4941:
4896:
4789:
4555:
4360:
4146:
4043:
4031:
3702:
3216:
3203:
Eventually, an official reform of Roman law was initiated by the East, when Theodosius II (
3140:
3092:
3084:
3044:
3029:
2367:
2247:
2231:
1872:
1826:
1760:
1660:, who assassinated him in 867 and who was given credit for his predecessor's achievements.
1634:
1588:
1543:
1534:
1501:
1204:
1109:
937:
248:
65:
26851:
23211:
17313:
11648:
10443:. Oxford classical monographs. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 311.
10392:
9067:
8971:
7518:
7218:
6574:
5277:
4591:
plan deployed in many Middle Byzantine churches. They also often featured marble columns,
8:
27872:
27848:
27709:
27639:
27582:
27499:
27325:
27137:
26986:
26788:
26658:
26608:
25927:
25524:
25225:
25170:
25084:
24991:
24969:
24831:
24562:
24465:
24448:
24438:
24293:
24216:
24039:
24034:
23969:
23869:
23779:
23480:
23123:
23003:
22969:
22871:
22691:
22686:
22498:
22217:
22153:
22028:
22013:
20724:
20640:
20630:
20494:
20257:
20245:
20132:
18909:
18147:
17766:
The civil law tradition: an introduction to the legal systems of Europe and Latin America
17072:
16410:
15289:
13678:
13472:
13312:
10128:
9562:
9331:
8270:
7430:
7350:
6850:
6434:
5967:
5675:
5568:
5557:
5422:
5141:
5107:
5039:
4929:
4764:
4200:
3693:
were only 50,000 people in the city, which was one-tenth of its population in its prime.
3633:
3397:
3189:
3001:
2546:
2542:
2382:
2321:
2215:
2103:
2086:
2062:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1784:
1764:
1732:
1253:
1234:
1105:
991:
671:
The inhabitants of the empire, now generally termed Byzantines, thought of themselves as
662:
650:
599:
555:
495:
456:
61:
27960:
22839:
22829:
18701:
18661:"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?"
17847:
17424:
17322:. Translated and edited by Gary Leiser. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
16541:(Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi and Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic.
16220:
12383:
Byzantine dress: representations of secular dress in eighth- to twelfth-century painting
11612:
10612:
10584:
10372:
9849:
9351:
8076:
7686:
7666:
6966:
4363:, who was the ambassador sent to Constantinople in 968 by the German Holy Roman Emperor
3760:
who created the Departments of Law (Διδασκαλεῖον τῶν Νόμων) and Philosophy (Γυμνάσιον).
3465:) wove them into the tax system, with provinces evolving into military regions known as
2433:
2073:
932:, religious debates, and anti-corruption campaigns, ended in the East with the death of
929:
602:. Thereafter, periods of civil war and Seljuk incursion resulted in the loss of most of
27896:
27815:
27719:
27503:
27455:
27450:
27353:
27343:
27300:
27292:
27187:
26911:
26718:
26573:
26513:
26433:
26376:
26240:
25476:
25455:
24933:
24755:
24651:
24646:
24641:
24620:
24585:
24580:
24538:
24502:
24361:
24256:
24178:
24151:
24091:
23994:
23979:
23817:
23797:
23559:
23236:
23216:
23199:
23150:
23015:
22824:
22775:
22708:
22626:
22567:
22562:
22557:
22513:
22483:
22375:
22273:
22141:
22116:
21802:
21792:
21666:
21337:
21220:
21137:
21000:
20352:
20332:
20312:
20302:
20068:
19849:
19664:
19569:
19256:
19188:
18893:
18881:
18772:
18485:
18481:
17959:
17875:
17867:
17305:
17231:
17048:
17040:
16962:
16734:
16678:
16612:
16598:
16503:
16464:
16330:
16239:
16202:
16128:
16111:
16054:
16046:
15261:
15142:
15134:
14959:
13767:
13454:
12787:] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică. pp. 92, 93.
12566:
12098:
11974:
11926:
11846:
11823:
11401:
11393:
9951:
8912:
8873:
8774:
8735:
8417:
8400:
7737:
6214:
6021:
5995:
5959:
5921:
5901:
5793:
5789:
5580:
5572:
5534:
5508:
5410:
5103:
4993:
4860:
4794:
4739:
4559:
4384:
4298:
3991:
3837:
3706:
3689:
3554:
3541:
3478:
3432:
3301:
3211:
3166:
2838:
2824:
2791:. In the north and west were the Balkans, the corridors between the mountain ranges of
2749:
2557:
2469:
2457:
2344:
2251:
2191:
2034:
1992:
1954:
1775:
1572:
1420:
1124:
1078:
1070:
1034:
587:
575:
272:
26826:
18990:
Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers of the Twenty-fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies
17670:
Sarris, Peter. "The Eastern Roman Empire from Constantine to Heraclius (306–641)". In
15422:
15353:
12132:
11708:
11480:
9641:
Stolte, Bernard (2018). Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (eds.).
8792:
Christov, Ivan (2020). "Political Philosophy, Byzantine". In Lagerlund, Henrik (ed.).
7294:
7118:
5541:' various works. The influence of Archimedes' principles of solid geometry is evident.
4265:, maintaining a durable and flexible monetary system adaptable to the needs of trade.
3654:
dependent on mercenaries to keep control all the while dealing with the impact of the
1699:) continued Michael's policies. His armies campaigned with mixed results in Italy but
829:
27694:
27669:
27649:
27629:
27619:
27509:
27491:
27460:
27393:
27310:
27284:
26821:
26673:
26428:
26388:
26366:
25574:
25216:
25206:
24600:
24595:
24528:
24487:
24481:
24322:
24241:
24236:
24231:
24226:
24029:
24009:
23959:
23949:
23930:
23345:
23241:
23177:
23172:
23101:
22998:
22713:
22641:
22636:
22478:
22407:
22390:
22385:
22380:
22180:
22131:
21924:
21858:
21763:
21696:
21676:
21644:
21576:
21563:
21484:
21479:
21230:
20995:
20845:
20364:
20317:
20307:
20297:
19802:
19766:
19734:
19715:
19693:
19656:
19618:
19594:
19575:
19522:
19493:
19470:
19442:
19423:
19415:
19411:
19397:
19380:
19345:
19324:
19305:
19273:
19248:
19238:
19085:
19007:
18993:
18974:
18966:
18952:
18918:
18867:
18830:
18811:
18792:
18762:
18735:
18709:
18676:
18633:
18590:
18568:
18551:
18541:
18527:
18505:
18471:
18444:
18334:
18315:
18296:
18289:
18270:
18250:
18210:
18202:
18176:
18155:
18098:
18090:
18063:
18042:
17983:
17963:
17951:
17899:
17879:
17829:
17823:
17805:
17780:
17770:
17749:
17730:
17646:
17636:
17598:
17576:
17554:
17503:
17482:
17465:
17434:
17405:
17364:
17323:
17278:
17259:
17223:
17168:
17158:
17144:
17112:
17104:
17082:
17052:
17032:
16997:
16978:
16966:
16922:
16903:
16895:
16885:
16867:
16826:
16785:
16738:
16724:
16712:
16698:
16682:
16644:
16638:
16619:
16588:
16561:
16542:
16523:
16443:
16442:] (in French). Vol. I. Paris: Nouvelle librairie de France. pp. 11–43.
16414:
16383:
16360:
16338:
16316:
16285:
16261:
16244:
16175:
16154:
16135:
16080:
16058:
16003:
15967:
15809:
15790:
15769:
15722:
15678:
15631:
15600:
15573:
15554:
15510:
15474:
15429:
15382:
15363:
15335:
15316:
15297:
15275:
15265:
15247:
15224:
15190:
15167:
15146:
15103:
15096:
15091:
15077:
15058:
15001:
14979:
14951:
14852:
14830:
14661:
14634:
14578:
14544:
14522:
13904:
13846:
13836:
13816:
13806:
13564:
13527:
13482:
13446:
13402:
13219:
13127:
12910:
12861:
12836:
12811:
12788:
12730:
12639:
12522:
12386:
12090:
12021:
11961:
11827:
11813:
11767:
Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of the dialects of Sílli, Cappadocia and Phárasa.
11412:
11405:
11385:
11308:
11116:
11046:
10973:
10934:
10913:
10886:
10865:
10812:
10800:
10780:
10758:
10517:
10444:
9943:
9854:
9808:
9227:
9027:
8985:
8904:
8865:
8797:
8766:
8727:
8540:
7745:
7138:
6986:
6250:
6232:
5971:
5797:
5545:
5502:
5115:
4809:
4779:
4774:
4754:
4749:
4517:
4368:
4314:
4262:
4136:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4067:
3982:
3876:
3812:
3646:
3545:
3499:). Foreign mercenaries also increasingly became employed, including the better-known
3474:
3454:
3183:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3013:
2963:
As a result of the Diocletianic–Constantinian reforms, the Empire was organised into
2854:
2800:
2578:
2510:
2441:
2255:
2239:
2227:
2175:
1756:
1580:
1482:
1306:
during the 590s, but although he managed to re-establish Byzantine control up to the
1295:
579:
551:
284:
19339:
16817:. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13345:
12559:"Medieval Sourcebook: Liutprand of Cremona: Report of his Mission to Constantinople"
12490:
10292:
9087:
7911:
7873:
4077:), Latin disappeared in the east, though it may have lingered in the military until
3343:
681:). Their Islamic neighbours similarly called their empire the "land of the Romans" (
27684:
27599:
27544:
27514:
27465:
27408:
27398:
27333:
27305:
26886:
26846:
26778:
26713:
26638:
26633:
26405:
26328:
26275:
26070:
26065:
25954:
25813:
25762:
25722:
25692:
25687:
25682:
25672:
25594:
25541:
25534:
25519:
25514:
25366:
24817:
24399:
24394:
24317:
24251:
24246:
24116:
24086:
24054:
23910:
23855:
23812:
23591:
23194:
22981:
22976:
22932:
22919:
22849:
22817:
22812:
22676:
22653:
22614:
22547:
22530:
22471:
22461:
22456:
22397:
22353:
22323:
22283:
22249:
22212:
21963:
21728:
21521:
21469:
21415:
21382:
21332:
21125:
21115:
20893:
20581:
20473:
20396:
20379:
20357:
20342:
20327:
20241:
19794:
19758:
19731:
Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century
19546:
19514:
19456:
19372:
19297:
19230:
19156:
19075:
18754:
18668:
18623:
18615:
18463:
18436:
18411:
18384:
18240:
17943:
17859:
17658:
17568:
17457:
17301:
17215:
17024:
16818:
16670:
16580:
16495:
16406:
16234:
16224:
16103:
16070:
16038:
15945:
15761:
15654:
15533:
15524:——— (2016). "Late antiquity and Byzantium: an identity problem".
15408:
15399:(1976). "Eastern and western Christendom in late antiquity: a parting of the way".
15360:
Principate and Dominate: Thoughts on the Periodization of the Roman Imperial Period
15126:
15036:
14943:
14922:
14536:
13896:
13866:
13747:
13556:
13519:
13438:
12971:
12722:
12082:
11805:
11377:
11217:
11108:
11038:
11008:
10965:
10905:
10509:
10232:
9935:
9844:
9800:
9648:
9019:
8977:
8857:
8719:
8409:
8361:
6228:
6201:
5944:
5129:
5058:
4954:
4850:
4605:
4188:
4124:
4104:
3974:
3831:
3629:
3496:
3470:
3025:
2942:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2683:
2570:
2538:
2498:
2375:
2325:
2179:
2166:
2158:
2154:
1939:
1841:
1830:
1779:
1752:
1627:
1319:
1018:
921:
813:
326:
150:
19752:
18369:
Papaioannou, Stratis (2021a). "What Is Byzantine Literature? An Introduction". In
12687:
11564:
11532:
10668:
9526:
7006:
5605:, that such works are known today, primarily through the school's production, the
3990:
government, or law. In the east, Greek was the dominant language, a legacy of the
3269:(the Farmers’ Law, the Seamen’s Law, and the Soldiers’ Law) were derived from the
3032:’ from the 4th century and which is likely the first foreign intelligence agency.
2898:
2874:
876:) secured sole power in 324. Over the following six years, he rebuilt the city of
27724:
27699:
27487:
27470:
27315:
26981:
26793:
26773:
26733:
26668:
26618:
26613:
26488:
26438:
26346:
26180:
26160:
26080:
25529:
25354:
25283:
25252:
25247:
25237:
24947:
24340:
24308:
24303:
24283:
24146:
24106:
24076:
24059:
24019:
24004:
23989:
23920:
23905:
23822:
23802:
23675:
23412:
23380:
23253:
23221:
23204:
23160:
23155:
23133:
23128:
23086:
23079:
23054:
22914:
22909:
22750:
22631:
22525:
22520:
22488:
22313:
22303:
22197:
22190:
22185:
22170:
22126:
22008:
21994:
21873:
21706:
21686:
21681:
21636:
21626:
21586:
21581:
21531:
21526:
21307:
20913:
20830:
20825:
20565:
20555:
20391:
20385:
20369:
20347:
20337:
20322:
19962:
19937:
19892:
19762:
19612:
19460:
19179:
Sinnigen, William G. (1963). "Barbaricarii, Barbari and the Notitia Dignitatum".
19049:
18845:
18784:
18604:
Rochette, Bruno (2011). "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire". In
18519:
18351:
Kaldellis, Anthony. "The Reception of Classical Literature and Ancient Myth". In
18170:
18057:
17947:
17924:
17317:
17143:. Vol. 2. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1234–1237.
17076:
16970:
16861:
16779:
16716:
16515:
16279:
16229:
16169:
16107:
15997:
15961:
15784:
15701:
15452:
15349:
15269:
15216:
15184:
14881:
14655:
13771:
13754:
13417:
13382:
13213:
12721:. The Brill reference library of Judaism. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 162.
12128:
10121:
10058:
8534:
8328:
7891:
7824:
7729:
6219:
6082:
5848:
5723:
5621:
5613:
5465:
5394:
5317:
5272:
5219:
5209:
5173:
5153:
5140:
alongside the preservation of classical traditions, which greatly influenced the
5124:
5111:
5099:
5013:
5012:
tradition—sought to synthesize these influences. Important early writers include
4799:
4769:
4759:
4664:
4588:
4429:
4393:
4279:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4022:
4009:
Despite this, Greek's influence gradually grew in the government, beginning when
3956:
3504:
3324:, with ongoing debates about its impact on Islamic countries. As an example, the
2769:
2625:
2582:
2522:
2324:
on the throne. Alexios was highly incompetent in the office, and with his mother
2171:
2116:
2107:
2099:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1857:
1811:
1748:
1708:
1611:
1470:
1400:
1358:
1310:, he pushed his troops too far in 602—they mutinied, proclaimed an officer named
1287:
1245:
1059:
917:
724:
24198:
22834:
19321:
Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204
18609:
18425:"The Constantinian Labarum and the Christianization of Roman Military Standards"
12086:
11910:
11381:
10904:. Empire and after. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 46.
10216:
9466:
4066:
won out as the spoken and written standard. Latin fragmented into the incipient
3790:
In the late 4th century, when the majority of the Empire's citizens were pagan,
3614:
with the development of a late 11th century Western (Southern Italian) variant.
2663:
2133:
27674:
27664:
27659:
27654:
27634:
27624:
27539:
27482:
27375:
27338:
27036:
26678:
26413:
26361:
26333:
26280:
26265:
26245:
26060:
26035:
25992:
25982:
25808:
25782:
25712:
25697:
25662:
25622:
25383:
25221:
24823:
24719:
24713:
24313:
24288:
24161:
24156:
24141:
24136:
24071:
24066:
24049:
24014:
23807:
23785:
23729:
23668:
23355:
23350:
23313:
23288:
23271:
23182:
23167:
23138:
23096:
22944:
22904:
22899:
22854:
22780:
22740:
22730:
22720:
22535:
22414:
22308:
22175:
22057:
21711:
21591:
21324:
21083:
20977:
20963:
20762:
20466:
20221:
19924:
19748:
19707:
19608:
19550:
18619:
18605:
18457:
18262:
17590:
17349:
16881:
16403:
Graphic Signs of Authority in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 300-900
16123:
15502:
14993:
14971:
11795:
11032:
10927:"Review of: Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition. Empire and After"
10879:"Review of: Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition. Empire and After"
10684:
9794:
9647:. Vol. 1. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–232.
9287:
9013:
7706:
6213:
Scholars from the previous and current generation who still cite the historian
6102:
6068:
6048:
5987:
5916:
5745:
5297:
5243:
5239:
5224:
5197:
4966:
4880:
4724:
4437:
4406:
4319:
Byzantine cuisine still relied heavily on the Greco-Roman fish-sauce condiment
4290:
4192:
4180:
4142:
3955:, a 10th-century illuminated Greek manuscript possibly made in Constantinople (
3875:
Inheritance rights were well developed, including for all women. The historian
3733:
3534:
3436:
3385:
3066:
3055:
2761:
2745:
2721:
2667:
2590:
2506:
2480:
2410:
2363:
2128:
1919:
1795:
1615:
1455:
1218:
1090:
979:
897:
885:
833:
821:
750:
706:
618:
595:
529:
468:
452:
432:
428:
399:
322:
137:
115:
93:
27926:
19955:
19376:
19291:
18660:
18467:
17804:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). New York: Fordham University Press.
17028:
16042:
15412:
14540:
14148:
13274:
12726:
11102:
11042:
10513:
10457:
10412:
9879:
9804:
9606:
9023:
8810:
5635:
5628:
many centuries later, as Galileo cites Philoponus substantially in his works.
3373:). By the late fourth and early fifth centuries, the Chi Rho Christogram, the
687:), but the people of medieval Western Europe preferred to call them "Greeks" (
28007:
27884:
27770:
27569:
26568:
26538:
26453:
25987:
25964:
25777:
25632:
25617:
25564:
25371:
25129:
25125:
24958:
24507:
24345:
23849:
23723:
23695:
23436:
23323:
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Lyman, J. Rebecca. "Heresiology: The invention of 'heresy' and 'schism'". In
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5560:. Many of the most distinguished classical scholars held high offices in the
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2090:
2077:
2008:
1908:
1868:
1718:) compiled and propagated a huge number of written works. These included the
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536:. Greek gradually replaced Latin for official use as Latin fell into disuse.
212:
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18776:
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Flavours and Delights: Tastes and Pleasures of Ancient and Byzantine Cuisine
15658:
12792:
12519:
Wine and the vine: an historical geography of viticulture and the wine trade
12470:
12046:
11300:
10568:
9899:
8893:"Themistius: A Hellenic Philosopher-Statesman in the Christian Roman Empire"
8618:
8616:
7846:
4235:, both events which amounted to an economic catastrophe for the empire. The
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The thematic forces faded into insignificance—the government relying on the
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15957:
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Why Angels Fall: A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo
15646:
14866:
13375:
9924:"Review of Byzantine Legal Culture and the Roman Legal Tradition, 867–1056"
9119:
9012:
Christoforou, Panayiotis (31 July 2023). "A History of the Roman Emperor".
7934:
7907:
7869:
6277:
6064:
6025:
5813:
5734:
5553:
5526:
5398:
5391:
5024:, all of whom aimed to reinvent older forms to fit the empire. Theological
4925:
4609:
4547:
4323:, but it also contained foods still familiar today, such as the cured meat
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3978:
3946:
3808:
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ravaging the countryside and increasing resentment towards Constantinople.
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2018:
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200:
69:
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19995:
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10160:
5847:
Byzantine Jewry played a prominent role in the medieval Jewish world. The
3985:
in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian Greek-speaking villages in 1910.
3458:
burden of supporting the armies onto local populations and during Leo VI (
2119:
in 1108, which marked the end of the Norman threat during Alexios' reign.
1345:
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19061:
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18555:
18267:
The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition and Reform
18032:
17913:
Cameron, Averil (2006b). "Constantine and the ‘peace of the church’". In
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14633:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 407–408.
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and whether Christ's divinity was equal to the Father's. It produced the
5830:
5754:
5671:
5576:
5449:
5325:
5305:
5084:
4982:
4974:
4958:
4352:
4348:
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4236:
4224:. However, these short-term fortunes were quickly reversed following the
4217:
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2456:, the centre of Muslim power in the Levant. The Crusader army arrived at
1803:
1653:
1619:
1436:
1432:
1199:
646:
571:
567:
540:
439:. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the
436:
224:
19944:
Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204
19668:
19648:
19192:
18245:
18228:
16961:——— (2021a). "The Byzantine Empire (641–1453 ce)". In
16584:
16507:
16382:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 847–906.
16115:
15155:
13903:. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 13.
12102:
12070:
11397:
11363:
9955:
9923:
9683:
8796:. Springer reference (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 1574.
8778:
8754:
8708:"Roman History and Christian Ideology in Justinianic Reform Legislation"
8179:
7578:
7258:
6910:
5521:
2708:
Outline of the Byzantine Empire § Geography of the Byzantine Empire
2068:
1763:, and other influential figures jockeyed for power. In 920, the admiral
1314:
as emperor, and executed Maurice. The Sasanians seized their moment and
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15240:
Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique
14963:
14049:
13929:
13218:. Vol. 4. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 318.
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1622:
as Roman emperor in 800. In 802, the unpopular Irene was overthrown by
1576:
1451:
1384:
1362:
1226:
1210:
1177:
849:
841:
805:
626:
487:
475:, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier
407:
111:
25296:
23449:
19260:
18628:
17871:
16975:
The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires
15138:
13458:
12141:
11740:
11432:
11237:
10552:
10308:
9546:
8428:
8376:
7614:
6378:
5936:), lasted another 14 years, falling to the Ottomans in December 1475.
5792:, one of three major branches of Eastern Christianity, along with the
5760:
4583:
architecture was invented in the Byzantine Empire. In contrast to the
27524:
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25111:
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22244:
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21596:
21088:
20956:
20903:
20835:
19968:
19229:. Athens: Academy, Research Centre for Antiquity, 1989, p. 254: 224.
18853:
17710:"Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries"
16715:(2013). "5: Laws' Empire: Roman Universalism and Legal Practice". In
15925:
Stathakopoulos, Dionysios. "Population, Demography, and Disease". In
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Prinzipat und Dominat: Gedanken zur Periodisierung d. röm. Kaiserzeit
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11724:
11692:
11500:
11464:
11448:
9015:
Imagining the Roman Emperor: Perceptions of Rulers in the High Empire
7486:
7170:
5667:
5414:
5402:
5387:
5133:
5021:
4970:
4917:
4601:
4402:
4078:
4047:
3896:
3740:), was an educational institution that could trace its origins to 425
3637:
3446:
3415:
3214:. This work was completed by what is collectively known today as the
3158:
2691:
2461:
2219:
2058:
1987:
1822:. These were not temporary tactical gains but long-term reconquests.
1575:. Constantine overcame an early civil war against his brother-in-law
1323:
1272:
1241:
1169:
1101:
1029:
943:
877:
860:
801:
710:
693:
692:
676:
460:
236:
162:
27253:
19908:
17825:
A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)
17219:
16747:
16522:(2nd ed.). London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney: Bloomsbury.
16374:
Goldhill, Simon (31 January 2024). "Latin Literature and Greek". In
15588:
14947:
13718:
13716:
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8794:
Encyclopedia of medieval philosophy: philosophy between 500 and 1500
8723:
8468:
8413:
6249:
down the temple of the Olympian Zeus during his reign.The historian
3568:, appeared early in the sixth century. A multi-purpose variant, the
2666:
to overrun most of the empire's remaining territory and establish a
2370:'s invasion force of 300 ships and 80,000 men, arriving in 1185 and
1790:
1159:
780:
Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties
27734:
27529:
27056:
27041:
27031:
27016:
26931:
26921:
26891:
26881:
26876:
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26478:
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25054:
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25017:
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22365:
22148:
22106:
22045:
21242:
21142:
21093:
20951:
20883:
20671:
19234:
18231:[The Official Monolingualism of Byzantine Constantinople].
18038:
The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350–c. 1450
17863:
16207:
15713:
Hall, Stuart. "Institutions in the pre-Constantinian ecclēsia". In
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13215:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa
11205:
9939:
6394:
6362:
6285:
6273:
5933:
5915:
came under the pope's protection before the end of 1460, while the
5809:
5530:
5469:
5369:
5301:
5267:
5119:
5038:) were copied in practically every Byzantine monastery. During the
5009:
4872:
4868:
4621:
4584:
4551:
4449:
4410:
4340:
4336:
4324:
4010:
3970:
3869:
3401:
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3105:
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2784:
2729:
2671:
2597:
2565:
2553:
2465:
2054:
2030:
1996:
1966:
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1807:
1771:
1720:
1283:
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to defend Constantinople, now firmly entrenched as Rome's capital.
995:
983:
603:
403:
260:
97:
19793:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 218–232.
19111:. "Confronting Islam: Emperors Versus Caliphs (641 – c. 850)". In
18672:
17716:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 771–806. Archived from
17620:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 529–537. Archived from
17614:"Medieval Constantinople: Built Environment and Urban Development"
17477:
Lenski, Noel (12 August 2021). "Slavery in the Byzantine Empire".
16463:. New York: Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies at the
15844:
Greatrex, Geoffrey. "Political-Historical Survey, c. 250–518". In
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Aschenbrenner, Nathanael; Ransohoff, Jake (2022). "Introduction".
12923:
11516:
9420:
9418:
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6338:
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5829:
and cultural influence of the Eastern church, Constantinople, and
5246:(lūrā) as the typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the
5114:, heroism, humor and love. This included the Hellenistic-inspired
4595:
ceilings and sumptuous decoration, including the extensive use of
4187:(527–565) excavated in India probably in the south, an example of
2493:
The crusaders arrived at Constantinople in the summer of 1203 and
2174:. During his twenty-five-year reign, John made alliances with the
2106:
and urged all those present to take up arms under the sign of the
1085:
in 480, and the office of western emperor was formally abolished.
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22018:
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19879:
19483:
19361:"Not new but novel. Notes on the historiography of Byzantine law"
17519:"Filioque History & Controversy What is the Filioque Clause?"
17204:"Byzantine Hagiography and Sex in the Fifth to Twelfth Centuries"
14876:
14839:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 15–16.
14488:
14138:
14136:
14025:
13713:
13596:
13075:
13065:
13063:
13061:
10809:
Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
9699:
8398:(1936). "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)".
5644:
5426:
5418:
5378:
5332:
in 812, beginning its establishment in Western church music. The
5025:
4864:
4655:
4461:
4356:
4328:
3994:. Greek was also the language of the Christian Church and trade.
3938:
3717:
3642:
3588:
3515:
3363:
3359:
3101:
3075:
2783:
The landscape of the Empire was defined by the fertile fields of
2741:
2586:
2561:
2394:
2211:
2207:
2050:
1896:
1657:
1596:
1474:
1249:
1074:
1051:
1047:
792:
145:
22079:
19990:
19510:
The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication
16921:. Washington, D.C.: Harvard University Press. pp. 349–367.
15692:
Bundy, David. "Early Asian and East African Christianities". In
15076:. Washington, D.C.: Harvard University Press. pp. 349–367.
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14180:
14178:
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12217:
12215:
12202:
12200:
8671:
8661:
8659:
8644:
6055:
5911:
A few holdouts remained for a time. In the Morea, the island of
5122:
approaches in rhetoric, historiography and the influential epic
3919:
3277:. The Macedonian dynasty started their reform attempts with the
2608:. This led to a short-lived revival of Byzantine fortunes under
2350:
Despite his military background, Andronikos failed to deal with
27086:
26966:
26896:
26836:
26831:
26798:
26558:
26543:
26493:
26473:
25895:
25772:
25667:
24188:
22111:
21986:
21237:
21012:
20878:
19949:
18702:"The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices"
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Kaiser, Wolfgang. "Justinian and the Corpus Iuris Civilis". In
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5461:
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5329:
5316:
with "great leaden pipes" was sent by Emperor Constantine V to
4909:
4888:
4675:
4596:
4592:
4465:
4457:
4364:
3565:
3261:
3170:
2846:
2792:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2717:
2713:
2605:
2475:
2389:
and Bulgars began a rebellion that led to the formation of the
2386:
2328:'s Frankish background, his regency was unpopular. Eventually,
2138:
1970:
1947:
1926:. Two other knowledgeable contemporaries, the former officials
1904:
1853:
1833:, and Basil II shifted the emphasis of the military divisions (
1567:
1388:
1311:
1298:
finally emerged victorious in 591; by that time, the Avars and
1257:
1185:
1054:
from the empire; Attilla however switched his attention to the
1039:
933:
23490:
19733:(illustrated ed.). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
19028:
Shepherd, Jonathan. "3: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 800–1204". In
18462:. Suffolk and New York: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 401–411.
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16134:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press.
15960:; Bourbou, Chryssa; Koder, Johannes; Leontsinē, Maria (2013).
14288:
14133:
14109:
13178:
13058:
12667:
9442:
8224:
8222:
5710:
History of the Eastern Orthodox Church § Byzantine period
5372:), a bagpipe. The modern descendant of the aulos is the Greek
5242:, in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the
3928:
3763:
947:
Division of the empire after the death of Theodosius I in 395.
27902:
26871:
26593:
26320:
25612:
25000:
24166:
23690:
23663:
22745:
19905:(Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime).
19272:. Short histories. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
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Chrysos, Evangelos. "2: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 300–800". In
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16579:(5th print ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
16399:"Christograms as Signs of Authority in the Late Roman Empire"
15018:. "Orthodoxy and the west: Reformation to Enlightenment". In
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11958:
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9482:
8976:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 108.
8656:
5383:
5373:
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5333:
5201:
5189:
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4876:
4372:
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4247:
4205:
3492:
2850:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2564:
a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople, found himself
2332:, a grandson of Alexios I, overthrew Alexios II in a violent
2320:
Manuel's death on 24 September 1180 left his 11-year-old son
2292:
2150:
2046:
1834:
1446:), who began the administrative reorganisation known as the "
1024:
Theodosius' reign was marked by the theological dispute over
975:
566:
that followed saw the loss of the empire's richest provinces—
494:, while the eastern parts largely retained their preexisting
472:
19484:
Troianos, Spyros; Velissaropoulou-Karakosta, Julia (1997).
17828:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
17769:(3rd ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
16849:
Stolte, Bernard H. "The Law of New Rome: Byzantine Law". In
15428:. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press.
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14505:
14503:
14476:
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14384:
14336:
13989:
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13608:
13195:
13193:
13156:
13154:
13152:
13150:
13148:
13146:
12874:
12612:
12429:
12327:
11364:"Slave Prices in Late Antiquity (and in the Very Long Term)"
7794:
6730:
6187:
4575:
and Romania. Byzantine architecture is known for the use of
4371:, a fermented barley sauce, which, like soy sauce, provided
3868:
had additionally said that it was needed to restrict sexual
2122:
974:), restored political stability in the east by allowing the
27081:
26648:
26588:
26170:
25546:
24996:
23658:
21516:
19757:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–140.
18565:
Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion
16640:
The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages
15244:
Vestiges of Empires: The Decay of Central and Balkan Europe
14734:
14698:
14686:
14360:
13977:
13628:
13626:
13099:
10736:
10022:
9622:
8366:"The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople"
8258:
8219:
8143:
8131:
6350:
5337:
5259:
5255:
5193:
5137:
4576:
4441:
4258:
3410:
2261:
In the East, Manuel suffered a major defeat in 1176 at the
1900:
1592:
1043:
889:
586:
dynasty. The empire was able to expand once more under the
21955:
19790:
The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations
19653:
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement
18951:. Vol. III. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
17929:"Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary"
17798:
Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes
17545:(2005). "The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century". In
16723:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 73–101.
15956:
15647:"The Corpus Juris Civilis: A Guide to Its History and Use"
14787:
14785:
14770:
14464:
14085:
13941:
12624:
12464:
12034:
9263:
8589:
8577:
8539:. Madison, Wisconsin and London: Univ of Wisconsin Press.
8489:
8487:
8444:
7997:
7922:
2837:
running from Constantinople to the Albanian coast through
1942:
into a general engagement with the Byzantine army. At the
1213:
he rebuilt much of Constantinople, including the original
84:
The change of territory of the Byzantine Empire (476–1400)
25642:
19969:
Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life
19874:
19649:"To Be Roman, Go Greek Thoughts on Hellenization at Rome"
19099:
Auzépy, Marie-France. "State of Emergency (700–850)". In
19081:
The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492
18041:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–79.
16171:
Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome
15497:. London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta: Longmans, Green.
15362:] (in German). Internet Archive. Wisebaden: Steiner.
14500:
14312:
14276:
14240:
14121:
13518:. Oxford and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 51.
13190:
13143:
12886:
11129:
10148:
9454:
8923:
8167:
8119:
8095:
8021:
8009:
7973:
7744:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 62.
5900:. The Morea was ruled by the brothers of Constantine XI,
3418:), with continued debate by historians on what it means.
3265:, 'with a greater view of humanity'. The three so-called
2452:
letters. The stated intent of the crusade was to conquer
2178:
in the West and decisively defeated the Pechenegs at the
1058:, and his people fractured after his death in 453. After
1013:) largely left the rule of the east to officials such as
613:
The empire was largely dismantled in 1204, following the
550:), who briefly reconquered much of Italy and the western
18379:
18269:. Downer's Grove, In.: InterVarsity Press. p. 172.
16484:
Harnett, Benjamin (2017). "The Diffusion of the Codex".
14228:
14061:
14013:
13623:
13514:
Miller, Terry E.; Shahriari, Andrew (19 December 2016).
11801:
Latin Loanwords in Ancient Greek: A Lexicon and Analysis
11584:
10046:
10034:
9671:
9514:
9250:
7742:
Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Georgian
7158:
6634:
5687:
and John Philoponus' criticism of Aristotelian physics.
5484:
through their revival of interest in classical authors.
5308:
originated in the Hellenistic world and was used in the
2981:
city councils and the local elites that supported them.
2686:, much of the Balkans became dominated by the Ottomans.
2532:
Lord of a Quarter and Half a Quarter of the Roman Empire
2025:, has some of the finest Byzantine frescoes and mosaics.
19985:
Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture
19392:
Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003).
18567:(illustrated ed.). London: John Wiley & Sons.
18229:"L᾽"Unilinguisme" Officiel de Constantinople Byzantine"
18136:. "The emergence of Byzantine Orthodoxy, 600–1095". In
16977:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 450–467.
16784:(2nd ed.). Leiden, New York and Köln: E.J. Brill.
15673:
Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W., eds. (2007).
15597:
Classics in progress: Essays on ancient Greece and Rome
14851:. New York and West Sussex: Columbia University Press.
14782:
14408:
14372:
14264:
14252:
14073:
13728:
13703:
13701:
13374:
Journal of Sport History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Winter, 1981)
13293:
9659:
9199:
9187:
8601:
8565:
8511:
8499:
8484:
8456:
8334:
8302:
8246:
8207:
8195:
8057:
7906:
7868:
7770:
6422:
3193:, which were developed during the reign of Diocletian (
3058:
claims diplomacy in the Empire following Theodosius I (
2678:(who were hired as mercenaries during the civil war by
2381:
The reign of Isaac II, and more so that of his brother
18810:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
17898:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17697:
Magdalino, Paul. "The Medieval Empire (780–1204)". In
17078:
On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments
16942:
Marginalia: Forum on Late Antiquity and the Humanities
16902:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
15589:"The 'long' late antiquity: a twentieth-century model"
15071:
14758:
14165:
14163:
14097:
13674:"Islamic Science and the Making of Renaissance Europe"
13650:
13638:
13166:
13087:
12983:
10600:
9303:
9275:
8234:
8107:
7985:
7782:
6344:
6312:
5028:
stories were particularly innovative and popular; the
3495:), and imperial units mostly based in Constantinople (
2823:
range, which served as passages for armies, while the
2102:
under his rule. On 27 November 1095, Urban called the
594:. This came to an end in 1071, with the defeat by the
27832:
19787:
Zhang, Yongjin (2023). "Barbarism and Civilization".
19187:(4). Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles: 806–815.
17763:
Merryman, John Henry; Pérez-Perdomo, Rogelio (2007).
17762:
16355:(2007). "Identity and Authority in Ancient Judaism".
16076:
Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization
15599:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 165–191.
15509:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
14674:
14574:
Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica
14432:
14324:
14204:
13953:
13845:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 349.
13815:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 162.
12535:
10876:
Referenced with commentary by Christina Kokkinia in
10477:
9769:
9612:
9430:
8632:
5409:. Other instruments used in Byzantine music were the
2061:, who were caught by surprise and annihilated at the
1976:
1973:, just 90 kilometres (56 miles) from Constantinople.
23621:
18706:
Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West
17495:
17404:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 697–770.
17111:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 639–646.
16558:
Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200
16433:
14976:
The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History
14746:
14722:
14348:
14300:
14216:
14001:
13698:
13046:
12959:
12935:
11714:
10924:
Referenced with commentary by Christina Kokkinia in
9751:
9508:
9107:
8951:
8045:
8033:
6410:
3770:
Anti-paganism policies of the early Byzantine Empire
3756:). The Pandidakterion was re-established in 1046 by
2654:
in 1453, depicted in a 15th-century French miniature
2509:, a large number in Venice. According to chronicler
2234:
and sent a large fleet to participate in a combined
1770:
Between 1021 and 1022, following years of tensions,
1633:
Stability was somewhat restored during the reign of
682:
513:) moved the capital to Constantinople and legalised
502:. These cultural spheres continued to diverge after
19882:. Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors.
19202:"Les emblèmes héraldiques de Byzance et les Slaves"
19159:(2009b). "Equilibrium to Expansion (886–1025)". In
18614:. London: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 549–563.
17980:
Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100
17679:Reinert, Stephen W. "Fragmentation (1204–1453". In
17275:
Forgotten Power: Byzantium: Bulwark of Christianity
17081:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
16577:
Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire
16151:
A Short Introduction to the History of Christianity
15381:(Rev. ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group.
14192:
14160:
13393:
13391:
13272:
12719:
Medieval Midrash: the house for inspired innovation
4620:, both in Ravenna (Italy), and the Hagia Sophia in
4293:, woven and embroidered for the upper classes, and
4152:Institutional stability, such as the presence of a
3864:support the elderly of the family; and the Empress
3744:AD, when Emperor Theodosius II had established the
3518:—unraveled after the end of the reign of Manuel I (
2977:who oversaw the civil and military administration.
2861:was considered an internal lake within the Empire.
2827:lay between the Empire and its eastern neighbours.
1626:; he reformed the empire's administration but died
1508:, the first major setback of the Muslim conquests.
1426:The next seventy-five years are poorly documented.
1373:of Constantinople, critically important during the
832:ultimately transformed into the one-person rule of
723:, whose works were widely propagated, including by
641:fought throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The
582:, but the empire subsequently stabilised under the
19486:Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα
19123:(2009a). "Justinian and his legacy (500–600)". In
18310:Papaconstantinou, Arietta (2016). "Introduction".
18288:
17553:. Vol. 1: c. 500 – c. 700. pp. 289–316.
17251:
17186:
16695:Byzantium: Economy, Society, Institutions 600–1100
16611:
16313:Byzantine women: varieties of experience, 800–1200
16127:
15421:
15274:(1st ed.). London & New York: Routledge.
15117:Austin, Roland G. (1934). "Zeno's Game of τάβλη".
15095:
10779:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. xxx.
8755:"Justinian and the Tribulations of Transformation"
2662:devastated the empire, allowing the Serbian ruler
2002:
1969:in the west, and had established their capital at
920:and ended in 363 with the death of his son-in-law
19981:. Links to texts, images and videos on Byzantium.
19391:
19206:Sbornik statej po archeologii i vizantinovedeniju
19168:Tougher, Shaun. "After Iconoclasm (850–886)". In
18949:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
18587:The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History
18124:Kolbaba, Tia M. "Latin and Greek Christians". In
16919:The Invention of Byzantium in Early Modern Europe
16721:New Frontiers: Law and Society in the Roman World
16661:(1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications".
16405:, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 50–80,
15823:Brandes, Wolfram. "Revenues and Expenditure". In
15074:The Invention of Byzantium in Early Modern Europe
13780:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
13722:
13602:
6284:on the human and divine natures of Christ as one
5624:'s refutation of Aristotelian physics during the
1774:led a series of victorious campaigns against the
28005:
19965:. Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history.
19513:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
19135:(2009b). "Byzantium Transforming (600–700)". In
18309:
17635:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
17363:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 3–8.
17167:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
16866:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
16697:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
16380:The Cambridge Critical Guide to Latin Literature
15856:. "Political-Historical Survey, c. 518–800". In
15332:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180
15310:
15260:
15055:Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods
14803:
14294:
14055:
14031:
13792:– via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
13429:Howard, Albert A. (1893). "The Αὐλός or Tibia".
13388:
10902:Law, language, and empire in the Roman tradition
10495:
9834:
5476:During the 12th century, there was a revival in
5184:Late 4th century "Mosaic of the Musicians" with
3477:believes that during the conquest period of the
3247:The researcher Zachary Chitwood claims that the
3169:and the opinions of educated specialists called
30:"Byzantine" redirects here. For other uses, see
24807:
19729:Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). Weitzmann, Kurt (ed.).
19643:
18829:. Budapest: Central European University Press.
18734:. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University press.
18397:] (in Greek). Vol. 4. Eleftheroudakis.
17398:"Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries"
16689:
15966:. Athens and Thessaloniki: Armos Publications.
15894:
13801:
13799:
13546:
13513:
11904:
11163:
10546:
9472:
9424:
9405:
9181:
9077:
9061:
5744:became the Roman emperor in 306 and issued the
4017:AD allowed judges to issue decisions in Greek,
3488:), they were the best in the empire's history.
2404:
2145:of Constantinople (modern Istanbul), depicting
1290:, conquered much of northern Italy by 572. The
490:period, the western parts of the empire became
64:, at its greatest extent since the fall of the
28044:States and territories established in the 390s
20386:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
19927:. Includes links to numerous electronic texts.
19903:18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman
19574:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
19344:(0 ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
19267:
18825:Sághy, Marianne; Schoolman, Edward M. (2017).
18824:
18808:From Monophysitism to Nestorianism: AD 431–681
18550:(3rd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
17746:Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic
17422:
17095:
16494:(2). University of California Press: 183–235.
16255:
15924:
15704:"The church, society and political power". In
15625:
15313:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
14142:
14115:
13995:
12673:
12364:
12348:
12317:
12298:
12286:
12274:
12262:
12250:
12238:
12223:
12206:
12020:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 76–81.
11542:
11107:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–49.
11072:
10799:
10710:
10706:
10690:
10674:
10662:
9871:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
8689:
8677:
8665:
8650:
8622:
5468:, considered a superb example of 12th-century
3973:in the late Byzantine Empire through to 1923.
2787:, long mountain ranges and rivers such as the
2444:broached the subject of a new crusade through
2429:The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople
2419:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
1526:Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty
28049:States and territories disestablished in 1453
27269:
25312:
24875:
23607:
23465:
21971:
21947:
20011:
19915:Byzantine studies, resources and bibliography
19754:War and Peace in Ancient and Medieval History
19564:
19040:. "4: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 1204–1453". In
19010:. "1: The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy". In
18732:Byzantine slavery and the Mediterranean world
18429:Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture
18423:Pozo, Joaquin Serrano del (6 November 2021).
17914:
17886:
17724:
16632:
15744:
15735:
15726:
15714:
15705:
15693:
15672:
15039:. "The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000–1550". In
14833:(1912). "The Sack of Constantinople (1204)".
14186:
13337:
12953:
12929:
12717:Mehlman, Bernard H.; Limmer, Seth M. (2016).
12716:
8360:
8354:
8349:
7856:
7836:
7722:
5336:was a double-reeded woodwind like the modern
4992:) was dominated by the competing cultures of
4879:; diameter: 23 cm (9.1 in); from a
4829:
3937:Left: The Mudil Psalter, the oldest complete
2298:
1946:, Romanos suffered a surprise defeat against
1670:Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty
784:Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty
24010:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
23428:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
19931:Byzantium: Byzantine studies on the Internet
19617:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
19591:Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking
19490:History of law from ancient to modern Greece
19462:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
18965:
18368:
17936:Millennium: Journal of International Studies
17714:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)
17661:. "The Struggle for Survival (641–780)". In
17618:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)
17499:The praetor as a promoter of "bonum commune"
17402:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)
17361:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1)
17258:. Athens: Institute for Byzantine Research.
16994:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium
16774:
16359:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 21–32.
16357:Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays
16200:
16073:; Moss, Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort (eds.).
15734:Löhr, Winrich. "Western Christianities". In
15507:Byzantine Christianity: A Very Brief History
15471:Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Vol. 1
15014:
14692:
14660:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
14577:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
14494:
14482:
13923:
13796:
13547:Touliatos-Miles, Diane H. (1 January 2010).
13397:Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (eds.).
13105:
13081:
12685:
12618:
12018:The story of Latin and the Romance languages
11104:The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity
10080:
9011:
8973:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society
5784:upheld unanimity between church and state.
5548:played an important and crucial role in the
5328:requested a similar organ for his chapel in
5227:, from a Byzantine ivory casket (900–1100) (
5091:in the late 10th-century. A new generation (
3384:Art historian Andrea Babuin claims that the
3304:of Roman law in the Greek language with the
2269:, who destroyed the Turkish invaders at the
1271:Financially and territorially overextended,
1141:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty
1137:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
24889:
20025:
19036:
18370:
18361:
18352:
18331:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Literature
18328:
18295:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
18283:
18223:
18097:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press.
18062:(2nd ed.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis.
17729:. East Lansing: Michigan State University.
17725:Matthews, Roy T.; Platt, F. DeWitt (1997).
17575:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
17354:"Writing the Economic History of Byzantium"
17254:A History of Byzantine Literature (650–850)
16936:——— (18 September 2015).
15938:The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review
15915:
15376:
15329:
15049:
15000:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press.
13947:
12904:
12855:
12830:
12778:
12552:
12550:
12147:
12052:
12000:
11884:
10742:
10726:
10087:Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik
9799:. London: Boydell and Brewer. p. 114.
9488:
9476:
8228:
8173:
8161:
8149:
8137:
8015:
8003:
7979:
7928:
5843:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
5432:
5281:
4965:, the vast majority of extant texts are in
3764:Transition into an Eastern Christian empire
3235:. After 534, Justinian would legislate the
1983:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty
1522:Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty
1318:; Phocas was unable to cope and soon faced
1294:that year, and continued until the emperor
700:
27276:
27262:
25319:
25305:
24926:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
24882:
24868:
23614:
23600:
23472:
23458:
21978:
21964:
20018:
20004:
19545:(Thesis). Miklós Könczöl, Szilárd Tattay.
19337:
19318:
18589:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
18137:
18125:
18116:
18115:. "Introduction: Christendom, c. 600". In
18088:
18059:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
17791:
17688:Pryor, John. "Shipping and Seafaring". In
17611:
17595:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180
17589:
17516:
16960:
16396:
16256:Friell, Gerard; Williams, Stephen (2005).
16091:
15271:Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed
14631:The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
14458:
14454:
14414:
14402:
13895:
13121:
12749:
12442:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKazhdan1991 (
12321:
12302:
11606:
10855:
10278:
10254:
10016:
9992:
9972:
8125:
8101:
7852:
6120:Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles
6063:, Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs, on
5939:Mehmed II and his successors continued to
5881:The Eastern Mediterranean just before the
5439:Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century
5172:
4836:
4822:
2973:governed by a military commander called a
2479:The partition of the empire following the
2316:Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty
1530:Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty
773:
78:
54:
19728:
19706:
19588:
19519:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744450.001.0001
19455:
19436:
19323:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19296:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19216:
19084:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18886:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
18791:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18753:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
18627:
18350:
18314:. London: Routledge. pp. xv–xxxvii.
18244:
18209:. Yonkers: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
18201:
17996:
17982:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17748:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17743:
17696:
17657:
17597:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17496:Longchamps de Berier, Franciszek (2014).
17433:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17291:
17181:
16991:
16935:
16916:
16894:
16643:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16238:
16228:
15916:Markopoulos, Athanasios. "Education". In
15760:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15296:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14829:
14509:
14342:
13465:
13343:
13137:
13093:
13005:
12892:
12880:
12320:, pp. 90–91, 127, 166–169, 203–204;
12187:
12171:
11980:
11932:
11876:
11860:
11746:
11730:
11686:
11654:
11638:
11618:
11602:
11590:
11574:
11554:
11538:
11486:
11470:
11454:
11438:
11418:
11369:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
11337:
11279:
11259:
11223:
11211:
11199:
11191:
11179:
11151:
11147:
11135:
11084:
11080:
11018:
11014:
10994:
10990:
10856:Heller, Anna; Pont, Anne-Valérie (2012).
10839:
10835:
10714:
10694:
10678:
10658:
10654:
10638:
10626:
10618:
10594:
10590:
10578:
10542:
10534:
10438:
10398:
10378:
10362:
10350:
10334:
10314:
10302:
10286:
10266:
10262:
10226:
10210:
10206:
10190:
10182:
10166:
10154:
10142:
10134:
9848:
9745:
9721:
9568:
9536:
9365:
9293:
9221:
9205:
9177:
9165:
9149:
9145:
9129:
9097:
9093:
9073:
9053:
8536:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453
7800:
7728:
7712:
7696:
7672:
7660:
7640:
7624:
7608:
7604:
7564:
7544:
7524:
7512:
7492:
7476:
7472:
7460:
7444:
7440:
7420:
7416:
7396:
7384:
7380:
7364:
7340:
7324:
7300:
7288:
7280:
7268:
7264:
7252:
7244:
7224:
7208:
7192:
7180:
7164:
7152:
7144:
7124:
7112:
7104:
7084:
7080:
7064:
7052:
7036:
7032:
7000:
6976:
6972:
6952:
6936:
6932:
6920:
6900:
6896:
6880:
6860:
6840:
6824:
6816:
6800:
6796:
6776:
6772:
6756:
6752:
6736:
6724:
6720:
6704:
6700:
6680:
6676:
6660:
6656:
6640:
6628:
6624:
6608:
6604:
6588:
6584:
6568:
6564:
6548:
6544:
6528:
6524:
6508:
6504:
6488:
6484:
6468:
6464:
6448:
6444:
6400:
6388:
6368:
6356:
6328:
6308:
5994:was kept alive until its demise with the
5974:, would become the first tsar of Russia (
4058:), used alongside an older written form (
3811:. Despite the transition, the historian
3730:University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura
3469:. Despite many challenges, the historian
3008:Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire
2254:in 1167, defeating the Hungarians at the
2123:John II, Manuel I, and the Second Crusade
1674:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty
788:Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty
19422:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19199:
19178:
19155:
19143:
19027:
18783:
18699:
18658:
18603:
17912:
17707:
17517:Lorenzetti, Jennifer (19 January 2023).
17201:
17192:
17157:
17132:
17013:"Female Deacons in the Byzantine Church"
16890:. Vol. II. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
16810:
16752:European Journal of Science and Theology
16711:
16560:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16373:
16174:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15992:
15906:
15843:
15806:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
15753:
15644:
15445:"Greek literature: Byzantine literature"
15442:
15419:
15379:A Concise History of the Catholic Church
15348:
15311:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998).
14843:
14521:
14043:
14019:
13935:
13835:
13805:
13766:
13757:American Mathematical Society, May 2005.
13632:
13617:
13553:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
13199:
13184:
13160:
13133:
13069:
12645:
12547:
12460:
12333:
12127:
12056:
12012:
11988:
11984:
11960:. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 90.
11940:
11936:
11920:
11916:
11900:
11896:
11852:
11782:
11778:
11702:
11557:, pp. 88, 321, 444, 529, 588, 769;
11510:
11171:
11167:
11100:
11076:
11002:
10730:
10119:
10103:
10064:
10052:
9996:
9905:
9796:Magna Carta and the England of King John
9741:
9737:
9725:
9717:
9705:
9689:
9677:
9665:
9596:
9552:
9500:
9257:
9241:
9193:
9161:
9081:
8941:
8820:
8791:
8752:
8595:
8583:
8529:
8394:
8027:
7819:". 1 August 2005. UMass Lowell Faculty.
7788:
7776:
7716:
7692:
7680:
7636:
6940:
6884:
6768:
6748:
6716:
6696:
6672:
6652:
6620:
6600:
6580:
6560:
6540:
6520:
6500:
6480:
6460:
6440:
6428:
6130:List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars
6073:
6054:
6015:
5876:
5759:
5728:
5713:
5706:Christianity as the Roman state religion
5634:
5520:
5448:
5218:
4855:
4392:
4327:(known as "paston" in Byzantine Greek),
4174:
4160:in the Balkans or the fertile fields of
4025:legislated in the language in the 460s.
3964:
3342:
3091:
3034:
2645:
2474:
2422:
2132:
2067:
2012:
1986:
1847:
1789:
1677:
1603:, and the beginning of a split with the
1533:
1300:Slavs had repeatedly invaded the Balkans
1000:Christianity as the Roman state religion
958: The Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire
942:
824:gradually established hegemony over the
791:
719:started with the 15th-century historian
25326:
23965:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
23479:
23252:
21274:
19607:
19441:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
19270:A short history of the Byzantine Empire
19169:
19167:
19160:
19148:
19136:
19124:
19112:
19100:
19074:
19065:
19053:
19048:
19041:
19029:
19020:
19018:
19011:
19006:
18987:
18880:
18843:
18708:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford Academic.
18459:The Sea in History - The Medieval World
18168:
18146:
18123:
17977:
17923:
17678:
17384:
17312:
17249:
17071:
16860:Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald, ed. (2015).
16859:
16850:
16841:
16657:
16609:
16483:
16454:
16351:
16329:
16310:
16274:
15926:
15917:
15908:
15899:
15887:
15878:
15869:
15857:
15845:
15836:
15824:
15822:
15803:
15586:
15567:
15544:
15523:
15501:
15487:
15288:
15035:
15026:
14933:
14865:
14791:
14740:
14716:
14704:
14570:
14450:
14390:
14378:
14366:
14282:
14270:
14258:
14154:
14103:
14079:
14067:
13983:
13971:
13777:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13734:
13656:
13644:
13422:
13299:
13117:
12977:
12941:
12805:
12657:
12556:
12504:
12500:
12484:
12435:
11952:
11718:
11682:
11626:
11578:
11442:
11088:
10538:
10471:
10426:
10402:
10382:
10242:
10194:
9588:
9532:
9460:
9448:
9436:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9381:
9377:
9361:
9357:
9345:
9341:
9321:
9237:
9233:
8607:
8571:
8517:
8505:
8493:
8478:
8462:
8450:
8382:
8340:
8308:
8264:
8252:
8213:
8201:
7991:
7960:
7886:". 1 August 2005. UMass Lowell Faculty
7620:
7584:
7572:
6684:
6416:
6404:
6384:
6372:
6332:
6316:
5639:Ceramic grenades that were filled with
5496:
3617:
2833:connected the Empire by land, with the
2362:Croatian territories into Hungary, and
2226:John's chosen heir was his fourth son,
1248:invaded Byzantine territory and sacked
498:. This created a dichotomy between the
14:
28079:Tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
28006:
19747:
19687:
19535:
19410:
19358:
19131:
19119:
19098:
19060:
18946:
18904:
18748:
18729:
18581:
18562:
18502:Church and State in Early Christianity
18499:
18359:
17842:
17818:
17669:
17567:
17479:The Cambridge World History of Slavery
17476:
17395:
17386:
17348:
17133:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (1991b).
17010:
16848:
16839:
16745:
16574:
16555:
16536:
16514:
16148:
16130:Byzantium, Faith and Power (1261–1557)
15885:
15876:
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15852:
15553:] (in Greek). Athens: Psychogios.
15215:
15153:
15116:
15040:
15028:
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14913:(2021). "Nestorius and Nestorianism".
14776:
14764:
14728:
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13668:
13431:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
13428:
13401:London and New York: Routledge. 2006.
13172:
12633:
12368:
12352:
12175:
12163:
12151:
12040:
11880:
11856:
11794:
11769:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11750:
11734:
11698:
11678:
11674:
11662:
11658:
11642:
11622:
11570:
11558:
11526:
11522:
11506:
11494:
11490:
11474:
11458:
11426:
11422:
11361:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11287:
11283:
11275:
11263:
11247:
11243:
11227:
11175:
10998:
10774:
10642:
10622:
10606:
10574:
10406:
10386:
10346:
10330:
10318:
10298:
10282:
10258:
10238:
10222:
10186:
10170:
10138:
10107:
10068:
10040:
10028:
10000:
9976:
9921:
9909:
9889:
9885:
9789:
9773:
9640:
9628:
9600:
9576:
9556:
9409:
9337:
9325:
9309:
9297:
9281:
9269:
9253:
9224:, pp. 322–323, 325, 366–367, 511.
8929:
8890:
8824:
8693:
8638:
8626:
8474:
8438:
8276:
8240:
8189:
8113:
8063:
8051:
8039:
7948:
7940:
7700:
7676:
7656:
7644:
7600:
7588:
7568:
7560:
7548:
7532:
7528:
7508:
7504:
7480:
7456:
7436:
7424:
7404:
7400:
7376:
7356:
7344:
7328:
7320:
7308:
7304:
7284:
7248:
7232:
7228:
7212:
7196:
7176:
7148:
7132:
7128:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7076:
7060:
7056:
7040:
7020:
7016:
7012:
6996:
6992:
6980:
6960:
6956:
6916:
6904:
6883:, pp. 279–283, 287–288, 305–307;
6876:
6864:
6856:
6844:
6836:
6820:
6812:
6792:
6788:
6272:The first great controversy concerned
5866:
5601:during the "Byzantine Renaissance" by
5296:, i.e. Constantinople) in Greece, the
3404:, and the tetragrammatic cross of the
3165:and evolved mainly through the annual
3135:Complex diplomatic manoeuvring is how
3065:) contrasted sharply with that of the
2752:; North Africa, primarily with modern
2712:The Empire was centred in what is now
2089:in 1095, envoys from Alexios spoke to
1282:) was soon at war on many fronts. The
562:exhausted the empire's resources; the
27283:
27257:
25300:
25282:
25261:
25251:
25169:
25140:
25072:
25048:
24863:
23595:
23453:
21959:
21946:
21842:
21273:
21058:
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20417:
20038:
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19799:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198873457.013.15
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19539:A History of the nomos empsychos idea
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19286:
19268:Stathakopoulos, Dionysios Ch (2023).
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17896:The Cambridge History of Christianity
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17687:
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16996:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16948:from the original on 13 December 2023
16880:
16863:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity
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15630:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University.
15473:. New York: Oxford University Press.
15465:
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15237:
15179:
15156:"Standards and Insignia of Byzantium"
14998:The Cambridge History of Christianity
14909:
14807:
14752:
14680:
14625:
14438:
14354:
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14246:
14222:
14210:
14198:
14169:
14091:
13959:
13901:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
13889:
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13495:from the original on 26 February 2017
13205:
13021:
13009:
12965:
12810:. London: Laurence King. p. 17.
12760:from the original on 29 December 2023
12753:A Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art
12587:
12541:
12516:
12191:
12167:
12068:
11872:
11231:
11195:
11150:, pp. 25, 67–68, 179, 181, 340;
11030:
10951:
10843:
10831:
10562:
10558:
10483:
10467:
10463:
10422:
10418:
10366:
9893:
9777:
9757:
9693:
9653:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.10
9616:
9592:
9572:
9540:
9520:
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9125:
9113:
9101:
9057:
8957:
8945:
8836:
8816:
7902:
7900:
7811:
7809:
7360:
6101:" (the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of
6047:is now Eastern Europe. The historian
6001:
5064:The subsequent Encyclopedism period (
4432:: τάβλη), a game known in English as
3726:Imperial University of Constantinople
3332:
2936:Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy
2596:The Empire of Nicaea, founded by the
1747:The early reign of Leo's young heir,
1302:, causing great instability. Maurice
1081:in 476, killed his titular successor
1038:law code. It also saw the arrival of
816:between the third and first centuries
447:AD, and continued to exist until the
27909:
21059:
19940:. Links to various online resources.
18892:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 362–378.
18805:
18646:from the original on 9 February 2024
18540:
18518:
18422:
17272:
16814:The Cambridge Companion to Roman Law
16539:Constantinople: capital of Byzantium
16461:Internet History Sourcebooks Project
16298:from the original on 16 January 2021
16167:
15733:
15721:
15712:
15613:from the original on 9 February 2024
15203:from the original on 30 October 2023
14902:
14318:
14306:
14234:
14127:
13748:"Book Review, Archimedes Manuscript"
13561:10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001
13256:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
13211:
13052:
13001:
12989:
12808:Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide
12565:. Fordham University. Archived from
12563:Internet History Sourcebooks Project
12496:
12480:
12380:
11834:from the original on 9 February 2024
10954:"'Romanitas' and the Latin Language"
10896:
10012:
9988:
9968:
8982:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.8
8705:
8434:
8314:
8281:Paparrigopoulos & Karolidis 1925
7944:
6217:focus on Byzantinian emperors being
5666:In the final century of the empire,
4973:variants: a scholarly form based on
4046:states that Greek for a time became
3649:sabotaged the effort. The historian
2199:numerous campaigns against the Turks
2072:The Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk
2021:in modern Istanbul, dating from the
1304:campaigned extensively in the region
1056:rapidly-deteriorating western empire
705:), the name of the Greek settlement
28084:Historical transcontinental empires
27791:History of the Mediterranean region
20761:
18973:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18862:. London: Prospect Books. pp.
18687:from the original on 4 October 2023
18333:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16028:
16002:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15808:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15725:"Christianity and Manichaeism". In
15461:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
15090:
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13784:from the original on 22 August 2019
13344:Arkenberg, Rebecca (October 2002).
12476:
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11319:from the original on 9 January 2024
10015:, pp. 41, 49, 51, 52, 57, 58;
9850:10.17589/2309-8678-2018-6-2-118-133
8969:
8523:
8388:
8185:
5733:Statue of Constantine the Great in
5550:transmission of classical knowledge
5238:The 9th-century Persian geographer
4895:In the 720s, the Byzantine Emperor
4853:and in the Theodosian renaissance.
4050:with the spoken language, known as
2932:Coronation of the Byzantine emperor
1957:, who soon faced the opposition of
1903:, the main Byzantine stronghold in
1614:assumed power on behalf of her son
24:
19589:Versteegh, Cornelis H. M. (1977).
19365:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
18846:"The Case of the Missing Fish, or
18329:Papaioannou, Stratis, ed. (2021).
17306:10.1111/j.1467-9418.2007.00377_1.x
16663:Journal of Early Christian Studies
16471:from the original on 21 March 2022
16411:10.1093/oso/9780198815013.003.0003
16284:. London and New York: Routledge.
15907:Jeffreys, Michael. "Literacy". In
15645:Dingledy, Frederick (2 May 2019).
15526:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
15315:. London and New York: Routledge.
15292:(1979). Benedikz, Benedict (ed.).
15223:. London and New York: Routledge.
15051:Apostolides, Sophocles Evangelinos
14888:from the original on 13 April 2020
14822:
13877:from the original on 10 March 2018
13325:from the original on 1 August 2009
13281:from the original on 16 April 2016
13034:from the original on 13 March 2024
12980:, Icons and Iconoclasm, chapter 5.
12909:. New York: Phaidon. p. 115.
12860:. New York: Phaidon. p. 114.
12835:. New York: Phaidon. p. 108.
12588:Perry, Charles (31 October 2001).
12521:. London: Routledge. p. 185.
10777:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium
10502:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
8553:from the original on 8 August 2021
8531:Vasilʹev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
7897:
7862:
7806:
7399:, pp. 443, 447–449, 454–459;
6345:Aschenbrenner & Ransohoff 2022
6313:Aschenbrenner & Ransohoff 2022
5966:. He had married Andreas' sister,
5896:, the Empire of Trebizond and the
5873:Succession to the Byzantine Empire
5831:Mount Athos the monastic peninsula
5533:in Constantinople designed 537 by
3969:Distribution of Greek dialects in
3673:Population of the Byzantine Empire
2674:devastated the fort, allowing the
2309:
1977:Komnenian dynasty and the Crusades
1907:, was besieged in August 1068 and
1467:capture Constantinople in the 670s
900:as a stable currency. He favoured
617:by Latin armies at the end of the
606:. The empire recovered during the
25:
28100:
24774:United Provinces of Central Italy
21884:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
19824:
19631:from the original on 26 June 2020
19566:Vasiliev, Alexander Alexandrovich
19078:(2009). Shepard, Jonathan (ed.).
18934:from the original on 29 June 2024
18751:Slaveries of the First Millennium
18611:A Companion to the Latin Language
18504:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
18095:Cambridge History of Christianity
17744:McDonnell, Myles Anthony (2006).
17573:Crusades: The Illustrated History
17529:from the original on 21 June 2023
17319:The Origins of the Ottoman Empire
17109:The Economic History of Byzantium
17059:from the original on 5 March 2016
16188:from the original on 30 July 2016
15835:. "Food, Wine, and Feasting". In
15675:Cambridge History of Christianity
15628:Cambridge History of Christianity
14849:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus
14591:from the original on 28 June 2018
13842:The Beginnings of Western Science
13812:The Beginnings of Western Science
13686:from the original on 29 June 2006
13471:
13356:from the original on 7 March 2021
13055:, p. 524See also Chapter 16.
12648:, p. 2137, "Tzykanisterion".
12109:from the original on 7 April 2023
7758:from the original on 27 July 2020
6115:Family tree of Byzantine emperors
6012:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
5356:"sideways"), which resembled the
5136:exemplified a new focus on human
4863:; late 6th–7th century; gold, an
4614:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
3850:
3020:or riffs between states like the
1479:an empire in the northern Balkans
578:. In 698, Africa was lost to the
28029:1453 disestablishments in Europe
27986:
27969:
27952:
27935:
27918:
27890:
27878:
27866:
27854:
27842:
27776:Bibliography of European history
27371:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
23623:List of historic states of Italy
21923:
19909:Byzantine & Christian Museum
19439:Byzantium and its army: 284–1081
18789:The Fall of Constantinople, 1453
18526:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
18404:Canadian-American Slavic Studies
18076:from the original on 9 July 2023
17294:Reviews in Religion and Theology
16798:from the original on 29 May 2016
16762:from the original on 6 June 2023
16397:Garipzanov, Ildar (3 May 2018),
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14619:
14564:
14532:The Cambridge History of Judaism
14515:
13859:
13829:
13760:
13740:
13662:
13540:
13507:
13368:
13305:
13266:
13244:
13232:from the original on 9 June 2019
13015:
12898:
12849:
12824:
12799:
12772:
12743:
12710:
12698:from the original on 19 May 2023
12679:
12600:from the original on 27 May 2016
12581:
12510:
12417:from the original on 3 June 2022
12399:
12374:
12121:
12062:
12006:
11946:
11788:
11756:
11355:
11293:
11094:
11024:
10945:
10849:
10793:
10768:
10748:
10496:Howard-Johnston, James (2008b).
10489:
10432:
10113:
10074:
9915:
9828:
9783:
9634:
9005:
8963:
8884:
8830:
8785:
8746:
8699:
6266:
6257:
6242:
6207:
5165:
4849:undergone a short revival under
4706:
4663:
4631:
4536:
4527:
4516:
4507:
4424:Byzantines were avid players of
3927:
3918:
3632:that retook the capital and the
3624:Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)
2897:
2873:
2744:, all of modern Greece, Turkey,
2271:Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir
1751:, was tumultuous, as his mother
1344:
1333:
1266:Second Council of Constantinople
1158:
1149:
1032:, and by the formulation of the
986:in 388 and 394 respectively. He
532:, and other religious practices
27:Continuation of the Roman Empire
28064:Former countries in the Balkans
27801:History of Western civilization
27404:Christianity in the Middle Ages
24756:Provisional Government of Milan
20273:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
20095:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
19571:History of the Byzantine Empire
19414:(1997). "Chapter 5: Women". In
19200:Soloviev, Alexandre V. (1935).
18988:Shepard, Jonathan, ed. (1990).
18911:History of the Christian Church
17978:Neville, Leonora Alice (2004).
17852:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
17632:The Oxford history of Byzantium
17612:——— (2002b).
17396:——— (2002b).
17359:. In Laiou, Angeliki E. (ed.).
17202:——— (1990a).
16614:A Brief History of the Crusades
16378:; Whitton, Christopher (eds.).
16153:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
16031:The Journal of Economic History
15545:——— (2009).
15186:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
15119:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
12779:Hurmuziadis, George D. (1979).
12440:Entry written by Anna Gonosová.
12137:. London: Methuen. p. 232.
8850:Journal of the History of Ideas
8069:
6194:
6145:Outline of the Byzantine Empire
5695:
5579:. In the field of engineering,
5018:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
4920:was very rare except for small
4492:
4083:
4072:
3842:
3825:Slavery in the Byzantine Empire
3683:
3593:
3578:
3572:, appeared during the reign of
3520:
3483:
3460:
3368:
3353:
3295:
3254:
3222:
3205:
3195:
3175:
3060:
2987:
2950:
2740:. This encompassed most of the
2616:Constantinople. The efforts of
2305:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2003:Alexios I and the First Crusade
1856:(1031) by the Byzantines under
1730:, a military treatise; and the
1713:
1694:
1639:
1560:
1498:an era of political instability
1465:) repelled the Arab efforts to
1460:
1441:
1277:
1114:
1095:
1064:
1008:
969:
894:having been granted citizenship
871:
854:
737:History of the Byzantine Empire
656:
545:
523:
508:
28034:1453 disestablishments in Asia
27645:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
27588:Christianity in the modern era
27359:Christianity in late antiquity
23955:City of Fiume and its District
21358:Great Palace of Constantinople
21099:Patriarchate of Constantinople
20418:
19956:Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium
19338:Stephenson, Paul, ed. (2010).
18749:——— (2022).
18700:——— (2023).
18659:——— (2018).
18291:History of the Byzantine State
18169:——— (1982).
18056:——— (1993).
17712:. In Angeliki E. Laiou (ed.).
17708:Matschke, Klaus-Peter (2002).
17616:. In Angeliki E. Laiou (ed.).
17551:New Cambridge Medieval History
17400:. In Angeliki E. Laiou (ed.).
17250:——— (1999).
17164:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
17140:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
17096:Kazanaki-Lappa, Maria (2002).
16992:——— (2023).
16887:The Later Roman Empire 284–602
16537:——— (2017).
15587:——— (2002).
15568:——— (2006).
15443:——— (2022).
14884:Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
13938:, pp. 3, 76, 83–88, , 91.
13258:(6th ed.). Archived from
12688:"The History of Chogân (Polo)"
12686:Suren-Pahlav, Shapour (1998).
12557:Halsall, Paul (January 1996).
12301:, pp. 3, 45, 49–50, 231;
10834:, pp. 165, 521, 527–533;
10245:, pp. 17, 20–22, 178–179.
9180:, pp. 397, 407–409, 536;
8385:, pp. 11.1–11.2, 127–143.
7107:, pp. 364–367, 369, 372;
6167:
6150:Succession of the Roman Empire
6008:Succession of the Roman Empire
5445:Byzantine army (Komnenian era)
5223:Earliest known depiction of a
5008:—educated in an Ancient Greek
4446:Great Palace of Constantinople
3564:A new type of war galley, the
3441:Byzantine army (Komnenian era)
2503:took the city on 13 April 1204
1887:, the capital of the tagma of
1652:, ruling on behalf of her son
1546:(left), and his son and heir,
1361:at its territorial apex under
1028:, which was eventually deemed
952: The Western Roman Empire
592:a two-century-long renaissance
465:adoption of state Christianity
423:, was the continuation of the
13:
1:
28074:Former countries in West Asia
27796:History of the European Union
24390:County of Apulia and Calabria
23896:Campagna e Marittima Province
19437:Treadgold, Warren T. (1995).
19293:Roman Law in European History
18971:The Russian Empire, 1801–1917
18175:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
18029:"Byzantine political thought"
17629:Mango, Cyril A., ed. (2002).
16811:Johnston, David, ed. (2015).
16436:Histoire Mondiale de la Femme
16258:Theodosius: The Empire at Bay
15330:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002).
14157:, A United Church, chapter 1.
13723:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003
13603:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003
13516:World Music: A Global Journey
10305:, pp. 737, 794–796, 810.
10067:, pp. 119–121, 130–132;
6939:, pp. 298–299, 305–306;
6567:, pp. 114–118, 121–123;
6155:
6093:and Slavic-Orthodox culture.
6029:
5595:
5588:
5429:, Tympana and Cheirokymbala.
5092:
5065:
5043:
5031:Sayings of the Desert Fathers
4986:
4935:
4647:
4643:
4414:
4378:
4268:
3910:Languages of the Roman Empire
3890:Women in the Byzantine Empire
3666:
3289:due to its associations with
2921:
2909:
2885:
2864:
2807:. In the south and east were
2517:was elected emperor of a new
2484:
2281:
2274:
1918:disbanded what the historian
1860:and the counterattack by the
1683:
1628:in battle against the Bulgars
1387:, the Sassanids occupied the
764:
754:
25891:Frontiers and fortifications
21820:University of Constantinople
21401:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
20751:
20551:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
20240:Byzantine successor states (
19855:Resources in other libraries
19763:10.1017/cbo9780511496301.008
19217:Spawforth, A. J. S. (1993).
18390:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους
18381:Paparrigopoulos, Constantine
18152:A Short History of Byzantium
17948:10.1177/03058298060340030201
17385:Markis, George. "Ships". In
17273:Kean, Roger Michael (2006).
17159:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich
16230:10.1371/journal.pone.0208744
16108:10.1524/hzhz.1980.231.jg.101
16069:(1948). "Byzantine Art". In
15999:The Oxford Companion to Food
15944:(3). Project MUSE: 361–383.
15804:Cormack, Robin, ed. (2008).
15377:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2007).
14804:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998
14295:Berndt & Steinacher 2014
13867:"Greek fire | weaponry"
13473:Flood, William Henry Grattan
13022:Jones, Muffet (1 May 2020).
10801:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich
10122:Είχον οι Βυζαντινοί οικόσημα
7515:, pp. 482–483, 485–491.
7495:, pp. 473–474, 478–481.
6295:
6188:
5517:List of Byzantine inventions
5208:The ecclesiastical forms of
5055:Germanus I of Constantinople
4375:flavouring to their dishes.
3738:Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας
3711:University of Constantinople
3696:
3339:Byzantine flags and insignia
3043:in 829, between the emperor
2995:
2776:, and a small settlement in
2701:
2670:. In 1354, an earthquake at
2575:Mongol invasion in 1242–1243
2405:Fourth Crusade and aftermath
1818:, and the important city of
1100:) convinced the problematic
711:
694:
677:
7:
27755:Russian invasion of Ukraine
27366:Crisis of the Third Century
25950:Decorations and punishments
24792:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
24786:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
24738:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
23916:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
21985:
21490:Saint Catherine's Monastery
20546:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
20541:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
20039:
19690:Sieges: A Comparative Study
19359:Stolte, Bernard H. (1998).
18395:History of the Greek Nation
18154:. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin.
17915:Mitchell & Young (2006)
17011:Karras, Valerie A. (2004).
16337:. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
15745:Casiday & Norris (2007)
15736:Casiday & Norris (2007)
15727:Casiday & Norris (2007)
15715:Casiday & Norris (2007)
15706:Casiday & Norris (2007)
15694:Casiday & Norris (2007)
15294:The Varangians of Byzantium
13555:. Oxford University Press.
13399:The Organ: An Encyclopedia.
12905:Fortenberry, Diane (2017).
12856:Fortenberry, Diane (2017).
12831:Fortenberry, Diane (2017).
12590:"The Soy Sauce That Wasn't"
12087:10.13109/glot.2010.86.14.63
11382:10.25162/historia-2010-0013
9922:Stolte, Bernard H. (2019).
9853:(inactive 26 August 2024).
8891:Stertz, Stephen A. (1976).
6547:, pp. 92–99, 106–111;
6108:
6061:St. Cyril and St. Methodius
5755:Eastern Emperor Justinian I
5690:
5458:church of Saint Panteleimon
5300:in southern Italy, and the
5158:List of Byzantine composers
4719:Aristocracy and bureaucracy
4652:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
4273:
4166:reconquests of North Africa
3903:
3421:
1663:
1646:sea walls of Constantinople
1591:, which opposed the use of
1419:by the newly-formed Arabic
990:, confirmed the primacy of
988:actively condemned paganism
683:
560:devastating war with Persia
528:), Christianity became the
10:
28105:
28069:Former countries in Europe
28059:Former countries in Africa
27811:Military history of Europe
27806:Maritime history of Europe
26857:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
25432:historiography of the fall
24732:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
24726:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
24127:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
24097:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
24082:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
21879:Neo-Byzantine architecture
21843:
20500:Comes sacrarum largitionum
19921:Byzantine studies homepage
19714:. London: Evans Brothers.
19551:10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2022.010
18620:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30
17997:Nicholson, Graham (1960).
16938:"Late Antiquity Dissolves"
16781:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
16778:; Marín, Manuela (1994) .
16610:Hindley, Geoffrey (2004).
16520:Byzantium and the Crusades
15996:(2014). Jaine, Tom (ed.).
15754:Chitwood, Zachary (2017).
15489:Bussell, Frederick William
15221:The Medieval Greek Romance
15102:. New York: Random House.
15057:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms.
14817:
14627:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray
14143:Casiday & Norris 2007a
14116:Sághy & Schoolman 2017
13996:Casiday & Norris 2007a
13350:Metropolitan Museum of Art
13024:"9.1: Early Byzantine Art"
12381:Ball, Jennifer L. (2006).
12365:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12349:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12318:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12299:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12287:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12275:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12263:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12251:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12239:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12224:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
12207:Laiou & Morrisson 2007
11305:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
11202:, pp. 27–28, 175–176.
11021:, pp. 85–86, 94, 153.
10931:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
10883:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
10842:, pp. 19–20, 60, 71;
10081:Cernovodeanu, Dan (1982).
9770:MerrymanPérez-Perdomo 2007
9613:MerrymanPérez-Perdomo 2007
7908:MacGillivray Nicol, Donald
7870:MacGillivray Nicol, Donald
7511:, pp. 257, 259, 289;
6177:
6125:Legacy of the Roman Empire
6005:
5870:
5862:Legacy of the Roman Empire
5859:
5840:
5836:
5699:
5680:refugee Byzantine scholars
5649:National Historical Museum
5616:was the first to question
5506:
5500:
5491:classical Greek philosophy
5486:Eustathius of Thessalonica
5456:(1164), a fresco from the
5442:
5436:
5376:. Bagpipes, also known as
5344:. Other forms include the
5196:from a Byzantine villa in
5151:
5077:Ancient Greek philosophers
4961:. Although the Empire was
4946:List of Byzantine scholars
4939:
4689:
4496:
4382:
4312:
4308:
4277:
4140:
4134:
4130:
3907:
3887:
3822:
3818:
3767:
3753:
3700:
3670:
3661:
3621:
3532:
3430:
3336:
3151:
3096:Italian sketch of Emperor
3018:Turks against the Persians
3005:
2999:
2925:
2705:
2696:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2635:
2408:
2397:before 1204. According to
2313:
2302:
2299:Decline and disintegration
2126:
2033:attained full power under
2006:
1980:
1963:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1891:, was captured in 1060 by
1835:
1667:
1579:, made peace with the new
1515:
1511:
1428:Arab raids into Asia Minor
1134:
1130:
777:
734:
730:
660:
635:recovery of Constantinople
467:, and the predominance of
419:, also referred to as the
327:Late Middle Ages
32:Byzantine (disambiguation)
29:
27781:Genetic history of Europe
27763:
27568:
27384:
27324:
27291:
27238:External wars and battles
27105:
26999:
26812:
26404:
26397:
26319:
26231:
26136:
26011:
25963:
25841:
25791:
25730:
25721:
25603:
25555:
25475:
25392:
25362:
25353:
25335:
25279:
25258:
25246:
25243:
25236:
25233:
25215:
25205:
25188:
25181:
25179:
25145:
25133:
25124:
25115:
25110:
25082:
25065:
25036:
25021:
25016:
24995:
24990:
24978:
24968:
24956:
24946:
24928:
24925:
24915:
24910:
24905:
24898:
24844:Free Territory of Trieste
24704:
24634:
24573:
24556:
24480:
24417:
24380:
24362:Principality of Benevento
24354:
24331:
24276:
24265:
24207:
24177:
23929:
23879:
23833:
23764:
23751:
23714:
23629:
23487:
23421:
23373:
22890:
22294:
21993:
21953:
21948:Links to related articles
21906:
21849:
21838:
21759:
21659:
21617:
21562:
21507:
21462:
21449:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
21434:
21391:
21323:
21293:
21284:
21280:
21269:
21211:
21069:
21065:
21054:
20976:
20922:
20861:
20818:
20770:
20757:
20746:
20705:
20680:
20649:
20608:
20599:
20574:
20518:
20482:
20435:
20428:
20424:
20413:
20286:
20202:
20149:
20080:
20051:
20047:
20034:
19850:Resources in your library
19467:Stanford University Press
19396:. Indianapolis: Hackett.
19377:10.1179/byz.1998.22.1.264
19319:Stephenson, Paul (2000).
18704:. In Mullen, Alex (ed.).
18468:10.1017/9781782049104.037
17029:10.1017/S000964070010928X
16043:10.1017/S0022050700096947
15420:Browning, Robert (1992).
15413:10.1017/S0424208400006574
15401:Studies in Church History
14571:Russell, Eugenia (2013).
14541:10.1017/9781139048880.005
14187:Matthews & Platt 1997
13593:, pp. 179, 185, 190.
13273:Ecumenical Patriarchate.
12954:Matthews & Platt 1997
12930:Matthews & Platt 1997
12727:10.1163/9789004331334_014
12016:; Gaeng, Paul A. (1976).
11919:, pp. 560, 562–563;
11903:, pp. 114–115, 118;
11715:Grosdidier de Matons 1967
11561:, pp. 119, 122, 128.
11214:, pp. 141, 186, 342.
11043:10.1017/9781108646086.004
10657:, pp. 197, 384–385;
10593:, pp. 812, 860–861;
10514:10.1017/S030701310000536X
10439:MacGeorge, Penny (2002).
10265:, pp. 730–734, 737;
10229:, pp. 281, 432, 489.
10185:, pp. 421–422, 437;
9805:10.1515/9781846158124-009
9509:Longchamps de Berier 2014
9384:, pp. 134, 137, 143.
9056:, pp. 35, 189, 222;
9024:10.1017/9781009362504.003
7910:; Teall, John L. (2024).
7872:; Teall, John L. (2024).
7857:Hooper & Bennett 1996
7639:, pp. 493, 496–498;
7327:, pp. 443, 451–452;
6955:, pp. 210–211, 214;
6723:, pp. 209, 214–215;
6703:, pp. 193–196, 200;
6683:, pp. 91–92, 96–99;
6081:, by the Russian painter
5941:consider themselves heirs
5855:
5454:The Lamentation of Christ
5089:Symeon the New Theologian
3830:the state encouraged the
3758:Constantine IX Monomachos
3737:
3728:, sometimes known as the
3724:as their curriculum. The
2364:Stephen Nemanja of Serbia
2246:, Prince of Antioch, and
1573:a decisive victory in 740
1393:a siege of Constantinople
1286:, fearing the aggressive
1262:Chalcedonian Christianity
796:Four-way division of the
741:As the historiographical
621:; its former territories
500:Greek East and Latin West
395:
391:
381:
371:
361:
351:
341:
337:
332:
318:
314:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
242:
230:
218:
206:
194:
182:
178:
168:
158:
144:
129:
104:
89:
77:
53:
48:
41:
24907:Northwestern Mesopotamia
24750:Italian United Provinces
24102:Principality of Piombino
23891:Patrimony of Saint Peter
21023:Droungarios of the Fleet
19979:Constantinople Home Page
19880:De Imperatoribus Romanis
19485:
19465:. Stanford, California:
19302:10.1017/cbo9780511814723
19223:Journal of Roman Studies
18947:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994).
18563:Robert, Dana L. (2009).
18389:
18138:Noble & Smith (2008)
18126:Noble & Smith (2008)
18117:Noble & Smith (2008)
17277:. Shropshire: Thalamus.
16823:10.1017/cco9781139034401
16500:10.1525/ca.2017.36.2.183
15896:Howard-Johnston, James F
15783:Clark, Victoria (2000).
15546:
14525:(2018). "Byzantium". In
13478:The story of the bagpipe
12619:Jayyusi & Marín 1994
12517:Unwin, P. T. H. (2010).
11113:10.1017/cbo9781107279636
11101:Remijsen, Sofie (2015).
11087:, pp. 72, 94, 113;
10775:Rosser, John H. (2011).
9975:, pp. 54, 55, 56};
9708:, pp. 23, 132, 364.
9300:, pp. 122–123, 125.
8364:; Dickson, Gary (2024).
7734:"Caucasia and Byzantium"
7575:, pp. 292–293, 296.
6727:, pp. 153, 158–159.
6531:, pp. 31–33, 40–47.
6160:
5930:Principality of Theodoro
5898:Principality of Theodoro
5660:Callinicus of Heliopolis
5612:Alexandrian philosopher
5537:, the first compiler of
5433:12th-century renaissance
5147:
4672:Kunsthistorisches Museum
4646:425–430; mosaic; width:
3941:in the Coptic language (
3883:
2732:) in a line through the
2610:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2602:recapture Constantinople
2190:against the Norman King
1873:East-West Schism of 1054
1188:, 6th century, from the
1071:468 attempt to reconquer
60:The empire in 555 under
27786:History of Christianity
27233:Roman–Iranian relations
25708:Optimates and populares
24838:Italian Social Republic
24513:Principality of Taranto
24405:Principality of Taranto
24367:Principality of Salerno
24122:Bishopric of Tarantasia
23945:Bishopric of Bressanone
23862:Duchy of the Pentapolis
21537:Early Byzantine mosaics
20899:Domestic of the Schools
19645:Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew
18992:. Cambridge: Variorum.
18806:Sabo, Theodore (2018).
18730:Rotman, Youval (2009).
18486:10.7722/j.ctt1kgqt6m.41
18416:10.1163/221023991X00038
18346:(subscription required)
18207:Byzantium and the Slavs
17423:———;
16575:Herrin, Judith (2009).
16455:Halsall, Paul (2021) .
16311:Garland, Lynda (2006).
16168:Faas, Patrick (2005) .
16095:Historische Zeitschrift
15458:Encyclopædia Britannica
15016:Kitromilides, Paschalis
13926:, p. 3/14, Fig. 1.
13871:Encyclopedia Britannica
13549:"Byzantine instruments"
13318:Encyclopædia Britannica
11154:, pp. 71, 252–253.
10997:, pp. 39, 45, 85;
10958:The Classical Quarterly
9908:, pp. 4, 364–365;
9575:, pp. 14, 16, 28;
9507:, pp. 3–4, 8, 16;
9344:, pp. 25, 33, 35;
8753:Atkinson, J.E. (2000).
8370:Encyclopædia Britannica
8081:Encyclopedia Britannica
7916:Encyclopædia Britannica
7884:The Battle of Manzikert
7878:Encyclopædia Britannica
7817:The Battle of Manzikert
6282:Chalcedonian Definition
6237:Julio-Claudian emperors
6140:List of Roman dynasties
5953:Danubian Principalities
5764:Mosaic of Jesus in the
5702:History of Christianity
5678:". During this period,
5562:Eastern Orthodox Church
5083:were translated, while
4914:illuminated manuscripts
4487:
4409:in 480 and recorded by
4037:Novellae Constitutiones
3776:granting of citizenship
3528:
3453:). In the 6th century,
3426:
3400:to be an emblem of the
3161:has its origins in the
3047:and the Abbasid caliph
2660:six-year-long civil war
2652:siege of Constantinople
2631:
2620:and later his grandson
2391:Second Bulgarian Empire
2263:Battle of Myriokephalon
2210:and reconquered all of
2096:Eastern Orthodox Church
1585:campaigned successfully
1506:repel the 717–718 siege
1477:, who soon established
1292:Sasanian wars restarted
930:wars against barbarians
774:Early history (pre-518)
721:Laonikos Chalkokondyles
633:. Despite the eventual
27610:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
27243:Civil wars and revolts
26509:Sextus Pompeius Festus
26156:Conflict of the Orders
25515:Legislative assemblies
25067:Middle Hittite Kingdom
24744:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
24518:Terra Sancti Benedicti
24422:(from the 9th century)
24132:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
21854:Byzantine commonwealth
20616:Praetorian prefectures
20536:Logothetes tou genikou
20510:Quaestor sacri palatii
20505:Comes rerum privatarum
20278:Fall of Constantinople
20217:Sack of Constantinople
19961:14 August 2014 at the
19936:8 October 2014 at the
19897:The Stony Brook School
19895:by Lars Brownworth of
19688:Watson, Bruce (1993).
18882:Salzman, Michele Renee
18844:Salaman, Rena (1986).
17727:The Western Humanities
16746:Ivanič, Peter (2016).
16691:Howard-Johnston, James
16675:10.1353/earl.1998.0035
16440:World History of Women
16335:A History of Byzantium
16071:Baynes, Norman Hepburn
15238:Béhar, Pierre (1999).
14927:10.1093/monist/onab005
14911:Adams, Robert Merrihew
14058:, pp. xxx, xxxii.
12806:Hopkins, Owen (2014).
12134:Byzantine Civilisation
12069:Rance, Philip (2010).
11348:, pp. 37–38, 53;
10755:Demetrios Constantelos
10405:, pp. 16, 29–30;
10120:Τιπάλδος, Γ Ε (1926).
9451:, pp. 11, 13, 20.
8706:Maas, Michael (1986).
7740:; Crego, Paul (eds.).
6135:List of Byzantine wars
6085:
6079:The Baptism of Kievans
6071:
6035:
5894:Despotate of the Morea
5885:
5883:Fall of Constantinople
5826:Fall of Constantinople
5774:patristic Christianity
5769:
5738:
5719:
5652:
5542:
5473:
5235:
4963:linguistically diverse
4892:
4885:Antikensammlung Berlin
4685:
4618:Basilica of San Vitale
4569:Byzantine architecture
4499:Byzantine architecture
4421:
4389:1001 to 1600 in sports
4196:
3986:
3587:in the 670s, and when
3348:
3147:
3109:
3051:
2965:Praetorian prefectures
2845:to Adrianople (modern
2655:
2642:Fall of Constantinople
2638:Byzantine–Ottoman wars
2589:, would establish the
2501:. The crusaders again
2490:
2437:
2162:
2081:
2026:
1999:
1864:
1799:
1742:against the Bulgarians
1705:Paulicians of Tephrike
1689:
1682:The Byzantine Empire,
1551:
1417:of the Sassanid Empire
1407:soon saw the conquest
1405:early Muslim conquests
1397:defeated the Sassanids
1237:was destroyed in 554.
1190:Basilica of San Vitale
1073:the west, the warlord
1050:and exacted a massive
1017:, who constructed the
960:
809:
804:system established by
701:
643:fall of Constantinople
615:Sack of Constantinople
564:early Muslim conquests
492:increasingly Latinised
449:fall of Constantinople
27690:Industrial Revolution
26952:Simplicius of Cilicia
26704:Quintus Curtius Rufus
25933:Siege in Ancient Rome
25542:Executive magistrates
25190:Neo-Babylonian Empire
25023:Old Babylonian Empire
24938:Early Dynastic period
24762:Republic of San Marco
24544:Crown Colony of Malta
24372:Principality of Capua
24112:Marquisate of Saluzzo
23975:County of Santa Fiora
23637:Etruscan civilization
23398:Medieval great powers
21554:Komnenian renaissance
21549:Macedonian period art
21454:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
21426:Walls of Thessaloniki
20526:Logothetes tou dromou
20141:Twenty Years' Anarchy
20105:Valentinianic dynasty
20100:Constantinian dynasty
19692:. Westport: Praeger.
19536:Tussay, Ákos (2022).
19507:Tuori, Kaius (2016).
19038:Oikonomides, Nikolaos
18500:Rahner, Hugo (2013).
18089:Noble, Thomas F. X.;
17888:Mitchell, Margaret M.
17720:on 30 September 2013.
17624:on 30 September 2013.
17448:Lavan, Myles (2016).
17430:The Byzantine Economy
17418:on 30 September 2013.
17380:on 30 September 2013.
17208:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
16776:Jayyusi, Salma Khadra
16739:10.3366/j.ctt3fgt2d.9
16556:Harvey, Alan (2003).
16260:. London: Routledge.
16079:. Oxford: Clarendon.
15950:10.1353/tho.2001.0001
15789:. London: Macmillan.
15766:10.1017/9781316861547
15659:10.31228/osf.io/meq6c
15572:. Oxford: Blackwell.
15449:Lucas, Donald William
14936:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
14882:Dawes, Elizabeth A.S.
14453:, pp. 214, 223;
14429:, pp. xiii, xiv.
14056:Papaconstantinou 2016
14032:Papaconstantinou 2016
13524:10.4324/9781315692791
13346:"Renaissance Violins"
13187:, pp. 1236–1237.
13028:Humanities LibreTexts
11899:, pp. 263, 268;
11810:10.1017/9781108888387
11362:Harper, Kyle (2010).
11194:, pp. 111, 180;
11083:, pp. 138, 178;
10952:Adams, J. N. (2003).
10910:10.9783/9780812204889
10805:Wharton, Annabel Jane
10709:, pp. 310, 314;
10597:, pp. 989, 1024.
10581:, pp. 975, 1084.
10381:, pp. 399, 442;
10365:, pp. 562, 656;
9728:, pp. 25–32, 44.
8897:The Classical Journal
8712:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
8437:, pp. 150, 164;
7890:29 April 2016 at the
7823:29 April 2016 at the
7587:, pp. 292, 296;
6707:, pp. 94–95, 98.
6077:
6058:
6019:
5906:Demetrios Palaiologos
5880:
5763:
5742:Constantine the Great
5732:
5717:
5672:mathematical sciences
5647:, 10th–12th century,
5638:
5626:Scientific Revolution
5607:Archimedes Palimpsest
5603:Leo the Mathematician
5524:
5452:
5437:Further information:
5222:
5098:), including Symeon,
5051:Maximus the Confessor
4859:
4690:Further information:
4396:
4233:eastern Mediterranean
4178:
4141:Further information:
3968:
3908:Further information:
3888:Further information:
3823:Further information:
3768:Further information:
3701:Further information:
3610:and which superseded
3449:) and mobile forces (
3414:(also interpreted as
3346:
3302:complete codification
3118:James Howard-Johnston
3095:
3038:
2948:The reign of Phocas (
2680:John VI Kantakouzenos
2649:
2478:
2426:
2409:Further information:
2330:Andronikos I Komnenos
2161:(right), 12th century
2136:
2100:Roman Catholic Church
2071:
2016:
1990:
1924:Drungary of the Watch
1851:
1793:
1681:
1668:Further information:
1537:
1518:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1223:was subjugated in 534
946:
926:Valentinianic dynasty
910:Constantine's dynasty
826:eastern Mediterranean
795:
778:Further information:
625:into competing Greek
608:Komnenian restoration
105:Common languages
27745:European debt crisis
27740:European integration
27680:Age of Enlightenment
27520:Republic of Florence
26962:Stephanus Byzantinus
26867:Eusebius of Caesaria
26729:Sidonius Apollinaris
26419:Ammianus Marcellinus
25758:Tribune of the plebs
24917:Southern Mesopotamia
24912:Northern Mesopotamia
24558:French Revolutionary
24498:State of the Presidi
24222:Republic of Florence
24194:Domini di Terraferma
23844:Exarchate of Ravenna
23742:Western Roman Empire
23686:Nuragic civilization
23408:European colonialism
23393:Ancient great powers
21751:Units of measurement
21485:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
21378:Pammakaristos Church
21226:Corpus Juris Civilis
21177:Missionary activity
20636:Exarchate of Ravenna
20462:Imperial bureaucracy
19973:University of Vienna
19946:. Online sourcebook.
19891:18 July 2016 at the
19394:Byzantine Philosophy
18759:10.2307/j.ctv2175h0p
18583:Robins, Robert Henry
18148:Norwich, John Julius
17462:10.1093/pastj/gtv043
17314:Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat
17128:on 18 February 2012.
17073:Kartomi, Margaret J.
16618:. London: Robinson.
16149:Dowley, Tim (2018).
15424:The Byzantine Empire
14719:, pp. 4–5, 7–8.
14497:, pp. 187, 191.
14393:, pp. 214, 223.
14094:, pp. 418, 421.
14046:, pp. 538, 544.
13974:, pp. 200, 217.
13753:2 March 2022 at the
13381:22 June 2017 at the
13212:Ring, Trudy (1994).
13084:, pp. 1–2, 5–7.
12932:, pp. 181, 185.
12499:, pp. 184–185;
12170:, pp. 991–997;
11905:Wallace-Hadrill 1998
11677:, pp. 130–131;
11661:, pp. 126–127;
11621:, pp. 40, 592;
11605:, pp. 40, 592;
11545:, pp. 309, 313.
11246:, pp. 18, 179;
11170:, pp. 847–848;
11164:Wallace-Hadrill 1998
10565:, pp. 404, 408.
10547:Howard-Johnston 2008
10193:, pp. 430–431;
10189:, pp. 555–556;
10169:, pp. 454–455;
10137:, pp. 59, 194;
9776:, pp. 367–368;
9631:, pp. 356, 370.
9473:Howard-Johnston 2008
9425:Howard-Johnston 2008
9406:Howard-Johnston 2008
9256:, pp. 281–282;
9182:Howard-Johnston 2024
9152:, pp. 418, 421.
9148:, pp. 430–431;
9128:, pp. 306–308;
9078:Howard-Johnston 2024
9062:Howard-Johnston 2024
8320:Britannica Concise,
8279:, pp. 305–307;
8188:, pp. 289–290;
7715:, pp. 543–544;
7699:, pp. 540–543;
7675:, pp. 537–539;
7607:, pp. 522–524;
7567:, pp. 504–505;
7563:, pp. 265–266;
7547:, pp. 498–501;
7527:, pp. 491–495;
7479:, pp. 169–171;
7475:, pp. 470–473;
7443:, pp. 141–142;
7423:, pp. 459–561;
7419:, pp. 140–141;
7403:, pp. 258–261;
7383:, pp. 450–454;
7363:, pp. 385–385;
7359:, pp. 265–273;
7343:, pp. 444–445;
7323:, pp. 258–259;
7303:, pp. 137–138;
7283:, pp. 136–138;
7251:, pp. 257–258;
7227:, pp. 323–327;
7211:, pp. 315–316;
7111:, pp. 227–229;
7083:, pp. 287–293;
7079:, pp. 254–255;
7063:, pp. 226–227;
7055:, pp. 347–350;
7039:, pp. 232–235;
7035:, pp. 336–338;
7015:, pp. 124–127;
6975:, pp. 318–319;
6959:, pp. 117–118;
6935:, pp. 196–207;
6903:, pp. 193–194;
6863:, pp. 274–277;
6859:, pp. 111–114;
6843:, pp. 271–274;
6819:, pp. 269–271;
6815:, pp. 108–109;
6799:, pp. 257–258;
6775:, pp. 223–226;
6755:, pp. 220–221;
6719:, pp. 243–244;
6699:, pp. 242–243;
6679:, pp. 172–178;
6659:, pp. 165–167;
6627:, pp. 126–128;
6623:, pp. 240–241;
6607:, pp. 129–137;
6587:, pp. 128–129;
6563:, pp. 239–240;
6543:, pp. 337–338;
6523:, pp. 336–337;
6503:, pp. 335–337;
6463:, pp. 233–235;
6387:, pp. 190–191;
6331:, pp. 349–351;
6091:Renaissance humanism
5766:Pammakaristos Church
5618:Aristotelian physics
5513:Byzantine philosophy
5497:Science and medicine
5482:Renaissance humanism
5324:in 757. Pepin's son
5254:(probably a type of
5214:ancient Greek system
5036:Apophthegmata Patrum
5006:Greek Church Fathers
4951:Byzantine literature
4942:Byzantine literature
4556:Anthemius of Tralles
4361:Liutprand of Cremona
4147:Sino-Roman relations
4044:Nikolaos Oikonomides
4032:Corpus Juris Civilis
3703:Byzantine university
3618:Late era (1204–1453)
3275:Corpus Juris Civilis
3249:Corpus Juris Civilis
3242:Corpus Juris Civilis
3220:, when Justinian I (
3217:Corpus Juris Civilis
3141:Nikolaos Oikonomides
3100:during his visit in
3030:Bureau of Barbarians
3026:Aghlabids in Siciliy
2549:, was created after
2372:sacking Thessalonica
2368:William II of Sicily
2248:Amalric of Jerusalem
2232:Kingdom of Jerusalem
2157:(left) and his wife
2110:and launch an armed
2043:captured Dyrrhachium
1959:Nikephoros Bryennios
1812:reconquests of Crete
1761:Simeon I of Bulgaria
1589:Byzantine Iconoclasm
1316:reopened hostilities
1254:a devastating plague
1205:Corpus Juris Civilis
963:Valens's successor,
938:Battle of Adrianople
884:, which was renamed
846:the third century AD
840:enjoyed a period of
556:appearance of plague
421:Eastern Roman Empire
66:Western Roman Empire
28024:330s establishments
27710:Revolutions of 1848
27640:Early modern France
27421:Anglo-Saxon England
27326:Classical antiquity
27138:Distinguished women
26789:Velleius Paterculus
26629:Nicolaus Damascenus
26609:Marcellus Empiricus
25998:Republican currency
25171:Neo-Assyrian Empire
25085:Bronze Age Collapse
25018:Old Hittite Kingdom
24992:Old Assyrian period
24970:Third Dynasty of Ur
24832:Free State of Fiume
24780:Kingdom of Sardinia
24523:Neapolitan Republic
24471:Kingdom of Sardinia
24466:Republic of Sassari
24294:Catepanate of Italy
24217:Republic of Cospaia
24040:Duchy of Montferrat
24035:March of Montferrat
23970:County of Guastalla
23870:Exarchate of Africa
23481:History of Anatolia
23403:Modern great powers
21275:Culture and society
21138:Ecumenical councils
20641:Exarchate of Africa
20631:Quaestura exercitus
20495:Magister officiorum
20490:Praetorian prefects
20133:Byzantine Dark Ages
19886:12 Byzantine Rulers
19341:The Byzantine World
19172:, pp. 292–304.
19163:, pp. 493–536.
19139:, pp. 221–248.
19115:, pp. 365–394.
19103:, pp. 251–291.
18667:(1/2018): 107–128.
18665:Lingue e Linguaggio
18364:, pp. 682–706.
18355:, pp. 162–179.
18285:Ostrogorsky, George
18246:10.12681/byzsym.857
18233:Byzantina Symmeikta
18172:A History of Venice
18128:, pp. 213–229.
18006:Theological Studies
17917:, pp. 538–551.
17683:, pp. 248–283.
16963:Fibiger Bang, Peter
16853:, pp. 355–373.
16844:, pp. 119–148.
16717:du Plessis, Paul J.
16585:10.2307/j.ctv6zdbvf
16487:Classical Antiquity
16331:Gregory, Timothy E.
16221:2018PLoSO..1308744F
15747:, pp. 296–314.
15729:, pp. 279–295.
15717:, pp. 413–433.
15708:, pp. 403–428.
15696:, pp. 118–148.
15453:Mackridge, Peter A.
15189:. London: Profile.
15154:Babuin, A. (2001).
15098:A Byzantine Journey
15031:, pp. 371–403.
15022:, pp. 187–209.
14978:. London: Longman.
14779:, pp. 161–162.
14743:, pp. 186–277.
14707:, pp. 277–281.
14654:Üre, Pinar (2020).
14473:, pp. 342–343.
14369:, pp. 213–215.
14249:, pp. 366–367.
14237:, pp. 293–294.
13986:, pp. 192–193.
13768:Wildberg, Christian
13679:Library of Congress
13620:, pp. 198–208.
13416:30 May 2016 at the
13140:, pp. 162–163.
13124:, pp. 101–105.
13012:, pp. 389–555.
12674:Kazanaki-Lappa 2002
12636:, pp. 202–205.
12336:, pp. 805–806.
12043:, pp. 403–440.
11665:, pp. 309–314.
11645:, pp. 118–119.
11543:Stathakopoulos 2008
11497:, pp. 464–465.
11429:, pp. 467–468.
11352:, pp. 461–462.
11266:, pp. 473–474.
11073:FriellWilliams 2005
11001:, p. 234–235;
10970:10.1093/cq/53.1.184
10964:(1): 185–186, 205.
10711:Stathakopoulos 2023
10707:Stathakopoulos 2008
10691:Stathakopoulos 2008
10681:, pp. 931–932.
10675:Stathakopoulos 2008
10663:Stathakopoulos 2008
10645:, pp. 558–559.
10441:Late Roman warlords
10353:, pp. 905–906.
10337:, pp. 825–826.
10289:, pp. 735–736.
10031:, p. 16,41-42.
9995:, pp. 58, 61;
9971:, pp. 40, 44;
9837:Russian Law Journal
9603:, pp. 123–126.
9511:, pp. 217–218.
9360:, pp. 33, 35;
9324:, pp. 25, 36;
9272:, pp. 122–123.
8846:"Order and History"
8690:Stathakopoulos 2023
8678:Stathakopoulos 2023
8666:Stathakopoulos 2023
8651:Stathakopoulos 2023
8623:Stathakopoulos 2023
8327:6 July 2007 at the
8267:, pp. 294–295.
8192:, pp. 241–243.
8164:, pp. 185–186.
7803:, pp. 548–549.
7719:, pp. 505–507.
7663:, pp. 534–535.
7611:, pp. 455–458.
7535:, pp. 273–274.
7463:, pp. 464–469.
7427:, pp. 284–287.
7407:, pp. 253–254.
7387:, pp. 140–141.
7347:, pp. 275–276.
7331:, pp. 255–260.
7291:, pp. 438–440.
7255:, pp. 134–135.
7235:, pp. 232–233.
7215:, pp. 239–240.
7199:, pp. 230–231.
7135:, pp. 229–230.
7115:, pp. 397–400.
7087:, pp. 351–355.
7003:, pp. 220–222.
6943:, pp. 207–208.
6923:, pp. 298–301.
6907:, pp. 252–253.
6887:, pp. 202–209.
6847:, pp. 114–119.
6827:, pp. 178–180.
6779:, pp. 164–173.
6759:, pp. 162–164.
6739:, pp. 243–246.
6359:, pp. 352–357.
6041:19th-century Greece
5968:Sophia Palaiologina
5945:Orthodox Christians
5867:Political aftermath
5737:, Italy (Retouched)
5676:Italian Renaissance
5569:classical antiquity
5142:Italian Renaissance
5040:Byzantine Dark Ages
4930:Italian Renaissance
4851:Julian the Apostate
4554:, Turkey), 537, by
4480:), and the Whites (
4201:Plague of Justinian
4191:during the period.
3398:Double-headed eagle
3375:monogrammatic cross
3237:Novellae (New Laws)
3137:Michael Palaiologos
3041:John the Grammarian
3002:Byzantine diplomacy
2849:), Serdica (modern
2604:in 1261 and defeat
2547:Empire of Trebizond
2543:Despotate of Epirus
2530:took the title of "
2521:, and the Venetian
2515:Baldwin of Flanders
2356:Béla III of Hungary
2322:Alexios II Komnenos
2216:Raymond of Poitiers
2104:Council of Clermont
2087:Council of Piacenza
2063:Battle of Levounion
2039:Bohemund of Taranto
1944:Battle of Manzikert
1928:Michael Attaleiates
1785:defeat at Manzikert
1399:in 627, this was a
1235:Ostrogothic Kingdom
1211:the 532 Nika revolt
1176:), and the general
992:Nicene Christianity
906:he had converted to
814:series of conflicts
663:Names of the Greeks
651:early modern period
600:Battle of Manzikert
552:Mediterranean coast
496:Hellenistic culture
486:During the earlier
457:Mediterranean world
62:Justinian the Great
28019:286 establishments
27816:Crusading movement
27720:Russian Revolution
27555:Hundred Years' War
27451:Maritime republics
27354:Early Christianity
27344:Hellenistic period
27301:Paleolithic Europe
26912:Phlegon of Tralles
26719:Seneca the Younger
26193:Naming conventions
25923:Personal equipment
25456:Later Roman Empire
25027:Southern Akkadians
24934:Jemdet Nasr period
24662:Lucca and Piombino
24539:Malta Protectorate
24503:Duke of San Donato
24257:Republic of Ancona
24179:Republic of Venice
24092:Duchy of Mirandola
23980:Duchy of Guastalla
23818:Duchy of Tridentum
23798:Duchy of Benevento
23765:Barbarian kingdoms
21692:Flags and insignia
21338:Baths of Zeuxippus
21221:Codex Theodosianus
21111:Oriental Orthodoxy
20069:Later Roman Empire
19416:Cavallo, Guglielmo
19412:Talbot, Alice-Mary
19127:, pp. 97–129.
19109:Kaegi, Walter Emil
19008:Kazhdan, Alexander
18967:Seton-Watson, Hugh
18542:Rice, David Talbot
18441:10.18573/jlarc.117
18371:Papaioannou (2021)
18362:Papaioannou (2021)
18353:Papaioannou (2021)
18225:Oikonomides, Nikos
18203:Obolensky, Dimitri
18091:Smith, Julia M. H.
17454:Past & Present
17350:Laiou, Angeliki E.
17105:Laiou, Angeliki E.
16896:Kaldellis, Anthony
16713:Humfress, Caroline
16633:Hooper, Nicholas;
16465:Fordham University
15723:Lieu, Samuel N. C.
15538:10.1017/byz.2015.4
15266:Steinacher, Roland
14831:Choniates, Nicetas
14523:De Lange, Nicholas
14457:, p. intro.;
14345:, pp. 54, 60.
12883:, pp. xix–xx.
12569:on 17 October 2014
12413:. 15 August 2024.
12055:, pp. 25–26;
11883:, pp. 97–98;
11859:, pp. 97–98;
11717:, pp. 23–25;
11278:, pp. 30–31;
11234:, pp. 16, 19.
11178:, pp. 97–98;
11166:, pp. 79–91;
10846:, pp. 32, 34.
10661:, pp. 21–22;
10019:, pp. 52, 77.
9772:, pp. 10–11;
9744:, pp. 32–35;
9740:, pp. 97–98;
9595:, pp. 33–35;
9523:, pp. 14, 16.
9404:, pp. 28–29;
9396:, pp. 7, 10;
8932:, pp. 11, 15.
8819:, pp. 64–65;
8453:, pp. 33, 41.
8293:Vasiliev 1928–1935
8077:"John II Comnenus"
7912:"Byzantine Empire"
7882:; Markham, Paul. "
7874:"Byzantine Empire"
7837:Vasiliev 1928–1935
7099:, pp. 56–58;
6839:, pp. 43–45;
6527:, pp. 81–84;
6487:, pp. 16–20;
6467:, pp. 17–18;
6447:, pp. 16–17;
6215:George Ostrogorsky
6086:
6072:
6036:
6022:Christ Pantocrator
6002:Cultural aftermath
5996:Russian Revolution
5990:as the successive
5970:, whose grandson,
5962:, Grand Prince of
5902:Thomas Palaiologos
5886:
5794:Church of the East
5790:Oriental Orthodoxy
5770:
5739:
5720:
5653:
5581:Isidore of Miletus
5573:ancient philosophy
5543:
5535:Isidore of Miletus
5529:, the patriarchal
5509:Byzantine medicine
5474:
5322:King of the Franks
5236:
5104:Theodore Prodromos
4893:
4881:Constantinopolitan
4560:Isidore of Miletus
4422:
4385:Sports before 1001
4351:and the eponymous
4197:
3992:Hellenistic period
3987:
3707:Byzantine rhetoric
3690:Macedonian dynasty
3628:The rulers of the
3479:Macedonian dynasty
3433:Eastern Roman army
3394:Alexandre Soloviev
3349:
3333:Flags and insignia
3212:Codex Theodosianus
3110:
3054:Ancient historian
3052:
2825:Caucasus mountains
2656:
2491:
2470:Alexios IV Angelos
2438:
2399:Alexander Vasiliev
2345:George Ostrogorsky
2252:Kingdom of Hungary
2204:Danishmend Emirate
2192:Roger II of Sicily
2163:
2082:
2065:on 28 April 1091.
2049:and laid siege to
2027:
2000:
1909:fell in April 1071
1865:
1800:
1776:Kingdom of Georgia
1733:Book of the Eparch
1690:
1552:
1421:Rashidun Caliphate
1231:then invaded Italy
1079:Romulus Augustulus
1046:, who ravaged the
1035:Codex Theodosianus
998:, and established
961:
914:a lengthy conflict
842:relative stability
810:
588:Macedonian dynasty
576:Rashidun Caliphate
443:in the 5th century
121:Regional languages
27830:
27829:
27824:
27823:
27750:COVID-19 pandemic
27695:French Revolution
27670:Habsburg monarchy
27650:Cossack Hetmanate
27630:Portuguese Empire
27620:Absolute monarchy
27615:Thirty Years' War
27510:Holy Roman Empire
27435:Bulgarian Empire
27394:Early Middle Ages
27311:Bronze Age Europe
27285:History of Europe
27251:
27250:
27213:Pontifices maximi
26995:
26994:
26852:Diogenes Laërtius
26674:Pliny the Younger
26429:Asconius Pedianus
26389:Romance languages
26261:Civil engineering
26003:Imperial currency
25876:Political control
25837:
25836:
25471:
25470:
25294:
25293:
25289:
25288:
25217:Macedonian Empire
25207:Achaemenid Empire
25080:c. 1200–1150 BCE
25063:c. 1400–1200 BCE
25034:c. 1600–1400 BCE
25014:c. 1800–1600 BCE
24976:c. 2000–1800 BCE
24966:c. 2100–2000 BCE
24954:c. 2200–2100 BCE
24944:c. 2350–2200 BCE
24923:c. 3500–2350 BCE
24857:
24856:
24853:
24852:
24700:
24699:
24667:Massa and Carrara
24552:
24551:
24529:Hospitaller Malta
24488:Kingdom of Naples
24482:Kingdom of Sicily
24413:
24412:
24323:Duchy of Sorrento
24242:Republic of Genoa
24237:Republic of Siena
24232:Republic of Massa
24227:Republic of Lucca
23960:County of Gorizia
23950:Corsican Republic
23931:Holy Roman Empire
23589:
23588:
23447:
23446:
23369:
23368:
23334:Polish–Lithuanian
22509:Gurjara-Pratihara
21940:
21939:
21902:
21901:
21859:Byzantine studies
21834:
21833:
21830:
21829:
21645:Alexander Romance
21503:
21502:
21480:Nea Moni of Chios
21343:Blachernae Palace
21265:
21264:
21261:
21260:
21231:Code of Justinian
21079:Eastern Orthodoxy
21050:
21049:
21046:
21045:
20972:
20971:
20846:Scholae Palatinae
20742:
20741:
20738:
20737:
20707:Foreign relations
20701:
20700:
20595:
20594:
20409:
20408:
20405:
20404:
20208:(1204–1453)
19899:; audio lectures.
19831:Library resources
19808:978-0-19-887345-7
19772:978-0-521-81703-5
19721:978-0-2374-5645-0
19699:978-0-2759-4034-8
19624:978-0-520-01597-5
19600:978-9-0040-4855-3
19593:. Leiden: Brill.
19581:978-0-2998-0925-6
19528:978-0-19-874445-0
19499:978-9-6023-2594-0
19457:Treadgold, Warren
19448:978-0-8047-3163-8
19429:978-0-226-09791-6
19403:978-0-8722-0563-5
19351:978-1-136-72787-0
19330:978-0-5217-7017-0
19311:978-0-521-64372-6
19279:978-1-350-23340-9
19157:Shepard, Jonathan
19091:978-0-5117-5670-2
19076:Shepard, Jonathan
18980:978-0-1982-2152-4
18958:978-0-295-97290-9
18924:978-1-61025-043-6
18873:978-0-907325-16-1
18836:978-963-386-256-8
18817:978-1-5275-0959-7
18798:978-0-521-39832-9
18768:978-1-64189-172-1
18741:978-0-674-03611-6
18715:978-0-19-888729-4
18596:978-3-11-013574-9
18574:978-0-631-23619-1
18533:978-0-312-26658-5
18511:978-1-68149-099-1
18477:978-1-78204-910-4
18385:Karolidis, Pavlos
18340:978-0-19-935176-3
18321:978-1-4094-5738-1
18302:978-0-8135-1198-6
18276:978-0-8308-1505-0
18216:978-0-88141-008-2
18182:978-0-394-52410-8
18161:978-0-14-025960-5
18140:, pp. 46–64.
18104:978-1-139-05422-5
18048:978-0-52-142388-5
17989:978-0-521-83865-8
17905:978-1-139-05483-6
17835:978-0-520-24703-1
17811:978-0-8232-0967-5
17776:978-0-8047-5568-9
17755:978-0-521-82788-1
17659:Treadgold, Warren
17642:978-0-19-814098-6
17604:978-0-521-52653-1
17582:978-0-472-03127-6
17569:Madden, Thomas F.
17509:978-88-495-2825-1
17488:978-1-139-02472-3
17440:978-0-521-84978-4
17425:Morrisson, Cécile
17329:978-0-7914-0819-3
17284:978-1-902886-07-7
17265:978-960-371-010-3
17174:978-0-19-504652-6
17150:978-0-19-504652-6
17098:"Medieval Athens"
17088:978-0-226-42548-1
16928:978-0-88402-484-2
16909:978-0-521-87688-9
16873:978-0-19-027753-6
16832:978-0-521-89564-4
16791:978-90-04-09599-1
16730:978-0-7486-6817-5
16650:978-0-521-44049-3
16625:978-1-84119-766-1
16594:978-0-691-14369-9
16567:978-0-521-52190-1
16548:978-1-4742-5466-3
16529:978-1-78093-767-0
16389:978-1-108-36330-3
16366:978-90-04-15309-7
16344:978-1-4051-8471-7
16322:978-0-7546-5737-8
16291:978-0-415-14688-3
16267:978-1-135-78262-7
16181:978-0-226-23347-5
16160:978-1-5064-4597-7
16141:978-1-58839-114-8
16009:978-0-19-967733-7
15973:978-960-527-747-5
15868:. "The Army". In
15815:978-0-1917-4352-8
15796:978-0-312-23396-9
15775:978-1-107-18256-1
15579:978-1-4051-9833-2
15560:978-960-453-529-3
15480:978-1-4021-9046-9
15435:978-0-8132-0754-4
15388:978-0-307-42348-1
15369:978-3-515-02876-9
15341:978-90-04-11710-5
15334:. Leiden: Brill.
15322:978-0-415-16111-4
15281:978-1-4094-4659-0
15253:978-2-84321-015-0
15230:978-0-415-12032-6
15196:978-1-84765-441-0
15109:978-1-84511-307-0
15083:978-0-88402-484-2
15064:978-3-487-05765-1
15037:Shepard, Jonathan
14985:978-0-582-29468-4
14903:Secondary sources
14858:978-0-231-04080-8
14845:Cinnamus, Ioannes
14693:Seton-Watson 1967
14667:978-1-78831-012-3
14640:978-0-521-43991-6
14584:978-1-4411-5584-9
14550:978-0-521-51724-9
14495:Kitromilides 2006
14483:Kitromilides 2006
14405:, p. intro..
14285:, pp. 30–32.
13924:Fousek et al 2018
13897:Partington, J. R.
13746:Alexander Jones,
13672:(27 April 2006).
13570:978-0-19-866262-4
13533:978-1-317-43437-5
13488:978-1-176-34422-8
13481:. Рипол Классик.
13407:978-0-415-94174-7
13275:"Byzantine Music"
13252:"Byzantine Music"
13225:978-1-884964-03-9
13106:Papaioannou 2021a
13082:Papaioannou 2021a
12992:, pp. 62–64.
12916:978-0-7148-7502-6
12867:978-0-7148-7502-6
12842:978-0-7148-7502-6
12817:978-1-78067-163-5
12736:978-90-04-33133-4
12594:Los Angeles Times
12528:978-0-415-14416-2
12465:Dalby et al. 2013
12392:978-1-4039-6700-8
12253:, pp. 29–30.
12027:978-0-06-013312-2
12003:, pp. 12–13.
11967:978-0-670-02098-0
11907:, pp. 80–83.
11887:, pp. 12–13.
11819:978-1-108-88838-7
11721:, pp. 11–39.
11689:, pp. 40–41.
11122:978-1-107-27963-6
11052:978-1-108-64608-6
10919:978-0-8122-4354-3
10871:978-2-35613-061-7
10763:978-0-89241-588-5
10450:978-0-19-925244-2
10110:, pp. 38–39.
9979:, pp. 7, 27.
9814:978-1-84615-812-4
9599:, pp. 2–14;
9555:, pp. 2–14;
9491:, pp. 74–77.
9463:, pp. 20–21.
9260:, pp. 65–67.
9244:, pp. 61–66.
9132:, pp. 82–83.
9033:978-1-009-36250-4
8991:978-0-19-872868-9
8803:978-94-024-1663-3
8680:, pp. 30–31.
8653:, pp. 29–30.
8598:, pp. 84–85.
8586:, pp. 84–86.
8546:978-0-299-80925-6
8362:Madden, Thomas F.
8066:, pp. 95–97.
8030:, pp. 74–75.
7751:978-1-351-92326-2
6663:, pp. 87–90.
6631:, pp. 71–74.
6611:, pp. 74–75.
6571:, pp. 63–67.
6551:, pp. 52–62.
6491:, pp. 39–40.
6471:, pp. 14–18.
6251:Anthony Kaldellis
6233:Anthony Kaldellis
6186:
5798:Eastern Orthodoxy
5558:Renaissance Italy
5546:Byzantine science
5503:Byzantine science
5304:in Dalmatia. The
5116:Byzantine romance
4846:
4845:
4700:Byzantine culture
4315:Byzantine cuisine
4137:Byzantine economy
4068:Romance languages
3877:Anthony Kaldellis
3813:Anthony Kaldellis
3677:From the rule of
3475:Anthony Kaldellis
3455:Anthony Kaldellis
3379:Theodosian period
3358:) introduced the
3259:) to develop the
3123:Alexander Kazhdan
3114:Dimitri Obolensky
3080:Evangelos Chrysos
3022:Umayyads in Spain
3014:Dimitri Obolensky
2857:and Antioch. The
2556:, commanding the
2511:Niketas Choniates
2442:Pope Innocent III
2256:Battle of Sirmium
2228:Manuel I Komnenos
2176:Holy Roman Empire
2031:Komnenian dynasty
1995:, founder of the
1581:Abbasid Caliphate
1487:another civil war
1483:Umayyad Caliphate
1320:a major rebellion
623:were then divided
580:Umayyad Caliphate
413:
412:
304:• 1449–1453
292:• 1261–1282
280:• 1143–1180
268:• 1081–1118
16:(Redirected from
28096:
28054:Christian states
28014:Byzantine Empire
27999:
27991:
27990:
27989:
27982:
27974:
27973:
27972:
27965:
27957:
27956:
27955:
27948:
27940:
27939:
27938:
27931:
27923:
27922:
27921:
27911:
27905:Byzantine Empire
27895:
27894:
27883:
27882:
27881:
27871:
27870:
27861:Byzantine Empire
27859:
27858:
27857:
27847:
27846:
27845:
27838:
27685:Great Divergence
27600:Age of Discovery
27545:Late Middle Ages
27515:High Middle Ages
27426:Byzantine Empire
27409:Christianization
27399:Migration Period
27334:Classical Greece
27306:Neolithic Europe
27278:
27271:
27264:
27255:
27254:
27203:Magistri equitum
27118:Cities and towns
27111:
27037:Constantinopolis
26847:Diodorus Siculus
26779:Valerius Maximus
26714:Seneca the Elder
26634:Nonius Marcellus
26402:
26401:
25955:Hippika gymnasia
25918:Infantry tactics
25824:Consular tribune
25814:Magister equitum
25763:Military tribune
25728:
25727:
25688:Pontifex maximus
25683:Princeps senatus
25673:Magister militum
25439:Byzantine Empire
25360:
25359:
25321:
25314:
25307:
25298:
25297:
25267:Byzantine Empire
25142:Middle Babylonia
25108:c. 1150–911 BCE
24901:
24900:
24884:
24877:
24870:
24861:
24860:
24818:Kingdom of Italy
24805:
24804:
24571:
24570:
24400:County of Sicily
24395:County of Aversa
24318:Byzantine Sicily
24304:Theme of Lucania
24274:
24273:
24252:Republic of Pisa
24247:Republic of Noli
24117:Duchy of Spoleto
24087:Duchy of Merania
23985:Kingdom of Italy
23911:Duchy of Ferrara
23856:Duchy of Perugia
23835:Byzantine Empire
23813:Duchy of Spoleto
23780:Ostrogothic rule
23762:
23761:
23630:Pre-Roman period
23616:
23609:
23602:
23593:
23592:
23474:
23467:
23460:
23451:
23450:
23250:
23249:
22915:Austro-Hungarian
22615:Chagatai Khanate
21980:
21973:
21966:
21957:
21956:
21944:
21943:
21927:
21840:
21839:
21783:Imperial Library
21729:Byzantine Greeks
21470:Daphni Monastery
21421:Panagia Chalkeon
21416:Hagios Demetrios
21383:Prison of Anemas
21333:Basilica Cistern
21291:
21290:
21282:
21281:
21271:
21270:
21126:West Syriac Rite
21116:Alexandrian Rite
21067:
21066:
21060:Religion and law
21056:
21055:
20991:Maritime themata
20947:Palaiologan army
20800:Military manuals
20768:
20767:
20759:
20758:
20748:
20747:
20606:
20605:
20582:Megas logothetes
20433:
20432:
20426:
20425:
20415:
20414:
20288:By modern region
20209:
20156:
20155:(717–1204)
20087:
20049:
20048:
20036:
20035:
20027:Byzantine Empire
20020:
20013:
20006:
19997:
19996:
19971:. Hosted by the
19865:Byzantine Empire
19836:Byzantine Empire
19819:
19817:
19815:
19783:
19781:
19779:
19744:
19725:
19703:
19684:
19682:
19680:
19640:
19638:
19636:
19604:
19585:
19561:
19559:
19553:. Archived from
19544:
19532:
19503:
19480:
19452:
19433:
19407:
19388:
19355:
19334:
19315:
19283:
19264:
19213:
19196:
19173:
19164:
19152:
19140:
19128:
19116:
19104:
19095:
19069:
19057:
19045:
19033:
19024:
19015:
19003:
18984:
18962:
18943:
18941:
18939:
18933:
18916:
18901:
18877:
18840:
18821:
18802:
18785:Runciman, Steven
18780:
18745:
18726:
18724:
18722:
18696:
18694:
18692:
18655:
18653:
18651:
18631:
18600:
18578:
18559:
18537:
18520:Read, Piers Paul
18515:
18496:
18494:
18492:
18452:
18419:
18398:
18374:
18373:, pp. 1–18.
18365:
18356:
18347:
18344:
18325:
18306:
18294:
18280:
18258:
18248:
18220:
18198:
18196:
18194:
18165:
18141:
18129:
18120:
18119:, pp. 1–18.
18108:
18085:
18083:
18081:
18052:
18025:Nicol, Donald M.
18020:
18018:
18003:
17993:
17974:
17973:on 27 July 2020.
17972:
17966:. Archived from
17933:
17925:Neumann, Iver B.
17918:
17909:
17883:
17839:
17815:
17803:
17793:Meyendorff, John
17788:
17759:
17740:
17721:
17702:
17693:
17684:
17675:
17666:
17654:
17625:
17608:
17586:
17564:
17538:
17536:
17534:
17513:
17492:
17473:
17444:
17419:
17414:. Archived from
17390:
17381:
17379:
17373:. Archived from
17358:
17345:
17343:
17341:
17309:
17288:
17269:
17257:
17246:
17244:
17242:
17196:
17190:
17183:Browning, Robert
17178:
17154:
17129:
17127:
17121:. Archived from
17102:
17092:
17068:
17066:
17064:
17007:
16988:
16971:Scheidel, Walter
16957:
16955:
16953:
16932:
16913:
16891:
16877:
16854:
16845:
16836:
16807:
16805:
16803:
16771:
16769:
16767:
16742:
16708:
16686:
16654:
16635:Bennett, Matthew
16629:
16617:
16606:
16571:
16552:
16533:
16516:Harris, Jonathan
16511:
16480:
16478:
16476:
16451:
16430:
16429:
16427:
16393:
16370:
16348:
16326:
16307:
16305:
16303:
16271:
16252:
16242:
16232:
16215:(12): e0208744.
16197:
16195:
16193:
16164:
16145:
16133:
16119:
16102:(H 1): 101–109.
16088:
16062:
16025:
16023:
16021:
15989:
15987:
15985:
15953:
15930:
15921:
15912:
15903:
15891:
15882:
15873:
15861:
15849:
15840:
15828:
15819:
15800:
15779:
15748:
15739:
15738:, pp. 7–51.
15730:
15718:
15709:
15702:Drake, Harold A.
15697:
15688:
15669:
15667:
15665:
15641:
15622:
15620:
15618:
15583:
15564:
15541:
15520:
15498:
15484:
15462:
15439:
15427:
15416:
15392:
15373:
15350:Bleicken, Jochen
15345:
15326:
15307:
15285:
15262:Berndt, Guido M.
15257:
15234:
15217:Beaton, Roderick
15212:
15210:
15208:
15175:
15150:
15113:
15101:
15087:
15068:
15044:
15043:, pp. 1–52.
15032:
15023:
15011:
14989:
14967:
14930:
14897:
14895:
14893:
14880:. Translated by
14862:
14840:
14811:
14801:
14795:
14789:
14780:
14774:
14768:
14762:
14756:
14750:
14744:
14738:
14732:
14726:
14720:
14714:
14708:
14702:
14696:
14690:
14684:
14678:
14672:
14671:
14651:
14645:
14644:
14623:
14617:
14607:
14601:
14600:
14598:
14596:
14568:
14562:
14561:
14559:
14557:
14519:
14513:
14507:
14498:
14492:
14486:
14480:
14474:
14468:
14462:
14448:
14442:
14436:
14430:
14424:
14418:
14412:
14406:
14400:
14394:
14388:
14382:
14376:
14370:
14364:
14358:
14352:
14346:
14340:
14334:
14328:
14322:
14316:
14310:
14304:
14298:
14292:
14286:
14280:
14274:
14268:
14262:
14256:
14250:
14244:
14238:
14232:
14226:
14220:
14214:
14208:
14202:
14196:
14190:
14184:
14173:
14167:
14158:
14152:
14146:
14140:
14131:
14125:
14119:
14113:
14107:
14101:
14095:
14089:
14083:
14077:
14071:
14070:, pp. 6, 7.
14065:
14059:
14053:
14047:
14041:
14035:
14029:
14023:
14017:
14011:
14005:
13999:
13993:
13987:
13981:
13975:
13969:
13963:
13957:
13951:
13948:Bokenkotter 2007
13945:
13939:
13933:
13927:
13921:
13915:
13914:
13893:
13887:
13886:
13884:
13882:
13863:
13857:
13856:
13833:
13827:
13826:
13803:
13794:
13793:
13791:
13789:
13772:Zalta, Edward N.
13764:
13758:
13744:
13738:
13732:
13726:
13720:
13711:
13705:
13696:
13695:
13693:
13691:
13666:
13660:
13654:
13648:
13642:
13636:
13630:
13621:
13615:
13606:
13600:
13594:
13588:
13582:
13581:
13579:
13577:
13544:
13538:
13537:
13511:
13505:
13504:
13502:
13500:
13469:
13463:
13462:
13426:
13420:
13395:
13386:
13372:
13366:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13341:
13335:
13334:
13332:
13330:
13309:
13303:
13297:
13291:
13290:
13288:
13286:
13270:
13264:
13263:
13248:
13242:
13241:
13239:
13237:
13209:
13203:
13197:
13188:
13182:
13176:
13170:
13164:
13158:
13141:
13136:, § paras. 1–2;
13131:
13125:
13115:
13109:
13103:
13097:
13091:
13085:
13079:
13073:
13067:
13056:
13050:
13044:
13043:
13041:
13039:
13019:
13013:
13008:, Chapters 2–7;
12999:
12993:
12987:
12981:
12975:
12969:
12963:
12957:
12951:
12945:
12939:
12933:
12927:
12921:
12920:
12902:
12896:
12890:
12884:
12878:
12872:
12871:
12853:
12847:
12846:
12828:
12822:
12821:
12803:
12797:
12796:
12776:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12765:
12747:
12741:
12740:
12714:
12708:
12707:
12705:
12703:
12683:
12677:
12671:
12665:
12655:
12649:
12643:
12637:
12631:
12622:
12616:
12610:
12609:
12607:
12605:
12585:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12574:
12554:
12545:
12539:
12533:
12532:
12514:
12508:
12494:
12488:
12474:
12468:
12454:
12448:
12447:
12433:
12427:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12411:Encyclopedia.com
12403:
12397:
12396:
12378:
12372:
12362:
12356:
12346:
12337:
12331:
12325:
12315:
12306:
12296:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12272:
12266:
12260:
12254:
12248:
12242:
12236:
12227:
12221:
12210:
12204:
12195:
12185:
12179:
12161:
12155:
12148:Oikonomides 1999
12145:
12139:
12138:
12129:Runciman, Steven
12125:
12119:
12118:
12116:
12114:
12066:
12060:
12053:Apostolides 1887
12050:
12044:
12038:
12032:
12031:
12010:
12004:
12001:Oikonomides 1999
11998:
11992:
11978:
11972:
11971:
11950:
11944:
11930:
11924:
11914:
11908:
11894:
11888:
11885:Oikonomides 1999
11870:
11864:
11850:
11844:
11843:
11841:
11839:
11792:
11786:
11776:
11770:
11760:
11754:
11744:
11738:
11728:
11722:
11712:
11706:
11696:
11690:
11672:
11666:
11652:
11646:
11636:
11630:
11616:
11610:
11600:
11594:
11588:
11582:
11568:
11562:
11552:
11546:
11536:
11530:
11520:
11514:
11504:
11498:
11484:
11478:
11468:
11462:
11452:
11446:
11436:
11430:
11416:
11410:
11409:
11359:
11353:
11335:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11297:
11291:
11273:
11267:
11257:
11251:
11241:
11235:
11221:
11215:
11209:
11203:
11189:
11183:
11161:
11155:
11145:
11139:
11133:
11127:
11126:
11098:
11092:
11070:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11059:
11028:
11022:
11012:
11006:
10988:
10982:
10981:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10923:
10894:
10875:
10853:
10847:
10829:
10823:
10822:
10797:
10791:
10790:
10772:
10766:
10752:
10746:
10743:Markopoulos 2008
10740:
10734:
10727:Markopoulos 2008
10724:
10718:
10704:
10698:
10688:
10682:
10672:
10666:
10652:
10646:
10636:
10630:
10621:, p. 1881;
10616:
10610:
10604:
10598:
10588:
10582:
10572:
10566:
10556:
10550:
10532:
10526:
10525:
10493:
10487:
10481:
10475:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10436:
10430:
10416:
10410:
10396:
10390:
10376:
10370:
10360:
10354:
10344:
10338:
10328:
10322:
10312:
10306:
10296:
10290:
10276:
10270:
10252:
10246:
10236:
10230:
10220:
10214:
10204:
10198:
10180:
10174:
10164:
10158:
10152:
10146:
10132:
10126:
10125:
10117:
10111:
10101:
10095:
10094:
10078:
10072:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10044:
10043:, p. 31,33.
10038:
10032:
10026:
10020:
10010:
10004:
9986:
9980:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9934:(4): 1139–1140.
9919:
9913:
9903:
9897:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9870:
9862:
9852:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9787:
9781:
9767:
9761:
9755:
9749:
9735:
9729:
9715:
9709:
9703:
9697:
9687:
9681:
9675:
9669:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9638:
9632:
9626:
9620:
9610:
9604:
9586:
9580:
9566:
9560:
9550:
9544:
9530:
9524:
9518:
9512:
9498:
9492:
9489:Oikonomides 1990
9486:
9480:
9477:Oikonomides 1990
9470:
9464:
9458:
9452:
9446:
9440:
9434:
9428:
9422:
9413:
9391:
9385:
9375:
9369:
9364:, pp. 4–5;
9355:
9349:
9335:
9329:
9319:
9313:
9307:
9301:
9291:
9285:
9279:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9245:
9236:, pp. 4–5;
9231:
9225:
9215:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9191:
9185:
9175:
9169:
9159:
9153:
9139:
9133:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9091:
9085:
9071:
9065:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9009:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8967:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8834:
8828:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8703:
8697:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8654:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8620:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8558:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8482:
8472:
8466:
8460:
8454:
8448:
8442:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8392:
8386:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8358:
8352:
8344:
8338:
8332:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8300:
8290:
8284:
8274:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8229:Ostrogorsky 1969
8226:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8183:
8177:
8174:Birkenmeier 2002
8171:
8165:
8162:Birkenmeier 2002
8159:
8153:
8150:Birkenmeier 2002
8147:
8141:
8138:Birkenmeier 2002
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8016:Birkenmeier 2002
8013:
8007:
8004:Ostrogorsky 1969
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7980:Birkenmeier 2002
7977:
7971:
7958:
7952:
7938:
7932:
7929:Birkenmeier 2002
7926:
7920:
7919:
7904:
7895:
7881:
7866:
7860:
7850:
7844:
7834:
7828:
7815:Markham, Paul. "
7813:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7738:Rapp, Stephen H.
7730:Toumanoff, Cyril
7726:
7720:
7710:
7704:
7690:
7684:
7670:
7664:
7654:
7648:
7634:
7628:
7618:
7612:
7598:
7592:
7582:
7576:
7558:
7552:
7542:
7536:
7522:
7516:
7502:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7470:
7464:
7454:
7448:
7434:
7428:
7414:
7408:
7394:
7388:
7374:
7368:
7354:
7348:
7338:
7332:
7318:
7312:
7298:
7292:
7278:
7272:
7262:
7256:
7242:
7236:
7222:
7216:
7206:
7200:
7190:
7184:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7142:
7136:
7122:
7116:
7094:
7088:
7074:
7068:
7050:
7044:
7030:
7024:
7010:
7004:
6990:
6984:
6970:
6964:
6950:
6944:
6930:
6924:
6914:
6908:
6894:
6888:
6874:
6868:
6854:
6848:
6834:
6828:
6810:
6804:
6786:
6780:
6766:
6760:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6714:
6708:
6694:
6688:
6670:
6664:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6618:
6612:
6598:
6592:
6578:
6572:
6558:
6552:
6538:
6532:
6518:
6512:
6498:
6492:
6478:
6472:
6458:
6452:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6398:
6392:
6382:
6376:
6371:, pp. 2–3;
6366:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6326:
6320:
6315:, pp. 1–2;
6306:
6289:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6255:
6246:
6240:
6229:Warren Treadgold
6211:
6205:
6202:Eudokia Ingerina
6198:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6171:
6034:
6031:
5926:month-long siege
5818:East–West Schism
5651:, Athens, Greece
5643:, surrounded by
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5567:The writings of
5525:Interior of the
5312:during races. A
5295:
5292:
5291:lyra of the City
5289:
5286:
5283:
5176:
5169:
5130:Gemistos Plethon
5097:
5096: 1000–1250
5094:
5070:
5067:
5059:John of Damascus
5048:
5045:
4991:
4988:
4969:, albeit in two
4955:Greek literature
4838:
4831:
4824:
4721:
4710:
4696:
4695:
4667:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4606:Hagios Demetrios
4567:Influences from
4540:
4531:
4520:
4511:
4419:
4416:
4189:Indo-Roman trade
4087:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4016:
4004:
3931:
3922:
3846:
3844:
3805:Hellenic thought
3801:Ancient Olympics
3755:
3743:
3739:
3687:
3685:
3630:Empire of Nicaea
3597:
3595:
3582:
3580:
3524:
3523: 1143–1180
3522:
3487:
3485:
3471:Warren Treadgold
3464:
3462:
3372:
3370:
3357:
3355:
3299:
3297:
3258:
3256:
3226:
3224:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3197:
3179:
3177:
3167:Praetorian Edict
3088:
3064:
3062:
2991:
2989:
2954:
2952:
2914:
2911:
2901:
2890:
2887:
2877:
2813:Pontic Mountains
2684:Battle of Kosovo
2598:Laskarid dynasty
2571:Sultanate of Rûm
2539:Empire of Nicaea
2495:quickly attacked
2489:
2486:
2434:Eugène Delacroix
2376:Isaac II Angelos
2326:Maria of Antioch
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2214:, while forcing
2180:Battle of Beroia
2167:John II Komnenos
2159:Irene of Hungary
2155:John II Komnenos
2074:Sultanate of Rûm
2023:Komnenian period
1997:Komnenos dynasty
1936:Romanos Diogenes
1877:Normans advanced
1838:
1837:
1780:Bagratid Armenia
1755:, the patriarch
1717:
1715:
1707:. His successor
1698:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1643:
1641:
1610:In 780, Empress
1564:
1562:
1554:Leo and his son
1464:
1462:
1445:
1443:
1371:Theodosian Walls
1348:
1337:
1281:
1279:
1221:in North Africa
1192:, Ravenna, Italy
1162:
1153:
1125:chrysargyron tax
1119:). Although his
1118:
1116:
1099:
1097:
1069:) failed in his
1068:
1066:
1019:Theodosian Walls
1012:
1010:
973:
971:
957:
951:
928:, occupied with
875:
873:
858:
856:
819:
769:
766:
762:
759:
756:
714:
704:
697:
686:
680:
549:
547:
527:
525:
512:
510:
481:Byzantine Empire
446:
441:fall of the West
417:Byzantine Empire
256:• 976–1025
170:Notable emperors
82:
58:
43:Byzantine Empire
39:
38:
21:
28104:
28103:
28099:
28098:
28097:
28095:
28094:
28093:
28004:
28003:
28002:
27998:from Wikivoyage
27992:
27987:
27985:
27981:from Wikisource
27975:
27970:
27968:
27958:
27953:
27951:
27941:
27936:
27934:
27930:from Wiktionary
27924:
27919:
27917:
27914:
27910:sister projects
27907:at Knowledge's
27901:
27889:
27879:
27877:
27865:
27855:
27853:
27843:
27841:
27833:
27831:
27826:
27825:
27820:
27759:
27725:Interwar period
27700:Napoleonic Wars
27564:
27535:Mongol invasion
27488:Crown of Aragon
27380:
27320:
27316:Iron Age Europe
27287:
27282:
27252:
27247:
27109:
27107:
27101:
26991:
26827:Aëtius of Amida
26808:
26794:Verrius Flaccus
26774:Valerius Antias
26734:Silius Italicus
26669:Pliny the Elder
26614:Marcus Aurelius
26489:Cornelius Nepos
26439:Aurelius Victor
26393:
26315:
26227:
26161:Secessio plebis
26132:
26007:
25959:
25833:
25787:
25717:
25599:
25551:
25467:
25388:
25349:
25331:
25325:
25295:
25290:
25284:Sassanid Empire
25253:Parthian Empire
25248:Seleucid Empire
25238:Seleucid Empire
25157:
25151:
25128:
25119:
24948:Akkadian Empire
24894:
24888:
24858:
24849:
24803:
24706:
24705:Post-Napoleonic
24696:
24630:
24566:
24560:
24548:
24490:
24486:
24485:(1130–1816) and
24484:
24476:
24421:
24409:
24376:
24350:
24341:Emirate of Bari
24327:
24314:Theme of Sicily
24309:Duchy of Naples
24284:Duchy of Amalfi
24269:
24261:
24209:
24208:Other Republics
24203:
24181:
24173:
24167:County of Tenda
24147:County of Savoy
24107:Duchy of Reggio
24077:Duchy of Mantua
24005:March of Friuli
23937:
23935:
23933:
23925:
23921:Duchy of Urbino
23906:Duchy of Castro
23883:
23875:
23829:
23823:Duchy of Tuscia
23803:Duchy of Friuli
23766:
23757:
23755:
23753:
23747:
23726:(753 BC–509 BC)
23710:
23625:
23620:
23590:
23585:
23584:
23582:
23483:
23478:
23448:
23443:
23432:American Empire
23417:
23413:African empires
23365:
23248:
22940:Central African
22886:
22704:Romano-Germanic
22290:
22024:Middle Assyrian
21997:
21989:
21984:
21949:
21941:
21936:
21933:
21898:
21874:Cyrillic script
21845:
21826:
21771:
21755:
21655:
21637:Digenes Akritas
21613:
21558:
21499:
21463:Other locations
21458:
21430:
21387:
21319:
21308:Cross-in-square
21276:
21257:
21207:
21061:
21042:
20968:
20918:
20914:Varangian Guard
20857:
20831:East Roman army
20826:Late Roman army
20814:
20753:
20734:
20697:
20676:
20645:
20591:
20570:
20566:Epi ton deeseon
20556:Epi tou eidikou
20514:
20478:
20420:
20401:
20388:
20291:
20289:
20282:
20268:Palaiologan era
20210:
20207:
20198:
20169:Nikephorian era
20157:
20154:
20145:
20088:
20086:(330–717)
20085:
20076:
20056:
20043:
20030:
20024:
19963:Wayback Machine
19938:Wayback Machine
19893:Wayback Machine
19861:
19860:
19859:
19839:
19838:
19834:
19827:
19822:
19813:
19811:
19809:
19777:
19775:
19773:
19749:Whitby, Michael
19741:
19722:
19708:Weitzmann, Kurt
19700:
19678:
19676:
19634:
19632:
19625:
19609:Vryonis, Speros
19601:
19582:
19560:on 23 May 2023.
19557:
19542:
19529:
19500:
19487:
19477:
19449:
19430:
19404:
19352:
19331:
19312:
19280:
19245:
19092:
19000:
18981:
18959:
18937:
18935:
18931:
18925:
18914:
18874:
18837:
18818:
18799:
18769:
18742:
18720:
18718:
18716:
18690:
18688:
18649:
18647:
18640:
18606:Clackson, James
18597:
18575:
18534:
18512:
18490:
18488:
18478:
18391:
18345:
18341:
18322:
18303:
18277:
18263:Olson, Roger E.
18217:
18192:
18190:
18183:
18162:
18105:
18093:, eds. (2008).
18079:
18077:
18070:
18049:
18016:
18001:
17990:
17970:
17931:
17906:
17894:, eds. (2006).
17844:Miller, William
17836:
17812:
17801:
17777:
17756:
17737:
17643:
17605:
17591:Magdalino, Paul
17583:
17561:
17532:
17530:
17510:
17489:
17441:
17412:
17377:
17371:
17356:
17339:
17337:
17330:
17285:
17266:
17240:
17238:
17220:10.2307/1291623
17193:Kazhdan (1991a)
17175:
17161:, ed. (1991a).
17151:
17125:
17119:
17100:
17089:
17062:
17060:
17004:
16985:
16951:
16949:
16929:
16910:
16882:Jones, A. H. M.
16874:
16833:
16801:
16799:
16792:
16765:
16763:
16731:
16705:
16651:
16626:
16595:
16568:
16549:
16530:
16474:
16472:
16425:
16423:
16421:
16390:
16367:
16353:Goodman, Martin
16345:
16323:
16301:
16299:
16292:
16268:
16191:
16189:
16182:
16161:
16142:
16124:Evans, Helen C.
16019:
16017:
16010:
15983:
15981:
15974:
15816:
15797:
15776:
15685:
15663:
15661:
15638:
15616:
15614:
15607:
15580:
15561:
15548:
15517:
15503:Cameron, Averil
15481:
15436:
15389:
15370:
15342:
15323:
15304:
15290:Blöndal, Sigfús
15282:
15254:
15231:
15206:
15204:
15197:
15110:
15084:
15065:
15008:
14994:Angold, Michael
14986:
14972:Angold, Michael
14948:10.2307/1291170
14905:
14900:
14891:
14889:
14859:
14825:
14823:Primary sources
14820:
14815:
14814:
14802:
14798:
14790:
14783:
14775:
14771:
14763:
14759:
14751:
14747:
14739:
14735:
14727:
14723:
14715:
14711:
14703:
14699:
14691:
14687:
14679:
14675:
14668:
14652:
14648:
14641:
14624:
14620:
14608:
14604:
14594:
14592:
14585:
14569:
14565:
14555:
14553:
14551:
14520:
14516:
14508:
14501:
14493:
14489:
14481:
14477:
14469:
14465:
14459:Lorenzetti 2023
14455:Meyendorff 1979
14449:
14445:
14441:, pp. 6–8.
14437:
14433:
14425:
14421:
14415:Lorenzetti 2023
14413:
14409:
14403:Meyendorff 1979
14401:
14397:
14389:
14385:
14381:, pp. 214.
14377:
14373:
14365:
14361:
14353:
14349:
14341:
14337:
14329:
14325:
14317:
14313:
14305:
14301:
14293:
14289:
14281:
14277:
14269:
14265:
14257:
14253:
14245:
14241:
14233:
14229:
14221:
14217:
14209:
14205:
14197:
14193:
14185:
14176:
14168:
14161:
14153:
14149:
14145:, pp. 1–3.
14141:
14134:
14126:
14122:
14118:, pp. 1–3.
14114:
14110:
14102:
14098:
14090:
14086:
14078:
14074:
14066:
14062:
14054:
14050:
14042:
14038:
14034:, p. xxix.
14030:
14026:
14018:
14014:
14006:
14002:
13994:
13990:
13982:
13978:
13970:
13966:
13958:
13954:
13946:
13942:
13934:
13930:
13922:
13918:
13911:
13894:
13890:
13880:
13878:
13865:
13864:
13860:
13853:
13837:Lindberg, David
13834:
13830:
13823:
13807:Lindberg, David
13804:
13797:
13787:
13785:
13765:
13761:
13755:Wayback Machine
13745:
13741:
13733:
13729:
13721:
13714:
13706:
13699:
13689:
13687:
13667:
13663:
13655:
13651:
13643:
13639:
13631:
13624:
13616:
13609:
13601:
13597:
13589:
13585:
13575:
13573:
13571:
13545:
13541:
13534:
13512:
13508:
13498:
13496:
13489:
13470:
13466:
13427:
13423:
13418:Wayback Machine
13396:
13389:
13383:Wayback Machine
13373:
13369:
13359:
13357:
13342:
13338:
13328:
13326:
13311:
13310:
13306:
13298:
13294:
13284:
13282:
13271:
13267:
13262:on 4 June 2024.
13250:
13249:
13245:
13235:
13233:
13226:
13210:
13206:
13202:, p. 1237.
13198:
13191:
13183:
13179:
13171:
13167:
13163:, p. 1236.
13159:
13144:
13132:
13128:
13122:van Dieten 1980
13116:
13112:
13104:
13100:
13092:
13088:
13080:
13076:
13068:
13059:
13051:
13047:
13037:
13035:
13020:
13016:
13000:
12996:
12988:
12984:
12976:
12972:
12964:
12960:
12952:
12948:
12940:
12936:
12928:
12924:
12917:
12903:
12899:
12891:
12887:
12879:
12875:
12868:
12854:
12850:
12843:
12829:
12825:
12818:
12804:
12800:
12781:Cultura Greciei
12777:
12773:
12763:
12761:
12748:
12744:
12737:
12715:
12711:
12701:
12699:
12684:
12680:
12672:
12668:
12656:
12652:
12644:
12640:
12632:
12625:
12617:
12613:
12603:
12601:
12586:
12582:
12572:
12570:
12555:
12548:
12540:
12536:
12529:
12515:
12511:
12503:, p. 482;
12495:
12491:
12483:, p. 184;
12479:, p. 223;
12475:
12471:
12463:, p. 123;
12459:, p. 224;
12455:
12451:
12441:
12439:
12434:
12430:
12420:
12418:
12405:
12404:
12400:
12393:
12379:
12375:
12363:
12359:
12355:, pp. 3–4.
12347:
12340:
12332:
12328:
12322:Magdalino 2002b
12316:
12309:
12303:Magdalino 2002b
12297:
12293:
12285:
12281:
12273:
12269:
12261:
12257:
12249:
12245:
12237:
12230:
12222:
12213:
12205:
12198:
12194:, pp. 1–2.
12186:
12182:
12162:
12158:
12146:
12142:
12126:
12122:
12112:
12110:
12067:
12063:
12051:
12047:
12039:
12035:
12028:
12011:
12007:
11999:
11995:
11987:, p. 562;
11983:, p. 289;
11979:
11975:
11968:
11951:
11947:
11939:, p. 283;
11935:, p. 191;
11931:
11927:
11915:
11911:
11895:
11891:
11871:
11867:
11855:, p. 108;
11851:
11847:
11837:
11835:
11820:
11796:Dickey, Eleanor
11793:
11789:
11781:, p. 285;
11777:
11773:
11761:
11757:
11749:, p. 529;
11745:
11741:
11729:
11725:
11713:
11709:
11701:, p. 131;
11697:
11693:
11685:, p. xiv;
11681:, p. 133;
11673:
11669:
11653:
11649:
11637:
11633:
11625:, p. 129;
11617:
11613:
11607:Stephenson 2010
11601:
11597:
11589:
11585:
11569:
11565:
11553:
11549:
11537:
11533:
11521:
11517:
11509:, p. 121;
11505:
11501:
11489:, p. 444;
11485:
11481:
11469:
11465:
11453:
11449:
11437:
11433:
11417:
11413:
11360:
11356:
11340:, p. 140;
11336:
11332:
11322:
11320:
11299:
11298:
11294:
11282:, p. 425;
11274:
11270:
11258:
11254:
11242:
11238:
11222:
11218:
11210:
11206:
11198:, p. 991;
11190:
11186:
11182:, pp. 5–7.
11174:, p. 108;
11162:
11158:
11146:
11142:
11134:
11130:
11123:
11099:
11095:
11079:, p. 236;
11075:, p. 121;
11071:
11067:
11057:
11055:
11053:
11029:
11025:
11013:
11009:
10989:
10985:
10950:
10946:
10925:
10920:
10877:
10872:
10854:
10850:
10838:, p. 254;
10830:
10826:
10819:
10798:
10794:
10787:
10773:
10769:
10753:
10749:
10741:
10737:
10729:, p. 786;
10725:
10721:
10705:
10701:
10697:, p. 1112.
10693:, p. 313;
10689:
10685:
10677:, p. 312;
10673:
10669:
10653:
10649:
10641:, p. 896;
10637:
10633:
10629:, p. 1112.
10625:, p. 559;
10617:
10613:
10605:
10601:
10589:
10585:
10577:, p. 558;
10573:
10569:
10561:, p. 489;
10557:
10553:
10537:, p. 489;
10533:
10529:
10494:
10490:
10482:
10478:
10470:, p. 403;
10466:, p. 488;
10462:
10458:
10451:
10437:
10433:
10425:, p. 401;
10421:, p. 487;
10417:
10413:
10401:, p. 502;
10397:
10393:
10377:
10373:
10361:
10357:
10349:, p. 557;
10345:
10341:
10333:, p. 557;
10329:
10325:
10317:, p. 634;
10313:
10309:
10301:, p. 557;
10297:
10293:
10285:, p. 555;
10281:, p. 463;
10279:Kaldellis 2021a
10277:
10273:
10261:, p. 556;
10257:, p. 463;
10255:Kaldellis 2021a
10253:
10249:
10241:, p. 556;
10237:
10233:
10225:, p. 555;
10221:
10217:
10209:, p. 562;
10205:
10201:
10181:
10177:
10165:
10161:
10153:
10149:
10141:, p. 554;
10133:
10129:
10118:
10114:
10106:, p. 155;
10102:
10098:
10079:
10075:
10063:
10059:
10051:
10047:
10039:
10035:
10027:
10023:
10017:Garipzanov 2018
10011:
10007:
9999:, p. 272;
9993:Garipzanov 2018
9991:, pp. 45;
9987:
9983:
9973:Garipzanov 2018
9967:
9963:
9920:
9916:
9904:
9900:
9892:, p. 264;
9888:, p. 358;
9884:
9880:
9864:
9863:
9833:
9829:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9788:
9784:
9768:
9764:
9756:
9752:
9736:
9732:
9724:, p. 529;
9716:
9712:
9704:
9700:
9692:, p. 185;
9688:
9684:
9676:
9672:
9664:
9660:
9639:
9635:
9627:
9623:
9611:
9607:
9591:, p. 135;
9587:
9583:
9571:, p. 168;
9567:
9563:
9551:
9547:
9539:, p. 168;
9535:, p. 135;
9531:
9527:
9519:
9515:
9499:
9495:
9487:
9483:
9475:, p. 945;
9471:
9467:
9459:
9455:
9447:
9443:
9435:
9431:
9423:
9416:
9408:, p. 949;
9400:, p. 134;
9392:
9388:
9376:
9372:
9356:
9352:
9348:, pp. 4–5.
9340:, p. 289;
9336:
9332:
9320:
9316:
9308:
9304:
9296:, p. 309;
9292:
9288:
9280:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9248:
9232:
9228:
9220:, p. 221;
9216:
9212:
9204:
9200:
9192:
9188:
9176:
9172:
9160:
9156:
9144:, p. 303;
9140:
9136:
9124:
9120:
9112:
9108:
9100:, p. 326;
9096:, p. 338;
9092:
9088:
9072:
9068:
9052:
9048:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9010:
9006:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8968:
8964:
8956:
8952:
8940:
8936:
8928:
8924:
8889:
8885:
8862:10.2307/2708049
8835:
8831:
8815:
8811:
8804:
8790:
8786:
8751:
8747:
8724:10.2307/1291527
8704:
8700:
8688:
8684:
8676:
8672:
8664:
8657:
8649:
8645:
8637:
8633:
8621:
8614:
8606:
8602:
8594:
8590:
8582:
8578:
8570:
8566:
8556:
8554:
8547:
8528:
8524:
8516:
8512:
8504:
8500:
8492:
8485:
8477:, p. 179;
8473:
8469:
8465:, pp. 3–4.
8461:
8457:
8449:
8445:
8433:
8429:
8414:10.2307/2846872
8396:Vasiliev, A. A.
8393:
8389:
8381:
8377:
8359:
8355:
8347:
8339:
8335:
8329:Wayback Machine
8319:
8315:
8307:
8303:
8291:
8287:
8275:
8271:
8263:
8259:
8251:
8247:
8239:
8235:
8227:
8220:
8212:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8184:
8180:
8172:
8168:
8160:
8156:
8148:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8126:Magdalino 2002a
8124:
8120:
8112:
8108:
8102:Magdalino 2002a
8100:
8096:
8086:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8062:
8058:
8050:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8002:
7998:
7990:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7959:
7955:
7947:, p. 124;
7939:
7935:
7927:
7923:
7905:
7898:
7892:Wayback Machine
7867:
7863:
7855:, p. 157;
7853:Stephenson 2000
7851:
7847:
7835:
7831:
7825:Wayback Machine
7814:
7807:
7799:
7795:
7787:
7783:
7775:
7771:
7761:
7759:
7752:
7727:
7723:
7711:
7707:
7695:, p. 505;
7691:
7687:
7679:, p. 267;
7671:
7667:
7659:, p. 267;
7655:
7651:
7643:, p. 267;
7635:
7631:
7623:, p. 296;
7619:
7615:
7603:, p. 266;
7599:
7595:
7583:
7579:
7571:, p. 254;
7559:
7555:
7543:
7539:
7531:, p. 265;
7523:
7519:
7507:, p. 265;
7503:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7471:
7467:
7459:, p. 261;
7455:
7451:
7439:, p. 261;
7435:
7431:
7415:
7411:
7395:
7391:
7379:, p. 260;
7375:
7371:
7355:
7351:
7339:
7335:
7319:
7315:
7307:, p. 257;
7299:
7295:
7287:, p. 257;
7279:
7275:
7267:, p. 403;
7263:
7259:
7247:, p. 403;
7243:
7239:
7231:, p. 257;
7223:
7219:
7207:
7203:
7195:, p. 389;
7191:
7187:
7179:, p. 257;
7175:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7151:, p. 256;
7147:, p. 387;
7143:
7139:
7131:, p. 256;
7127:, p. 375;
7123:
7119:
7103:, p. 255;
7095:
7091:
7075:
7071:
7059:, p. 254;
7051:
7047:
7031:
7027:
7019:, p. 254;
7011:
7007:
6999:, p. 254;
6991:
6987:
6979:, p. 217;
6971:
6967:
6951:
6947:
6931:
6927:
6915:
6911:
6899:, p. 297;
6895:
6891:
6875:
6871:
6855:
6851:
6835:
6831:
6811:
6807:
6795:, p. 106;
6791:, p. 250;
6787:
6783:
6771:, p. 244;
6767:
6763:
6751:, p. 244;
6747:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6715:
6711:
6695:
6691:
6675:, p. 242;
6671:
6667:
6655:, p. 242;
6651:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6619:
6615:
6603:, p. 241;
6599:
6595:
6583:, p. 240;
6579:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6539:
6535:
6519:
6515:
6499:
6495:
6483:, p. 335;
6479:
6475:
6459:
6455:
6451:, pp. 4–7.
6443:, p. 233;
6439:
6435:
6427:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6399:
6395:
6383:
6379:
6367:
6363:
6355:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6327:
6323:
6319:, pp. 8–9.
6307:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6247:
6243:
6220:nomos empsychos
6212:
6208:
6199:
6195:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6111:
6083:Klavdiy Lebedev
6032:
6014:
6004:
5875:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5845:
5839:
5833:has continued.
5810:Filioque Clause
5724:Jewish diaspora
5712:
5700:Main articles:
5698:
5693:
5622:Galileo Galilei
5614:John Philoponus
5598:
5591:
5519:
5505:
5499:
5466:North Macedonia
5447:
5441:
5435:
5405:, and Romanian
5318:Pepin the Short
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5273:lira da braccio
5230:Museo Nazionale
5210:Byzantine music
5206:
5205:
5204:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5160:
5154:Byzantine music
5150:
5125:Digenes Akritas
5112:authorial voice
5100:Michael Psellos
5095:
5069: 800–1000
5068:
5046:
5014:John Chrysostom
4989:
4948:
4940:Main articles:
4938:
4842:
4717:
4694:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4636:
4589:cross-in-square
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4501:
4495:
4490:
4472:), the Greens (
4456:, most notably
4440:, now known as
4430:Byzantine Greek
4417:
4391:
4381:
4335:κοπτοπλακοῦς),
4317:
4311:
4286:classical Greek
4282:
4280:Byzantine dress
4276:
4271:
4149:
4139:
4133:
4090:Steven Runciman
4082:
4071:
4014:
4002:
3977:in light grey.
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:Vatican Library
3950:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3923:
3912:
3906:
3892:
3886:
3853:
3841:
3827:
3821:
3772:
3766:
3741:
3713:
3699:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3664:
3626:
3620:
3592:
3577:
3537:
3531:
3519:
3486: 867–1056
3482:
3459:
3443:
3431:Main articles:
3429:
3424:
3390:Heraldic flag's
3367:
3352:
3341:
3335:
3300:) achieved the
3294:
3285:to replace the
3267:leges speciales
3253:
3221:
3204:
3194:
3174:
3156:
3150:
3144:anything else.
3082:
3059:
3039:The embassy of
3010:
3004:
2998:
2986:
2983:Robert Browning
2949:
2938:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2878:
2867:
2710:
2704:
2644:
2636:Main articles:
2634:
2626:Catalan Company
2545:. A third, the
2523:Thomas Morosini
2487:
2421:
2407:
2338:Agnes of France
2318:
2312:
2310:Angelid dynasty
2307:
2301:
2284:
2277:
2172:Marcus Aurelius
2131:
2125:
2117:Treaty of Devol
2011:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1893:Robert Guiscard
1881:Byzantine Italy
1879:gradually into
1858:George Maniakes
1852:The seizure of
1759:, the powerful
1749:Constantine VII
1712:
1693:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1638:
1593:religious icons
1559:
1532:
1514:
1485:was undergoing
1469:, but suffered
1459:
1440:
1401:pyrrhic victory
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1359:Sasanian Empire
1351:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1276:
1246:Sasanian Empire
1225:by the general
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1143:
1133:
1113:
1094:
1063:
1007:
968:
959:
955:
953:
949:
870:
853:
817:
790:
776:
767:
760:
757:
739:
733:
725:Hieronymus Wolf
669:
659:
590:, experiencing
544:
534:were proscribed
522:
507:
444:
384:
374:
364:
354:
344:
305:
293:
281:
269:
257:
245:
244:• 717–741
233:
232:• 610–641
221:
220:• 527–565
209:
208:• 408–450
197:
196:• 379–395
185:
184:• 306–337
153:
125:
85:
73:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
28102:
28092:
28091:
28089:Former empires
28086:
28081:
28076:
28071:
28066:
28061:
28056:
28051:
28046:
28041:
28036:
28031:
28026:
28021:
28016:
28001:
28000:
27983:
27966:
27964:from Wikiquote
27949:
27932:
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27900:
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27887:
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27727:
27722:
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27712:
27707:
27702:
27697:
27692:
27687:
27682:
27677:
27675:Russian Empire
27672:
27667:
27665:British Empire
27662:
27660:Dutch Republic
27657:
27655:Swedish Empire
27652:
27647:
27642:
27637:
27635:Spanish Empire
27632:
27627:
27625:Ottoman Empire
27622:
27617:
27612:
27607:
27602:
27597:
27596:
27595:
27585:
27580:
27574:
27572:
27566:
27565:
27563:
27562:
27557:
27552:
27547:
27542:
27540:Serbian Empire
27537:
27532:
27527:
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27507:
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27413:
27412:
27411:
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27396:
27390:
27388:
27382:
27381:
27379:
27378:
27376:Late antiquity
27373:
27368:
27363:
27362:
27361:
27351:
27346:
27341:
27339:Roman Republic
27336:
27330:
27328:
27322:
27321:
27319:
27318:
27313:
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27289:
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26954:
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26924:
26919:
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26909:
26904:
26899:
26894:
26889:
26884:
26879:
26874:
26869:
26864:
26859:
26854:
26849:
26844:
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26829:
26824:
26818:
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26810:
26809:
26807:
26806:
26801:
26796:
26791:
26786:
26781:
26776:
26771:
26766:
26761:
26756:
26751:
26746:
26741:
26736:
26731:
26726:
26721:
26716:
26711:
26706:
26701:
26696:
26691:
26686:
26681:
26679:Pomponius Mela
26676:
26671:
26666:
26661:
26656:
26651:
26646:
26641:
26636:
26631:
26626:
26621:
26616:
26611:
26606:
26601:
26596:
26591:
26586:
26581:
26576:
26571:
26566:
26561:
26556:
26551:
26546:
26541:
26536:
26531:
26526:
26521:
26516:
26511:
26506:
26501:
26496:
26491:
26486:
26481:
26476:
26471:
26466:
26461:
26456:
26451:
26446:
26441:
26436:
26431:
26426:
26421:
26416:
26414:Aelius Donatus
26410:
26408:
26399:
26395:
26394:
26392:
26391:
26386:
26385:
26384:
26382:Ecclesiastical
26379:
26374:
26369:
26364:
26359:
26354:
26349:
26344:
26336:
26331:
26325:
26323:
26317:
26316:
26314:
26313:
26308:
26303:
26298:
26293:
26288:
26283:
26278:
26273:
26268:
26263:
26258:
26253:
26248:
26243:
26237:
26235:
26229:
26228:
26226:
26225:
26220:
26215:
26210:
26205:
26200:
26195:
26190:
26185:
26184:
26183:
26173:
26168:
26163:
26158:
26153:
26148:
26142:
26140:
26134:
26133:
26131:
26130:
26125:
26123:Toys and games
26120:
26115:
26110:
26105:
26100:
26095:
26094:
26093:
26083:
26078:
26073:
26068:
26063:
26058:
26053:
26048:
26043:
26038:
26033:
26028:
26023:
26017:
26015:
26009:
26008:
26006:
26005:
26000:
25995:
25990:
25985:
25980:
25975:
25969:
25967:
25961:
25960:
25958:
25957:
25952:
25947:
25942:
25937:
25936:
25935:
25930:
25925:
25920:
25915:
25905:
25900:
25899:
25898:
25888:
25883:
25878:
25873:
25868:
25863:
25858:
25853:
25847:
25845:
25839:
25838:
25835:
25834:
25832:
25831:
25826:
25821:
25816:
25811:
25806:
25801:
25795:
25793:
25789:
25788:
25786:
25785:
25780:
25775:
25770:
25765:
25760:
25755:
25750:
25745:
25740:
25734:
25732:
25725:
25719:
25718:
25716:
25715:
25710:
25705:
25700:
25695:
25690:
25685:
25680:
25675:
25670:
25665:
25663:Vigintisexviri
25660:
25655:
25650:
25645:
25640:
25635:
25630:
25625:
25623:Cursus honorum
25620:
25615:
25609:
25607:
25601:
25600:
25598:
25597:
25592:
25587:
25582:
25577:
25572:
25567:
25561:
25559:
25553:
25552:
25550:
25549:
25544:
25539:
25538:
25537:
25532:
25527:
25522:
25512:
25507:
25502:
25497:
25492:
25487:
25481:
25479:
25473:
25472:
25469:
25468:
25466:
25465:
25464:
25463:
25453:
25452:
25451:
25446:
25436:
25435:
25434:
25429:
25422:Western Empire
25419:
25414:
25409:
25404:
25398:
25396:
25390:
25389:
25387:
25386:
25381:
25380:
25379:
25369:
25363:
25357:
25351:
25350:
25348:
25347:
25342:
25336:
25333:
25332:
25324:
25323:
25316:
25309:
25301:
25292:
25291:
25287:
25286:
25281:
25277:
25276:
25260:
25259:63 BCE–224 CE
25256:
25255:
25250:
25245:
25241:
25240:
25235:
25231:
25230:
25222:Ancient Greeks
25214:
25210:
25209:
25204:
25200:
25199:
25187:
25183:
25182:
25180:
25178:
25174:
25173:
25168:
25164:
25163:
25144:
25139:
25132:
25123:
25114:
25109:
25105:
25104:
25097:
25081:
25077:
25076:
25074:Middle Assyria
25071:
25069:
25064:
25060:
25059:
25047:
25035:
25031:
25030:
25020:
25015:
25011:
25010:
24994:
24989:
24977:
24973:
24972:
24967:
24963:
24962:
24955:
24951:
24950:
24945:
24941:
24940:
24927:
24924:
24920:
24919:
24914:
24909:
24904:
24899:
24896:
24895:
24887:
24886:
24879:
24872:
24864:
24855:
24854:
24851:
24850:
24848:
24847:
24841:
24835:
24829:
24828:
24827:
24824:Italian Empire
24814:
24812:
24802:
24801:
24795:
24789:
24783:
24777:
24771:
24768:Roman Republic
24765:
24759:
24753:
24747:
24741:
24735:
24729:
24723:
24720:Duchy of Lucca
24717:
24714:Duchy of Genoa
24710:
24708:
24702:
24701:
24698:
24697:
24695:
24694:
24689:
24684:
24679:
24674:
24669:
24664:
24659:
24654:
24649:
24644:
24638:
24636:
24632:
24631:
24629:
24628:
24623:
24618:
24613:
24608:
24603:
24598:
24593:
24588:
24583:
24577:
24575:
24568:
24554:
24553:
24550:
24549:
24547:
24546:
24541:
24536:
24531:
24526:
24520:
24515:
24510:
24505:
24500:
24494:
24492:
24478:
24477:
24475:
24474:
24468:
24463:
24458:
24457:
24456:
24451:
24446:
24441:
24436:
24425:
24423:
24415:
24414:
24411:
24410:
24408:
24407:
24402:
24397:
24392:
24386:
24384:
24378:
24377:
24375:
24374:
24369:
24364:
24358:
24356:
24352:
24351:
24349:
24348:
24343:
24337:
24335:
24329:
24328:
24326:
24325:
24320:
24311:
24306:
24301:
24296:
24291:
24289:Duchy of Gaeta
24286:
24280:
24278:
24271:
24267:Southern Italy
24263:
24262:
24260:
24259:
24254:
24249:
24244:
24239:
24234:
24229:
24224:
24219:
24213:
24211:
24210:(c. 1000–1797)
24205:
24204:
24202:
24201:
24196:
24191:
24185:
24183:
24175:
24174:
24172:
24171:
24170:
24169:
24164:
24162:County of Nice
24159:
24157:Duchy of Aosta
24154:
24149:
24144:
24137:Savoyard state
24134:
24129:
24124:
24119:
24114:
24109:
24104:
24099:
24094:
24089:
24084:
24079:
24074:
24072:Duchy of Milan
24069:
24067:Duchy of Ivrea
24064:
24063:
24062:
24057:
24052:
24047:
24042:
24037:
24032:
24027:
24022:
24017:
24012:
24007:
24002:
23997:
23992:
23982:
23977:
23972:
23967:
23962:
23957:
23952:
23947:
23941:
23939:
23927:
23926:
23924:
23923:
23918:
23913:
23908:
23903:
23898:
23893:
23887:
23885:
23877:
23876:
23874:
23873:
23867:
23866:
23865:
23859:
23853:
23840:
23838:
23831:
23830:
23828:
23827:
23826:
23825:
23820:
23815:
23810:
23808:Duchy of Ivrea
23805:
23800:
23789:
23783:
23777:
23774:Odoacer's rule
23770:
23768:
23759:
23749:
23748:
23746:
23745:
23739:
23738:(27 BC–395 AD)
23733:
23732:(509 BC–27 BC)
23730:Roman Republic
23727:
23720:
23718:
23712:
23711:
23709:
23708:
23703:
23698:
23693:
23688:
23683:
23678:
23673:
23672:
23671:
23669:Cisalpine Gaul
23661:
23656:
23651:
23646:
23645:
23644:
23633:
23631:
23627:
23626:
23619:
23618:
23611:
23604:
23596:
23587:
23586:
23489:
23488:
23485:
23484:
23477:
23476:
23469:
23462:
23454:
23445:
23444:
23442:
23441:
23440:
23439:
23434:
23425:
23423:
23419:
23418:
23416:
23415:
23410:
23405:
23400:
23395:
23390:
23389:
23388:
23377:
23375:
23371:
23370:
23367:
23366:
23364:
23363:
23358:
23353:
23348:
23343:
23342:
23341:
23331:
23326:
23321:
23316:
23311:
23306:
23301:
23296:
23291:
23286:
23285:
23284:
23279:
23269:
23264:
23258:
23256:
23247:
23246:
23245:
23244:
23239:
23234:
23229:
23224:
23214:
23209:
23208:
23207:
23197:
23192:
23191:
23190:
23185:
23180:
23170:
23165:
23164:
23163:
23158:
23148:
23147:
23146:
23141:
23136:
23131:
23126:
23116:
23115:
23114:
23109:
23099:
23094:
23089:
23084:
23083:
23082:
23077:
23072:
23067:
23062:
23052:
23051:
23050:
23045:
23035:
23030:
23029:
23028:
23023:
23013:
23012:
23011:
23006:
22996:
22995:
22994:
22989:
22979:
22974:
22973:
22972:
22967:
22962:
22957:
22952:
22942:
22937:
22936:
22935:
22930:
22922:
22917:
22912:
22907:
22902:
22896:
22894:
22888:
22887:
22885:
22884:
22879:
22874:
22869:
22868:
22867:
22862:
22857:
22852:
22847:
22842:
22837:
22827:
22822:
22821:
22820:
22815:
22810:
22805:
22800:
22795:
22785:
22784:
22783:
22778:
22773:
22768:
22758:
22753:
22748:
22743:
22738:
22733:
22728:
22723:
22718:
22717:
22716:
22711:
22701:
22700:
22699:
22694:
22689:
22684:
22679:
22674:
22661:
22656:
22651:
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22644:
22639:
22634:
22624:
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22617:
22612:
22607:
22597:
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22587:
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22577:
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22565:
22560:
22555:
22545:
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22511:
22506:
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22447:
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22437:
22432:
22427:
22422:
22412:
22411:
22410:
22405:
22395:
22394:
22393:
22388:
22383:
22378:
22368:
22363:
22362:
22361:
22351:
22350:
22349:
22344:
22336:
22331:
22326:
22321:
22316:
22311:
22306:
22300:
22298:
22296:Post-classical
22292:
22291:
22289:
22288:
22287:
22286:
22276:
22271:
22270:
22269:
22264:
22254:
22253:
22252:
22242:
22241:
22240:
22235:
22230:
22225:
22220:
22215:
22205:
22200:
22195:
22194:
22193:
22188:
22183:
22178:
22168:
22167:
22166:
22161:
22151:
22146:
22145:
22144:
22139:
22134:
22129:
22124:
22114:
22109:
22104:
22103:
22102:
22097:
22095:Middle Kingdom
22092:
22082:
22077:
22076:
22075:
22070:
22065:
22055:
22054:
22053:
22051:Neo-Babylonian
22048:
22043:
22041:Old Babylonian
22033:
22032:
22031:
22026:
22016:
22011:
22005:
22003:
21991:
21990:
21983:
21982:
21975:
21968:
21960:
21954:
21951:
21950:
21938:
21937:
21935:
21934:
21932:
21931:
21921:
21916:
21910:
21907:
21904:
21903:
21900:
21899:
21897:
21896:
21891:
21886:
21881:
21876:
21871:
21866:
21861:
21856:
21850:
21847:
21846:
21836:
21835:
21832:
21831:
21828:
21827:
21825:
21824:
21823:
21822:
21812:
21807:
21806:
21805:
21795:
21790:
21785:
21780:
21774:
21772:
21770:
21769:
21766:
21760:
21757:
21756:
21754:
21753:
21748:
21743:
21738:
21733:
21732:
21731:
21721:
21720:
21719:
21714:
21704:
21699:
21694:
21689:
21684:
21679:
21674:
21669:
21663:
21661:
21657:
21656:
21654:
21653:
21648:
21641:
21640:
21639:
21629:
21623:
21621:
21615:
21614:
21612:
21611:
21606:
21605:
21604:
21599:
21594:
21584:
21579:
21574:
21568:
21566:
21560:
21559:
21557:
21556:
21551:
21546:
21541:
21540:
21539:
21529:
21524:
21519:
21513:
21511:
21505:
21504:
21501:
21500:
21498:
21497:
21492:
21487:
21482:
21477:
21472:
21466:
21464:
21460:
21459:
21457:
21456:
21451:
21446:
21440:
21438:
21432:
21431:
21429:
21428:
21423:
21418:
21413:
21408:
21406:Byzantine Bath
21403:
21397:
21395:
21389:
21388:
21386:
21385:
21380:
21375:
21370:
21365:
21360:
21355:
21350:
21345:
21340:
21335:
21329:
21327:
21325:Constantinople
21321:
21320:
21318:
21317:
21316:
21315:
21310:
21300:
21294:
21288:
21278:
21277:
21267:
21266:
21263:
21262:
21259:
21258:
21256:
21255:
21250:
21245:
21240:
21235:
21234:
21233:
21223:
21217:
21215:
21209:
21208:
21206:
21205:
21200:
21199:
21198:
21193:
21188:
21183:
21175:
21170:
21165:
21160:
21155:
21150:
21145:
21140:
21135:
21134:
21133:
21128:
21123:
21118:
21108:
21107:
21106:
21101:
21096:
21091:
21086:
21084:Byzantine Rite
21075:
21073:
21063:
21062:
21052:
21051:
21048:
21047:
21044:
21043:
21041:
21040:
21035:
21030:
21025:
21020:
21015:
21010:
21009:
21008:
21003:
20998:
20988:
20982:
20980:
20974:
20973:
20970:
20969:
20967:
20966:
20964:Grand domestic
20961:
20960:
20959:
20954:
20944:
20943:
20942:
20937:
20930:Komnenian army
20926:
20924:
20920:
20919:
20917:
20916:
20911:
20906:
20901:
20896:
20891:
20886:
20881:
20876:
20871:
20865:
20863:
20859:
20858:
20856:
20855:
20854:
20853:
20848:
20843:
20838:
20828:
20822:
20820:
20816:
20815:
20813:
20812:
20807:
20805:Military units
20802:
20797:
20792:
20787:
20782:
20777:
20775:Battle tactics
20771:
20765:
20755:
20754:
20744:
20743:
20740:
20739:
20736:
20735:
20733:
20732:
20727:
20722:
20717:
20711:
20709:
20703:
20702:
20699:
20698:
20696:
20695:
20690:
20684:
20682:
20678:
20677:
20675:
20674:
20669:
20664:
20659:
20653:
20651:
20647:
20646:
20644:
20643:
20638:
20633:
20628:
20623:
20618:
20612:
20610:
20603:
20597:
20596:
20593:
20592:
20590:
20589:
20584:
20578:
20576:
20572:
20571:
20569:
20568:
20563:
20558:
20553:
20548:
20543:
20538:
20533:
20528:
20522:
20520:
20516:
20515:
20513:
20512:
20507:
20502:
20497:
20492:
20486:
20484:
20480:
20479:
20477:
20476:
20471:
20470:
20469:
20467:Medieval Greek
20459:
20458:
20457:
20452:
20447:
20436:
20430:
20422:
20421:
20411:
20410:
20407:
20406:
20403:
20402:
20400:
20399:
20394:
20389:
20384:
20382:
20377:
20372:
20367:
20362:
20361:
20360:
20355:
20345:
20340:
20335:
20330:
20325:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20300:
20294:
20292:
20287:
20284:
20283:
20281:
20280:
20275:
20270:
20265:
20238:
20237:
20236:
20226:
20225:
20224:
20222:Fourth Crusade
20213:
20211:
20203:
20200:
20199:
20197:
20196:
20191:
20186:
20181:
20179:Macedonian era
20176:
20171:
20166:
20160:
20158:
20150:
20147:
20146:
20144:
20143:
20138:
20137:
20136:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20112:Theodosian era
20109:
20108:
20107:
20102:
20091:
20089:
20081:
20078:
20077:
20075:
20074:
20073:
20072:
20059:
20057:
20052:
20045:
20044:
20032:
20031:
20023:
20022:
20015:
20008:
20000:
19994:
19993:
19988:
19982:
19976:
19966:
19953:
19950:De Re Militari
19947:
19941:
19928:
19925:Dumbarton Oaks
19917:
19916:
19912:
19911:
19906:
19900:
19883:
19877:
19858:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19841:
19840:
19829:
19828:
19826:
19825:External links
19823:
19821:
19820:
19807:
19784:
19771:
19745:
19739:
19726:
19720:
19704:
19698:
19685:
19641:
19623:
19605:
19599:
19586:
19580:
19562:
19533:
19527:
19504:
19498:
19481:
19475:
19453:
19447:
19434:
19428:
19420:The Byzantines
19408:
19402:
19389:
19356:
19350:
19335:
19329:
19316:
19310:
19284:
19278:
19265:
19243:
19235:10.2307/301038
19214:
19197:
19176:
19175:
19174:
19170:Shepard (2009)
19165:
19161:Shepard (2009)
19153:
19149:Shepard (2009)
19145:Moorhead, John
19141:
19137:Shepard (2009)
19129:
19125:Shepard (2009)
19117:
19113:Shepard (2009)
19105:
19101:Shepard (2009)
19090:
19072:
19071:
19070:
19066:Shepard (1990)
19058:
19054:Shepard (1990)
19046:
19042:Shepard (1990)
19034:
19030:Shepard (1990)
19025:
19021:Shepard (1990)
19016:
19012:Shepard (1990)
18998:
18985:
18979:
18963:
18957:
18944:
18923:
18906:Schaff, Philip
18902:
18878:
18872:
18841:
18835:
18822:
18816:
18803:
18797:
18781:
18767:
18746:
18740:
18727:
18714:
18697:
18656:
18638:
18601:
18595:
18579:
18573:
18560:
18538:
18532:
18516:
18510:
18497:
18476:
18453:
18420:
18399:
18377:
18376:
18375:
18366:
18357:
18339:
18326:
18320:
18307:
18301:
18281:
18275:
18259:
18221:
18215:
18199:
18181:
18166:
18160:
18144:
18143:
18142:
18130:
18121:
18103:
18086:
18068:
18053:
18047:
18021:
17994:
17988:
17975:
17942:(3): 865–888.
17921:
17920:
17919:
17904:
17892:Young, Frances
17884:
17864:10.2307/624442
17840:
17834:
17820:Millar, Fergus
17816:
17810:
17789:
17775:
17760:
17754:
17741:
17735:
17722:
17705:
17704:
17703:
17694:
17685:
17676:
17667:
17641:
17626:
17609:
17603:
17587:
17581:
17565:
17559:
17547:Fouracre, Paul
17539:
17514:
17508:
17493:
17487:
17474:
17445:
17439:
17420:
17411:978-0884022886
17410:
17393:
17392:
17391:
17370:978-0884022886
17369:
17346:
17328:
17310:
17300:(2): 171–178.
17289:
17283:
17270:
17264:
17247:
17199:
17198:
17197:
17173:
17155:
17149:
17130:
17118:978-0884022886
17117:
17093:
17087:
17069:
17023:(2): 272–316.
17017:Church History
17008:
17003:978-0197549322
17002:
16989:
16983:
16958:
16933:
16927:
16914:
16908:
16892:
16878:
16872:
16857:
16856:
16855:
16851:Johnson (2015)
16846:
16842:Johnson (2015)
16831:
16808:
16790:
16772:
16758:(6): 123–130.
16743:
16729:
16709:
16703:
16687:
16669:(2): 185–226.
16659:Hopkins, Keith
16655:
16649:
16630:
16624:
16607:
16593:
16572:
16566:
16553:
16547:
16534:
16528:
16512:
16481:
16452:
16431:
16419:
16394:
16388:
16371:
16365:
16349:
16343:
16327:
16321:
16308:
16290:
16276:Garland, Lynda
16272:
16266:
16253:
16198:
16180:
16165:
16159:
16146:
16140:
16120:
16089:
16067:Diehl, Charles
16063:
16037:(2): 289–301.
16026:
16008:
15994:Davidson, Alan
15990:
15972:
15954:
15933:
15932:
15931:
15927:Cormack (2008)
15922:
15918:Cormack (2008)
15913:
15909:Cormack (2008)
15904:
15900:Cormack (2008)
15892:
15888:Cormack (2008)
15883:
15879:Cormack (2008)
15874:
15870:Cormack (2008)
15866:Haldan, John F
15862:
15858:Cormack (2008)
15854:Haldon, John F
15850:
15846:Cormack (2008)
15841:
15837:Cormack (2008)
15833:Bryer, Anthony
15829:
15825:Cormack (2008)
15814:
15801:
15795:
15780:
15774:
15751:
15750:
15749:
15740:
15731:
15719:
15710:
15698:
15683:
15670:
15642:
15636:
15623:
15605:
15593:Wiseman, T. P.
15584:
15578:
15570:The Byzantines
15565:
15559:
15551:The Byzantines
15542:
15521:
15515:
15499:
15485:
15479:
15463:
15440:
15434:
15417:
15393:
15387:
15374:
15368:
15346:
15340:
15327:
15321:
15308:
15302:
15286:
15280:
15258:
15252:
15235:
15229:
15213:
15195:
15177:
15151:
15131:10.2307/626864
15125:(2): 202–205.
15114:
15108:
15088:
15082:
15069:
15063:
15047:
15046:
15045:
15033:
15024:
15006:
14996:, ed. (2006).
14990:
14984:
14968:
14931:
14921:(3): 366–375.
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14898:
14871:"Books X–XIII"
14863:
14857:
14841:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14813:
14812:
14806:, p. 71;
14796:
14794:, p. 261.
14781:
14769:
14767:, p. 127.
14757:
14745:
14733:
14721:
14709:
14697:
14685:
14683:, p. 213.
14673:
14666:
14646:
14639:
14618:
14602:
14583:
14563:
14549:
14527:Chazan, Robert
14514:
14512:, p. 173.
14510:Kenworthy 2008
14499:
14487:
14485:, p. 187.
14475:
14463:
14443:
14431:
14419:
14407:
14395:
14383:
14371:
14359:
14347:
14343:Nicholson 1960
14335:
14333:, p. 363.
14323:
14311:
14309:, p. vii.
14299:
14287:
14275:
14273:, p. 346.
14263:
14261:, p. 375.
14251:
14239:
14227:
14215:
14213:, p. 418.
14203:
14191:
14189:, p. 181.
14174:
14159:
14147:
14132:
14120:
14108:
14096:
14084:
14082:, p. 364.
14072:
14060:
14048:
14036:
14024:
14022:, p. 542.
14012:
14000:
13988:
13976:
13964:
13962:, p. 118.
13952:
13940:
13928:
13916:
13909:
13888:
13858:
13851:
13828:
13821:
13795:
13759:
13739:
13737:, p. 409.
13727:
13725:, p. 189.
13712:
13697:
13670:Saliba, George
13661:
13649:
13637:
13635:, p. 218.
13622:
13607:
13605:, p. 110.
13595:
13583:
13569:
13539:
13532:
13506:
13487:
13464:
13443:10.2307/310399
13421:
13387:
13367:
13336:
13304:
13302:, p. 124.
13292:
13265:
13243:
13224:
13204:
13189:
13177:
13175:, p. 685.
13165:
13142:
13138:Kaldellis 2021
13126:
13110:
13098:
13094:Browning 1991a
13086:
13074:
13057:
13045:
13014:
13006:Weitzmann 1982
13004:, Chapter 17;
12994:
12982:
12970:
12958:
12956:, p. 185.
12946:
12934:
12922:
12915:
12907:The Art Museum
12897:
12895:, p. xix.
12893:Weitzmann 1979
12885:
12881:Weitzmann 1979
12873:
12866:
12858:The Art Museum
12848:
12841:
12833:The Art Museum
12823:
12816:
12798:
12771:
12742:
12735:
12709:
12678:
12676:, p. 643.
12666:
12650:
12638:
12623:
12621:, p. 729.
12611:
12580:
12546:
12544:, p. 672.
12534:
12527:
12509:
12507:, p. 184.
12489:
12487:, p. 482.
12469:
12449:
12428:
12398:
12391:
12373:
12371:, p. 723.
12367:, p. 13;
12357:
12351:, p. 18;
12338:
12326:
12324:, p. 535.
12307:
12305:, p. 532.
12291:
12279:
12267:
12255:
12243:
12228:
12211:
12196:
12190:, p. 95;
12188:Kaldellis 2007
12180:
12172:Versteegh 1977
12166:, p. 10;
12156:
12150:, p. 20;
12140:
12120:
12081:(1–4): 63–64.
12061:
12059:, p. 283.
12045:
12033:
12026:
12005:
11993:
11991:, p. 283.
11981:Kaldellis 2023
11973:
11966:
11954:Wickham, Chris
11945:
11943:, p. 562.
11933:Kaldellis 2023
11925:
11923:, p. 109.
11909:
11889:
11879:, p. 77;
11877:McDonnell 2006
11875:, p. 59;
11865:
11863:, p. 5–7.
11861:Treadgold 1997
11845:
11818:
11787:
11785:, p. 850.
11771:
11755:
11753:, p. 133.
11747:Kaldellis 2023
11739:
11737:, p. 310.
11733:, p. 40;
11731:Kaldellis 2023
11723:
11707:
11705:, p. 136.
11691:
11687:Kaldellis 2023
11667:
11657:, p. 40;
11655:Kaldellis 2023
11647:
11641:, p. 40;
11639:Kaldellis 2023
11631:
11629:, p. xvi.
11619:Kaldellis 2023
11611:
11603:Kaldellis 2023
11595:
11591:Kaldellis 2023
11583:
11581:, p. xiv.
11577:, p. 41;
11575:Kaldellis 2023
11573:, p. 13;
11563:
11555:Kaldellis 2023
11547:
11541:, p. 41;
11539:Kaldellis 2023
11531:
11529:, p. 121.
11525:, p. 83;
11515:
11513:, p. 132.
11499:
11493:, p. 85;
11487:Kaldellis 2023
11479:
11477:, p. 331.
11473:, p. 39;
11471:Kaldellis 2023
11463:
11461:, p. 329.
11457:, p. 39;
11455:Kaldellis 2023
11447:
11445:, p. 563.
11441:, p. 38;
11439:Kaldellis 2023
11431:
11425:, p. 53;
11421:, p. 40;
11419:Kaldellis 2023
11411:
11354:
11338:Kaldellis 2023
11330:
11292:
11290:, p. 470.
11286:, p. 42;
11280:Kaldellis 2023
11268:
11262:, p. 39;
11260:Kaldellis 2023
11252:
11236:
11230:, p. 32;
11226:, p. 40;
11224:Kaldellis 2023
11216:
11212:Kaldellis 2023
11204:
11200:Treadgold 1997
11192:Kaldellis 2023
11184:
11180:Treadgold 1997
11156:
11152:Treadgold 1997
11148:Kaldellis 2023
11140:
11138:, p. 138.
11136:Kaldellis 2023
11128:
11121:
11093:
11091:, p. 364.
11085:Treadgold 1997
11081:Kaldellis 2023
11065:
11051:
11023:
11019:Treadgold 1997
11017:, p. 34;
11015:Kaldellis 2023
11007:
10995:Treadgold 1997
10993:, p. 34;
10991:Kaldellis 2023
10983:
10944:
10918:
10898:Ando, Clifford
10870:
10848:
10840:Kaldellis 2023
10836:Spawforth 1993
10824:
10817:
10792:
10785:
10767:
10747:
10745:, p. 789.
10735:
10733:, p. 798.
10719:
10715:Kaldellis 2023
10713:, p. 31;
10699:
10695:Treadgold 1997
10683:
10679:Treadgold 1997
10667:
10665:, p. 310.
10659:Kaldellis 2023
10655:Treadgold 1997
10647:
10639:Kaldellis 2023
10631:
10627:Treadgold 1997
10619:Kaldellis 2023
10611:
10609:, p. 558.
10599:
10595:Treadgold 1997
10591:Kaldellis 2023
10583:
10579:Treadgold 1997
10567:
10551:
10549:, p. 947.
10545:, p. 33;
10543:Treadgold 1995
10541:, p. 29;
10535:Kaldellis 2023
10527:
10488:
10486:, p. 489.
10476:
10456:
10449:
10431:
10411:
10409:, p. 560.
10399:Kaldellis 2023
10391:
10389:, p. 555.
10385:, p. 29;
10379:Kaldellis 2023
10371:
10363:Kaldellis 2023
10355:
10351:Treadgold 1997
10339:
10335:Treadgold 1997
10323:
10321:, p. 557.
10315:Kaldellis 2023
10307:
10303:Treadgold 1997
10291:
10287:Treadgold 1997
10271:
10267:Treadgold 1995
10263:Treadgold 1997
10247:
10231:
10227:Treadgold 1997
10215:
10213:, p. 206.
10211:Treadgold 1995
10207:Kaldellis 2023
10199:
10191:Treadgold 1997
10183:Kaldellis 2023
10175:
10173:, p. 555.
10167:Kaldellis 2023
10159:
10157:, p. 331.
10155:Kaldellis 2023
10147:
10143:Treadgold 1997
10135:Kaldellis 2023
10127:
10112:
10096:
10073:
10071:, pp. 36.
10057:
10055:, p. 472.
10045:
10033:
10021:
10005:
9981:
9961:
9940:10.1086/704909
9914:
9912:, p. 264.
9898:
9878:
9843:(2): 118–133.
9827:
9813:
9782:
9762:
9750:
9748:, p. 529.
9746:Kaldellis 2023
9730:
9722:Kaldellis 2023
9720:, p. 97;
9710:
9698:
9682:
9680:, p. 185.
9670:
9658:
9633:
9621:
9605:
9581:
9579:, p. 120.
9569:Kaldellis 2023
9561:
9559:, p. 120.
9545:
9537:Kaldellis 2023
9525:
9513:
9503:, p. 16;
9493:
9481:
9465:
9453:
9441:
9429:
9427:, p. 949.
9414:
9412:, p. 286.
9386:
9370:
9368:, p. 338.
9366:Kaldellis 2023
9350:
9330:
9328:, p. 289.
9314:
9312:, p. 282.
9302:
9294:Kaldellis 2023
9286:
9284:, p. 283.
9274:
9262:
9246:
9240:, p. 35;
9226:
9222:Kaldellis 2023
9210:
9206:Obolensky 1994
9198:
9186:
9178:Kaldellis 2023
9170:
9168:, p. 185.
9166:Kaldellis 2023
9164:, p. 98;
9154:
9150:Kaldellis 2023
9146:Treadgold 1997
9134:
9130:Treadgold 1997
9118:
9106:
9098:Treadgold 1997
9094:Kaldellis 2023
9086:
9076:, p. 35;
9074:Kaldellis 2023
9066:
9060:, p. 63;
9054:Kaldellis 2023
9046:
9032:
9004:
8990:
8962:
8950:
8944:, p. 25;
8934:
8922:
8883:
8842:Voegelin, Eric
8829:
8809:
8802:
8784:
8745:
8698:
8692:, p. 30;
8682:
8670:
8655:
8643:
8631:
8625:, p. 29;
8612:
8610:, p. 300.
8600:
8588:
8576:
8574:, p. 270.
8564:
8545:
8522:
8520:, p. 268.
8510:
8508:, p. 261.
8498:
8496:, p. 257.
8483:
8481:, p. 260.
8467:
8455:
8443:
8441:, p. 162.
8427:
8387:
8375:
8353:
8345:
8343:, p. 301.
8333:
8313:
8311:, p. 299.
8301:
8285:
8283:, p. 216.
8269:
8257:
8255:, p. 293.
8245:
8243:, p. 118.
8233:
8231:, p. 397.
8218:
8216:, p. 292.
8206:
8204:, p. 291.
8194:
8178:
8166:
8154:
8152:, p. 196.
8142:
8140:, p. 128.
8130:
8118:
8116:, p. 372.
8106:
8094:
8083:. 4 April 2024
8068:
8056:
8044:
8032:
8020:
8008:
8006:, p. 377.
7996:
7994:, p. 267.
7984:
7972:
7953:
7943:, p. 55;
7933:
7931:, p. 234.
7921:
7896:
7861:
7845:
7829:
7805:
7801:Treadgold 1997
7793:
7781:
7779:, p. 116.
7769:
7750:
7721:
7713:Kaldellis 2023
7705:
7703:, p. 267.
7697:Kaldellis 2023
7685:
7683:, p. 503.
7673:Kaldellis 2023
7665:
7661:Kaldellis 2023
7649:
7641:Kaldellis 2023
7629:
7627:, p. 526.
7625:Kaldellis 2023
7613:
7609:Treadgold 1997
7605:Kaldellis 2023
7593:
7591:, p. 266.
7577:
7565:Kaldellis 2023
7553:
7551:, p. 266.
7545:Kaldellis 2023
7537:
7525:Kaldellis 2023
7517:
7513:Kaldellis 2023
7497:
7493:Kaldellis 2023
7485:
7483:, p. 261.
7477:Magdalino 2002
7473:Kaldellis 2023
7465:
7461:Kaldellis 2023
7449:
7447:, p. 170.
7445:Magdalino 2002
7441:Treadgold 2002
7429:
7421:Kaldellis 2023
7417:Treadgold 2002
7409:
7397:Kaldellis 2023
7389:
7385:Treadgold 2002
7381:Kaldellis 2023
7369:
7367:, p. 450.
7365:Kaldellis 2023
7349:
7341:Kaldellis 2023
7333:
7325:Kaldellis 2023
7313:
7311:, p. 265.
7301:Treadgold 2002
7293:
7289:Kaldellis 2023
7281:Treadgold 2002
7273:
7271:, p. 135.
7269:Treadgold 2002
7265:Kaldellis 2023
7257:
7253:Treadgold 2002
7245:Kaldellis 2023
7237:
7225:Treadgold 1997
7217:
7209:Treadgold 1997
7201:
7193:Kaldellis 2023
7185:
7183:, p. 387.
7181:Kaldellis 2023
7169:
7167:, p. 387.
7165:Kaldellis 2023
7157:
7155:, p. 129.
7153:Treadgold 2002
7145:Kaldellis 2023
7137:
7125:Kaldellis 2023
7117:
7113:Treadgold 1997
7105:Kaldellis 2023
7089:
7085:Kaldellis 2023
7081:Treadgold 1997
7069:
7067:, p. 241.
7065:Treadgold 1997
7053:Kaldellis 2023
7045:
7043:, p. 254.
7037:Treadgold 1997
7033:Kaldellis 2023
7025:
7005:
7001:Treadgold 1997
6995:, p. 51;
6985:
6977:Treadgold 1997
6973:Kaldellis 2023
6965:
6963:, p. 253.
6953:Treadgold 1997
6945:
6937:Kaldellis 2023
6933:Treadgold 1997
6925:
6921:Kaldellis 2023
6919:, p. 49;
6909:
6901:Treadgold 1997
6897:Kaldellis 2023
6889:
6881:Kaldellis 2023
6879:, p. 46;
6869:
6861:Kaldellis 2023
6849:
6841:Kaldellis 2023
6829:
6825:Treadgold 1997
6823:, p. 45;
6817:Kaldellis 2023
6805:
6803:, p. 174.
6801:Treadgold 1997
6797:Kaldellis 2023
6781:
6777:Treadgold 1997
6773:Kaldellis 2023
6761:
6757:Treadgold 1997
6753:Kaldellis 2023
6741:
6737:Kaldellis 2023
6729:
6725:Treadgold 1997
6721:Kaldellis 2023
6709:
6705:Treadgold 1997
6701:Kaldellis 2023
6689:
6681:Treadgold 1997
6677:Kaldellis 2023
6665:
6661:Treadgold 1997
6657:Kaldellis 2023
6645:
6643:, p. 136.
6641:Kaldellis 2023
6633:
6629:Treadgold 1997
6625:Kaldellis 2023
6613:
6609:Treadgold 1997
6605:Kaldellis 2023
6593:
6589:Treadgold 1997
6585:Kaldellis 2023
6573:
6569:Treadgold 1997
6565:Kaldellis 2023
6553:
6549:Treadgold 1997
6545:Kaldellis 2023
6533:
6529:Treadgold 1997
6525:Kaldellis 2023
6513:
6509:Treadgold 1997
6505:Kaldellis 2023
6493:
6489:Treadgold 1997
6485:Kaldellis 2023
6473:
6469:Treadgold 1997
6465:Kaldellis 2023
6453:
6449:Treadgold 1997
6445:Kaldellis 2023
6433:
6431:, p. 232.
6421:
6409:
6403:, p. 34;
6401:Kaldellis 2023
6393:
6389:Kaldellis 2015
6377:
6369:Kaldellis 2023
6361:
6357:Kaldellis 2022
6349:
6337:
6329:Kaldellis 2022
6321:
6309:Kaldellis 2023
6300:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6265:
6256:
6241:
6206:
6193:
6174:Medieval Greek
6165:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6110:
6107:
6069:Czech Republic
6049:Averil Cameron
6024:mosaic in the
6003:
6000:
5988:Russian Empire
5917:Mani Peninsula
5871:Main article:
5868:
5865:
5860:Main article:
5857:
5854:
5841:Main article:
5838:
5835:
5800:in Byzantium.
5796:in Persia and
5746:Edict of Milan
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5501:Main article:
5498:
5495:
5434:
5431:
5298:Calabrian lira
5240:Ibn Khordadbeh
5180:
5179:
5171:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5146:
5047: 650–800
4990: 330–650
4967:medieval Greek
4937:
4934:
4922:carved ivories
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4712:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4687:
4684:
4669:
4662:
4661:
4638:Christ as the
4637:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4612:(Greece), the
4545:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:Main article:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4401:played by the
4399:τάβλι (tabula)
4380:
4377:
4313:Main article:
4310:
4307:
4291:Byzantine silk
4278:Main article:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4226:Arab conquests
4193:British Museum
4143:Byzantine silk
4135:Main article:
4132:
4129:
4086: 610–641
4075: 527–565
3936:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3902:
3885:
3882:
3852:
3851:Socio-economic
3849:
3845: 393–423
3820:
3817:
3765:
3762:
3754:Πανδιδακτήριον
3750:Medieval Greek
3746:Pandidakterion
3698:
3695:
3686: 284–305
3671:Main article:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3622:Main article:
3619:
3616:
3596: 867–886
3581: 685–711
3535:Byzantine Navy
3533:Main article:
3530:
3527:
3503:regiment, the
3463: 886–912
3437:Byzantine army
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3396:considers the
3371: 963–969
3356: 306–337
3337:Main article:
3334:
3331:
3298: 886–912
3257: 717–741
3225: 527–565
3208: 402–450
3198: 284–305
3178: 117–138
3152:Main article:
3149:
3146:
3067:Roman Republic
3063: 379–395
3056:Michael Whitby
3000:Main article:
2997:
2994:
2990: 886–912
2953: 602–610
2923:
2920:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2879:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2762:Aegean islands
2722:Constantinople
2706:Main article:
2703:
2700:
2668:Serbian Empire
2633:
2630:
2622:Andronikos III
2591:Ottoman Empire
2573:following the
2560:expedition in
2507:Western Europe
2481:Fourth Crusade
2411:Fourth Crusade
2406:
2403:
2360:reincorporated
2352:Isaac Komnenos
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2303:Main article:
2300:
2297:
2188:German Emperor
2165:Alexios's son
2129:Second Crusade
2124:
2121:
2004:
2001:
1978:
1975:
1955:Michael Doukas
1920:John Skylitzes
1916:Constantine IX
1895:, followed by
1831:John Tzimiskes
1796:Fourth Crusade
1738:lost in Sicily
1716: 886–912
1697: 867–886
1665:
1662:
1642: 829–842
1616:Constantine VI
1563: 741–775
1513:
1510:
1463: 668–685
1456:Constantine IV
1444: 641–668
1353:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1280: 565–578
1219:Vandal Kingdom
1167:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1129:
1117: 491–518
1098: 474–491
1067: 457–474
1011: 408–450
980:Magnus Maximus
972: 379–395
954:
948:
918:Sasanid Persia
886:Constantinople
874: 306–337
857: 284–305
830:its government
822:Roman Republic
775:
772:
751:late antiquity
743:periodizations
735:Main article:
732:
729:
715:—"Romanland".
707:Constantinople
699:(Latinised as
658:
655:
639:perennial wars
619:Fourth Crusade
548: 527–565
530:state religion
526: 379–395
511: 324–337
479:and the later
453:Ottoman Empire
433:Late Antiquity
429:Constantinople
411:
410:
397:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
330:
329:
323:Late Antiquity
320:
319:Historical era
316:
315:
312:
311:
309:Constantine XI
306:
303:
300:
299:
294:
291:
288:
287:
282:
279:
276:
275:
270:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
252:
251:
246:
243:
240:
239:
234:
231:
228:
227:
222:
219:
216:
215:
210:
207:
204:
203:
198:
195:
192:
191:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
148:
142:
141:
131:
127:
126:
124:
123:
118:
108:
106:
102:
101:
94:Constantinople
91:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
28101:
28090:
28087:
28085:
28082:
28080:
28077:
28075:
28072:
28070:
28067:
28065:
28062:
28060:
28057:
28055:
28052:
28050:
28047:
28045:
28042:
28040:
28037:
28035:
28032:
28030:
28027:
28025:
28022:
28020:
28017:
28015:
28012:
28011:
28009:
27997:
27996:
27995:Travel guides
27984:
27980:
27979:
27967:
27963:
27962:
27950:
27946:
27945:
27933:
27929:
27928:
27916:
27915:
27912:
27906:
27898:
27893:
27888:
27886:
27876:
27874:
27869:
27864:
27862:
27852:
27850:
27840:
27839:
27836:
27817:
27814:
27812:
27809:
27807:
27804:
27802:
27799:
27797:
27794:
27792:
27789:
27787:
27784:
27782:
27779:
27777:
27774:
27772:
27771:Art of Europe
27769:
27768:
27766:
27762:
27756:
27753:
27751:
27748:
27746:
27743:
27741:
27738:
27736:
27733:
27731:
27728:
27726:
27723:
27721:
27718:
27716:
27713:
27711:
27708:
27706:
27703:
27701:
27698:
27696:
27693:
27691:
27688:
27686:
27683:
27681:
27678:
27676:
27673:
27671:
27668:
27666:
27663:
27661:
27658:
27656:
27653:
27651:
27648:
27646:
27643:
27641:
27638:
27636:
27633:
27631:
27628:
27626:
27623:
27621:
27618:
27616:
27613:
27611:
27608:
27606:
27603:
27601:
27598:
27594:
27591:
27590:
27589:
27586:
27584:
27581:
27579:
27576:
27575:
27573:
27571:
27570:Modern period
27567:
27561:
27558:
27556:
27553:
27551:
27548:
27546:
27543:
27541:
27538:
27536:
27533:
27531:
27528:
27526:
27523:
27521:
27518:
27516:
27513:
27511:
27508:
27505:
27501:
27497:
27493:
27489:
27486:
27484:
27481:
27479:
27476:
27472:
27469:
27467:
27464:
27462:
27459:
27457:
27454:
27453:
27452:
27449:
27445:
27442:
27440:
27437:
27436:
27434:
27432:
27429:
27427:
27424:
27422:
27419:
27417:
27414:
27410:
27407:
27406:
27405:
27402:
27400:
27397:
27395:
27392:
27391:
27389:
27387:
27383:
27377:
27374:
27372:
27369:
27367:
27364:
27360:
27357:
27356:
27355:
27352:
27350:
27347:
27345:
27342:
27340:
27337:
27335:
27332:
27331:
27329:
27327:
27323:
27317:
27314:
27312:
27309:
27307:
27304:
27302:
27299:
27298:
27296:
27294:
27290:
27286:
27279:
27274:
27272:
27267:
27265:
27260:
27259:
27256:
27244:
27241:
27239:
27236:
27234:
27231:
27229:
27226:
27224:
27221:
27219:
27216:
27214:
27211:
27209:
27206:
27204:
27201:
27199:
27196:
27194:
27191:
27189:
27186:
27184:
27181:
27179:
27176:
27174:
27171:
27169:
27166:
27164:
27161:
27159:
27156:
27154:
27151:
27149:
27146:
27144:
27141:
27139:
27136:
27134:
27131:
27129:
27126:
27124:
27121:
27119:
27116:
27115:
27113:
27104:
27098:
27095:
27093:
27090:
27088:
27085:
27083:
27080:
27078:
27075:
27073:
27070:
27068:
27065:
27063:
27060:
27058:
27055:
27053:
27050:
27048:
27045:
27043:
27040:
27038:
27035:
27033:
27030:
27028:
27025:
27023:
27020:
27018:
27015:
27013:
27010:
27008:
27005:
27004:
27002:
26998:
26988:
26985:
26983:
26980:
26978:
26975:
26973:
26970:
26968:
26965:
26963:
26960:
26958:
26955:
26953:
26950:
26948:
26945:
26943:
26940:
26938:
26935:
26933:
26930:
26928:
26925:
26923:
26920:
26918:
26915:
26913:
26910:
26908:
26905:
26903:
26900:
26898:
26895:
26893:
26890:
26888:
26885:
26883:
26880:
26878:
26875:
26873:
26870:
26868:
26865:
26863:
26860:
26858:
26855:
26853:
26850:
26848:
26845:
26843:
26840:
26838:
26835:
26833:
26830:
26828:
26825:
26823:
26820:
26819:
26817:
26815:
26811:
26805:
26802:
26800:
26797:
26795:
26792:
26790:
26787:
26785:
26782:
26780:
26777:
26775:
26772:
26770:
26767:
26765:
26762:
26760:
26757:
26755:
26752:
26750:
26747:
26745:
26742:
26740:
26737:
26735:
26732:
26730:
26727:
26725:
26722:
26720:
26717:
26715:
26712:
26710:
26707:
26705:
26702:
26700:
26697:
26695:
26692:
26690:
26687:
26685:
26682:
26680:
26677:
26675:
26672:
26670:
26667:
26665:
26662:
26660:
26657:
26655:
26652:
26650:
26647:
26645:
26642:
26640:
26637:
26635:
26632:
26630:
26627:
26625:
26622:
26620:
26617:
26615:
26612:
26610:
26607:
26605:
26602:
26600:
26597:
26595:
26592:
26590:
26587:
26585:
26582:
26580:
26577:
26575:
26572:
26570:
26569:Julius Paulus
26567:
26565:
26562:
26560:
26557:
26555:
26552:
26550:
26547:
26545:
26542:
26540:
26537:
26535:
26532:
26530:
26527:
26525:
26522:
26520:
26517:
26515:
26512:
26510:
26507:
26505:
26504:Fabius Pictor
26502:
26500:
26497:
26495:
26492:
26490:
26487:
26485:
26482:
26480:
26477:
26475:
26472:
26470:
26467:
26465:
26462:
26460:
26457:
26455:
26452:
26450:
26447:
26445:
26442:
26440:
26437:
26435:
26432:
26430:
26427:
26425:
26422:
26420:
26417:
26415:
26412:
26411:
26409:
26407:
26403:
26400:
26396:
26390:
26387:
26383:
26380:
26378:
26375:
26373:
26370:
26368:
26365:
26363:
26360:
26358:
26355:
26353:
26350:
26348:
26345:
26343:
26340:
26339:
26337:
26335:
26332:
26330:
26327:
26326:
26324:
26322:
26318:
26312:
26309:
26307:
26304:
26302:
26299:
26297:
26294:
26292:
26289:
26287:
26284:
26282:
26279:
26277:
26274:
26272:
26269:
26267:
26264:
26262:
26259:
26257:
26254:
26252:
26249:
26247:
26244:
26242:
26241:Amphitheatres
26239:
26238:
26236:
26234:
26230:
26224:
26221:
26219:
26216:
26214:
26211:
26209:
26206:
26204:
26201:
26199:
26196:
26194:
26191:
26189:
26186:
26182:
26179:
26178:
26177:
26174:
26172:
26169:
26167:
26164:
26162:
26159:
26157:
26154:
26152:
26149:
26147:
26144:
26143:
26141:
26139:
26135:
26129:
26126:
26124:
26121:
26119:
26116:
26114:
26111:
26109:
26106:
26104:
26101:
26099:
26096:
26092:
26089:
26088:
26087:
26084:
26082:
26079:
26077:
26074:
26072:
26069:
26067:
26064:
26062:
26059:
26057:
26054:
26052:
26049:
26047:
26044:
26042:
26039:
26037:
26034:
26032:
26029:
26027:
26024:
26022:
26019:
26018:
26016:
26014:
26010:
26004:
26001:
25999:
25996:
25994:
25991:
25989:
25986:
25984:
25981:
25979:
25978:Deforestation
25976:
25974:
25971:
25970:
25968:
25966:
25962:
25956:
25953:
25951:
25948:
25946:
25943:
25941:
25938:
25934:
25931:
25929:
25928:Siege engines
25926:
25924:
25921:
25919:
25916:
25914:
25911:
25910:
25909:
25906:
25904:
25901:
25897:
25894:
25893:
25892:
25889:
25887:
25884:
25882:
25879:
25877:
25874:
25872:
25869:
25867:
25864:
25862:
25861:Establishment
25859:
25857:
25854:
25852:
25849:
25848:
25846:
25844:
25840:
25830:
25827:
25825:
25822:
25820:
25817:
25815:
25812:
25810:
25807:
25805:
25802:
25800:
25797:
25796:
25794:
25792:Extraordinary
25790:
25784:
25781:
25779:
25778:Promagistrate
25776:
25774:
25771:
25769:
25766:
25764:
25761:
25759:
25756:
25754:
25751:
25749:
25746:
25744:
25741:
25739:
25736:
25735:
25733:
25729:
25726:
25724:
25720:
25714:
25711:
25709:
25706:
25704:
25701:
25699:
25696:
25694:
25691:
25689:
25686:
25684:
25681:
25679:
25676:
25674:
25671:
25669:
25666:
25664:
25661:
25659:
25656:
25654:
25651:
25649:
25646:
25644:
25641:
25639:
25636:
25634:
25631:
25629:
25626:
25624:
25621:
25619:
25616:
25614:
25611:
25610:
25608:
25606:
25602:
25596:
25593:
25591:
25588:
25586:
25583:
25581:
25578:
25576:
25573:
25571:
25568:
25566:
25565:Twelve Tables
25563:
25562:
25560:
25558:
25554:
25548:
25545:
25543:
25540:
25536:
25533:
25531:
25528:
25526:
25523:
25521:
25518:
25517:
25516:
25513:
25511:
25508:
25506:
25503:
25501:
25498:
25496:
25493:
25491:
25488:
25486:
25483:
25482:
25480:
25478:
25474:
25462:
25459:
25458:
25457:
25454:
25450:
25447:
25445:
25442:
25441:
25440:
25437:
25433:
25430:
25428:
25425:
25424:
25423:
25420:
25418:
25415:
25413:
25410:
25408:
25405:
25403:
25400:
25399:
25397:
25395:
25391:
25385:
25382:
25378:
25375:
25374:
25373:
25370:
25368:
25365:
25364:
25361:
25358:
25356:
25352:
25346:
25343:
25341:
25338:
25337:
25334:
25329:
25322:
25317:
25315:
25310:
25308:
25303:
25302:
25299:
25285:
25278:
25274:
25273:
25268:
25264:
25257:
25254:
25249:
25242:
25239:
25232:
25228:
25227:
25223:
25218:
25212:
25211:
25208:
25202:
25201:
25197:
25196:
25191:
25185:
25184:
25176:
25175:
25172:
25166:
25165:
25162:
25161:
25156:
25155:
25150:
25149:
25143:
25138:
25137:
25131:
25127:
25122:
25118:
25113:
25107:
25106:
25103:
25102:
25098:
25095:
25093:
25087:
25086:
25079:
25078:
25075:
25070:
25068:
25062:
25061:
25057:
25056:
25051:
25045:
25044:
25039:
25033:
25032:
25028:
25024:
25019:
25013:
25012:
25009:
25007:
25002:
24998:
24993:
24988:
24986:
24981:
24975:
24974:
24971:
24965:
24964:
24961:
24960:
24953:
24952:
24949:
24943:
24942:
24939:
24935:
24931:
24922:
24921:
24918:
24913:
24908:
24903:
24902:
24897:
24893:
24885:
24880:
24878:
24873:
24871:
24866:
24865:
24862:
24845:
24842:
24839:
24836:
24833:
24830:
24825:
24822:
24821:
24819:
24816:
24815:
24813:
24811:
24806:
24799:
24796:
24793:
24790:
24787:
24784:
24781:
24778:
24775:
24772:
24769:
24766:
24763:
24760:
24757:
24754:
24751:
24748:
24745:
24742:
24739:
24736:
24733:
24730:
24727:
24724:
24721:
24718:
24715:
24712:
24711:
24709:
24703:
24693:
24690:
24688:
24685:
24683:
24680:
24678:
24675:
24673:
24670:
24668:
24665:
24663:
24660:
24658:
24655:
24653:
24650:
24648:
24645:
24643:
24640:
24639:
24637:
24633:
24627:
24624:
24622:
24619:
24617:
24614:
24612:
24609:
24607:
24604:
24602:
24599:
24597:
24594:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24579:
24578:
24576:
24572:
24569:
24564:
24559:
24555:
24545:
24542:
24540:
24537:
24535:
24532:
24530:
24527:
24524:
24521:
24519:
24516:
24514:
24511:
24509:
24508:Duchy of Sora
24506:
24504:
24501:
24499:
24496:
24495:
24493:
24489:
24483:
24479:
24472:
24469:
24467:
24464:
24462:
24459:
24455:
24452:
24450:
24447:
24445:
24442:
24440:
24437:
24435:
24432:
24431:
24430:
24427:
24426:
24424:
24420:
24416:
24406:
24403:
24401:
24398:
24396:
24393:
24391:
24388:
24387:
24385:
24383:
24379:
24373:
24370:
24368:
24365:
24363:
24360:
24359:
24357:
24353:
24347:
24346:Muslim Sicily
24344:
24342:
24339:
24338:
24336:
24334:
24330:
24324:
24321:
24319:
24315:
24312:
24310:
24307:
24305:
24302:
24300:
24297:
24295:
24292:
24290:
24287:
24285:
24282:
24281:
24279:
24275:
24272:
24268:
24264:
24258:
24255:
24253:
24250:
24248:
24245:
24243:
24240:
24238:
24235:
24233:
24230:
24228:
24225:
24223:
24220:
24218:
24215:
24214:
24212:
24206:
24200:
24197:
24195:
24192:
24190:
24187:
24186:
24184:
24180:
24176:
24168:
24165:
24163:
24160:
24158:
24155:
24153:
24150:
24148:
24145:
24143:
24140:
24139:
24138:
24135:
24133:
24130:
24128:
24125:
24123:
24120:
24118:
24115:
24113:
24110:
24108:
24105:
24103:
24100:
24098:
24095:
24093:
24090:
24088:
24085:
24083:
24080:
24078:
24075:
24073:
24070:
24068:
24065:
24061:
24058:
24056:
24053:
24051:
24048:
24046:
24043:
24041:
24038:
24036:
24033:
24031:
24028:
24026:
24023:
24021:
24018:
24016:
24013:
24011:
24008:
24006:
24003:
24001:
23998:
23996:
23993:
23991:
23988:
23987:
23986:
23983:
23981:
23978:
23976:
23973:
23971:
23968:
23966:
23963:
23961:
23958:
23956:
23953:
23951:
23948:
23946:
23943:
23942:
23940:
23932:
23928:
23922:
23919:
23917:
23914:
23912:
23909:
23907:
23904:
23902:
23899:
23897:
23894:
23892:
23889:
23888:
23886:
23882:
23878:
23871:
23868:
23863:
23860:
23857:
23854:
23851:
23850:Duchy of Rome
23848:
23847:
23845:
23842:
23841:
23839:
23836:
23832:
23824:
23821:
23819:
23816:
23814:
23811:
23809:
23806:
23804:
23801:
23799:
23796:
23795:
23793:
23790:
23787:
23784:
23781:
23778:
23775:
23772:
23771:
23769:
23763:
23760:
23750:
23743:
23740:
23737:
23734:
23731:
23728:
23725:
23724:Roman Kingdom
23722:
23721:
23719:
23717:
23713:
23707:
23704:
23702:
23699:
23697:
23696:Magna Graecia
23694:
23692:
23689:
23687:
23684:
23682:
23679:
23677:
23674:
23670:
23667:
23666:
23665:
23662:
23660:
23657:
23655:
23652:
23650:
23647:
23643:
23640:
23639:
23638:
23635:
23634:
23632:
23628:
23624:
23617:
23612:
23610:
23605:
23603:
23598:
23597:
23594:
23486:
23482:
23475:
23470:
23468:
23463:
23461:
23456:
23455:
23452:
23438:
23437:Soviet empire
23435:
23433:
23430:
23429:
23427:
23426:
23424:
23422:Miscellaneous
23420:
23414:
23411:
23409:
23406:
23404:
23401:
23399:
23396:
23394:
23391:
23387:
23384:
23383:
23382:
23379:
23378:
23376:
23372:
23362:
23359:
23357:
23354:
23352:
23349:
23347:
23344:
23340:
23337:
23336:
23335:
23332:
23330:
23327:
23325:
23322:
23320:
23317:
23315:
23312:
23310:
23307:
23305:
23302:
23300:
23297:
23295:
23292:
23290:
23287:
23283:
23280:
23278:
23275:
23274:
23273:
23270:
23268:
23265:
23263:
23260:
23259:
23257:
23255:
23251:
23243:
23240:
23238:
23235:
23233:
23230:
23228:
23225:
23223:
23220:
23219:
23218:
23215:
23213:
23210:
23206:
23203:
23202:
23201:
23198:
23196:
23193:
23189:
23186:
23184:
23181:
23179:
23176:
23175:
23174:
23171:
23169:
23166:
23162:
23159:
23157:
23154:
23153:
23152:
23149:
23145:
23142:
23140:
23137:
23135:
23132:
23130:
23127:
23125:
23122:
23121:
23120:
23117:
23113:
23110:
23108:
23105:
23104:
23103:
23100:
23098:
23095:
23093:
23090:
23088:
23085:
23081:
23078:
23076:
23073:
23071:
23068:
23066:
23063:
23061:
23058:
23057:
23056:
23053:
23049:
23046:
23044:
23041:
23040:
23039:
23036:
23034:
23031:
23027:
23024:
23022:
23021:German Empire
23019:
23018:
23017:
23014:
23010:
23007:
23005:
23002:
23001:
23000:
22997:
22993:
22990:
22988:
22985:
22984:
22983:
22980:
22978:
22975:
22971:
22968:
22966:
22963:
22961:
22958:
22956:
22953:
22951:
22948:
22947:
22946:
22943:
22941:
22938:
22934:
22931:
22929:
22926:
22925:
22923:
22921:
22918:
22916:
22913:
22911:
22908:
22906:
22903:
22901:
22898:
22897:
22895:
22893:
22889:
22883:
22880:
22878:
22875:
22873:
22870:
22866:
22863:
22861:
22858:
22856:
22853:
22851:
22848:
22846:
22843:
22841:
22838:
22836:
22833:
22832:
22831:
22828:
22826:
22823:
22819:
22816:
22814:
22811:
22809:
22806:
22804:
22801:
22799:
22796:
22794:
22791:
22790:
22789:
22786:
22782:
22779:
22777:
22774:
22772:
22769:
22767:
22764:
22763:
22762:
22761:Turco-Persian
22759:
22757:
22754:
22752:
22749:
22747:
22744:
22742:
22739:
22737:
22734:
22732:
22729:
22727:
22724:
22722:
22719:
22715:
22712:
22710:
22707:
22706:
22705:
22702:
22698:
22695:
22693:
22690:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22673:
22670:
22669:
22668:
22665:
22662:
22660:
22657:
22655:
22652:
22650:
22647:
22643:
22640:
22638:
22635:
22633:
22630:
22629:
22628:
22625:
22621:
22618:
22616:
22613:
22611:
22608:
22606:
22603:
22602:
22601:
22598:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22586:
22583:
22581:
22578:
22576:
22573:
22569:
22566:
22564:
22561:
22559:
22556:
22554:
22551:
22550:
22549:
22546:
22542:
22539:
22537:
22534:
22532:
22529:
22527:
22524:
22523:
22522:
22519:
22515:
22512:
22510:
22507:
22505:
22502:
22501:
22500:
22497:
22495:
22492:
22490:
22487:
22485:
22482:
22480:
22477:
22473:
22470:
22468:
22465:
22463:
22460:
22459:
22458:
22455:
22453:
22450:
22446:
22443:
22441:
22438:
22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22421:
22418:
22417:
22416:
22413:
22409:
22406:
22404:
22401:
22400:
22399:
22396:
22392:
22389:
22387:
22384:
22382:
22379:
22377:
22374:
22373:
22372:
22369:
22367:
22364:
22360:
22357:
22356:
22355:
22352:
22348:
22345:
22343:
22340:
22339:
22337:
22335:
22332:
22330:
22327:
22325:
22322:
22320:
22317:
22315:
22312:
22310:
22307:
22305:
22302:
22301:
22299:
22297:
22293:
22285:
22282:
22281:
22280:
22277:
22275:
22272:
22268:
22265:
22263:
22260:
22259:
22258:
22255:
22251:
22248:
22247:
22246:
22243:
22239:
22236:
22234:
22231:
22229:
22226:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22214:
22211:
22210:
22209:
22206:
22204:
22201:
22199:
22196:
22192:
22189:
22187:
22184:
22182:
22179:
22177:
22174:
22173:
22172:
22169:
22165:
22162:
22160:
22157:
22156:
22155:
22152:
22150:
22147:
22143:
22140:
22138:
22135:
22133:
22130:
22128:
22125:
22123:
22120:
22119:
22118:
22115:
22113:
22110:
22108:
22105:
22101:
22098:
22096:
22093:
22091:
22088:
22087:
22086:
22083:
22081:
22078:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22060:
22059:
22056:
22052:
22049:
22047:
22044:
22042:
22039:
22038:
22037:
22034:
22030:
22027:
22025:
22022:
22021:
22020:
22017:
22015:
22012:
22010:
22007:
22006:
22004:
22001:
21996:
21992:
21988:
21981:
21976:
21974:
21969:
21967:
21962:
21961:
21958:
21952:
21945:
21930:
21926:
21922:
21920:
21917:
21915:
21912:
21911:
21909:
21908:
21905:
21895:
21892:
21890:
21887:
21885:
21882:
21880:
21877:
21875:
21872:
21870:
21867:
21865:
21862:
21860:
21857:
21855:
21852:
21851:
21848:
21841:
21837:
21821:
21818:
21817:
21816:
21813:
21811:
21808:
21804:
21801:
21800:
21799:
21796:
21794:
21791:
21789:
21786:
21784:
21781:
21779:
21778:Encyclopedias
21776:
21775:
21773:
21767:
21765:
21762:
21761:
21758:
21752:
21749:
21747:
21744:
21742:
21739:
21737:
21734:
21730:
21727:
21726:
21725:
21722:
21718:
21715:
21713:
21710:
21709:
21708:
21705:
21703:
21702:Hellenization
21700:
21698:
21695:
21693:
21690:
21688:
21685:
21683:
21680:
21678:
21675:
21673:
21670:
21668:
21665:
21664:
21662:
21660:Everyday life
21658:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21646:
21642:
21638:
21635:
21634:
21633:
21632:Acritic songs
21630:
21628:
21625:
21624:
21622:
21620:
21616:
21610:
21607:
21603:
21600:
21598:
21595:
21593:
21590:
21589:
21588:
21585:
21583:
21580:
21578:
21575:
21573:
21570:
21569:
21567:
21565:
21561:
21555:
21552:
21550:
21547:
21545:
21542:
21538:
21535:
21534:
21533:
21530:
21528:
21525:
21523:
21520:
21518:
21515:
21514:
21512:
21510:
21506:
21496:
21493:
21491:
21488:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21476:
21475:Hosios Loukas
21473:
21471:
21468:
21467:
21465:
21461:
21455:
21452:
21450:
21447:
21445:
21442:
21441:
21439:
21437:
21433:
21427:
21424:
21422:
21419:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21409:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21398:
21396:
21394:
21390:
21384:
21381:
21379:
21376:
21374:
21371:
21369:
21366:
21364:
21361:
21359:
21356:
21354:
21351:
21349:
21346:
21344:
21341:
21339:
21336:
21334:
21331:
21330:
21328:
21326:
21322:
21314:
21311:
21309:
21306:
21305:
21304:
21301:
21299:
21296:
21295:
21292:
21289:
21287:
21283:
21279:
21272:
21268:
21254:
21251:
21249:
21246:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21236:
21232:
21229:
21228:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21218:
21216:
21214:
21210:
21204:
21201:
21197:
21194:
21192:
21189:
21187:
21184:
21182:
21179:
21178:
21176:
21174:
21171:
21169:
21166:
21164:
21161:
21159:
21156:
21154:
21151:
21149:
21148:Monophysitism
21146:
21144:
21141:
21139:
21136:
21132:
21129:
21127:
21124:
21122:
21121:Armenian Rite
21119:
21117:
21114:
21113:
21112:
21109:
21105:
21102:
21100:
21097:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21085:
21082:
21081:
21080:
21077:
21076:
21074:
21072:
21068:
21064:
21057:
21053:
21039:
21038:Naval battles
21036:
21034:
21031:
21029:
21026:
21024:
21021:
21019:
21016:
21014:
21011:
21007:
21004:
21002:
20999:
20997:
20994:
20993:
20992:
20989:
20987:
20984:
20983:
20981:
20979:
20975:
20965:
20962:
20958:
20955:
20953:
20950:
20949:
20948:
20945:
20941:
20938:
20936:
20933:
20932:
20931:
20928:
20927:
20925:
20921:
20915:
20912:
20910:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20900:
20897:
20895:
20892:
20890:
20887:
20885:
20882:
20880:
20877:
20875:
20872:
20870:
20867:
20866:
20864:
20860:
20852:
20849:
20847:
20844:
20842:
20839:
20837:
20834:
20833:
20832:
20829:
20827:
20824:
20823:
20821:
20817:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20801:
20798:
20796:
20793:
20791:
20788:
20786:
20783:
20781:
20778:
20776:
20773:
20772:
20769:
20766:
20764:
20760:
20756:
20749:
20745:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20713:
20712:
20710:
20708:
20704:
20694:
20691:
20689:
20686:
20685:
20683:
20679:
20673:
20670:
20668:
20665:
20663:
20660:
20658:
20655:
20654:
20652:
20648:
20642:
20639:
20637:
20634:
20632:
20629:
20627:
20624:
20622:
20619:
20617:
20614:
20613:
20611:
20607:
20604:
20602:
20598:
20588:
20585:
20583:
20580:
20579:
20577:
20573:
20567:
20564:
20562:
20561:Protasekretis
20559:
20557:
20554:
20552:
20549:
20547:
20544:
20542:
20539:
20537:
20534:
20532:
20529:
20527:
20524:
20523:
20521:
20517:
20511:
20508:
20506:
20503:
20501:
20498:
20496:
20493:
20491:
20488:
20487:
20485:
20481:
20475:
20472:
20468:
20465:
20464:
20463:
20460:
20456:
20453:
20451:
20448:
20446:
20443:
20442:
20441:
20438:
20437:
20434:
20431:
20427:
20423:
20416:
20412:
20398:
20395:
20393:
20390:
20387:
20383:
20381:
20378:
20376:
20373:
20371:
20368:
20366:
20363:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20350:
20349:
20346:
20344:
20341:
20339:
20336:
20334:
20331:
20329:
20326:
20324:
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20295:
20293:
20285:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20271:
20269:
20266:
20263:
20259:
20255:
20251:
20247:
20243:
20239:
20235:
20232:
20231:
20230:
20227:
20223:
20220:
20219:
20218:
20215:
20214:
20212:
20206:
20201:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20189:Komnenian era
20187:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20175:
20172:
20170:
20167:
20165:
20162:
20161:
20159:
20153:
20148:
20142:
20139:
20134:
20130:
20129:
20128:
20127:Heraclian era
20125:
20123:
20122:Justinian era
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20110:
20106:
20103:
20101:
20098:
20097:
20096:
20093:
20092:
20090:
20084:
20079:
20071:
20070:
20066:
20065:
20064:
20061:
20060:
20058:
20055:
20050:
20046:
20042:
20037:
20033:
20028:
20021:
20016:
20014:
20009:
20007:
20002:
20001:
19998:
19992:
19989:
19986:
19983:
19980:
19977:
19975:; in English.
19974:
19970:
19967:
19964:
19960:
19957:
19954:
19951:
19948:
19945:
19942:
19939:
19935:
19932:
19929:
19926:
19922:
19919:
19918:
19914:
19913:
19910:
19907:
19904:
19901:
19898:
19894:
19890:
19887:
19884:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19872:
19871:
19866:
19863:
19862:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19842:
19837:
19832:
19810:
19804:
19800:
19796:
19792:
19791:
19785:
19774:
19768:
19764:
19760:
19756:
19755:
19750:
19746:
19742:
19740:9780870991790
19736:
19732:
19727:
19723:
19717:
19713:
19709:
19705:
19701:
19695:
19691:
19686:
19674:
19670:
19666:
19662:
19658:
19655:(71): 79–91.
19654:
19650:
19646:
19642:
19630:
19626:
19620:
19616:
19615:
19610:
19606:
19602:
19596:
19592:
19587:
19583:
19577:
19573:
19572:
19568:(1928–1935).
19567:
19563:
19556:
19552:
19548:
19541:
19540:
19534:
19530:
19524:
19520:
19516:
19512:
19511:
19505:
19501:
19495:
19491:
19482:
19478:
19476:0-8047-2630-2
19472:
19468:
19464:
19463:
19458:
19454:
19450:
19444:
19440:
19435:
19431:
19425:
19421:
19417:
19413:
19409:
19405:
19399:
19395:
19390:
19386:
19382:
19378:
19374:
19370:
19366:
19362:
19357:
19353:
19347:
19343:
19342:
19336:
19332:
19326:
19322:
19317:
19313:
19307:
19303:
19299:
19295:
19294:
19289:
19285:
19281:
19275:
19271:
19266:
19262:
19258:
19254:
19250:
19246:
19244:960-7099-00-1
19240:
19236:
19232:
19228:
19224:
19220:
19215:
19211:
19207:
19203:
19198:
19194:
19190:
19186:
19182:
19177:
19171:
19166:
19162:
19158:
19154:
19150:
19146:
19142:
19138:
19134:
19133:Louth, Andrew
19130:
19126:
19122:
19121:Louth, Andrew
19118:
19114:
19110:
19106:
19102:
19097:
19096:
19093:
19087:
19083:
19082:
19077:
19073:
19067:
19063:
19059:
19055:
19051:
19050:Kennedy, Hugh
19047:
19043:
19039:
19035:
19031:
19026:
19022:
19017:
19013:
19009:
19005:
19004:
19001:
18999:9780860783381
18995:
18991:
18986:
18982:
18976:
18972:
18968:
18964:
18960:
18954:
18950:
18945:
18930:
18926:
18920:
18913:
18912:
18907:
18903:
18899:
18895:
18891:
18887:
18883:
18879:
18875:
18869:
18865:
18861:
18860:
18855:
18851:
18849:
18842:
18838:
18832:
18828:
18823:
18819:
18813:
18809:
18804:
18800:
18794:
18790:
18786:
18782:
18778:
18774:
18770:
18764:
18760:
18756:
18752:
18747:
18743:
18737:
18733:
18728:
18717:
18711:
18707:
18703:
18698:
18686:
18682:
18678:
18674:
18673:10.1418/90426
18670:
18666:
18662:
18657:
18645:
18641:
18639:9781405186056
18635:
18630:
18625:
18621:
18617:
18613:
18612:
18607:
18602:
18598:
18592:
18588:
18584:
18580:
18576:
18570:
18566:
18561:
18557:
18553:
18549:
18548:
18547:Byzantine Art
18543:
18539:
18535:
18529:
18525:
18521:
18517:
18513:
18507:
18503:
18498:
18487:
18483:
18479:
18473:
18469:
18465:
18461:
18460:
18454:
18450:
18446:
18442:
18438:
18434:
18430:
18426:
18421:
18417:
18413:
18410:(1–4): 3–26.
18409:
18405:
18400:
18396:
18392:
18386:
18382:
18378:
18372:
18367:
18363:
18358:
18354:
18349:
18348:
18342:
18336:
18332:
18327:
18323:
18317:
18313:
18308:
18304:
18298:
18293:
18292:
18286:
18282:
18278:
18272:
18268:
18264:
18260:
18256:
18252:
18247:
18242:
18238:
18235:(in French).
18234:
18230:
18226:
18222:
18218:
18212:
18208:
18204:
18200:
18188:
18184:
18178:
18174:
18173:
18167:
18163:
18157:
18153:
18149:
18145:
18139:
18135:
18134:Louth, Andrew
18131:
18127:
18122:
18118:
18114:
18110:
18109:
18106:
18100:
18096:
18092:
18087:
18075:
18071:
18069:0-246-10559-3
18065:
18061:
18060:
18054:
18050:
18044:
18040:
18039:
18034:
18030:
18026:
18022:
18015:
18011:
18007:
18000:
17995:
17991:
17985:
17981:
17976:
17969:
17965:
17961:
17957:
17953:
17949:
17945:
17941:
17937:
17930:
17926:
17922:
17916:
17911:
17910:
17907:
17901:
17897:
17893:
17889:
17885:
17881:
17877:
17873:
17869:
17865:
17861:
17857:
17853:
17849:
17845:
17841:
17837:
17831:
17827:
17826:
17821:
17817:
17813:
17807:
17800:
17799:
17794:
17790:
17786:
17782:
17778:
17772:
17768:
17767:
17761:
17757:
17751:
17747:
17742:
17738:
17736:9781559344333
17732:
17728:
17723:
17719:
17715:
17711:
17706:
17700:
17695:
17691:
17686:
17682:
17677:
17673:
17668:
17664:
17660:
17656:
17655:
17652:
17648:
17644:
17638:
17634:
17633:
17627:
17623:
17619:
17615:
17610:
17606:
17600:
17596:
17592:
17588:
17584:
17578:
17574:
17570:
17566:
17562:
17560:9781139053938
17556:
17552:
17548:
17544:
17543:Louth, Andrew
17540:
17528:
17524:
17520:
17515:
17511:
17505:
17501:
17500:
17494:
17490:
17484:
17480:
17475:
17471:
17467:
17463:
17459:
17456:(230): 3–46.
17455:
17451:
17446:
17442:
17436:
17432:
17431:
17426:
17421:
17417:
17413:
17407:
17403:
17399:
17394:
17388:
17387:Laiou (2002a)
17383:
17382:
17376:
17372:
17366:
17362:
17355:
17351:
17347:
17335:
17331:
17325:
17321:
17320:
17315:
17311:
17307:
17303:
17299:
17295:
17290:
17286:
17280:
17276:
17271:
17267:
17261:
17256:
17255:
17248:
17237:
17233:
17229:
17225:
17221:
17217:
17213:
17209:
17205:
17200:
17194:
17189:
17184:
17180:
17179:
17176:
17170:
17166:
17165:
17160:
17156:
17152:
17146:
17142:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17124:
17120:
17114:
17110:
17106:
17099:
17094:
17090:
17084:
17080:
17079:
17074:
17070:
17058:
17054:
17050:
17046:
17042:
17038:
17034:
17030:
17026:
17022:
17018:
17014:
17009:
17005:
16999:
16995:
16990:
16986:
16984:9780197532768
16980:
16976:
16972:
16968:
16964:
16959:
16947:
16943:
16939:
16934:
16930:
16924:
16920:
16915:
16911:
16905:
16901:
16897:
16893:
16889:
16888:
16883:
16879:
16875:
16869:
16865:
16864:
16858:
16852:
16847:
16843:
16838:
16837:
16834:
16828:
16824:
16820:
16816:
16815:
16809:
16797:
16793:
16787:
16783:
16782:
16777:
16773:
16761:
16757:
16753:
16749:
16744:
16740:
16736:
16732:
16726:
16722:
16718:
16714:
16710:
16706:
16704:9780198897880
16700:
16696:
16692:
16688:
16684:
16680:
16676:
16672:
16668:
16664:
16660:
16656:
16652:
16646:
16642:
16641:
16636:
16631:
16627:
16621:
16616:
16615:
16608:
16604:
16600:
16596:
16590:
16586:
16582:
16578:
16573:
16569:
16563:
16559:
16554:
16550:
16544:
16540:
16535:
16531:
16525:
16521:
16517:
16513:
16509:
16505:
16501:
16497:
16493:
16489:
16488:
16482:
16470:
16466:
16462:
16458:
16453:
16449:
16445:
16441:
16437:
16432:
16422:
16420:0-19-881501-8
16416:
16412:
16408:
16404:
16400:
16395:
16391:
16385:
16381:
16377:
16372:
16368:
16362:
16358:
16354:
16350:
16346:
16340:
16336:
16332:
16328:
16324:
16318:
16314:
16309:
16297:
16293:
16287:
16283:
16282:
16277:
16273:
16269:
16263:
16259:
16254:
16250:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16231:
16226:
16222:
16218:
16214:
16210:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16187:
16183:
16177:
16173:
16172:
16166:
16162:
16156:
16152:
16147:
16143:
16137:
16132:
16131:
16125:
16121:
16117:
16113:
16109:
16105:
16101:
16098:(in German).
16097:
16096:
16090:
16086:
16082:
16078:
16077:
16072:
16068:
16064:
16060:
16056:
16052:
16048:
16044:
16040:
16036:
16032:
16027:
16015:
16011:
16005:
16001:
16000:
15995:
15991:
15979:
15975:
15969:
15965:
15964:
15959:
15958:Dalby, Andrew
15955:
15951:
15947:
15943:
15939:
15934:
15928:
15923:
15919:
15914:
15910:
15905:
15901:
15897:
15893:
15889:
15884:
15880:
15875:
15871:
15867:
15863:
15859:
15855:
15851:
15847:
15842:
15838:
15834:
15830:
15826:
15821:
15820:
15817:
15811:
15807:
15802:
15798:
15792:
15788:
15787:
15781:
15777:
15771:
15767:
15763:
15759:
15758:
15752:
15746:
15741:
15737:
15732:
15728:
15724:
15720:
15716:
15711:
15707:
15703:
15699:
15695:
15690:
15689:
15686:
15684:9781139054133
15680:
15676:
15671:
15660:
15656:
15652:
15648:
15643:
15639:
15637:9781139054133
15633:
15629:
15624:
15612:
15608:
15606:9780197263235
15602:
15598:
15594:
15590:
15585:
15581:
15575:
15571:
15566:
15562:
15556:
15552:
15547:Οι Βυζαντινοί
15543:
15539:
15535:
15531:
15527:
15522:
15518:
15516:9780281076147
15512:
15508:
15504:
15500:
15496:
15495:
15490:
15486:
15482:
15476:
15472:
15468:
15464:
15460:
15459:
15454:
15450:
15446:
15441:
15437:
15431:
15426:
15425:
15418:
15414:
15410:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15394:
15390:
15384:
15380:
15375:
15371:
15365:
15361:
15357:
15356:
15351:
15347:
15343:
15337:
15333:
15328:
15324:
15318:
15314:
15309:
15305:
15303:9780521035521
15299:
15295:
15291:
15287:
15283:
15277:
15273:
15272:
15267:
15263:
15259:
15255:
15249:
15245:
15241:
15236:
15232:
15226:
15222:
15218:
15214:
15202:
15198:
15192:
15188:
15187:
15182:
15178:
15173:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15152:
15148:
15144:
15140:
15136:
15132:
15128:
15124:
15120:
15115:
15111:
15105:
15100:
15099:
15093:
15089:
15085:
15079:
15075:
15070:
15066:
15060:
15056:
15052:
15048:
15042:
15041:Angold (2006)
15038:
15034:
15030:
15029:Angold (2006)
15025:
15021:
15020:Angold (2006)
15017:
15013:
15012:
15009:
15007:9781139054089
15003:
14999:
14995:
14991:
14987:
14981:
14977:
14973:
14969:
14965:
14961:
14957:
14953:
14949:
14945:
14941:
14937:
14932:
14928:
14924:
14920:
14916:
14912:
14908:
14907:
14887:
14883:
14879:
14878:
14872:
14868:
14867:Komnene, Anna
14864:
14860:
14854:
14850:
14846:
14842:
14838:
14837:
14832:
14828:
14827:
14810:, p. 38.
14809:
14805:
14800:
14793:
14788:
14786:
14778:
14773:
14766:
14761:
14755:, p. 25.
14754:
14749:
14742:
14737:
14730:
14725:
14718:
14713:
14706:
14701:
14695:, p. 31.
14694:
14689:
14682:
14677:
14669:
14663:
14659:
14658:
14650:
14642:
14636:
14632:
14628:
14622:
14615:
14611:
14606:
14590:
14586:
14580:
14576:
14575:
14567:
14552:
14546:
14542:
14538:
14534:
14533:
14528:
14524:
14518:
14511:
14506:
14504:
14496:
14491:
14484:
14479:
14472:
14467:
14460:
14456:
14452:
14447:
14440:
14435:
14428:
14423:
14416:
14411:
14404:
14399:
14392:
14387:
14380:
14375:
14368:
14363:
14357:, p. 47.
14356:
14351:
14344:
14339:
14332:
14327:
14320:
14315:
14308:
14303:
14296:
14291:
14284:
14279:
14272:
14267:
14260:
14255:
14248:
14243:
14236:
14231:
14225:, p. 14.
14224:
14219:
14212:
14207:
14200:
14195:
14188:
14183:
14181:
14179:
14171:
14166:
14164:
14156:
14151:
14144:
14139:
14137:
14129:
14124:
14117:
14112:
14106:, p. xx.
14105:
14100:
14093:
14088:
14081:
14076:
14069:
14064:
14057:
14052:
14045:
14044:Cameron 2006b
14040:
14033:
14028:
14021:
14020:Cameron 2006b
14016:
14009:
14004:
13997:
13992:
13985:
13980:
13973:
13968:
13961:
13956:
13950:, p. 18.
13949:
13944:
13937:
13936:Humfress 2013
13932:
13925:
13920:
13912:
13910:9780801859540
13906:
13902:
13898:
13892:
13876:
13872:
13868:
13862:
13854:
13852:9780226482057
13848:
13844:
13843:
13838:
13832:
13824:
13822:9780226482057
13818:
13814:
13813:
13808:
13802:
13800:
13783:
13779:
13778:
13773:
13769:
13763:
13756:
13752:
13749:
13743:
13736:
13731:
13724:
13719:
13717:
13709:
13704:
13702:
13685:
13681:
13680:
13675:
13671:
13665:
13659:, p. 47.
13658:
13653:
13647:, p. 42.
13646:
13641:
13634:
13633:Browning 1992
13629:
13627:
13619:
13618:Browning 1992
13614:
13612:
13604:
13599:
13592:
13587:
13572:
13566:
13562:
13558:
13554:
13550:
13543:
13535:
13529:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13510:
13494:
13490:
13484:
13480:
13479:
13474:
13468:
13460:
13456:
13452:
13448:
13444:
13440:
13436:
13432:
13425:
13419:
13415:
13412:
13408:
13404:
13400:
13394:
13392:
13384:
13380:
13377:
13371:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13340:
13324:
13320:
13319:
13314:
13308:
13301:
13296:
13280:
13276:
13269:
13261:
13257:
13253:
13247:
13231:
13227:
13221:
13217:
13216:
13208:
13201:
13200:Kazhdan 1991b
13196:
13194:
13186:
13185:Kazhdan 1991b
13181:
13174:
13169:
13162:
13161:Kazhdan 1991b
13157:
13155:
13153:
13151:
13149:
13147:
13139:
13135:
13134:Browning 2022
13130:
13123:
13120:, p. 1;
13119:
13114:
13108:, p. 10.
13107:
13102:
13095:
13090:
13083:
13078:
13071:
13070:Browning 2022
13066:
13064:
13062:
13054:
13049:
13033:
13029:
13025:
13018:
13011:
13007:
13003:
12998:
12991:
12986:
12979:
12974:
12968:, p. 46.
12967:
12962:
12955:
12950:
12943:
12938:
12931:
12926:
12918:
12912:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12889:
12882:
12877:
12869:
12863:
12859:
12852:
12844:
12838:
12834:
12827:
12819:
12813:
12809:
12802:
12794:
12790:
12786:
12785:Greek Culture
12782:
12775:
12759:
12755:
12754:
12746:
12738:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12720:
12713:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12682:
12675:
12670:
12663:
12659:
12654:
12647:
12646:Kazhdan 1991a
12642:
12635:
12630:
12628:
12620:
12615:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12584:
12568:
12564:
12560:
12553:
12551:
12543:
12538:
12530:
12524:
12520:
12513:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12493:
12486:
12482:
12478:
12473:
12467:, p. 81.
12466:
12462:
12461:Davidson 2014
12458:
12453:
12445:
12437:
12432:
12416:
12412:
12408:
12402:
12394:
12388:
12384:
12377:
12370:
12366:
12361:
12354:
12350:
12345:
12343:
12335:
12334:Matschke 2002
12330:
12323:
12319:
12314:
12312:
12304:
12300:
12295:
12289:, p. 39.
12288:
12283:
12277:, p. 27.
12276:
12271:
12265:, p. 26.
12264:
12259:
12252:
12247:
12241:, p. 25.
12240:
12235:
12233:
12226:, p. 24.
12225:
12220:
12218:
12216:
12209:, p. 23.
12208:
12203:
12201:
12193:
12189:
12184:
12178:, p. 12.
12177:
12174:, p. 1;
12173:
12169:
12165:
12160:
12154:, p. 12.
12153:
12149:
12144:
12136:
12135:
12130:
12124:
12108:
12104:
12100:
12096:
12092:
12088:
12084:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12065:
12058:
12057:Rochette 2023
12054:
12049:
12042:
12037:
12029:
12023:
12019:
12015:
12009:
12002:
11997:
11990:
11989:Rochette 2023
11986:
11985:Rochette 2011
11982:
11977:
11969:
11963:
11959:
11955:
11949:
11942:
11941:Rochette 2011
11938:
11937:Rochette 2023
11934:
11929:
11922:
11921:Rochette 2018
11918:
11917:Rochette 2011
11913:
11906:
11902:
11901:Rochette 2018
11898:
11897:Rochette 2023
11893:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11869:
11862:
11858:
11854:
11853:Rochette 2018
11849:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11803:
11802:
11797:
11791:
11784:
11783:Goldhill 2024
11780:
11779:Rochette 2023
11775:
11768:
11764:
11763:Dawkins, R.M.
11759:
11752:
11748:
11743:
11736:
11732:
11727:
11720:
11716:
11711:
11704:
11703:Kazhdan 1990a
11700:
11695:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11676:
11671:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11651:
11644:
11640:
11635:
11628:
11624:
11620:
11615:
11609:, p. 66.
11608:
11604:
11599:
11593:, p. 40.
11592:
11587:
11580:
11576:
11572:
11567:
11560:
11556:
11551:
11544:
11540:
11535:
11528:
11524:
11519:
11512:
11511:Kazhdan 1990a
11508:
11503:
11496:
11492:
11488:
11483:
11476:
11472:
11467:
11460:
11456:
11451:
11444:
11440:
11435:
11428:
11424:
11420:
11415:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11370:
11365:
11358:
11351:
11347:
11344:, Chapter 2;
11343:
11339:
11334:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11302:
11296:
11289:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11272:
11265:
11261:
11256:
11250:, p. 59.
11249:
11245:
11240:
11233:
11229:
11225:
11220:
11213:
11208:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11188:
11181:
11177:
11173:
11172:Rochette 2018
11169:
11168:Goldhill 2024
11165:
11160:
11153:
11149:
11144:
11137:
11132:
11124:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11106:
11105:
11097:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11078:
11077:Greatrex 2008
11074:
11069:
11054:
11048:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11035:
11027:
11020:
11016:
11011:
11004:
11003:Greatrex 2008
11000:
10996:
10992:
10987:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10955:
10948:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10921:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10892:
10888:
10884:
10880:
10873:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10852:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10828:
10820:
10818:9780520069626
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10796:
10788:
10786:9780810874770
10782:
10778:
10771:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10751:
10744:
10739:
10732:
10731:Jeffreys 2008
10728:
10723:
10717:, p. 21.
10716:
10712:
10708:
10703:
10696:
10692:
10687:
10680:
10676:
10671:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10651:
10644:
10640:
10635:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10615:
10608:
10603:
10596:
10592:
10587:
10580:
10576:
10571:
10564:
10560:
10555:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10531:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10492:
10485:
10480:
10474:, p. 93.
10473:
10469:
10465:
10460:
10452:
10446:
10442:
10435:
10429:, p. 92.
10428:
10424:
10420:
10415:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10395:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10375:
10368:
10364:
10359:
10352:
10348:
10343:
10336:
10332:
10327:
10320:
10316:
10311:
10304:
10300:
10295:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10275:
10269:, p. 29.
10268:
10264:
10260:
10256:
10251:
10244:
10240:
10235:
10228:
10224:
10219:
10212:
10208:
10203:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10179:
10172:
10168:
10163:
10156:
10151:
10145:, p. 50.
10144:
10140:
10136:
10131:
10123:
10116:
10109:
10105:
10104:Soloviev 1935
10100:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10077:
10070:
10066:
10065:Soloviev 1935
10061:
10054:
10053:Kazhdan 1991a
10049:
10042:
10037:
10030:
10025:
10018:
10014:
10009:
10002:
9998:
9997:Kazhdan 1991a
9994:
9990:
9985:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9965:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9918:
9911:
9907:
9906:Chitwood 2017
9902:
9896:, p. 35.
9895:
9891:
9887:
9882:
9874:
9868:
9860:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9831:
9816:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9797:
9792:
9786:
9780:, p. 36.
9779:
9775:
9771:
9766:
9760:, p. 35.
9759:
9754:
9747:
9743:
9742:Chitwood 2017
9739:
9738:Browning 1992
9734:
9727:
9726:Chitwood 2017
9723:
9719:
9718:Browning 1992
9714:
9707:
9706:Chitwood 2017
9702:
9696:, p. 65.
9695:
9691:
9690:Chitwood 2017
9686:
9679:
9678:Chitwood 2017
9674:
9668:, p. 23.
9667:
9666:Chitwood 2017
9662:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9645:
9644:Byzantine Law
9637:
9630:
9625:
9619:, p. 21.
9618:
9615:, p. 8;
9614:
9609:
9602:
9598:
9597:Dingledy 2019
9594:
9590:
9585:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9565:
9558:
9554:
9553:Dingledy 2019
9549:
9543:, p. 27.
9542:
9538:
9534:
9529:
9522:
9517:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9501:Chitwood 2017
9497:
9490:
9485:
9479:, p. 74.
9478:
9474:
9469:
9462:
9457:
9450:
9445:
9438:
9433:
9426:
9421:
9419:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9390:
9383:
9380:, p. 4;
9379:
9374:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9354:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9334:
9327:
9323:
9318:
9311:
9306:
9299:
9295:
9290:
9283:
9278:
9271:
9266:
9259:
9258:Shepherd 1990
9255:
9251:
9243:
9242:Shepherd 1990
9239:
9235:
9230:
9223:
9219:
9214:
9207:
9202:
9196:, p. 98.
9195:
9194:Browning 1992
9190:
9184:, p. 67.
9183:
9179:
9174:
9167:
9163:
9162:Browning 1992
9158:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9138:
9131:
9127:
9122:
9116:, p. 63.
9115:
9110:
9104:, p. 64.
9103:
9099:
9095:
9090:
9084:, p. 98.
9083:
9082:Browning 1992
9080:, p. 8;
9079:
9075:
9070:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9050:
9035:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9016:
9008:
8993:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8966:
8960:, p. 11.
8959:
8954:
8948:, p. 11.
8947:
8943:
8942:Bleicken 1978
8938:
8931:
8926:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8887:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8826:
8823:, p. 6;
8822:
8821:Bleicken 1978
8818:
8813:
8805:
8799:
8795:
8788:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8759:Acta Classica
8756:
8749:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8702:
8696:, p. 25.
8695:
8691:
8686:
8679:
8674:
8668:, p. 30.
8667:
8662:
8660:
8652:
8647:
8641:, p. 24.
8640:
8635:
8629:, p. 24.
8628:
8624:
8619:
8617:
8609:
8604:
8597:
8596:Runciman 1990
8592:
8585:
8584:Runciman 1990
8580:
8573:
8568:
8552:
8548:
8542:
8538:
8537:
8532:
8526:
8519:
8514:
8507:
8502:
8495:
8490:
8488:
8480:
8476:
8471:
8464:
8459:
8452:
8447:
8440:
8436:
8431:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8391:
8384:
8379:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8357:
8350:
8342:
8337:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8322:Siege of Zara
8317:
8310:
8305:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8282:
8278:
8273:
8266:
8261:
8254:
8249:
8242:
8237:
8230:
8225:
8223:
8215:
8210:
8203:
8198:
8191:
8187:
8182:
8175:
8170:
8163:
8158:
8151:
8146:
8139:
8134:
8128:, p. 67.
8127:
8122:
8115:
8110:
8104:, p. 74.
8103:
8098:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8065:
8060:
8054:, p. 93.
8053:
8048:
8042:, p. 87.
8041:
8036:
8029:
8028:Cinnamus 1976
8024:
8018:, p. 90.
8017:
8012:
8005:
8000:
7993:
7988:
7982:, p. 46.
7981:
7976:
7969:
7968:13.348–13.358
7967:
7962:
7957:
7951:, p. 12.
7950:
7946:
7942:
7937:
7930:
7925:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7903:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7859:, p. 82.
7858:
7854:
7849:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7812:
7810:
7802:
7797:
7791:, p. 96.
7790:
7789:Browning 1992
7785:
7778:
7777:Browning 1992
7773:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7718:
7717:Shepard 2009b
7714:
7709:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7693:Shepard 2009b
7689:
7682:
7681:Shepard 2009b
7678:
7674:
7669:
7662:
7658:
7653:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7637:Shepard 2009b
7633:
7626:
7622:
7617:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7597:
7590:
7586:
7581:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7557:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7521:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7494:
7489:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7462:
7458:
7453:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7433:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7413:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7393:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7353:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7297:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7270:
7266:
7261:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7241:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7214:
7210:
7205:
7198:
7194:
7189:
7182:
7178:
7173:
7166:
7161:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7141:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7121:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7093:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7073:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7049:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7023:, p. 51.
7022:
7018:
7014:
7009:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6989:
6983:, p. 51.
6982:
6978:
6974:
6969:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6942:
6941:Moorhead 2009
6938:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6886:
6885:Moorhead 2009
6882:
6878:
6873:
6867:, p. 46.
6866:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6769:Greatrex 2008
6765:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6749:Greatrex 2008
6745:
6738:
6733:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6717:Greatrex 2008
6713:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6697:Greatrex 2008
6693:
6687:, p. 23.
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6673:Greatrex 2008
6669:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6653:Greatrex 2008
6649:
6642:
6637:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6621:Greatrex 2008
6617:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6601:Greatrex 2008
6597:
6591:, p. 73.
6590:
6586:
6582:
6581:Greatrex 2008
6577:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6561:Greatrex 2008
6557:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6541:Greatrex 2008
6537:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6521:Greatrex 2008
6517:
6511:, p. 40.
6510:
6507:, chapter 2;
6506:
6502:
6501:Greatrex 2008
6497:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6481:Greatrex 2008
6477:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6461:Greatrex 2008
6457:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6441:Greatrex 2008
6437:
6430:
6429:Greatrex 2008
6425:
6419:, p. 26.
6418:
6413:
6407:, p. 22.
6406:
6402:
6397:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6358:
6353:
6346:
6341:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6314:
6311:, p. 2;
6310:
6305:
6301:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6260:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6203:
6197:
6190:
6184:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5935:
5932:(part of the
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5863:
5853:
5850:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5757:in A.D. 529.
5756:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5688:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5554:Islamic world
5551:
5547:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5417:, Semantron,
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5279:
5278:Politiki lyra
5275:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5233:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4953:concerns all
4952:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4905:Byzantine art
4901:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4692:Byzantine art
4677:
4673:
4666:
4657:
4653:
4641:
4640:Good Shepherd
4634:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4530:
4519:
4510:
4500:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4476:), the Reds (
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4454:tzykanisteria
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4303:class or rank
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4220:, Egypt, and
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4088:). Historian
4080:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4056:Demotic Greek
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4019:Theodosius II
4012:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3943:Coptic Museum
3940:
3930:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3898:
3891:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3848:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3691:
3680:
3674:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3590:
3586:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3365:
3361:
3351:Constantine (
3345:
3340:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3190:Hermogenianus
3186:
3185:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:Twelve Tables
3160:
3155:
3154:Byzantine law
3145:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3071:Orbis Romanus
3068:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:According to
3009:
3003:
2993:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:Roman emperor
2907:
2900:
2883:
2876:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:Cyrene, Libya
2736:and south to
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:Sultan Mehmed
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:Andronikos II
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:, managed to
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:allowed many
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:for himself.
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2267:John Vatatzes
2264:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:Fatimid Egypt
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2153:, flanked by
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2091:Pope Urban II
2088:
2079:
2078:First Crusade
2075:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:First Crusade
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1827:Nikephoros II
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1556:Constantine V
1549:
1548:Constantine V
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:of the Levant
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1375:717–718 siege
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1198:The reign of
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1152:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:Monophysitism
1111:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1005:
1004:Theodosius II
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
966:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
868:
867:Constantine I
864:
862:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
807:
803:
799:
794:
789:
785:
781:
771:
752:
748:
747:Roman history
744:
738:
728:
726:
722:
716:
713:
708:
703:
698:
696:
690:
685:
679:
674:
668:
664:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
542:
537:
535:
531:
520:
516:
505:
504:Constantine I
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
380:
376:
370:
366:
360:
356:
350:
346:
340:
336:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
301:
298:
295:
289:
286:
283:
277:
274:
271:
265:
262:
259:
253:
250:
247:
241:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
217:
214:
213:Theodosius II
211:
205:
202:
199:
193:
190:
189:Constantine I
187:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
152:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
81:
76:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
27993:
27976:
27959:
27947:from Commons
27942:
27925:
27904:
27873:Christianity
27849:Ancient Rome
27730:World War II
27583:Early modern
27560:Kalmar Union
27431:Papal States
27425:
27349:Roman Empire
27183:Institutions
27047:Leptis Magna
27000:Major cities
26907:Philostratus
26694:Quadrigarius
26514:Rufus Festus
26377:Contemporary
26098:Romanization
26021:Architecture
25628:Collegiality
25477:Constitution
25438:
25328:Ancient Rome
25270:
25266:
25263:Ancient Rome
25234:311–129 BCE
25220:
25213:336–301 BCE
25203:539–331 BCE
25193:
25186:626–539 BCE
25177:729–609 BCE
25167:911–729 BCE
25158:
25152:
25146:
25134:
25099:
25089:
25083:
25053:
25041:
25026:
25003:
24982:
24957:
24916:
24911:
24906:
24890:Timeline of
24820:(1861–1946)
24798:Papal States
24626:Transpadania
24199:Stato da Màr
23881:Papal States
23834:
23792:Lombard rule
23756:Early Modern
23744:(395–476 AD)
23736:Roman Empire
23716:Ancient Rome
23188:Contemporary
23038:Indo-Persian
23026:Nazi Germany
22970:Contemporary
22872:Vijayanagara
22771:Great Seljuk
22682:Thessalonica
22671:
22610:Golden Horde
22266:
22250:Carthaginian
22029:Neo-Assyrian
22014:Neo-Sumerian
21643:
21411:Hagia Sophia
21393:Thessalonica
21368:Hagia Sophia
21348:Chora Church
21286:Architecture
21163:Great Schism
21153:Paulicianism
21131:Miaphysitism
20986:Karabisianoi
20290:or territory
20250:Thessalonica
20234:Latin Empire
20229:Frankokratia
20204:
20164:Isaurian era
20151:
20082:
20067:
20063:Roman Empire
20053:
20026:
19869:
19845:Online books
19835:
19812:. Retrieved
19789:
19776:. Retrieved
19753:
19730:
19711:
19689:
19677:. Retrieved
19652:
19633:. Retrieved
19613:
19590:
19570:
19555:the original
19538:
19509:
19489:
19461:
19438:
19419:
19393:
19368:
19364:
19340:
19320:
19292:
19288:Stein, Peter
19269:
19226:
19222:
19209:
19205:
19184:
19180:
19079:
19062:Haldon, John
18989:
18970:
18948:
18936:. Retrieved
18910:
18889:
18885:
18858:
18850:Prolegomena"
18847:
18826:
18807:
18788:
18777:j.ctv2175h0p
18750:
18731:
18719:. Retrieved
18705:
18689:. Retrieved
18664:
18648:. Retrieved
18610:
18586:
18564:
18546:
18523:
18501:
18489:. Retrieved
18458:
18432:
18428:
18407:
18403:
18394:
18330:
18311:
18290:
18266:
18236:
18232:
18206:
18191:. Retrieved
18171:
18151:
18113:Brown, Peter
18094:
18078:. Retrieved
18058:
18037:
18033:Burns, J. H.
18009:
18005:
17979:
17968:the original
17939:
17935:
17895:
17855:
17851:
17848:"Monemvasia"
17824:
17797:
17765:
17745:
17726:
17718:the original
17713:
17699:Mango (2002)
17690:Mango (2002)
17681:Mango (2002)
17672:Mango (2002)
17663:Mango (2002)
17631:
17622:the original
17617:
17594:
17572:
17550:
17531:. Retrieved
17522:
17498:
17478:
17453:
17429:
17416:the original
17401:
17375:the original
17360:
17338:. Retrieved
17318:
17297:
17293:
17274:
17253:
17239:. Retrieved
17211:
17207:
17163:
17139:
17135:"Literature"
17123:the original
17108:
17077:
17061:. Retrieved
17020:
17016:
16993:
16974:
16967:Bayly, C. A.
16950:. Retrieved
16941:
16918:
16899:
16886:
16862:
16813:
16800:. Retrieved
16780:
16764:. Retrieved
16755:
16751:
16720:
16694:
16666:
16662:
16639:
16613:
16576:
16557:
16538:
16519:
16491:
16485:
16473:. Retrieved
16439:
16435:
16424:, retrieved
16402:
16379:
16356:
16334:
16312:
16300:. Retrieved
16280:
16257:
16212:
16206:
16190:. Retrieved
16170:
16150:
16129:
16099:
16093:
16075:
16034:
16030:
16018:. Retrieved
15998:
15982:. Retrieved
15962:
15941:
15937:
15805:
15785:
15756:
15674:
15662:. Retrieved
15650:
15627:
15615:. Retrieved
15596:
15569:
15550:
15532:(1): 27–37.
15529:
15525:
15506:
15493:
15470:
15467:Bryce, James
15456:
15423:
15404:
15400:
15397:Brown, Peter
15378:
15359:
15354:
15331:
15312:
15293:
15270:
15243:
15239:
15220:
15205:. Retrieved
15185:
15176:</ref>
15163:
15159:
15122:
15118:
15097:
15073:
15054:
14997:
14975:
14939:
14935:
14918:
14914:
14890:. Retrieved
14874:
14848:
14835:
14799:
14792:Cameron 2009
14772:
14760:
14748:
14741:Cameron 2009
14736:
14731:, p. 7.
14724:
14717:Shepard 2006
14712:
14705:Cameron 2009
14700:
14688:
14676:
14656:
14649:
14630:
14621:
14605:
14593:. Retrieved
14573:
14566:
14554:. Retrieved
14531:
14517:
14490:
14478:
14466:
14451:Kolbaba 2008
14446:
14434:
14422:
14410:
14398:
14391:Kolbaba 2008
14386:
14379:Kolbaba 2008
14374:
14367:Kolbaba 2008
14362:
14350:
14338:
14326:
14314:
14302:
14297:, p. 9.
14290:
14283:Goodman 2007
14278:
14271:Bussell 1910
14266:
14259:Micheau 2006
14254:
14242:
14230:
14218:
14206:
14201:, p. 8.
14194:
14172:, p. 2.
14155:Cameron 2017
14150:
14123:
14111:
14104:Johnson 2015
14099:
14087:
14080:Salzman 1993
14075:
14068:Cameron 2016
14063:
14051:
14039:
14027:
14015:
14010:, p. 1.
14003:
13998:, p. 4.
13991:
13984:Hopkins 1998
13979:
13972:Harnett 2017
13967:
13955:
13943:
13931:
13919:
13900:
13891:
13879:. Retrieved
13870:
13861:
13841:
13831:
13811:
13786:. Retrieved
13776:
13762:
13742:
13735:Anastos 1962
13730:
13710:, p. 8.
13688:. Retrieved
13677:
13664:
13657:Cameron 2006
13652:
13645:Cameron 2006
13640:
13598:
13586:
13574:. Retrieved
13552:
13542:
13515:
13509:
13497:. Retrieved
13477:
13467:
13434:
13430:
13424:
13398:
13370:
13360:22 September
13358:. Retrieved
13339:
13327:. Retrieved
13316:
13307:
13300:Kartomi 1990
13295:
13283:. Retrieved
13268:
13260:the original
13255:
13246:
13234:. Retrieved
13214:
13207:
13180:
13168:
13129:
13118:Kazhdan 1999
13113:
13101:
13089:
13077:
13072:, § para. 1.
13048:
13036:. Retrieved
13027:
13017:
12997:
12985:
12978:Cameron 2017
12973:
12961:
12949:
12942:Halsall 2021
12937:
12925:
12906:
12900:
12888:
12876:
12857:
12851:
12832:
12826:
12807:
12801:
12784:
12780:
12774:
12762:. Retrieved
12752:
12745:
12718:
12712:
12700:. Retrieved
12691:
12681:
12669:
12658:Komnene 1928
12653:
12641:
12614:
12602:. Retrieved
12593:
12583:
12571:. Retrieved
12567:the original
12562:
12537:
12518:
12512:
12505:Salaman 1986
12501:Vryonis 1971
12492:
12485:Vryonis 1971
12472:
12452:
12436:Kazhdan 1991
12431:
12419:. Retrieved
12410:
12401:
12382:
12376:
12360:
12329:
12294:
12282:
12270:
12258:
12246:
12183:
12159:
12143:
12133:
12123:
12111:. Retrieved
12078:
12074:
12064:
12048:
12036:
12017:
12008:
11996:
11976:
11957:
11948:
11928:
11912:
11892:
11868:
11848:
11836:. Retrieved
11800:
11790:
11774:
11758:
11742:
11726:
11719:Garland 1999
11710:
11694:
11683:Garland 2006
11670:
11650:
11634:
11627:Garland 2006
11614:
11598:
11586:
11579:Garland 2006
11566:
11550:
11534:
11518:
11502:
11482:
11466:
11450:
11443:Brandes 2008
11434:
11414:
11373:
11367:
11357:
11333:
11321:. Retrieved
11304:
11295:
11271:
11255:
11239:
11219:
11207:
11187:
11159:
11143:
11131:
11103:
11096:
11089:Salzman 1993
11068:
11056:. Retrieved
11033:
11026:
11010:
10986:
10961:
10957:
10947:
10930:
10901:
10882:
10861:
10857:
10851:
10827:
10808:
10795:
10776:
10770:
10750:
10738:
10722:
10702:
10686:
10670:
10650:
10634:
10614:
10602:
10586:
10570:
10554:
10539:Blöndal 1979
10530:
10505:
10501:
10491:
10479:
10472:Markis 2002a
10459:
10440:
10434:
10427:Markis 2002a
10414:
10403:Blöndal 1979
10394:
10383:Blöndal 1979
10374:
10358:
10342:
10326:
10310:
10294:
10274:
10250:
10243:Blöndal 1979
10234:
10218:
10202:
10197:, p. 7.
10195:Neville 2004
10178:
10162:
10150:
10130:
10115:
10099:
10090:
10086:
10076:
10060:
10048:
10036:
10024:
10008:
10003:, p. 9.
9984:
9964:
9931:
9927:
9917:
9901:
9881:
9867:cite journal
9840:
9836:
9830:
9818:. Retrieved
9795:
9791:Hudson, John
9785:
9765:
9753:
9733:
9713:
9701:
9685:
9673:
9661:
9643:
9636:
9624:
9608:
9589:Gregory 2010
9584:
9564:
9548:
9533:Gregory 2010
9528:
9516:
9496:
9484:
9468:
9461:Kazhdan 1990
9456:
9449:Kazhdan 1990
9444:
9439:, p. 5.
9437:Kazhdan 1990
9432:
9402:Chrysos 1990
9398:Kennedy 1990
9394:Kazhdan 1990
9389:
9382:Kennedy 1990
9378:Kazhdan 1990
9373:
9362:Neumann 2006
9358:Chrysos 1990
9353:
9346:Neumann 2006
9342:Chrysos 1990
9333:
9322:Chrysos 1990
9317:
9305:
9289:
9277:
9265:
9249:
9238:Chrysos 1990
9234:Neumann 2006
9229:
9213:
9208:, p. 3.
9201:
9189:
9173:
9157:
9137:
9121:
9109:
9089:
9069:
9064:, p. 8.
9049:
9037:. Retrieved
9014:
9007:
8995:. Retrieved
8972:
8965:
8953:
8937:
8925:
8900:
8896:
8886:
8853:
8849:
8838:Hadas, Moses
8832:
8812:
8793:
8787:
8762:
8758:
8748:
8715:
8711:
8701:
8685:
8673:
8646:
8634:
8608:Hindley 2004
8603:
8591:
8579:
8572:Reinert 2002
8567:
8555:. Retrieved
8535:
8525:
8518:Reinert 2002
8513:
8506:Reinert 2002
8501:
8494:Reinert 2002
8479:Reinert 2002
8470:
8463:Köprülü 1992
8458:
8451:Köprülü 1992
8446:
8430:
8405:
8399:
8390:
8383:Norwich 1982
8378:
8369:
8356:
8348:
8341:Norwich 1998
8336:
8316:
8309:Norwich 1998
8304:
8288:
8272:
8265:Norwich 1998
8260:
8253:Norwich 1998
8248:
8236:
8214:Norwich 1998
8209:
8202:Norwich 1998
8197:
8181:
8176:, p. 1.
8169:
8157:
8145:
8133:
8121:
8109:
8097:
8085:. Retrieved
8080:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8035:
8023:
8011:
7999:
7992:Norwich 1998
7987:
7975:
7965:
7961:Komnene 1928
7956:
7936:
7924:
7915:
7877:
7864:
7848:
7832:
7796:
7784:
7772:
7760:. Retrieved
7741:
7724:
7708:
7688:
7668:
7652:
7632:
7621:Tougher 2009
7616:
7596:
7585:Tougher 2009
7580:
7573:Tougher 2009
7556:
7540:
7520:
7500:
7488:
7468:
7452:
7432:
7412:
7392:
7372:
7352:
7336:
7316:
7296:
7276:
7260:
7240:
7220:
7204:
7188:
7172:
7160:
7140:
7120:
7092:
7072:
7048:
7028:
7008:
6988:
6968:
6948:
6928:
6912:
6892:
6872:
6852:
6832:
6808:
6784:
6764:
6744:
6732:
6712:
6692:
6685:Shepard 2009
6668:
6648:
6636:
6616:
6596:
6576:
6556:
6536:
6516:
6496:
6476:
6456:
6436:
6424:
6417:Shepard 2009
6412:
6405:Shepard 2009
6396:
6385:Cameron 2002
6380:
6375:, p. 4.
6373:Cormack 2008
6364:
6352:
6347:, p. 2.
6340:
6335:, p. 4.
6333:Cormack 2008
6324:
6317:Cormack 2008
6304:
6278:Nicene Creed
6268:
6259:
6244:
6218:
6209:
6196:
6169:
6099:Kaysar-i Rûm
6098:
6095:
6087:
6078:
6059:Monument to
6045:
6037:
6026:Hagia Sophia
5983:
5979:
5975:
5957:
5938:
5910:
5887:
5846:
5822:
5814:Nestorianism
5806:
5802:
5786:
5778:
5771:
5751:
5740:
5721:
5696:Christianity
5665:
5654:
5630:
5611:
5566:
5544:
5527:Hagia Sophia
5475:
5453:
5399:Askomandoura
5377:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5340:or Armenian
5271:
5266:(probably a
5263:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5228:
5207:
5123:
5063:
5035:
5029:
4998:Christianity
4949:
4926:medieval art
4902:
4894:
4847:
4735:Architecture
4699:
4610:Thessaloniki
4566:
4548:Hagia Sophia
4493:Architecture
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4453:
4423:
4333:koptoplakous
4318:
4283:
4256:
4252:corporations
4245:
4230:
4198:
4154:legal system
4150:
4094:
4041:
4030:
4008:
3996:
3988:
3947:Coptic Cairo
3893:
3874:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3832:
3828:
3809:Neoplatonism
3789:
3785:Constantinan
3773:
3745:
3729:
3714:
3676:
3627:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3574:Justinian II
3563:
3538:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3490:
3466:
3451:comitatenses
3444:
3409:
3383:
3350:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3215:
3202:
3188:
3181:
3157:
3134:
3127:
3111:
3070:
3053:
3011:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2957:Donald Nicol
2947:
2939:
2905:
2881:
2829:
2797:Dinaric Alps
2782:
2734:Adriatic Sea
2711:
2688:
2664:Stefan Dušan
2657:
2614:
2595:
2536:
2531:
2519:Latin Empire
2492:
2439:
2428:
2415:Frankokratia
2380:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2319:
2289:
2260:
2225:
2196:
2164:
2143:Hagia Sophia
2083:
2028:
2019:Chora Church
1914:About 1053,
1913:
1866:
1862:Seljuk Turks
1840:
1824:
1801:
1769:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1691:
1632:
1624:Nikephoros I
1609:
1605:Roman papacy
1566:
1553:
1539:
1493:Justinian II
1491:
1473:against the
1448:theme system
1425:
1382:
1366:
1354:
1270:
1239:
1215:Hagia Sophia
1203:
1197:
1181:
1173:
1110:Anastasius I
1087:
1083:Julius Nepos
1033:
1026:Nestorianism
1023:
965:Theodosius I
962:
924:. The short
902:Christianity
898:gold solidus
882:capital city
865:
838:Roman Empire
811:
798:Roman Empire
740:
717:
688:
684:Bilād al-Rūm
670:
667:Roman people
657:Nomenclature
631:Latin realms
612:
596:Seljuk Turks
538:
519:Theodosius I
515:Christianity
485:
480:
477:Roman Empire
476:
425:Roman Empire
420:
416:
414:
383:• 1320
373:• 1025
297:Michael VIII
201:Theodosius I
134:Christianity
96:(modern-day
36:
28039:Christendom
27927:Definitions
27897:Middle Ages
27715:World War I
27705:Nationalism
27593:Reformation
27578:Renaissance
27550:Black Death
27483:Kievan Rus'
27386:Middle Ages
27178:Geographers
26862:Dioscorides
26842:Cassius Dio
26464:Cassiodorus
26367:Renaissance
25973:Agriculture
25945:Auxiliaries
25886:Engineering
25723:Magistrates
25575:Citizenship
25570:Mos maiorum
25505:Late Empire
25280:224–mid 7C
25244:129–63 BCE
25226:Macedonians
25121:city-states
25117:Neo-Hittite
25092:Sea Peoples
25008:city-states
24987:city-states
24930:Uruk period
24892:Mesopotamia
24846:(1947–1954)
24840:(1943–1945)
24834:(1920–1924)
24826:(1882–1960)
24810:unification
24800:(1814–1870)
24794:(1815–1866)
24788:(1816–1861)
24782:(1814–1860)
24776:(1859–1860)
24770:(1849–1850)
24764:(1848–1849)
24746:(1815–1859)
24740:(1814–1859)
24734:(1814–1859)
24728:(1814–1829)
24722:(1815–1847)
24716:(1815–1848)
24606:Parthenopea
24567:(1792–1815)
24525:(1647–1648)
24491:(1282–1816)
24473:(1324–1861)
24434:Agugliastra
24299:Longobardia
23936:independent
23786:Vandal rule
22776:Khwarezmian
22709:Carolingian
22514:Rashtrakuta
22218:Shaishunaga
22117:Hellenistic
22100:New Kingdom
22090:Old Kingdom
21894:Megali Idea
21869:Byzantinism
21572:Agriculture
21363:Hagia Irene
21196:Kievan Rus'
21173:Mount Athos
20996:Cibyrrhaeot
20940:Vestiaritai
20795:Mercenaries
20672:Catepanates
20531:Sakellarios
20450:Family tree
20375:Mesopotamia
20194:Angelid era
20174:Amorian era
19870:In Our Time
19371:: 264–279.
18721:22 December
18691:21 December
18650:21 December
18080:11 December
17858:: 229–301.
17214:: 131–143.
16952:12 December
16603:j.ctv6zdbvf
16426:4 September
16376:Gibson, Roy
15617:12 December
15207:28 December
15181:Beard, Mary
15166:(1): 5–59.
14942:: 409–411.
14777:Schaff 1953
14765:Ivanič 2016
14729:Harris 2014
14610:Miller 1907
14556:2 September
14471:Dowley 2018
14427:Rahner 2013
14321:, abstract.
14130:, abstract.
14008:Robert 2009
13708:Robins 1993
13576:1 September
13285:23 November
13173:Martín 2021
13038:1 September
12764:30 December
12702:1 September
12634:Austin 1934
12421:7 September
12369:Laiou 2002b
12353:Laiou 2002a
12176:Harris 2014
12164:Beaton 1996
12152:Harris 2014
12113:23 December
12041:Sedlar 1994
11881:Millar 2006
11857:Millar 2006
11838:21 December
11751:Harris 2017
11735:Karras 2004
11699:Talbot 1997
11679:Harris 2017
11675:Talbot 1997
11663:Karras 2004
11659:Talbot 1997
11643:Talbot 1997
11623:Talbot 1997
11571:Harris 2017
11559:Talbot 1997
11527:Talbot 1997
11523:Rotman 2022
11507:Talbot 1997
11495:Lenski 2021
11491:Rotman 2022
11475:Harvey 2008
11459:Harvey 2008
11427:Lenski 2021
11423:Rotman 2022
11350:Lenski 2021
11346:Rotman 2022
11342:Rotman 2009
11288:Lenski 2021
11284:Rotman 2022
11276:Rotman 2009
11264:Lenski 2021
11248:Rotman 2022
11244:Rotman 2009
11228:Rotman 2022
11176:Millar 2006
10999:Rotman 2022
10643:Haldan 2008
10623:Haldan 2008
10607:Haldan 2008
10575:Haldan 2008
10407:Haldan 2008
10387:Haldan 2008
10347:Haldan 2008
10331:Haldan 2008
10319:Haldan 2008
10299:Haldan 2008
10283:Haldan 2008
10259:Haldan 2008
10239:Haldan 2008
10223:Haldan 2008
10187:Haldan 2008
10171:Haldan 2008
10139:Haldan 2008
10108:Babuin 2001
10069:Babuin 2001
10041:Babuin 2001
10029:Babuin 2001
10001:Babuin 2001
9977:Babuin 2001
9910:Stolte 1998
9890:Stolte 1998
9886:Stolte 2015
9774:Stolte 2015
9629:Stolte 2015
9601:Kaiser 2015
9577:Kaiser 2015
9557:Kaiser 2015
9410:Haldon 1990
9338:Haldon 1990
9326:Haldon 1990
9310:Haldon 1990
9298:Whitby 2008
9282:Haldon 1990
9270:Whitby 2008
9254:Haldon 1990
8930:Tussay 2022
8825:Tussay 2022
8694:Herrin 2009
8639:Herrin 2009
8627:Herrin 2009
8475:Madden 2005
8439:Madden 2005
8408:(1): 18ff.
8277:Angold 1997
8241:Harris 2014
8190:Harvey 2003
8114:Sedlar 1994
8087:2 September
8064:Harris 2014
8052:Harris 2014
8040:Harris 2014
7949:Watson 1993
7941:Harris 2014
7762:30 December
7701:Holmes 2008
7677:Holmes 2008
7657:Holmes 2008
7645:Holmes 2008
7601:Holmes 2008
7589:Holmes 2008
7569:Auzépy 2009
7561:Holmes 2008
7549:Holmes 2008
7533:Auzépy 2009
7529:Holmes 2008
7509:Auzépy 2009
7505:Holmes 2008
7481:Haldon 2008
7457:Haldon 2008
7437:Haldon 2008
7425:Auzépy 2009
7405:Auzépy 2009
7401:Haldon 2008
7377:Haldon 2008
7357:Auzépy 2009
7345:Auzépy 2009
7329:Auzépy 2009
7321:Haldon 2008
7309:Auzépy 2009
7305:Haldon 2008
7285:Haldon 2008
7249:Haldon 2008
7233:Louth 2009b
7229:Haldon 2008
7213:Louth 2009b
7197:Louth 2009b
7177:Haldon 2008
7149:Haldon 2008
7133:Louth 2009b
7129:Haldon 2008
7109:Louth 2009b
7101:Haldon 2008
7097:Sarris 2002
7077:Haldon 2008
7061:Louth 2009b
7057:Haldon 2008
7041:Haldon 2008
7021:Sarris 2002
7017:Haldon 2008
7013:Louth 2009a
6997:Haldon 2008
6993:Sarris 2002
6981:Sarris 2002
6961:Haldon 2008
6957:Louth 2009a
6917:Sarris 2002
6905:Haldon 2008
6877:Sarris 2002
6865:Sarris 2002
6857:Louth 2009a
6845:Louth 2009a
6837:Sarris 2002
6821:Sarris 2002
6813:Louth 2009a
6793:Louth 2009a
6789:Haldon 2008
6286:ontological
6065:Mt. Radhošť
6033: 1261
5890:rump states
5685:Dioscorides
5577:metaphysics
5421:, Boukina,
5401:, Armenian
5326:Charlemagne
5306:water organ
5085:hagiography
4983:Koine Greek
4975:Attic Greek
4959:Middle Ages
4353:Rumney wine
4349:Commandaria
4295:resist-dyed
4237:Palaiologoi
4185:Justinian I
4060:Attic Greek
4027:Justinian I
3983:Cappadocian
3981:in orange.
3953:Joshua Roll
3951:Right: The
3897:deaconesses
3656:Black Death
3651:John Haldon
3634:Palaiologos
3406:Palaiologoi
3386:Roman Eagle
3184:Gregorianus
3173:. Hadrian (
3083: [
2843:Via Traiana
2835:Via Egnatia
2831:Roman roads
2821:Anti-Taurus
2764:along with
2488: 1204
2383:Alexios III
2354:of Cyprus,
2334:coup d'état
2285: 1180
2278: 1081
2184:Lothair III
2080:(1095–1099)
2076:before the
1804:Middle Ages
1654:Michael III
1620:Charlemagne
1504:managed to
1437:Constans II
1433:First Fitna
1395:in 626 and
1200:Justinian I
647:Renaissance
627:rump states
541:Justinian I
471:instead of
437:Middle Ages
427:centred in
363:• 775
353:• 565
343:• 457
225:Justinian I
28008:Categories
27961:Quotations
27478:Viking Age
27293:Prehistory
27067:Mediolanum
27007:Alexandria
26972:Themistius
26937:Porphyrius
26764:Tertullian
26699:Quintilian
26689:Propertius
26584:Lactantius
26534:Fulgentius
26469:Censorinus
26291:Sanitation
26276:Metallurgy
26233:Technology
26198:Demography
26146:Patricians
26113:Spectacles
26071:Literature
26066:Hairstyles
25903:Technology
25653:Praefectus
25605:Government
25595:Litigation
25580:Auctoritas
25525:Centuriate
25412:Principate
25407:Pax Romana
25367:Foundation
25004:and other
24983:and other
24677:Pontecorvo
24635:Monarchies
24621:Subalpinia
24586:Cispadania
24581:Cisalpinia
24563:Napoleonic
24270:(774–1139)
24182:(697–1797)
23884:(754–1870)
23846:(584–751)
23794:(568–774)
23346:Portuguese
23227:Revival Le
23217:Vietnamese
22860:Later Tran
22830:Vietnamese
22726:Singhasari
22714:Holy Roman
22338:Bulgarian
22274:Satavahana
22245:Phoenician
22181:Achaemenid
22142:Indo-Greek
22122:Macedonian
22036:Babylonian
21889:Third Rome
21815:University
21798:Philosophy
21788:Inventions
21651:Historians
21619:Literature
21602:Varangians
21444:San Vitale
21373:Hippodrome
21353:City Walls
21253:Mutilation
21248:Hexabiblos
21168:Bogomilism
21158:Iconoclasm
21028:Megas doux
21018:Greek fire
21001:Aegean Sea
20874:Kleisourai
20851:Excubitors
20841:Bucellarii
20693:Despotates
20662:Kleisourai
20601:Provincial
20445:Coronation
20419:Governance
20184:Doukid era
20117:Leonid era
19212:: 119–164.
18854:Jaine, Tom
18629:2268/35932
17241:30 January
17063:2 February
15651:dx.doi.org
14915:The Monist
14808:Béhar 1999
14753:Poppe 1991
14681:Clark 2000
14612:, p.
14439:Brown 2008
14355:Louth 2008
14331:Cross 2001
14247:Adams 2021
14223:Olson 1999
14211:Drake 2007
14199:Brown 1976
14170:Brown 1976
14092:Drake 2007
13960:Bundy 2007
13591:Diehl 1948
13499:23 October
13236:23 October
13010:Evans 2004
12966:Louth 2008
12692:Pars Times
12542:Bryer 2008
12438:, Textiles
12192:Nicol 1993
12168:Jones 1986
12014:Pei, Mario
11873:Bryce 1901
11376:(2): 237.
11232:Lavan 2016
11196:Jones 1986
10844:Lavan 2016
10832:Beard 2015
10563:Pryor 2017
10559:Pryor 2002
10508:(2): 240.
10484:Pryor 2002
10468:Pryor 2017
10464:Pryor 2002
10423:Pryor 2017
10419:Pryor 2002
10367:Pryor 2002
9894:Stein 1999
9778:Stein 1999
9758:Stein 1999
9694:Nicol 1988
9617:Stein 1999
9593:Stein 1999
9573:Stein 1999
9541:Stein 1999
9521:Stein 1999
9505:Stein 1999
9218:Zhang 2023
9142:Louth 2005
9126:Louth 2005
9114:Nicol 1988
9102:Nicol 1988
9058:Nicol 1988
8958:Tuori 2016
8946:Tuori 2016
8903:(4): 358.
8856:(3): 444.
8817:Nicol 1988
8295:, p.
7839:, p.
7361:Kaegi 2009
6225:Themistius
6156:References
6028:, painted
6006:See also:
5992:Third Rome
5982:, meaning
5913:Monemvasia
5782:Patriarchs
5768:, Istanbul
5670:and other
5656:Greek fire
5641:Greek fire
5599: 850
5592: 530
5585:Archimedes
5539:Archimedes
5507:See also:
5443:See also:
5360:, and the
5350:πλαγίαυλος
5346:plagiaulos
5314:pipe organ
5310:Hippodrome
5262:) and the
5232:, Florence
5225:bowed lyra
5152:See also:
5081:tragedians
4979:vernacular
4936:Literature
4903:Surviving
4891:, Germany)
4883:workshop;
4790:Literature
4678:, Austria)
4581:pendentive
4434:backgammon
4418: 530
4397:A game of
4383:See also:
4379:Recreation
4345:Monemvasia
4331:(known as
4269:Daily life
4241:modalities
4158:gold mines
4042:Historian
3999:Punic Wars
3792:Theodosius
3781:Diocletian
3722:quadrivium
3679:Diocletian
3667:Demography
3585:Greek fire
3555:Aegean Sea
3551:Cibirriote
3505:Varangians
3416:firesteels
3326:Hexabiblos
3322:Common law
3313:Hexabiblos
3291:iconoclasm
3279:Procheiron
3233:public law
3128:Limitrophe
3045:Theophilos
3006:See also:
2926:See also:
2922:Governance
2913: 950
2889: 750
2865:Government
2859:Aegean sea
2726:Singidunum
2450:encyclical
2223:accident.
2127:See also:
2112:pilgrimage
2007:See also:
1991:Mosaic of
1981:See also:
1951:Alp Arslan
1932:Kekaumenos
1687: 867
1635:Theophilos
1577:Artabasdos
1516:See also:
1471:a reversal
1452:Greek fire
1385:Khosrow II
1363:Khosrow II
1227:Belisarius
1178:Belisarius
1135:See also:
850:Diocletian
834:an emperor
806:Diocletian
800:under the
768: 500
758: 300
661:See also:
604:Asia Minor
488:Pax Romana
408:hyperpyron
377:12,000,000
357:26,000,000
347:16,000,000
333:Population
159:Government
146:Demonym(s)
27525:Feudalism
27496:Catalonia
27223:Quaestors
27153:Empresses
27143:Dynasties
27133:Dictators
27108:and other
27097:Volubilis
27092:Vindobona
27052:Londinium
26977:Theodoret
26947:Procopius
26927:Polyaenus
26902:Pausanias
26804:Vitruvius
26749:Symmachus
26744:Suetonius
26654:Petronius
26639:Obsequens
26604:Macrobius
26599:Lucretius
26524:Frontinus
26499:Eutropius
26484:Columella
26434:Augustine
26424:Appuleius
26372:Neo-Latin
26347:Classical
26338:Versions
26246:Aqueducts
26188:Patronage
26108:Sexuality
26081:Mythology
26056:Education
26046:Cosmetics
25871:Campaigns
25866:Structure
25819:Decemviri
25678:Imperator
25377:overthrow
25195:Chaldeans
25112:Phoenicia
25050:Karduniaš
24652:Guastalla
24642:Benevento
24574:Republics
24429:Judicates
24277:Byzantine
23934:and other
23872:(585–698)
23864:(554–752)
23858:(554–752)
23852:(533–751)
23837:(584–751)
23788:(435–534)
23782:(493–553)
23776:(476–493)
23767:(476–774)
23701:Iapygians
23339:Couronian
22977:Ethiopian
22965:Manchukuo
22920:Brazilian
22766:Ghaznavid
22736:Srivijaya
22687:Trebizond
22672:Byzantine
22654:North Sea
22649:Norwegian
22637:Almoravid
22620:Ilkhanate
22590:Majapahit
22563:Muromachi
22472:Solomonic
22457:Ethiopian
22371:Caliphate
22304:Aragonese
22132:Ptolemaic
21717:Octoechos
21597:Silk Road
21089:Hesychasm
20957:Paramonai
20904:Hetaireia
20836:Foederati
20725:Diplomacy
20720:Diplomats
20626:Provinces
20455:Empresses
20258:Trebizond
20054:Preceding
19679:1 January
19661:2398-3264
19385:0307-0131
19253:0075-4358
18848:Dolmathon
18681:1720-9331
18522:(2000) .
18491:18 August
18449:1754-517X
18255:1105-1639
18012:: 25–51.
17964:144773343
17956:1569-2981
17880:250246026
17593:(2002a).
17523:Study.com
17470:0031-2746
17352:(2002a).
17228:0070-7546
17053:161817885
17037:0009-6407
16683:170769034
16448:490034792
16059:155065665
15664:26 August
15172:0378-2506
15160:Byzantion
15147:163212104
15092:Ash, John
14956:0070-7546
14595:2 October
14319:Löhr 2007
14307:Sabo 2018
14235:Lieu 2007
14128:Hall 2007
13451:0073-0688
13053:Rice 1968
13002:Rice 1968
12990:Rice 1968
12497:Faas 2005
12481:Faas 2005
12095:0017-1298
11828:258920619
11406:160720781
11390:0018-2311
11323:9 January
11313:1055-7660
11058:16 August
10978:0009-8388
10939:1055-7660
10891:1055-7660
10522:0307-0131
10013:Pozo 2021
9989:Pozo 2021
9969:Pozo 2021
9948:0038-7134
9859:2312-3605
9820:24 August
9039:15 August
8997:15 August
8909:0009-8353
8870:0022-5037
8771:0065-1141
8732:0070-7546
8435:Kean 2006
7945:Read 2000
6296:Citations
6183:romanized
5668:astronomy
5470:Komnenian
5415:Tambouras
5403:Parkapzuk
5397:, Cretan
5388:Tsampouna
5250:(organ),
5134:Bessarion
5120:Chivalric
5108:mysticism
5022:Procopius
4994:Hellenism
4981:based on
4971:diglossic
4957:from the
4918:sculpture
4873:amethysts
4765:Diplomacy
4602:alabaster
4438:tzykanion
4403:Byzantine
4222:Palestine
4214:Sassanids
4079:Heraclius
4048:diglossic
3945:, Egypt,
3796:Justinian
3697:Education
3643:pronoiars
3638:Gasmouloi
3606:called a
3570:chelandia
3542:Venetians
3447:limitanei
3229:civil law
3159:Roman law
3098:John VIII
3076:oikouménē
3049:Al-Ma'mun
2996:Diplomacy
2975:strategos
2839:Macedonia
2750:Palestine
2702:Geography
2672:Gallipoli
2499:Alexios V
2440:In 1198,
2395:Trebizond
2220:Holy Land
2141:from the
2098:with the
2059:Pechenegs
2035:Alexios I
1993:Alexios I
1899:in 1068.
1787:in 1071.
1765:Romanos I
1692:Basil I (
1324:Heraclius
1273:Justin II
1264:, as the
1242:Khosrow I
1170:Justinian
1106:Theodoric
1102:Ostrogoth
1030:heretical
1015:Anthemius
878:Byzantium
861:Tetrarchy
802:Tetrarchy
702:Byzantium
695:Byzantion
461:Byzantium
387:2,000,000
367:7,000,000
273:Alexios I
237:Heraclius
163:Autocracy
151:Byzantine
130:Religion
18:Byzantine
27764:See also
27735:Cold War
27530:Crusades
27500:Valencia
27228:Tribunes
27218:Praetors
27168:Generals
27148:Emperors
27057:Lugdunum
27042:Eboracum
27032:Carthage
27017:Aquileia
26932:Polybius
26922:Plutarch
26892:Libanius
26882:Josephus
26877:Herodian
26769:Tibullus
26684:Priscian
26659:Phaedrus
26619:Manilius
26564:Jordanes
26549:Hydatius
26479:Claudian
26459:Catullus
26449:Boëthius
26444:Ausonius
26362:Medieval
26334:Alphabet
26306:Theatres
26281:Numerals
26266:Concrete
26256:Circuses
26223:Bagaudae
26213:Adoption
26208:Marriage
26181:Assembly
26086:Religion
26061:Folklore
26041:Clothing
26036:Calendar
25993:Currency
25983:Commerce
25881:Strategy
25843:Military
25829:Triumvir
25809:Dictator
25804:Interrex
25783:Governor
25768:Quaestor
25731:Ordinary
25713:Province
25703:Tetrarch
25693:Augustus
25658:Vicarius
25648:Officium
25585:Imperium
25535:Plebeian
25495:Republic
25417:Dominate
25384:Republic
25345:Timeline
25136:Arameans
25130:Damascus
25101:Arameans
25055:Kassites
25043:Hurrians
24611:Piedmont
24461:Oristano
24454:Logudoro
24444:Cagliari
24419:Sardinia
24152:Piedmont
23901:Holy See
23752:Medieval
23706:Picentes
23649:Samnites
23319:Japanese
23282:Scottish
23262:American
23254:Colonial
23183:Imperial
23151:Moroccan
23087:Japanese
23065:Afsharid
22924:Burmese
22910:Austrian
22865:Later Le
22840:Early Le
22825:Venetian
22751:Tiwanaku
22664:Hellenic
22627:Moroccan
22558:Kamakura
22548:Japanese
22531:Saffarid
22484:Georgian
22398:Chalukya
22376:Rashidun
22366:Calakmul
22334:Bruneian
22213:Haryanka
22191:Sasanian
22186:Parthian
22137:Bactrian
22127:Seleucid
22107:Goguryeo
22085:Egyptian
22019:Assyrian
22009:Akkadian
22000:Colonies
21810:Scholars
21803:Rhetoric
21793:Medicine
21768:Learning
21667:Calendar
21544:Painters
21243:Basilika
21181:Bulgaria
21143:Arianism
21094:Hayhurum
21071:Religion
21033:Admirals
20952:Allagion
20884:Droungos
20790:Generals
20752:Military
20715:Treaties
20621:Dioceses
20440:Emperors
20353:Sardinia
20333:Dalmatia
20313:Bulgaria
20303:Anatolia
20262:Theodoro
20256: /
20252: /
20244: /
19959:Archived
19934:Archived
19889:Archived
19712:The Icon
19710:(1982).
19673:Archived
19669:43767621
19647:(1998).
19629:Archived
19611:(1971).
19459:(1997).
19290:(1999).
19193:41524218
18969:(1967).
18929:Archived
18908:(1953).
18787:(1990).
18685:Archived
18644:Archived
18585:(1993).
18544:(1968).
18387:(1925).
18287:(1969).
18265:(1999).
18239:: 9–22.
18227:(1999).
18205:(1994).
18187:Archived
18150:(1998).
18074:Archived
18027:(1988).
18014:Archived
17927:(2006).
17846:(1907).
17822:(2006).
17795:(1979).
17785:81252739
17651:50270189
17571:(2005).
17527:Archived
17427:(2007).
17334:Archived
17316:(1992).
17188:Language
17075:(1990).
17057:Archived
16973:(eds.).
16946:Archived
16898:(2007).
16884:(1986).
16796:Archived
16760:Archived
16693:(2024).
16637:(1996).
16518:(2014).
16508:26362608
16475:11 April
16469:Archived
16333:(2010).
16296:Archived
16278:(1999).
16249:30586375
16208:PLOS One
16186:Archived
16126:(2004).
16116:27621785
16014:Archived
15978:Archived
15611:Archived
15505:(2017).
15491:(1910).
15469:(1901).
15455:(eds.).
15407:: 1–24.
15352:(1978).
15268:(2014).
15219:(1996).
15201:Archived
15183:(2015).
15094:(1995).
15053:(1887).
14974:(1997).
14886:Archived
14869:(1928).
14847:(1976).
14629:(2004).
14589:Archived
13899:(1999).
13875:Archived
13839:(1992).
13809:(1992).
13782:Archived
13770:(2018).
13751:Archived
13684:Archived
13493:Archived
13437:: 1–60.
13414:Archived
13379:Archived
13354:Archived
13323:Archived
13321:. 2009.
13279:Archived
13230:Archived
13032:Archived
12793:64273966
12758:Archived
12696:Archived
12598:Archived
12477:Ash 1995
12457:Ash 1995
12415:Archived
12131:(1933).
12107:Archived
12103:41219881
11956:(2009).
11832:Archived
11798:(2023).
11765:(1916).
11398:27809564
11317:Archived
10900:(2011).
10807:(1990).
9956:26845546
9928:Speculum
8840:(1958).
8779:24595080
8551:Archived
8533:(1964).
8401:Speculum
8325:Archived
8186:Day 1977
7888:Archived
7821:Archived
7756:Archived
7732:(2018).
6274:Arianism
6189:Rhōmaîoi
6109:See also
5960:Ivan III
5934:Perateia
5691:Religion
5645:caltrops
5587:' works
5531:basilica
5411:Kanonaki
5386:, Greek
5370:wineskin
5362:askaulos
5302:lijerica
5252:shilyani
5198:Maryamin
5010:rhetoric
5002:Paganism
4977:, and a
4869:sapphire
4795:Medicine
4740:Calendar
4658:, Italy)
4622:Istanbul
4616:and the
4593:coffered
4585:basilica
4552:Istanbul
4450:Tatikios
4411:Agathias
4405:emperor
4341:Malvasia
4337:tiropita
4325:pastirma
4274:Clothing
4195:, London
4121:Thracian
4117:Illyrian
4113:Georgian
4109:Armenian
4105:Slavonic
4062:) until
4054:(later,
4011:Arcadius
3971:Anatolia
3904:Language
3870:hedonism
3866:Theodora
3838:Honorius
3807:such as
3422:Military
3402:Komnenoi
3307:Basilika
3283:Eisagoge
3281:and the
3187:and the
3182:Codices
3106:Florence
3024:and the
2855:Caesarea
2841:and the
2815:and the
2809:Anatolia
2803:and the
2801:Rhodopes
2785:Anatolia
2730:Belgrade
2728:(modern
2676:Ottomans
2566:de facto
2558:Georgian
2554:Komnenos
2541:and the
2466:Dalmatia
2236:invasion
2208:Melitene
2055:Thessaly
1967:Bithynia
1889:Calabria
1808:Calabria
1798:in 1204.
1772:Basil II
1757:Nicholas
1721:Basilika
1701:defeated
1664:867–1081
1650:Theodora
1601:Lombards
1413:of Egypt
1284:Lombards
1168:Emperor
1077:deposed
996:Arianism
984:Eugenius
940:in 378.
916:against
908:in 312.
904:, which
828:, while
820:BC, the
584:Isaurian
574:—to the
517:. Under
435:and the
404:denarius
396:Currency
285:Manuel I
261:Basil II
138:official
98:Istanbul
72:in pink)
49:330–1453
27835:Portals
27605:Baroque
27504:Majorca
27416:Francia
27198:Legions
27158:Fiction
27128:Consuls
27123:Climate
27077:Ravenna
27072:Pompeii
27062:Lutetia
27027:Bononia
27022:Berytus
27012:Antioch
26987:Zosimus
26982:Zonaras
26957:Sozomen
26942:Priscus
26917:Photius
26759:Terence
26754:Tacitus
26739:Statius
26724:Servius
26709:Sallust
26664:Plautus
26644:Orosius
26624:Martial
26579:Juvenal
26554:Hyginus
26539:Gellius
26398:Writers
26329:History
26311:Thermae
26301:Temples
26251:Bridges
26218:Slavery
26166:Equites
26138:Society
26118:Theatre
26091:Deities
26051:Cuisine
26031:Bathing
26013:Culture
25988:Finance
25965:Economy
25856:Borders
25851:History
25753:Tribune
25748:Praetor
25638:Legatus
25633:Emperor
25520:Curiate
25490:Kingdom
25485:History
25461:History
25444:decline
25402:History
25372:Kingdom
25355:History
25340:Outline
25038:Mitanni
25006:Amorite
24985:Amorite
24959:Gutians
24692:Corsica
24682:Tuscany
24647:Etruria
24596:Liguria
24449:Gallura
24439:Arborea
24355:Lombard
24055:Tuscany
24045:Trieste
23681:Ligures
23642:Etruria
23386:largest
23381:Empires
23361:Swedish
23356:Spanish
23351:Russian
23314:Italian
23289:Chinese
23277:English
23272:British
23267:Belgian
23242:Vietnam
23232:Tay son
23178:Tsarist
23173:Russian
23168:Ottoman
23134:Dzungar
23129:Khoshut
23102:Mexican
23097:Maratha
23080:Pahlavi
23060:Safavid
23055:Iranian
22982:Haitian
22945:Chinese
22905:Ashanti
22877:Wagadou
22803:Eastern
22798:Western
22781:Timurid
22741:Tibetan
22731:Songhai
22721:Serbian
22642:Almohad
22632:Idrisid
22536:Samanid
22526:Tahirid
22521:Iranian
22499:Kannauj
22479:Genoese
22415:Chinese
22408:Eastern
22403:Western
22391:Fatimid
22386:Abbasid
22381:Umayyad
22354:Burmese
22314:Ayyubid
22309:Angevin
22279:Xianbei
22267:Eastern
22262:Western
22208:Magadha
22171:Iranian
22164:Xiongnu
22149:Hittite
22058:Chinese
22046:Kassite
21995:Ancient
21987:Empires
21919:Outline
21864:Museums
21764:Science
21741:Slavery
21697:Gardens
21677:Cuisine
21609:Dynatoi
21577:Coinage
21564:Economy
21532:Mosaics
21495:Mystras
21436:Ravenna
21298:Secular
21186:Moravia
20935:Pronoia
20909:Akritai
20894:Tagmata
20869:Themata
20810:Revolts
20780:Battles
20688:Kephale
20657:Themata
20587:Mesazon
20429:Central
20365:Maghreb
20318:Corsica
20308:Armenia
20298:Albania
20041:History
19873:at the
19814:26 July
19778:26 July
19635:25 June
19418:(ed.).
19181:Latomus
18898:4436297
18864:184–187
18856:(ed.).
18608:(ed.).
18193:25 June
18035:(ed.).
17549:(ed.).
17533:21 June
17340:25 June
17236:1291623
17107:(ed.).
17045:4146526
16802:25 June
16719:(ed.).
16302:21 June
16240:6306252
16217:Bibcode
16192:20 June
16085:1058121
16051:2118759
16020:20 June
15984:25 June
15595:(ed.).
14964:1291170
14877:Alexiad
14818:Sources
14529:(ed.).
13881:1 March
13788:8 March
13774:(ed.).
13690:1 March
12604:25 June
12573:25 June
8917:3298499
8878:2708049
8844:(ed.).
8740:1291527
8557:19 July
8422:2846872
7966:Alexiad
6288:entity.
6185::
6178:Ῥωμαῖοι
6067:in the
5972:Ivan IV
5964:Muscovy
5849:Karaite
5837:Judaism
5556:and to
5552:to the
5427:Crotala
5419:Salpinx
5379:dankiyo
5364:(ἀσκός
5354:πλάγιος
5352:, from
5285:
5268:bagpipe
5264:salandj
5026:miracle
4897:Leo III
4865:emerald
4861:Collier
4810:Science
4780:Gardens
4775:Economy
4755:Cuisine
4750:Coinage
4656:Ravenna
4597:mosaics
4478:Russati
4474:Prasini
4462:Ephesus
4357:Retsina
4329:baklava
4309:Cuisine
4299:printed
4263:coinage
4181:solidus
4179:Golden
4131:Economy
3975:Demotic
3959:, Rome)
3939:psalter
3858:coloni,
3819:Slavery
3718:trivium
3662:Society
3647:Genoese
3612:dromons
3589:Basil I
3546:Genoans
3516:pronoia
3512:tagmata
3497:tagmata
3493:tourmai
3467:themata
3364:Chi Rho
3360:Labarum
3271:Ecloga,
3171:Jurists
3108:in 1438
3102:Ferrara
2970:themata
2805:Balkans
2742:Balkans
2587:Osman I
2579:beyliks
2562:Chaldia
2551:Alexios
2446:legates
2293:Genoese
2244:Raynald
2212:Cilicia
2051:Larissa
1940:Seljuks
1897:Otranto
1869:Normans
1842:tagmata
1836:τάγματα
1820:Antioch
1727:Tactica
1658:Basil I
1599:to the
1597:Ravenna
1550:(right)
1544:Leo III
1540:solidus
1512:718–867
1502:Leo III
1475:Bulgars
1367:Bottom:
1322:led by
1296:Maurice
1250:Antioch
1244:of the
1186:Mosaics
1131:518–717
1075:Odoacer
1052:tribute
1048:Balkans
936:at the
912:fought
731:History
712:Romanía
678:Romaioi
598:at the
451:to the
431:during
400:Solidus
249:Leo III
90:Capital
70:vassals
27885:Greece
27492:Aragon
27471:Amalfi
27456:Venice
27444:Second
27208:Nomina
27193:Legacy
27173:Gentes
27110:topics
27106:Lists
27087:Smyrna
26967:Strabo
26897:Lucian
26887:Julian
26837:Arrian
26832:Appian
26822:Aelian
26799:Vergil
26574:Justin
26559:Jerome
26544:Horace
26529:Fronto
26519:Florus
26494:Ennius
26474:Cicero
26454:Caesar
26352:Vulgar
26176:Tribes
26103:Romans
25913:Legion
25896:castra
25773:Aedile
25743:Censor
25738:Consul
25698:Caesar
25668:Lictor
25590:Status
25530:Tribal
25510:Senate
25500:Empire
25394:Empire
25330:topics
24758:(1848)
24752:(1831)
24707:states
24672:Naples
24382:Norman
24189:Dogado
24060:Verona
24025:Mantua
24020:Istria
24000:Finale
23990:Ancona
23938:states
23758:states
23676:Veneti
23654:Latins
23324:Mongol
23309:German
23304:French
23294:Danish
23237:Dainam
23212:Tongan
23200:Somali
23195:Sokoto
23161:'Alawi
23139:Kalmyk
23119:Mongol
23112:Second
23092:Korean
23043:Mughal
23033:Indian
23016:German
23009:Second
22999:French
22992:Second
22928:Second
22900:Afghan
22892:Modern
22818:Kyrgyz
22813:Uighur
22808:Second
22788:Turkic
22756:Toltec
22692:Epirus
22677:Nicaea
22600:Mongol
22553:Yamato
22489:Huetar
22347:Second
22284:Rouran
22233:Shunga
22228:Maurya
22203:Kushan
22176:Median
22154:Hunnic
22112:Harsha
21929:Portal
21844:Impact
21724:People
21672:Cities
21522:Enamel
21303:Sacred
21238:Ecloga
21104:Saints
21013:Dromon
20889:Bandon
20879:Tourma
20862:Middle
20785:Beacon
20667:Bandon
20650:Middle
20519:Middle
20474:Senate
20397:Thrace
20380:Serbia
20358:Sicily
20343:Greece
20328:Cyprus
20246:Epirus
20242:Nicaea
20152:Middle
20029:topics
19833:about
19805:
19769:
19737:
19718:
19696:
19667:
19659:
19621:
19597:
19578:
19525:
19496:
19473:
19445:
19426:
19400:
19383:
19348:
19327:
19308:
19276:
19261:301038
19259:
19251:
19241:
19191:
19088:
18996:
18977:
18955:
18938:9 June
18921:
18896:
18870:
18833:
18814:
18795:
18775:
18765:
18738:
18712:
18679:
18636:
18593:
18571:
18554:
18530:
18508:
18484:
18474:
18447:
18337:
18318:
18299:
18273:
18253:
18213:
18179:
18158:
18101:
18066:
18045:
17986:
17962:
17954:
17902:
17878:
17872:624442
17870:
17832:
17808:
17783:
17773:
17752:
17733:
17649:
17639:
17601:
17579:
17557:
17506:
17485:
17468:
17437:
17408:
17367:
17326:
17281:
17262:
17234:
17226:
17191:". In
17171:
17147:
17115:
17085:
17051:
17043:
17035:
17000:
16981:
16925:
16906:
16870:
16829:
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