Constantine the Great

1850: 1085: 4402: 2553:, and it returned confiscated Church property. The edict protected all religions from persecution, not only Christianity, allowing anyone to worship any deity that they chose. A similar edict had been issued in 311 by Galerius, senior emperor of the Tetrarchy, which granted Christians the right to practise their religion but did not restore any property to them. The Edict of Milan included several clauses which stated that all confiscated churches would be returned, as well as other provisions for previously persecuted Christians. Some scholars think that Helena adopted Christianity as an adult, and according to Eusebius she was converted by Constantine, but other historians debate whether Constantine adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth or whether he adopted it gradually over the course of his life. 2304: 2312:

richer cities of the East, and the military strategic importance of protecting the Danube from barbarian excursions and Asia from a hostile Persia in choosing his new capital as well as being able to monitor shipping traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Licinius' defeat came to represent the defeat of a rival centre of pagan and Greek-speaking political activity in the East, as opposed to the Christian and Latin-speaking Rome, and it was proposed that a new Eastern capital should represent the integration of the East into the Roman Empire as a whole, as a centre of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation for the whole of the Eastern Roman Empire. Among the various locations proposed for this alternative capital, Constantine appears to have toyed earlier with

1100: 1445: 3022: 2750: 7106: 1373:. He requested recognition as heir to his father's throne and passed off responsibility for his unlawful ascension on his army, claiming they had "forced it upon him". Galerius was put into a fury by the message; he almost set the portrait and messenger on fire. His advisers calmed him and argued that outright denial of Constantine's claims would mean certain war. Galerius was compelled to compromise: he granted Constantine the title "caesar" rather than "augustus" (the latter office went to Severus instead). Wishing to make it clear that he alone gave Constantine legitimacy, Galerius personally sent Constantine the emperor's traditional 948: 2085: 2838: 42: 18116: 1254:

to the flames, and had its treasures seized. In the months that followed, churches and scriptures were destroyed, Christians were deprived of official ranks, and priests were imprisoned. It is unlikely that Constantine played any role in the persecution. In his later writings, he attempted to present himself as an opponent of Diocletian's "sanguinary edicts" against the "Worshippers of God", but nothing indicates that he opposed it effectively at the time. Although no contemporary Christian challenged Constantine for his inaction during the persecutions, it remained a political liability throughout his life.

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favourably on the similarities between father and son, and Eusebius remarked that Constantine was a "renewal, as it were, in his own person, of his father's life and reign". Constantinian coinage, sculpture, and oratory also show a tendency for disdain towards the "barbarians" beyond the frontiers. He minted a coin issue after his victory over the Alemanni which depicts weeping and begging Alemannic tribesmen, "the Alemanni conquered" beneath the phrase "Romans' rejoicing". There was little sympathy for these enemies; as his panegyrist declared, "It is a stupid clemency that spares the conquered foe."

2987:, Constantine had asserted his patronage over Persia's Christian subjects and urged Shapur to treat them well. The letter is undatable. In response to border raids, Constantine sent Constantius to guard the eastern frontier in 335. In 336, Prince Narseh invaded Armenia (a Christian kingdom since 301) and installed a Persian client on the throne. Constantine then resolved to campaign against Persia. He treated the war as a Christian crusade, calling for bishops to accompany the army and commissioning a tent in the shape of a church to follow him everywhere. Constantine planned to be baptised in the 2296: 3031: 2916: 2962:. The weather and lack of food reportedly cost the Goths dearly before they submitted to Rome. In 334, after Sarmatian commoners had overthrown their leaders, Constantine led a campaign against the tribe. He won a victory in the war and extended his control over the region, as remains of camps and fortifications in the region indicate. Constantine resettled some Sarmatian exiles as farmers in Illyrian and Roman districts and conscripted the rest into the army. Constantine reconquered the South of Dacia and the new frontier in Dacia was along the wall and ditch called 1386: 1542: 4338:, was also a descendant of Constantine. Constantine acquired a mythic role as a hero and warrior against heathens. His reception as a saint seems to have spread within the Byzantine empire during wars against the Sasanian Persians and the Muslims in the late 6th and 7th century. The motif of the Romanesque equestrian, the mounted figure in the posture of a triumphant Roman emperor, became a visual metaphor in statuary in praise of local benefactors. The name "Constantine" enjoyed renewed popularity in western France in the 11th and 12th centuries. During the 2026:

directed in a dream to cause the heavenly sign to be delineated on the shields of his soldiers, and so to proceed to battle. He did as he had been commanded, and he marked on their shields the letter Χ, with a perpendicular line drawn through it and turned round thus at the top, being the cipher of Christ. Having this sign (☧), his troops stood to arms." Eusebius describes a vision that Constantine had while marching at midday in which "he saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the sun, and bearing the inscription,

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the coinage. The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the emperor to have great influence and authority in the early Christian councils, most notably the dispute over Arianism. Constantine disliked the risks to societal stability that religious disputes and controversies brought with them, preferring to establish an orthodoxy. His influence over the Church councils was to enforce doctrine, root out heresy, and uphold ecclesiastical unity; the Church's role was to determine proper worship, doctrines, and dogma.

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reforms an attempt by Constantine at reintegrating the senatorial order into the imperial administrative elite to counter the possibility of alienating pagan senators from a Christianised imperial rule; however, such an interpretation remains conjectural, given the fact that we do not have the precise numbers about pre-Constantine conversions to Christianity in the old senatorial milieu. Some historians suggest that early conversions among the old aristocracy were more numerous than previously supposed.

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as long as he was alive. Adrian Goldsworthy speculates an alternative explanation for the execution of Crispus was Constantine's desire to keep a firm grip on his prospective heirs, this—and Fausta's desire for having her sons inheriting instead of their half-brother—being reason enough for killing Crispus; the subsequent execution of Fausta, however, was probably meant as a reminder to her children that Constantine would not hesitate in "killing his own relatives when he felt this was necessary".

1795:"Without warning suppurative inflammation broke out round the middle of his genitals, then a deep-seated fistula ulcer; these ate their way incurably into his innermost bowels. From them came a teeming indescribable mass of worms, and a sickening smell was given off, for the whole of his hulking body, thanks to over eating, had been transformed even before his illness into a huge lump of flabby fat, which then decomposed and presented those who came near it with a revolting and horrifying sight." 3001: 2557: 2904: 1976:, allowing the weakness of Maxentius to draw his regime further into turmoil. Maxentius' support continued to weaken: at chariot races on 27 October, the crowd openly taunted Maxentius, shouting that Constantine was invincible. Maxentius, no longer certain that he would emerge from a siege victorious, built a temporary boat bridge across the Tiber in preparation for a field battle against Constantine. On 28 October 312, the sixth anniversary of his reign, he approached the keepers of the 1513:). In 310, he marched to the northern Rhine and fought the Franks. When not campaigning, he toured his lands advertising his benevolence and supporting the economy and the arts. His refusal to participate in the war increased his popularity among his people and strengthened his power base in the West. Maximian returned to Rome in the winter of 307–308 but soon fell out with his son. In early 308, after a failed attempt to usurp Maxentius' title, Maximian returned to Constantine's court. 1818: 1427: 1223: 4219: 1920:. Constantine sent a small force north of the town in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed. Ruricius sent a large detachment to counter Constantine's expeditionary force but was defeated. Constantine's forces successfully surrounded the town and laid siege. Ruricius gave Constantine the slip and returned with a larger force to oppose Constantine. Constantine refused to let up on the siege and sent only a small force to oppose him. In the desperately fought 2674: 1481: 3209: 18128: 7120: 2578:

deathbed, believing that the baptism would release him of any sins he committed in the course of carrying out his policies while emperor. He supported the Church financially, built basilicas, granted privileges to clergy (such as exemption from certain taxes), promoted Christians to high office, and returned property confiscated during the long period of persecution. His most famous building projects include the

2177: 4736:. According to Geoffrey, Cole was King of the Britons when Constantius, here a senator, came to Britain. Afraid of the Romans, Cole submits to Roman law so long as he retains his kingship. However, he dies only a month later, and Constantius takes the throne himself, marrying Cole's daughter Helena. They have their son Constantine, who succeeds his father as King of Britain before becoming Roman emperor. 1496:

October 306. Galerius refused to recognize him but failed to unseat him. Severus was sent against Maxentius in April 307, but during the campaign, Severus' armies, previously under command of Maxentius' father Maximian, defected, and Severus was seized and imprisoned. Maximian, brought out of retirement by his son's rebellion, left for Gaul to confer with Constantine. He offered to marry his daughter

3095:, bishop of the city where he lay dying, as his baptizer. In postponing his baptism, he followed one custom at the time which postponed baptism until after infancy. It has been thought that Constantine put off baptism as long as he did so as to be absolved from as much of his sin as possible. Constantine died soon after at a suburban villa called Achyron, on the last day of the fifty-day festival of 1203:

lectures of Lactantius, a Christian scholar of Latin in the city. Because Diocletian did not completely trust Constantius—none of the Tetrarchs fully trusted their colleagues—Constantine was held as something of a hostage, a tool to ensure Constantius' best behavior. Constantine was nonetheless a prominent member of the court: he fought for Diocletian and Galerius in Asia and served in a variety of

2196:, officially granting full tolerance to Christianity and all religions in the empire. The document had special benefits for Christians, legalizing their religion and granting them restoration for all property seized during Diocletian's persecution. It repudiates past methods of religious coercion and used only general terms to refer to the divine sphere—"Divinity" and "Supreme Divinity", 2693:

equestrians by Diocletian and his colleagues, following a practice enforced piecemeal by their predecessors. The emperors, however, still needed the talents and the help of the very rich, who were relied on to maintain social order and cohesion by means of a web of powerful influence and contacts at all levels. Exclusion of the old senatorial aristocracy threatened this arrangement.

2862:, Croatia) sometime between 15 May and 17 June 326. In July, he had his wife Empress Fausta (stepmother of Crispus) killed in an overheated bath. Their names were wiped from the face of many inscriptions, references to their lives were eradicated from the literary record, and their memory was condemned. Eusebius, for example, edited out any praise of Crispus from later copies of 1468:). According to Lactantius, Constantine followed a tolerant policy towards Christianity, although he was not yet a Christian. He probably judged it a more sensible policy than open persecution and a way to distinguish himself from the "great persecutor" Galerius. He decreed a formal end to persecution and returned to Christians all that they had lost during them. 1559:

and took up the imperial purple. In spite of a large donative pledge to any who would support him as emperor, most of Constantine's army remained loyal to their emperor, and Maximian was soon compelled to leave. When Constantine heard of the rebellion, he abandoned his campaign against the Franks and marched his army up the Rhine. At Cabillunum (

1261:, Maximian did the same. Lactantius states that Galerius manipulated the weakened Diocletian into resigning and forced him to accept Galerius' allies in the imperial succession. According to Lactantius, the crowd listening to Diocletian's resignation speech believed, until the last moment, that Diocletian would choose Constantine and 2784:, 72 of which made a pound of gold. New and highly debased silver pieces continued to be issued during his later reign and after his death, in a continuous process of retariffing, until this "billon" minting ceased in 367, and the silver piece was continued by various denominations of bronze coins, the most important being the 1281:

lion, and attempted to kill him in hunts and wars. Constantine always emerged victorious: the lion emerged from the contest in a poorer condition than Constantine; Constantine returned to Nicomedia from the Danube with a Sarmatian captive to drop at Galerius' feet. It is uncertain how much these tales can be trusted.

3168:, had already received one division of the empire each to administer as caesars; Constantine may have intended his successors to resume a structure akin to Diocletian's Tetrarchy. A number of relatives were killed by followers of Constantius, notably Constantine's nephews Dalmatius (who held the rank of caesar) and 2007: 1528:, one of Galerius' old military companions, was appointed augustus in the western regions. The new system did not last long: Constantine refused to accept the demotion and continued to style himself as augustus on his coinage, even as other members of the Tetrarchy referred to him as a caesar on theirs. 4589:

argues that it is most plausible that Constantine had been a Christian considerably before 312 – possibly even for his entire life – with the public timeline of events instead reflecting his "coming out" as Christian in stages as doing so became politically viable. As a parallel

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From his recent illness, Constantine knew death would soon come. Within the Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantine had secretly prepared a final resting-place for himself. It came sooner than he had expected. Soon after the Feast of Easter 337, Constantine fell seriously ill. He left Constantinople

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Although Constantine created his apparent heirs "caesars", following a pattern established by Diocletian, he gave his creations a hereditary character, alien to the tetrarchic system: Constantine's caesars were to be kept in the hope of ascending to empire and entirely subordinated to their augustus,

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had crossed the Bosporus and invaded European territory. Licinius departed and eventually defeated Maximinus, gaining control over the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. Relations between the two remaining emperors deteriorated, as Constantine suffered an assassination attempt at the hands of a

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Constantine began a major expansion of Trier. He strengthened the circuit wall around the city with military towers and fortified gates, and he began building a palace complex in the northeastern part of the city. To the south of his palace, he ordered the construction of a large formal audience hall

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Constantine recognised the implicit danger in remaining at Galerius' court, where he was held as a virtual hostage. His career depended on being rescued by his father in the West. Constantius was quick to intervene. In the late spring or early summer of 305, Constantius requested leave for his son to

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Constantine reunited the empire under one emperor, and he won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni in 306–308, the Franks again in 313–314, the Goths in 332, and the Sarmatians in 334. By 336, he had reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia which Aurelian had been forced to abandon

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and attempted a return to Constantinople, making it only as far as a suburb of Nicomedia. He summoned the bishops and told them of his hope to be baptised in the River Jordan, where Christ was written to have been baptised. He requested the baptism right away, promising to live a more Christian life

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Constantine made some new laws regarding the Jews; some of them were unfavourable towards Jews, although they were not harsher than those of his predecessors. It was made illegal for Jews to seek converts or to attack other Jews who had converted to Christianity. They were forbidden to own Christian

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Constantine remained aloof from the Italian conflict, however. Over the spring and summer of 307, he had left Gaul for Britain to avoid any involvement in the Italian turmoil; now, instead of giving Maxentius military aid, he sent his troops against Germanic tribes along the Rhine. In 308, he raided

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Some of the ancient sources detail plots that Galerius made on Constantine's life in the months following Diocletian's abdication. They assert that Galerius assigned Constantine to lead an advance unit in a cavalry charge through a swamp on the middle Danube, made him enter into single combat with a

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with an inquiry about Christians. Constantine could recall his presence at the palace when the messenger returned and Diocletian accepted the imperial court's demands for universal persecution. On 23 February 303, Diocletian ordered the destruction of Nicomedia's new church, condemned its scriptures

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Constantine was a ruler of major importance and has always been a controversial figure. The fluctuations in his reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign. These are abundant and detailed, but they have been strongly influenced by the official propaganda of the period and are

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Constantine's monetary policies were closely associated with his religious policies; increased minting was associated with the confiscation of all gold, silver, and bronze statues from pagan temples between 331 and 336 which were declared to be imperial property. Two imperial commissioners for each

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In the following years, Constantine gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy. In 313, he met Licinius in Milan to secure their alliance by the marriage of Licinius and Constantine's half-sister Constantia. During this meeting, the emperors agreed on

2064:, and coins issued at Siscia in 317/318 repeat the image. The figure was otherwise rare and is uncommon in imperial iconography and propaganda before the 320s. It was not completely unknown, however, being an abbreviation of the Greek word chrēston (good), having previously appeared on the coins of 1604:

The death of Maximian required a shift in Constantine's public image. He could no longer rely on his connection to the elder Emperor Maximian and needed a new source of legitimacy. In a speech delivered in Gaul on 25 July 310, the anonymous orator reveals a previously unknown dynastic connection to

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In 310, a dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine while Constantine was away campaigning against the Franks. Maximian had been sent south to Arles with a contingent of Constantine's army, in preparation for any attacks by Maxentius in southern Gaul. He announced that Constantine was dead

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was frustrated that he had been passed over for promotion while the newcomer Licinius had been raised to the office of augustus and demanded that Galerius promote him. Galerius offered to call both Maximinus and Constantine "sons of the augusti", but neither accepted the new title. By the spring of

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Following Galerius' recognition of Constantine as caesar, Constantine's portrait was brought to Rome, as was customary. Maxentius mocked the portrait's subject as the son of a harlot and lamented his own powerlessness. Maxentius, envious of Constantine's authority, seized the title of emperor on 28

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Constantine was largely untried and had a hint of illegitimacy about him; he relied on his father's reputation in his early propaganda, which gave as much coverage to his father's deeds as to his. His military skill and building projects, however, soon gave the panegyrist the opportunity to comment

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Because he was so old, he could not be submerged in water to be baptised, and therefore, the rules of baptism were changed to what they are today, having water placed on the forehead alone. In this period infant baptism, though practiced (usually in circumstances of emergency) had not yet become a

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Historically, this series of events is extremely improbable. Constantius had already left Helena by the time he left for Britain. Additionally, no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in Britain, let alone that she was a princess. Henry's source for the story is unknown, though it may have

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Although Constantine's death follows the conclusion of the Persian campaign in Eusebius's account, most other sources report his death as occurring in its middle. Emperor Julian (a nephew of Constantine), writing in the mid-350s, observes that the Sassanians escaped punishment for their ill-deeds,

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should be a day of rest for all citizens. In 323, he issued a decree banning Christians from participating in state sacrifices. After the pagan gods had disappeared from his coinage, Christian symbols appeared as Constantine's attributes, the chi rho between his hands or on his labarum, as well on

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in the city which was met with jubilation. Maxentius' body was fished out of the Tiber and decapitated, and his head was paraded through the streets for all to see. After the ceremonies, the disembodied head was sent to Carthage, and Carthage offered no further resistance. Unlike his predecessors,

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Maxentius' troops were broken before the first charge. His horse guards and praetorians initially held their position, but they broke under the force of a Constantinian cavalry charge; they also broke ranks and fled to the river. Maxentius rode with them and attempted to cross the bridge of boats (

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Maxentius' forces were still twice the size of Constantine's, and he organised them in long lines facing the battle plain with their backs to the river. Constantine's army arrived on the field bearing unfamiliar symbols on their standards and their shields. According to Lactantius "Constantine was

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Constantine's advisers and generals cautioned against preemptive attack on Maxentius; even his soothsayers recommended against it, stating that the sacrifices had produced unfavourable omens. Constantine, with a spirit that left a deep impression on his followers, inspiring some to believe that he

1653:, a god conventionally identified with Apollo. There is little reason to believe that either the dynastic connection or the divine vision are anything other than fiction, but their proclamation strengthened Constantine's claims to legitimacy and increased his popularity among the citizens of Gaul. 2733:

The Senate as a body remained devoid of any significant power; nevertheless, the senators had been marginalised as potential holders of imperial functions during the 3rd century but could dispute such positions alongside more upstart bureaucrats. Some modern historians see in those administrative

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renounced the title. According to Christian writers, Constantine was over 40 when he finally declared himself a Christian, making it clear that he owed his successes to the protection of the Christian High God alone. Despite these declarations of being a Christian, he waited to be baptised on his

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Constantine was the first emperor to stop the persecution of Christians and to legalize Christianity, along with all other religions/cults in the Roman Empire. In February 313, he met with Licinius in Milan and developed the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow

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Diocletian had chosen Nicomedia in the East as his capital during the Tetrarchy—not far from Byzantium, well situated to defend Thrace, Asia, and Egypt, all of which had required his military attention. Constantine had recognised the shift of the empire from the remote and depopulated West to the

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on 18 September 324. Licinius and Martinian surrendered to Constantine at Nicomedia on the promise their lives would be spared: they were sent to live as private citizens in Thessalonica and Cappadocia respectively, but in 325 Constantine accused Licinius of plotting against him and had them both

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An extensive propaganda campaign followed, during which Maxentius' image was purged from all public places. He was written up as a "tyrant" and set against an idealised image of Constantine the "liberator". Eusebius is the best representative of this strand of Constantinian propaganda. Maxentius'

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Constantine deployed his own forces along the whole length of Maxentius' line. He ordered his cavalry to charge, and they broke Maxentius' cavalry. He then sent his infantry against Maxentius' infantry, pushing many into the Tiber where they were slaughtered and drowned. The battle was brief, and

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them with his own cavalry, and dismounted them with blows from his soldiers' iron-tipped clubs. Constantine's armies emerged victorious. Turin refused to give refuge to Maxentius' retreating forces, opening its gates to Constantine instead. Other cities of the north Italian plain sent Constantine

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frontier. He remained in Britain after his promotion to emperor, driving back the tribes of the Picts and securing his control in the northwestern dioceses. He completed the reconstruction of military bases begun under his father's rule, and he ordered the repair of the region's roadways. He then

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somewhat doubtful, the fact is that he seems to have been far less open in his support of Christianity than Constantine. Therefore, Licinius was prone to see the Church as a force more loyal to Constantine than to the Imperial system in general, as the explanation offered by the Church historian

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decreed him "title of the first name", which meant that his name would be listed first in all official documents, and they acclaimed him as "the greatest augustus". He issued decrees returning property that was lost under Maxentius, recalling political exiles, and releasing Maxentius' imprisoned

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was able to briefly usurp his authority in Africa. By 312, he was a man barely tolerated, not one actively supported, even among Christian Italians. In the summer of 311, Maxentius mobilised against Constantine while Licinius was occupied with affairs in the East. He declared war on Constantine,

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over senators, who had a monopoly on the most important offices of the state. Senators were stripped of the command of legions and most provincial governorships, as it was felt that they lacked the specialised military upbringing needed in an age of acute defense needs; such posts were given to

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in marriage. Maximinus considered Constantine's arrangement with Licinius an affront to his authority. In response, he sent ambassadors to Rome, offering political recognition to Maxentius in exchange for a military support, which Maxentius accepted. According to Eusebius, inter-regional travel

1583:), a town better able to withstand a long siege than Arles. It made little difference, however, as loyal citizens opened the rear gates to Constantine. Maximian was captured and reproved for his crimes. Constantine granted some clemency but strongly encouraged his suicide. In July 310, Maximian 1202:

Constantine received a formal education at Diocletian's court, where he learned Latin literature, Greek, and philosophy. The cultural environment in Nicomedia was open, fluid, and socially mobile; in it, Constantine could mix with intellectuals both pagan and Christian. He may have attended the

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In 326, Constantine reversed this pro-equestrian trend, raising many administrative positions to senatorial rank and thus opening these offices to the old aristocracy; at the same time, he elevated the rank of existing equestrian office-holders to senator, degrading the equestrian order in the

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explicitly makes this connection. The myth rests on slim evidence as an interpretation of the executions; only late and unreliable sources allude to the relationship between Crispus and Fausta, and there is no evidence for the modern suggestion that Constantine's "godly" edicts of 326 and the

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In 320, Licinius allegedly reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan and began to oppress Christians anew, generally without bloodshed, but resorting to confiscations and sacking of Christian office-holders. Although this characterization of Licinius as anti-Christian is

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to Constantine and elevate him to augustan rank. In return, Constantine would reaffirm the old family alliance between Maximian and Constantius and offer support to Maxentius' cause in Italy. Constantine accepted and married Fausta in Trier in summer 307. Constantine gave Maxentius his meagre

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contains no mention of Fausta or Crispus. Few ancient sources are willing to discuss possible motives for the events, and the few that do are of later provenance and are generally unreliable. At the time of the executions, it was commonly believed that Empress Fausta was either in an illicit

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This dubious arrangement eventually became a challenge to Constantine in the West, climaxing in the great civil war of 324. Constantine's Christian eulogists present the war as a battle between Christianity and paganism; Licinius, aided by Gothic mercenaries, represented the past and ancient

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In spite of the earlier rupture in their relations, Maxentius was eager to present himself as his father's devoted son after his death. He began minting coins with his father's deified image, proclaiming his desire to avenge Maximian's death. Constantine initially presented the suicide as an

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to rule, rather than principles of imperial equality. The new ideology expressed in the speech made Galerius and Maximian irrelevant to Constantine's right to rule. Indeed, the orator emphasizes ancestry to the exclusion of all other factors: "No chance agreement of men, nor some unexpected

2773:" coins (the term "billon" meaning an alloy of precious and base metals that is mostly base metal). Silver currency was overvalued in terms of its actual metal content and therefore could only circulate at much discounted rates. Constantine stopped minting the Diocletianic "pure" silver 4521:(1932) go against this historiographic tradition. Seeck presents Constantine as a sincere war hero whose ambiguities were the product of his own naïve inconsistency. Piganiol's Constantine is a philosophical monotheist, a child of his era's religious syncretism. Related histories by 1352:

before it, probably advanced far into the north without achieving great success. Constantius had become severely sick over the course of his reign and died on 25 July 306 in Eboracum. Before dying, he declared his support for raising Constantine to the rank of full Augustus. The

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rescripts were declared invalid, and the honours that he had granted to leaders of the Senate were also invalidated. Constantine also attempted to remove Maxentius' influence on Rome's urban landscape. All structures built by him were rededicated to Constantine, including the

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holds a similar view which does not speculate on the origin of Constantine's Christian motivation, but presents him as a religious revolutionary who fervently believed that he was meant "to play a providential role in the millenary economy of the salvation of humanity".

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or by fulfilling a function of senatorial rank. From then on, holding actual power and social status were melded together into a joint imperial hierarchy. Constantine gained the support of the old nobility with this, as the Senate was allowed to elect praetors and

863:(r. 402–450), a century after Constantine's reign, these ecclesiastical historians obscure the events and theologies of the Constantinian period through misdirection, misrepresentation, and deliberate obscurity. The contemporary writings of the orthodox Christian 1189:

overtones, the Tetrarchy retained vestiges of hereditary privilege, and Constantine became the prime candidate for future appointment as Caesar as soon as his father took the position. Constantine went to the court of Diocletian, where he lived as his father's

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reckoned Constantine among the venerable figures of its tradition. In the later Byzantine state, it became a great honor for an emperor to be hailed as a "new Constantine"; ten emperors carried the name, including the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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By the middle of 310, Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in imperial politics. His final act survives: a letter to provincials posted in Nicomedia on 30 April 311, proclaiming an end to the persecutions, and the resumption of religious toleration.

2590:'s resting place, so much so that it even affected the design of the basilica, including the challenge of erecting it on the hill where St. Peter rested, making its complete construction time over 30 years from the date Constantine ordered it to be built. 1177:, Galerius was a brutal, animalistic man. Although he shared the paganism of Rome's aristocracy, he seemed to them an alien figure, a semi-barbarian. On 1 March, Constantius was promoted to the office of Caesar, and dispatched to Gaul to fight the rebels 1885:, Italy), a heavily fortified town that shut its gates to him. Constantine ordered his men to set fire to its gates and scale its walls. He took the town quickly. Constantine ordered his troops not to loot the town and advanced into northern Italy. 1591:

unfortunate family tragedy. By 311, however, he was spreading another version. According to this, after Constantine had pardoned him, Maximian planned to murder Constantine in his sleep. Fausta learned of the plot and warned Constantine, who put a

725:. He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor", but while he did favour the Christian Church, some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity. Nevertheless, he is venerated as a saint in 2779:

soon after 305, while the "billon" currency continued to be used until the 360s. From the early 300s on, Constantine forsook any attempts at restoring the silver currency, preferring instead to concentrate on minting large quantities of the gold

778:. His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign. The medieval church held him up as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference, and the symbol of 11610:

If a Jew has bought and circumcised a Christian slave or one belonging to any other religious community, he may under no circumstances keep the circumcised person in slavery; rather, whoever suffers such a thing shall obtain the privilege of

1144:, Turkey). The division was merely pragmatic: the empire was called "indivisible" in official panegyric, and both emperors could move freely throughout the empire. In 288, Maximian appointed Constantius to serve as his praetorian prefect in 13744: 1409:) in Gaul, the Tetrarchic capital of the northwestern Roman Empire. The Franks learned of Constantine's acclamation and invaded Gaul across the lower Rhine over the winter of 306–307. He drove them back beyond the Rhine and captured kings 2799:

held that the rift widened between classes because of this monetary policy; the rich benefited from the stability in purchasing power of the gold piece, while the poor had to cope with ever-degrading bronze pieces. Later emperors such as

10761:

The term is a misnomer as the act of Milan was not an edict, while the subsequent edicts by Licinius—of which the edicts to the provinces of Bythinia and Palestine are recorded by Lactantius and Eusebius, respectively—were not issued in

2991:

before crossing into Persia. Persian diplomats came to Constantinople over the winter of 336–337, seeking peace, but Constantine turned them away. The campaign was called off, however, when Constantine became sick in the spring of 337.

1524:, Austria) to resolve the instability in the western provinces. In attendance were Diocletian, briefly returned from retirement, Galerius, and Maximian. Maximian was forced to abdicate again and Constantine was again demoted to caesar. 1553:

behind him, struck in AD 313. The use of Sol's image stressed Constantine's status as his father's successor, appealed to the educated citizens of Gaul, and was considered less offensive than the traditional pagan pantheon to the

2632:

from 313 to 316. The African bishops could not come to terms, and the Donatists asked Constantine to act as a judge in the dispute. Three regional Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the

4488:

followed Burckhardt's evaluation of Constantine in the 1930s, suggesting that Constantine developed an interest in Christianity only after witnessing its political usefulness. Grégoire was skeptical of the authenticity of Eusebius's

1290:

help him campaign in Britain. After a long evening of drinking, Galerius granted the request. Constantine's later propaganda describes how he fled the court in the night, before Galerius could change his mind. He rode from

4454:

discovered Zosimus' writings and published a Latin translation in 1576. In its preface, he argues that Zosimus' picture of Constantine offered a more balanced view than that of Eusebius and the Church historians. Cardinal

7404:, is most certainly a fabrication. His family probably adopted the name "Flavius" after being granted citizenship by one of the Flavian emperors, as it was common for "new Romans" to adopt the names of their benefactors. 1841:

vowing to avenge his father's "murder". To prevent Maxentius from forming an alliance against him with Licinius, Constantine forged his own alliance with Licinius over the winter of 311–312 and offered him his sister

2030:" ("In this sign thou shalt conquer"). In Eusebius's account, Constantine had a dream the following night in which Christ appeared with the same heavenly sign and told him to make an army standard in the form of the 4568:(2004) takes much the same tack. In spite of Barnes' work, arguments continue over the strength and depth of Constantine's religious conversion. Certain themes in this school reached new extremes in T. G. Elliott's 16196:

Fourlas, Benjamin (2020). "St Constantine and the Army of Heroic Men Raised by Tiberius II Constantine in 574/575. Some Thoughts on the Historical Significance of the Early Byzantine Silver Hoard at Karlsruhe".

4473:(1776–1789) by contrasting the portraits presented by Eusebius and Zosimus. He presents a noble war hero who transforms into an Oriental despot in his old age, "degenerating into a cruel and dissolute monarch". 1901:

embassies of congratulation for his victory. He moved on to Milan, where he was met with open gates and jubilant rejoicing. Constantine rested his army in Milan until mid-summer 312, when he moved on to Brixia (

908:

offer compressed secular political and military histories of the period. Although not Christian, the epitomes paint a favourable image of Constantine but omit reference to Constantine's religious policies. The

1368:

Constantine sent Galerius an official notice of Constantius' death and his own acclamation. Along with the notice, he included a portrait of himself in the robes of an augustus. The portrait was wreathed in

786:, there were more critical appraisals of his reign with the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Trends in modern and recent scholarship have attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship. 2205:

character that Licinius wanted elevated to the rank of Caesar; Licinius, for his part, had Constantine's statues in Emona destroyed. In either 314 or 316, the two augusti fought against one another at the

1361:, a barbarian taken into service under Constantius, then proclaimed Constantine as augustus. The troops loyal to Constantius' memory followed him in acclamation. Gaul and Britain quickly accepted his rule; 919:

from the late 3rd and early 4th centuries, provides valuable information on the politics and ideology of the tetrarchic period and the early life of Constantine. Contemporary architecture—such as the

10491: 11730: 1849: 13971:, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 4358:

in 1929. Mussolini's perceived role in bringing about the historic agreement was sometimes even explicitly compared to Constantine's Edict of Milan. For example, the archbishop of Milan, Cardinal

1970:

cut, reportedly on the counsel of the gods, and left the rest of central Italy undefended; Constantine secured that region's support without challenge. Constantine progressed slowly along the

16408: 4631:, in which the freshly converted Constantine gives "the city of Rome and all the provinces, districts, and cities of Italy and the Western regions" to Sylvester and his successors. In the 2808:

province had the task of getting the statues and melting them for immediate minting, with the exception of a number of bronze statues that were used as public monuments in Constantinople.

16313: 7419:

VI. The exact chronology of events is uncertain. Constantine and Fausta's wedding is sometimes dated to 31 March, but this is probably a mistake. It probably took place in September 307.

2637:

movement in North Africa. In 317, Constantine issued an edict to confiscate Donatist church property and to send Donatist clergy into exile. More significantly, in 325 he summoned the

3837: 14320:, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 14282:, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 14242:, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 13719:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 13685:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 13654:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 13392:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 13357:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 13322:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 2116:, and he promised to restore its ancestral privileges and give it a secure role in his reformed government; there would be no revenge against Maxentius' supporters. In response, the 1806:. While Constantine toured Britain and Gaul, Maxentius prepared for war. He fortified northern Italy and strengthened his support in the Christian community by allowing it to elect 2613:. Absent from the arch are any depictions of Christian symbolism. However, the arch was commissioned by the Senate, so the absence of Christian symbols may reflect the role of the 4381:

is named in honor of him. A large cross was planned to be built on a hill overlooking Niš, but the project was cancelled. In 2012, a memorial was erected in Niš in his honor. The

4564:(1981) is the culmination of this trend. Barnes' Constantine experienced a radical conversion which drove him on a personal crusade to convert his empire. Charles Matson Odahl's 817:

creates a contentiously positive image of Constantine, and modern historians have frequently challenged its reliability. The fullest secular life of Constantine is the anonymous

17904: 19609: 1595:

in his own place in bed. Maximian was apprehended when he killed the eunuch and was offered suicide, which he accepted. Along with using propaganda, Constantine instituted a

1120:, another colleague from Illyricum, his co-emperor. Each emperor would have his own court, his own military and administrative faculties, and each would rule with a separate 452: 16450: 4431:

in 361, after the last of his sons died; it denigrated Constantine, calling him inferior to the great pagan emperors, and given over to luxury and greed. Following Julian,

1641:

of health and a long reign. In the likeness of Apollo, Constantine recognised himself as the saving figure to whom would be granted "rule of the whole world", as the poet

4777: 1440:

by Constantine, more than 100 metres (328 ft) wide by 200 metres (656 ft) long and capable of serving several thousand at a time, built to rival those of Rome

16720: 1161:

but would act with supreme authority in his assigned lands. This system would later be called the Tetrarchy. Diocletian's first appointee for the office of Caesar was

16465: 2932:

Constantine considered Constantinople his capital and permanent residence. He lived there for a good portion of his later life. In 328, construction was completed on

1645:

had once foretold. The oration's religious shift is paralleled by a similar shift in Constantine's coinage. In his early reign, the coinage of Constantine advertised

17793: 8072: 8042: 16890: 4427:, pagan authors, showered Constantine with praise, presenting him as a paragon of virtue. His nephew and son-in-law Julian the Apostate, however, wrote the satire 1155:

Diocletian divided the empire again in 293, appointing two caesars to rule over further subdivisions of East and West. Each would be subordinate to his respective

1396:

Constantine's share of the empire consisted of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, and he commanded one of the largest Roman armies which was stationed along the important

4469: 2388:

led Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see led him on a circuit of the new walls. The capital would often be compared to the 'old' Rome as

4385:

was held in Niš in 2013. The Orthodox Church considers Constantine a saint (Άγιος Κωνσταντίνος, Saint Constantine), having a feast day on 21 May, and calls him

2036:. Eusebius is vague about when and where these events took place, but it enters his narrative before the war begins against Maxentius. He describes the sign as 18100: 18095: 11736: 1693: 2068:

in the 3rd century BC. Following Constantine, centuries of Christians invoked the miraculous or the supernatural when justifying or describing their warfare.

14080: 11222: 1832:

Maxentius' rule was nevertheless insecure. His early support dissolved in the wake of heightened tax rates and depressed trade; riots broke out in Rome and

1460:

and a massive imperial bathhouse. He sponsored many building projects throughout Gaul during his tenure as emperor of the West, especially in Augustodunum (

756:. It subsequently became the capital of the empire for more than a thousand years, the later Eastern Roman Empire often being referred to in English as the 19649: 16689: 13099: 2276:

arrested and hanged; Licinius' son (the son of Constantine's half-sister) was killed in 326. Thus Constantine became the sole emperor of the Roman Empire.

1958:

Maxentius prepared for the same type of war he had waged against Severus and Galerius: he sat in Rome and prepared for a siege. He still controlled Rome's

1916:, general of the Veronese forces and Maxentius' praetorian prefect, was in a strong defensive position since the town was surrounded on three sides by the 4446:, European and Near-East Byzantine writers presented Constantine as an ideal ruler, the standard against which any king or emperor could be measured. The 1980:

for guidance. The keepers prophesied that, on that very day, "the enemy of the Romans" would die. Maxentius advanced north to meet Constantine in battle.

1846:

became impossible, and there was military buildup everywhere. There was "not a place where people were not expecting the onset of hostilities every day".

19584: 11166:, vol. 164 (Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" ( 10815: 17444: 16924: 13445: 1298:

every horse in his wake. By the time Galerius awoke the following morning, Constantine had fled too far to be caught. Constantine joined his father in

1257:

On 1 May 305, Diocletian, as a result of a debilitating sickness taken in the winter of 304–305, announced his resignation. In a parallel ceremony in

17819: 1798:

Galerius died soon after the edict's proclamation, destroying what little remained of the Tetrarchy. Maximinus mobilised against Licinius and seized

2137:

in its hand. Its inscription bore the message which the statue illustrated: "By this sign, Constantine had freed Rome from the yoke of the tyrant."

17894: 16809: 16412: 4484:(1853, rev. 1880). Burckhardt's Constantine is a scheming secularist, a politician who manipulates all parties in a quest to secure his own power. 1084: 7516:

Schmidt, S. P. (2020). Church and World: Eusebius's, Augustine's, and Yoder's Interpretations of the Constantinian Shift. Church and World, 1-184.

4770: 4401: 11248: 10401:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 3, citing Kraft, "Das Silbermedaillon Constantins des Grosses mit dem Christusmonogram auf dem Helm", 19569: 11129: 7938: 3797: 17204: 16931: 11060:, 190: Κωνσταντίνος εβουλεύσατο πρώτον εν Σαρδική μεταγαγείν τά δημόσια· φιλών τε τήν πόλιν εκείνην συνεχώς έλεγεν "η εμή Ρώμη Σαρδική εστι." 7148: 2793:

These bronze pieces continued to be devalued, assuring the possibility of keeping fiduciary minting alongside a gold standard. The author of

2550: 1792:

Eusebius maintains "divine providence took action against the perpetrator of these crimes" and gives a graphic account of Galerius' demise:

1777: 1238: 444: 16883: 16278:

Leithart, Peter J. Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. Downers Grove: IL, InterVarsity Press 2010

4619:

had cured the pagan emperor from leprosy. According to this legend, Constantine was baptised and began the construction of a church in the

16170: 12355: 12337: 1340:

and home to a large military base. Constantine was able to spend a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the

17477: 16970: 7535: 4266:

In the cultural sphere, Constantine revived the clean-shaven face fashion of earlier emperors, originally introduced among the Romans by

3131:, which has Constantine dying in a nameless state villa in Nicomedia. From these and other accounts, some have concluded that Eusebius's 2401: 627: 14799:

Downey, Glanville (1957). "Education in the Christian Roman Empire: Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors".

2909:

The northern and eastern frontiers of the Empire in the time of Constantine, with the territories acquired in the course of entire reign

17859: 17158: 4763: 3119:, written in 361, which has Constantine dying at an estate near Nicomedia called Achyrona while marching against the Persians; and the 3087:

should he live through his illness. The bishops, Eusebius records, "performed the sacred ceremonies according to custom". He chose the

2336:, which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism during the preceding century by 1686: 13441: 1233:

Constantine had returned to Nicomedia from the eastern front by the spring of 303, in time to witness the beginnings of Diocletian's "

1040:'s imperial bodyguard. Being described as a tolerant and politically skilled man, Constantius advanced through the ranks, earning the 795:

often one-sided; no contemporaneous histories or biographies dealing with his life and rule have survived. The nearest replacement is

9737: 7983: 4263:

in 271. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to end raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire.

3604: 686: 18165: 17612: 16091:

Young, Frances M. (2006). "Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.).

4439:

continued – a historiographic tradition that blamed Constantine for weakening the empire through his indulgence to the Christians.

16310: 9047: 18690: 16876: 9272: 8215:

Constantine's mother, Helena, was a Greek form Asia Minor and also a devoted Christian who seemed to have influenced his choices.

3519: 16400: 11641:

Constantine forbade the circumcision of Christian slaves, and declared any slave circumcised despite this prohibition a free man

3156:

in 1204 but was destroyed at some point afterwards. Constantine was succeeded by his three sons born of Fausta, Constantine II,

2352:

in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event. The new city was protected by the relics of the

17306: 17248: 11344: 4023: 3664: 2411: 2344:, who had already acknowledged its strategic importance. The city was thus founded in 324, dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed 436: 401: 7794:

Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 20–21; Johnson, "Architecture of Empire" (CC), 288–91; Odahl, 11–12.

2737:

Constantine's reforms had to do only with the civilian administration. The military chiefs had risen from the ranks since the

732:

The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire and a pivotal moment in the transition from

19554: 19484: 19352: 16832: 16797: 16353: 16335: 16290: 16242: 16187: 16159: 16100: 15881: 15836: 15723: 15487: 15342: 15150: 14596: 14505: 14064: 13927: 13736: 13268: 12675: 12642: 12615: 12507: 12365: 12187: 12025: 11995: 11918: 11634: 11603: 11414: 10974: 10909: 10888: 10433: 9755: 9282: 9255: 9217: 8879: 8305: 8238: 8208: 8178: 7993: 7966: 4249: 2597:

was built in 315 to celebrate his victory in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge which was decorated with images of the goddess

2303: 1679: 1313: 19517:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

823:, a work of uncertain date which focuses on military and political events to the neglect of cultural and religious matters. 525:, she is traditionally credited for the conversion of her son. Constantine served with distinction under the Roman emperors 18697: 17116: 17012: 15123: 12179: 11686:, "Fine delle' ordine equestre: le tappe delle'unificazione dela classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo", IN Giardina, ed., 2229:, whence he could wage war on the Goths and Sarmatians in 322, and on the Goths in 323, defeating and killing their leader 614:), often around the Emperor, to serve on campaigns against external enemies or Roman rebels, and frontier-garrison troops ( 7956: 7772:

Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 27–28; Lieu and Montserrat, 2–6; Odahl, 6–7; Warmington, 166–67.

4378: 19564: 19320: 17978: 17876: 17763: 13491: 12837: 7525:

Charles, J. D. (2014). Purifying Our Political Theology—Second Thoughts on the Received Wisdom Behind "Constantinianism".

6437: 2766: 10497: 4298:

used monumental Constantinian forms in his court to suggest that he was Constantine's successor and equal. Charlemagne,

1877:

had some form of supernatural guidance, ignored all these cautions. Early in the spring of 312, Constantine crossed the

19574: 19559: 18016: 17318: 17069: 16852: 12561: 12534: 6576: 6548: 5274: 4725: 4620: 3767: 2157: 1613:

and restoring order to the empire. Breaking away from tetrarchic models, the speech emphasizes Constantine's ancestral

1099: 1049: 17148: 16304: 16273: 16265: 16228: 16220: 16126: 16004: 15976: 15895: 15864: 15775: 15676: 15653: 15641: 15613: 15601: 15542: 15534: 15466: 15415: 15387: 15366: 15277: 15005: 14928: 14789: 14767: 14750: 14738: 14719: 14697: 14675: 14656: 14623: 14532: 14394: 13753: 13641: 12719: 12397: 11472: 11275: 11115: 8101: 7600:

Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), p. 14; Cameron, p. 90–91; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 2–3.

7572: 7303: 7165: 6985: 5628: 4733: 3135:

was edited to defend Constantine's reputation against what Eusebius saw as a less congenial version of the campaign.

2881:

legend, with the suggestion that Constantine killed Crispus and Fausta for their immoralities; the largely fictional

2769:, and Diocletian tried unsuccessfully to re-establish trustworthy minting of silver coins, as well as silver-bronze " 2415: 2109: 3699: 3138:

Following his death, his body was transferred to Constantinople and buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, in a

17919: 17399: 17289: 16699: 16685: 7375: 4497:, and postulated a pseudo-Eusebius to assume responsibility for the vision and conversion narratives of that work. 3807: 3111:, an anonymous document composed while Constantine was still living, which has Constantine dying in Nicomedia; the 2933: 997:) and a native of the province of Moesia. His original full name, as well as that of his father, is not known. His 622:) which were capable of countering barbarian raids, but less and less capable, over time, of countering full-scale 15128: 4590:

illustrating the cogency of this interpretation, Heather gestures to the later conversion of Constantine's nephew

3772: 2873:

relationship with Crispus or was spreading rumors to that effect. A popular myth arose, modified to allude to the

2586:. In constructing the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Constantine went to great lengths to erect the basilica on top of 19659: 19614: 19594: 19286: 19269: 19096: 19084: 17414: 17338: 16958: 16936: 16390: 16366: 7437: 6215: 3368: 2126: 1053: 506: 14115: 12691:

Mandell Creighton; Justin Winsor; Samuel Rawson Gardiner; Reginald Lane Poole; Sir John Goronwy Edwards (1887).

3777: 3544: 2954:, a province that had been abandoned under Aurelian. In the late winter of 332, Constantine campaigned with the 1444: 19604: 19534: 19257: 19049: 19011: 18971: 18938: 17653: 17272: 16919: 16911: 16899: 12819: 12588: 11532: 9647: 7133: 5066: 4636: 4611:

considered it inappropriate that Constantine was baptised only on his death bed by an unorthodox bishop, and a

3172:, presumably to eliminate possible contenders to an already complicated succession. He also had two daughters, 2144:

was redeveloped so that its seating capacity was 25 times larger than that of Maxentius' racing complex on the

2089: 714: 471: 382: 24: 16479: 11182:(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), 133). It is possible that the emperor called the city "Second Rome" ( 7688:, 265–71; Cameron, 90–92; Cameron and Hall, 4–6; Elliott, "Eusebian Frauds in the "Vita Constantini"", 162–71. 1881:

with a quarter of his army, a force numbering about 40,000. The first town his army encountered was Segusium (

1621:

The oration also moves away from the religious ideology of the Tetrarchy, with its focus on twin dynasties of

19472: 19298: 19125: 19091: 19055: 18944: 17948: 17527: 17502: 17111: 16380: 14639: 13440:

for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at

11513:

Frend, W.H.C., "The Donatist Church; A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa," (1952 Oxford), pp. 156–162

4203: 3782: 3529: 1601:

on Maximian, destroying all inscriptions referring to him and eliminating any public work bearing his image.

1036:

Constantine probably spent little time with his father who was an officer in the Roman army, part of Emperor

11794:

Carrié & Rousselle, p.657 citing T.D. Barnes, "Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy",

10819: 4485: 3714: 19579: 19113: 18158: 17988: 17507: 17497: 16953: 14035:. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at 7081: 6093: 6069: 4640: 4112: 4067: 4028: 2645:. He enforced the council's prohibition against celebrating the Lord's Supper on the day before the Jewish 2579: 1995: 1952: 1924:

that followed, Ruricius was killed and his army destroyed. Verona surrendered soon afterwards, followed by

1741: 1489: 698: 9035: 8612:

Drake, "The Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 126; Elliott, "Constantine's Conversion", 425–26.

2225:. After this arrangement, Constantine ruled the dioceses of Pannonia and Macedonia and took residence at 19549: 19194: 18873: 18339: 17953: 17323: 17096: 16439: 16435: 16431: 14491: 7143: 4557: 4033: 2738: 2628:

North African bishops struggled with Christian bishops who had been ordained by Donatus in opposition to

2583: 2518: 2377: 1715: 1662: 1453: 969:

in the city of Naissus, a time where the unity of the Empire was threatened by the breakaway wars of the

647: 560: 234: 19654: 14181:

Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople

3107:

because Constantine died "in the middle of his preparations for war". Similar accounts are given in the

1019:

had already disappeared from most public records by this time. He also adopted the name "Valerius", the

19634: 19504: 19460: 19438: 19389: 19276: 19067: 18836: 18178: 17962: 16987: 14213: 13902: 12690: 10428:. Themes in medieval and early modern history. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 7503:(Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984), 65–93; H. A. Pohlsander, "Philip the Arab and Christianity", 7160: 4062: 3684: 3431: 3297: 3260: 3005: 2541:

Constantine burning books by Arian heretics ('Heretici Arriani'), from a 9th-century manuscript now in

2254: 2149: 2148:. Maxentius' strongest military supporters were neutralised when he disbanded the Praetorian Guard and 1756: 1277:, Galerius' nephew, were appointed their caesars respectively. Constantine and Maxentius were ignored. 848: 661:, he began to favour Christianity beginning in 312, finally becoming a Christian and being baptised by 15267: 3852: 3802: 2133:. At the focal point of the basilica, a stone statue was erected of Constantine holding the Christian 947: 19629: 19589: 19411: 19379: 19204: 18384: 18143: 18021: 17723: 17034: 14777: 14757: 13434:

Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes

7433: 6238: 5019: 4327: 4242: 3669: 3021: 2864: 1149: 1045: 982: 13789: 10966:

The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60-800 CE): The Anchors of the Fisherman

4540:

These later accounts were more willing to present Constantine as a genuine convert to Christianity.

1962:, was well-stocked with African grain, and was surrounded on all sides by the seemingly impregnable 19644: 19639: 19421: 19374: 18921: 18568: 17854: 17429: 16946: 16597: 16095:. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–34. 15475: 15352: 15287: 13945: 13871: 11682:

that had an actual position in the state bureaucracy, thousands of whom had no state function; cf.

11126: 10375:

Cameron and Hall, 206–07; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 114; Nicholson, 311.

7897: 7889: 7482: 7321: 6881: 5636: 4522: 4182: 3968: 3908: 3867: 3689: 3250: 3049: 2749: 2665:

their slaves. On the other hand, Jewish clergy were given the same exemptions as Christian clergy.

2649:, which marked a definite break of Christianity from the Judaic tradition. From then on, the solar 2268: 2218: 1766: 1761: 1449: 1234: 864: 831: 456: 289: 94: 15668: 12667:

An Empire of Memory: The Legend of Charlemagne, the Franks, and Jerusalem before the First Crusade

11252: 7609:

Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), p. 23–25; Cameron, 90–91; Southern, 169.

4450:

rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources prompted a re-evaluation of his career. German humanist

3822: 3644: 2084: 19229: 19209: 18983: 18863: 18151: 17472: 17328: 17055: 16828: 16772: 15263: 15089:

Fubini, Riccardo (1996). "Humanism and Truth: Valla Writes Against the Donation of Constantine".

15052:

Fowden, Garth (1994). "The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and their Influence".

11467:

R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100–400, Yale University Press, 1984, p. 44,

11360: 11186:) by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople. 11107: 8062: 7138: 7111: 7008: 6703: 6407: 5593: 5293: 5248: 4624: 4603: 4038: 3933: 3857: 3559: 3344: 3177: 2837: 2721: 2638: 2485: 2480: 2372:

of the new city. The figures of old gods were either replaced or assimilated into a framework of

1857: 1842: 1826: 1731: 722: 690: 309: 47: 20: 14404:

Armstrong, Gregory T. (1964). "Church and State Relations: The Changes Wrought by Constantine".

13913: 12914:

Defence of Zosimus against the Unjustified Charges of Evagrius, Nicephorus Callistus, and Others

12461: 8155:

Helena Augusta: The Mother of Constantine the Great and the Legend of Her finding the True Cross

7840:, 39–42; Elliott, "Constantine's Conversion", 425–26; Elliott, "Eusebian Frauds", 163; Elliott, 7728:, 12–14; Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 24; Mackay, 207; Odahl, 9–10. 7706:

Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 26; Lieu and Montserrat, 40; Odahl, 3.

3983: 3832: 3709: 2549:

their faith without oppression. This removed penalties for professing Christianity, under which

1265:(Maximian's son) as his successors. It was not to be: Constantius and Galerius were promoted to 19599: 19499: 19478: 19384: 18174: 17943: 17829: 17542: 16551: 16484: 15259: 12306: 8032: 4828: 4152: 4101: 3476: 3405: 3399: 3067: 1921: 1736: 1377:. Constantine accepted the decision, knowing that it would remove doubts as to his legitimacy. 1061: 674: 395: 16444: 15377: 13132:

Gli Actus Silvestri fra Oriente e Occidente: Storia e diffusione di una leggenda Costantiniana

12709: 12692: 12578: 12551: 11624: 9747: 9245: 8297:

Conflict, conquest, and conversion two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East

8228: 7539: 3827: 3466: 1211:

in 296 and fought the Persians under Diocletian in Syria in 297, as well as under Galerius in

19433: 19428: 19404: 19399: 19315: 19152: 19140: 18911: 17839: 17824: 17537: 17394: 17101: 17084: 16997: 16941: 16631: 16513: 14634: 13763: 13515: 12933: 12665: 12632: 12605: 12524: 12497: 11990:

Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun.

11593: 11329: 10964: 10507: 8198: 8087: 7429: 7343: 5877: 5323: 4749: 4188: 4080: 3579: 3481: 3454: 3411: 3317: 3124: 3092: 2741:

but remained outside the Senate, in which they were included only by Constantine's children.

2385: 2272: 2130: 2065: 2055: 2019: 1893: 1771: 1726: 904: 887: 859:

describe the ecclesiastic disputes of Constantine's later reign. Written during the reign of

843:, provides valuable but tendentious detail on Constantine's predecessors and early life. The 813:

written between 335 and circa 339—that extols Constantine's moral and religious virtues. The

775: 662: 579: 362: 17889: 16385: 12020:

Madgearu, Alexandru(2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun.

9517:, 35–37, 301; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66; Odahl, 94–95, 314–15; Potter, 352–53. 3787: 3599: 3594: 2332:

were also considered. Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of

2295: 19416: 19364: 19224: 19199: 19164: 19079: 18993: 18843: 18674: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 17998: 17925: 17768: 17728: 17547: 17449: 17424: 17363: 17168: 17143: 17079: 14272: 14192: 13588: 12901: 12154:(Collegeville: The Liturgical Press/Michael Glazier, 1992); Philip Rousseau, "Baptism," in 4715: 4451: 4420: 4331: 4235: 4017: 3426: 3379: 3374: 3354: 3327: 3192: 2874: 2598: 1892:, Italy), Constantine met a large force of heavily armed Maxentian cavalry. In the ensuing 1634: 766:. His more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Diocletian's Tetrarchy with the 726: 460: 41: 12607:

John Zonaras' Epitome of Histories: A Compendium of Jewish-Roman History and Its Reception

12499:

The Italian Romance Epic in the Age of Humanism: The Matter of Italy and the World of Rome

4366:

had occurred and a second 'religious pact' had been established, linking Mussolini to the

3877: 2152:. The tombstones of the Imperial Horse Guard were ground up and used in a basilica on the 537:) before being recalled in the west (in AD 305) to fight alongside his father in the 8: 19544: 19539: 19347: 19332: 19310: 19245: 19234: 19189: 19135: 18625: 18563: 18526: 18120: 17844: 17834: 17783: 17641: 17627: 17487: 17229: 16992: 16620: 16589: 16543: 15714:

Scheidel, Walter. "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires". In Scheidel, ed.,

14329: 14036: 12908:

Apologia pro Zosimo adversus Evagrii, Nicephori Callisti et aliorum acerbas criminationes

10297:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), qtd. in Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71. 7154: 6225: 5583: 5045: 4699: 4436: 4406: 4307: 4142: 3922: 3539: 3333: 2878: 2858:

Constantine had his eldest son Crispus seized and put to death by "cold poison" at Pola (

2594: 2407: 2373: 2263: 2258: 1913: 1622: 1541: 1521: 1419: 1162: 990: 920: 819: 801: 771: 733: 490: 448: 372: 171: 14355: 12158:, ed. G.W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, and Oleg Grabar (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999). 11127:

Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD

7803:

Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 17–21; Odahl, 11–14; Wienand,

4056: 4010: 3694: 3082:, he prayed, and there he realised that he was dying. Seeking purification, he became a 3030: 1560: 19664: 19619: 19394: 19337: 19281: 19263: 19252: 19214: 19184: 19062: 18780: 18684: 18434: 18403: 18396: 18132: 17909: 17678: 17602: 17570: 17389: 17358: 17195: 17183: 17044: 16982: 16409:"Constantine the Great, the Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church" 16079: 15947: 15918: 15810: 15802: 15754: 15746: 15703: 15442: 15401: 15356: 15316: 15243: 15235: 15206: 15177: 15140: 15136: 15106: 15077: 15069: 15040: 15032: 14984: 14955: 14890: 14882: 14853: 14824: 14816: 14575: 14567: 14538: 14479: 14471: 14442: 14074: 14045: 13840: 13797: 13078: 12329: 12222:

4.64; Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine", 147; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 82.

11441: 11427: 9365:, 42–43; Jones, 61; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65; Odahl, 90–91; Pohlsander, 9224:

The ceremony took place after 25 July, as there are coins that refer to Constantine as

8324:, pp. 8–14; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 41–54; Odahl, 46–50; Treadgold, 14–15. 7930: 7922: 7844:, 17; Jones, 13–14; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59; Odahl, 15–16; Pohlsander, 6928: 6680: 6555: 6106: 5612: 5574: 5282: 4671: 4359: 4323: 4303: 3812: 3574: 3349: 3270: 3139: 2915: 2526: 2495: 2490: 2437: 2093: 1837: 1584: 1226: 1121: 1008: 1004: 895: 583: 482: 51: 17698: 14184: 9736:

Hillner, Julia (2017). "Constantia, half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius".

4666:

regarded Constantine as a king of their own people, particularly associating him with

4549: 1385: 578:

Upon his ascension, Constantine enacted numerous reforms to strengthen the empire. He

19359: 19305: 19146: 19044: 19019: 18868: 18730: 18466: 18451: 18329: 18297: 18078: 17983: 17758: 17744: 17718: 17703: 17607: 17592: 17522: 17512: 17381: 17313: 17214: 17178: 17074: 16349: 16331: 16325: 16300: 16286: 16269: 16261: 16238: 16224: 16216: 16183: 16155: 16122: 16096: 16000: 15972: 15951: 15922: 15891: 15877: 15860: 15832: 15814: 15771: 15758: 15719: 15707: 15672: 15649: 15637: 15609: 15597: 15538: 15530: 15483: 15462: 15446: 15411: 15397: 15383: 15362: 15338: 15328: 15273: 15247: 15181: 15146: 15110: 15081: 15044: 15001: 14924: 14894: 14857: 14828: 14785: 14763: 14746: 14734: 14715: 14693: 14671: 14652: 14619: 14592: 14579: 14542: 14528: 14501: 14483: 14390: 14147: 14060: 13923: 13749: 13732: 13637: 13552: 13264: 12801: 12715: 12671: 12638: 12611: 12584: 12557: 12530: 12503: 12393: 12361: 12201: 12193: 12183: 12021: 11991: 11914: 11630: 11599: 11538: 11528: 11468: 11410: 11341: 11271: 11174:). Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as 11111: 10970: 10905: 10884: 10429: 9751: 9643: 9278: 9251: 9213: 8885: 8875: 8301: 8234: 8204: 8174: 8097: 7989: 7962: 7934: 7914: 7890:"What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700" 7568: 7415: 7397: 6393: 6167: 5884: 5264: 4612: 4412: 4390: 4315: 4290: 4193: 4136: 3928: 3584: 3486: 3079: 2795: 2606: 2337: 2206: 2168:, and the remainder of Maxentius' armies were sent to do frontier duty on the Rhine. 2161: 2076:), but he was pushed into the Tiber and drowned by the mass of his fleeing soldiers. 1983: 1897: 1746: 1606: 1597: 1417:; the kings and their soldiers were fed to the beasts of Trier's amphitheatre in the 1349: 1345: 1337: 1021: 1012: 911: 268: 13985: 4510: 4459:

criticised Zosimus, favouring Eusebius' account of the Constantinian era. Baronius'

3990: 3679: 2253:. Outnumbered but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious in the 928: 19669: 19489: 19466: 19369: 19342: 19327: 19293: 19219: 19179: 19169: 18894: 18821: 18791: 18654: 18609: 18604: 18476: 17968: 17773: 17753: 17673: 17658: 17557: 17459: 17333: 17173: 17131: 17126: 17106: 17089: 17002: 16202: 16071: 16050: 16027: 15964: 15939: 15910: 15822: 15794: 15738: 15695: 15664: 15578: 15557: 15514: 15495:"An Examination of the Role of Ossius, Bishop of Córdoba, in the Arian Controversy" 15454: 15434: 15308: 15227: 15198: 15169: 15098: 15061: 15024: 14976: 14947: 14907: 14874: 14845: 14808: 14644: 14611: 14559: 14520: 14463: 14434: 14413: 14052: 12791: 12783: 12439: 12321: 11054: 9743: 7906: 7754:, 225; Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 26–29; Odahl, 5–6. 7741:, 225; Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 28–30; Odahl, 4–6. 7253: 7018: 6690: 5800: 4632: 4616: 4591: 4572:(1996), which presented Constantine as a committed Christian from early childhood. 4541: 4530: 4477: 4279: 4267: 4147: 3862: 3757: 3742: 3634: 3624: 3554: 3275: 3245: 2963: 2801: 2569: 2560: 2365: 2313: 2210: 2200:. The conference was cut short, however, when news reached Licinius that his rival 1959: 1751: 1721: 1646: 1402: 1317: 1303: 1191: 1157: 970: 758: 718: 678: 623: 587: 547: 467: 15890:, edited by Jan Willem Drijvers and David Hunt, 166–177. London: Routledge, 1999. 14836:

Drake, H. A. (1988). "What Eusebius Knew: The Genesis of the "Vita Constantini"".

14648: 14615: 14524: 9277:. University of Cape Town. pp. 6–14, favouring late April/early May instead. 9196:, 41–42; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87; Potter, 348–49. 3075: 2704:

By the new Constantinian arrangement, one could become a senator by being elected

2537: 1939: 19:"Constantine I" redirects here. For the third king of the modern Greek state, see 19624: 19130: 19120: 19029: 18816: 18724: 18712: 18706: 18558: 18379: 18349: 18292: 18272: 18026: 17993: 17937: 17931: 17788: 17693: 17597: 17409: 16903: 16868: 16776: 16724: 16585: 16317: 15994: 15826: 15631: 15591: 15405: 14902:

Drake, H. A. (1996). "Lambs into Lions: Explaining Early Christian Intolerance".

14685: 14495: 14384: 13931: 13726: 13452: 13401: 12169: 11908: 11683: 11348: 11332:" Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 February 2008. 11133: 10545:, 44; Curran, 72; Jones, 72; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, 9207: 8295: 8168: 7781:

Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 24; Odahl, 8; Wienand,

7562: 7401: 7364: 4644: 4628: 4594:

from Christianity to Hellenism, after which he practiced in secret for a decade.

4456: 4319: 4223: 4050: 3976: 3915: 3901: 3847: 3817: 3752: 3719: 3704: 3629: 3589: 3534: 3459: 3230: 3143: 3116: 3039: 2980: 2718: 2654: 2650: 2500: 2361: 2105: 1977: 1865: 1811: 1325: 1291: 1170: 879: 763: 670: 534: 165: 16206: 12973:, 1.256; David P. Jordan, "Gibbon's 'Age of Constantine' and the Fall of Rome", 4129: 1629:. Instead, the orator proclaims that Constantine experienced a divine vision of 1309: 729:, and he did much to push Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture. 478:

and made it the capital of the Empire, which remained so for over a millennium.

19024: 18988: 18933: 18826: 18749: 18647: 18641: 18573: 18553: 18307: 18267: 18089: 17914: 17708: 17683: 17647: 17587: 17580: 17575: 17565: 17419: 17404: 17343: 17219: 17209: 16965: 16601: 15561: 15299:

Jordan, David P. (1969). "Gibbon's "Age of Constantine" and the Fall of Rome".

15255: 14712:

The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324

14707: 14417: 14380: 14123: 10426:

Miracles, political authority and violence in medieval and early modern history

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that the Emperor Constantine's mother was a Briton, making her the daughter of

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was granted only to mid- or low-level officials by the end of the 4th century.

2682: 2678: 2467: 2450: 2349: 2201: 2193: 2165: 2141: 1963: 1882: 1546: 1529: 1370: 1274: 1241:

in Roman history. In late 302, Diocletian and Galerius sent a messenger to the

1068:. It is uncertain whether she was legally married to Constantius or merely his 1041: 1030: 994: 844: 749: 682: 591: 538: 475: 440: 294: 238: 99: 17282: 15943: 15914: 15699: 15425:

MacKay, Christopher S. (1999). "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian".

14425:

Armstrong, Gregory T. (1974). "Constantine's Churches: Symbol and Structure".

14056: 13497: 13437: 12787: 12553:

Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain

11556: 11196: 8889: 8486:, 29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; Odahl, 72–74, 306; Pohlsander, 8362:, 20; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 47, 299; Pohlsander, 3000: 2713:

in place of the usual practice of the emperors directly creating magistrates (

2688:

Beginning in the mid-3rd century, the emperors began to favour members of the

2556: 1618:

consequence of favour, made you emperor," the orator declares to Constantine.

1516:

On 11 November 308, Galerius called a general council at the military city of

19528: 19494: 19454: 18998: 18806: 18614: 17973: 17899: 17865: 17849: 17809: 17492: 17467: 17243: 17153: 17138: 17060: 16260:, edited by Thomas F.X. Noble, 292–308. New York: Routledge, 2006. Hardcover 15118: 14158: 14003: 13436:(in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by 12805: 12357:

Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries

12197: 11833:

Walter Scheidel, "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires", 174/175

10661:, 45–47; Cameron, 93; Curran, 76–77; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70. 8816:, 27–28; Jones, 59; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61–62; Odahl, 78–79. 7918: 7125: 6914: 6666: 5871: 5864: 5607: 5566: 4675: 4648: 4586: 4464: 4363: 4351: 4339: 3961: 3954: 3762: 3609: 3306: 3169: 3148: 2979:

In the last years of his life, Constantine made plans for a campaign against

2786: 2140:

Constantine also sought to upstage Maxentius' achievements. For example, the

1869: 1861: 1807: 1638: 1563:), he moved his troops onto waiting boats to row down the slow waters of the 1392:

of Constantine; the inscription around the portrait is "Constantinus P F Aug"

1374: 868: 860: 702: 542: 428: 80: 59: 15619: 15582: 15518: 14606:

Bowman, Alan K. (2005). "Diocletian and the first tetrarchy, a.d. 284–305".

14321: 14283: 14243: 13972: 13720: 13686: 13655: 13542: 13393: 13358: 13323: 12763: 12205: 11542: 9179:, 5. Galerius and Maximinus seized to be recognized as consuls at this time. 8634:, 25–27; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 69–72; Pohlsander, 4674:. While some of this is owed to his fame and his proclamation as emperor in 2903: 2160:

on 9 November 312—barely two weeks after Constantine captured the city. The

19239: 19034: 18966: 18961: 18951: 18774: 18636: 18277: 18083: 17958: 17814: 17778: 17517: 17439: 17283: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17007: 16581: 16495:

Roman Legionary AD 284–337: The Age of Diocletian and Constantine the Great

16054: 15332: 15160:

Grant, Robert M. (1975). "Religion and Politics at the Council at Nicaea".

14911: 14155:) relevant panegyrics dated 289, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313 and 321. 13827: 12634:

Theatre and Empire: Great Britain on the London Stages under James VI and I

10314:, 43; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113; Odahl, 105. 9274:

Panegyrici Latini, VI and VII: Translated with Introductions and Commentary

9230: 7885: 6100: 4608: 4537:, 1969) give portraits of a less visionary and more impulsive Constantine. 4175: 3842: 3747: 3674: 3654: 3619: 3564: 3524: 3514: 3471: 3389: 3302: 3286: 3240: 3235: 2988: 2642: 2446: 2357: 2329: 2307:

4th century sardonyx cameo with Constantine and the Tyche of Constantinople

2153: 2117: 2073: 2037: 2001: 1972: 1944: 1878: 1817: 1671: 1650: 1550: 1426: 1365:, which had been in his father's domain for less than a year, rejected it. 1295: 1069: 694: 609: 572: 533:. He began his career by campaigning in the eastern provinces (against the 498: 432: 159: 15968: 15102: 14938:

Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?".

13483: 12176:

The baptism of Constantine the Great: The story of an uncomfortable legacy

8906:, 28–29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; Odahl, 79–80; Rees, 160. 8280:, 17; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59, 83; Odahl, 16; Pohlsander, 4548:(1929) which presents Constantine as a committed Christian, reinforced by 2299:

Coin struck by Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople

1222: 19103: 18978: 18928: 18853: 18427: 18374: 18317: 17884: 17713: 17688: 17663: 17636: 17623: 17532: 17434: 17121: 16750: 16032: 16015: 15987:

Contested Monarchy. Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD

15888:

The Late Roman World and its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus

14759:

Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 a 451

9415:, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65–66; Odahl, 93; Pohlsander, 9331:, 34; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63–65; Odahl, 89; Pohlsander, 9301:, 31; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 87–88; Pohlsander, 8769:, 39–40; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; Odahl, 77; Pohlsander, 6921: 6673: 6569: 5602: 4467:

aimed to unite the two extremes of Constantinian scholarship in his work

4447: 4443: 4335: 4295: 3947: 3659: 3639: 3384: 3339: 3265: 3255: 3200: 3173: 2951: 2629: 2587: 2113: 1908:

Brescia's army was easily dispersed, and Constantine quickly advanced to

1888:

At the approach to the west of the important city of Augusta Taurinorum (

1614: 1212: 1186: 810: 783: 779: 737: 710: 333: 299: 16489: 12762:

Bettegazzi, Nicolò; Lamers, Han; Reitz-Joosse, Bettina (December 2019).

8200:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

7627:

Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 14; Corcoran,

4282:(r. 360–363), this new Roman imperial fashion lasted until the reign of 4218: 3071: 19159: 19074: 19039: 19004: 18916: 18831: 18591: 18584: 18531: 18511: 18456: 18421: 18414: 18359: 18324: 18187: 17668: 17253: 16648: 16564: 16083: 15869: 15852: 15806: 15407:

From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views; A Source History

15320: 15239: 15210: 14988: 14959: 14886: 14820: 14128: 13940: 13293: 12796: 12333: 8027: 6718: 5649: 4711: 4683: 4573: 4498: 4299: 4106: 4073: 3940: 3614: 3569: 3421: 3394: 3364: 3291: 3083: 2955: 2762: 2726: 2673: 2662: 2353: 2145: 2006: 1299: 1270: 1215:

in 298–299. By late 305, he had become a tribune of the first order, a

1174: 1145: 1125: 1091: 1026: 836: 826: 658: 643: 603: 526: 514: 494: 304: 135: 104: 18173: 15750: 15218:

Helgeland, John (1974). "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337".

15073: 15036: 14571: 14475: 14446: 13165:

17, qtd. in Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 301–303.

11557:"Church Fathers: Life of Constantine, Book III (Eusebius), chapter 18" 11527:(First American ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 54–57. 10478:, 43; Curran, 68; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, 9774:, 37; Curran, 66; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; MacMullen, 8664:

Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60–61; Odahl, 72–74; Pohlsander,

7926: 2601:, and sacrifices were made to pagan gods at its dedication, including 1480: 1124:

as chief lieutenant. Maximian ruled in the West, from his capitals at

18906: 18858: 18768: 18755: 18542: 18471: 18444: 18439: 18408: 18354: 18302: 18237: 18232: 16860: 16568: 14291: 11074: 10105:, 42; Jones, 71; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; MacMullen, 9067:

24.9; Barnes, "Lactantius and Constantine", 43–46; Odahl, 85, 310–11.

8093: 7348: 7239: 7217:

Originally emperor of the West; became emperor of the East after 313.

6743: 5557: 5342: 5075: 4667: 4347: 4163: 4158: 4123: 4044: 3649: 3509: 3416: 3165: 3096: 2984: 2922: 2775: 2381: 2341: 2333: 2176: 2011: 1580: 1517: 1485: 1262: 1178: 1137: 999: 932: 924: 916: 856: 840: 741: 706: 693:

in 325 which produced the statement of Christian belief known as the

626:. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the 617: 599: 595: 564: 502: 253: 217: 141: 16499: 16494: 16327:

The excellent empire: the fall of Rome and the triumph of the church

16075: 15798: 15686:

Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1989). "The Metamorphosis of Constantine".

15494: 15312: 15231: 15202: 14980: 14967:

Elliott, T. G. (1991). "Eusebian Frauds in the "Vita Constantini"".

14951: 14878: 14812: 13535:

A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores

13130: 12325: 11690:, Bari: Laterza, 1986, V. 1, quoted by Carrié & Rouselle, p. 660 11006:, 6th ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1977 pp. 409–10 9149:

Zosimus, 2.9.2; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; MacMullen,

6137:

Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as

2044:(Ρ) to form ☧, representing the first two letters of the Greek word 646:—and resettled territories abandoned by his predecessors during the 19174: 18956: 18848: 18801: 18761: 18743: 18663: 18598: 18578: 18548: 18521: 18516: 18501: 18491: 18461: 18369: 18364: 18312: 18287: 18282: 18247: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18127: 17482: 17236: 17224: 16652: 16640: 16624: 16605: 16577: 16572: 16560: 16062:

Wright, David H. (1987). "The True Face of Constantine the Great".

15886:

Warmington, Brian. "Some Constantinian References in Ammianus." In

15742: 15438: 15173: 15065: 15028: 14849: 14563: 14467: 14438: 13980: 13879: 13564: 12171:

Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande: storia di una scomoda eredità

9552: 7910: 6899: 6562: 6417: 5255: 4842: 4835: 4707: 4627:

appeared in the 8th century, most likely during the pontificate of

4432: 4424: 4371: 4355: 3161: 3088: 3057: 2938: 2710: 2646: 2641:, most known for its dealing with Arianism and for instituting the 2634: 2610: 2542: 2290: 2230: 2185: 1925: 1833: 1803: 1799: 1626: 1572: 1525: 1506: 1414: 1362: 1354: 1329: 1182: 1166: 1117: 1106: 1065: 1037: 796: 753: 745: 666: 635: 568: 552: 530: 463: 221: 153: 147: 129: 14589:

Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire

14550:

Barnes, T. D. (1985). "Constantine and the Christians of Persia".

12152:

Early Christian Baptism and the Catechumenate: East and West Syria

9586:, 50–53; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66–67; Odahl, 94–95. 4635:, this document was used and accepted as the basis for the pope's 4271: 1984:

Constantine adopts the Greek letters Chi Rho for Christ's initials

1568: 1564: 1141: 431:

from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to

19108: 18811: 18718: 18631: 18486: 18262: 17739: 17353: 16975: 16736: 15845:

Udoh, Fabian E. "Quand notre monde est devenu chretien", review,

15716:

Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires

14251: 12960:, 274, and Odahl, 282. See also Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 6–7. 12390:

The Final Pagan Generation Rome's Unexpected Path to Christianity

12067:, 258–59. See also: Fowden, "Last Days", 146–48, and Wiemer, 515. 9607:, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96, 316. 8443:, 73–74; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 72, 301. 7827:, 17; Odahl, 15; Pohlsander, "Constantine I"; Southern, 169, 341. 7068: 6871: 6138: 6082: 5668: 4275: 4168: 4118: 3010: 2947: 2943: 2828: 2705: 2689: 2574: 2573:

which emperors bore as heads of the ancient Roman religion until

2325: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2060: 2032: 2015: 1989: 1933: 1902: 1510: 1448:

Original upper part of a statue of either Constantine or his son

1432: 1410: 1358: 1204: 956: 952: 875: 852: 545:. After his father's death in 306, Constantine was proclaimed as 357: 284: 199: 16500:

Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine's Battle for Empire and Faith

16171:

Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine's Battle for Empire and Faith

15505:

Nicholson, Oliver (2000). "Constantine's Vision of the Ecross".

14376:. Translated by Harold Mattingly. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948. 12994:(Basel, 1853; revised edition, Leipzig, 1880), cited in Barnes, 8473:., 29–30; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 72–73. 7866: 7483:"Constantine I | Biography, Accomplishments, Death, & Facts" 7428:

Constantine is not revered as a saint but as "the great" in the

4463:(1588) presents Constantine as the model of a Christian prince. 3074:), on the southern shores of the Gulf of Nicomedia (present-day 2681:

of Constantine the Great in the centre, AD 321, now in the

2267:, as nominal augustus in the West, but Constantine next won the 762:, a term never used by the Empire, invented by German historian 470:, which epitomizes the unity of church and state, as opposed to 18880: 18737: 18619: 18391: 18257: 17905:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

17348: 17258: 17163: 15548:

Pears, Edwin (1909). "The Campaign against Paganism A.D. 824".

13884: 13835: 9670:, 43–44; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96. 9318:, 30; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87. 8838:, 28–29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; Odahl, 79–80. 8230:

Lives Between The Lines: A Journey in Search of the Lost Levant

6766: 5305: 4283: 3792: 3280: 3208: 3128: 3100: 2968: 2848: 2844: 2754: 2602: 2512: 2442: 2246: 2209:, with Constantine being victorious. They clashed again at the 2181: 1951:, north of Rome, where Constantine and Maxentius fought in the 1929: 1909: 1642: 1630: 1592: 1497: 1389: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1208: 1057: 1048:

from Emperor Diocletian, another of Aurelian's companions from

986: 978: 806: 631: 518: 510: 258: 203: 14668:

L'Empire Romain en mutation- des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337

8430:, 3; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 56–57. 8015:, 3; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 16–17. 7292: 7274: 2213:

in 317 and agreed to a settlement in which Constantine's sons

2099:

Constantine entered Rome on 29 October 312 and staged a grand

1509:

and made a bridge across the Rhine at Colonia Agrippinensium (

1348:

in the summer and autumn. Constantius' campaign, like that of

1076:, and during his public speeches he needed Greek translators. 974: 486: 18481: 18252: 18242: 18222: 16215:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Hardcover 12182:, supplements (in Italian). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. 11351:

Livius.org article by Jona Lendering retrieved 21 August 2011

11297: 11251:. Saint Constantine Ukrainian Catholic Church. Archived from 9348:, 32; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 89, 93. 8731:, 39–40; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; MacMullen, 8621:

Drake, "The Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 126.

8456:, 47, 73–74; Fowden, "Between Pagans and Christians", 175–76. 8396:, 3, 8; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 40–41; Elliott, 7856: 7854: 7336: 3311: 2959: 2614: 2424: 2369: 2317: 2051: 2045: 1967: 1948: 1917: 1889: 1822: 1610: 1465: 1461: 1437: 1406: 1397: 1341: 1258: 1133: 1129: 1073: 654: 639: 522: 16401:

Complete chronological list of Constantine's extant writings

14110:, in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' 12761: 9864:, 44–45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96. 9569:, 36–37; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 67; Odahl, 95. 2593:

Constantine might not have patronised Christianity alone. A

2449:, section: Maria as patron saint of Constantinople, detail: 602:

and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The

18227: 18217: 16311:

On the Question of Constantine's Conversion to Christianity

16297:

Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries

13731:. 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition . Evolution Publishing. 13258: 9445:, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Pohlsander, 9036:

http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-556 (Heintze, H.)

8185:"Constantine's mother Helena, was a Greek and a Christian". 7280: 4729: 2859: 1576: 1333: 1148:. Constantius left Helena to marry Maximian's stepdaughter 936: 774:

by leaving the empire to his sons and other members of the

681:. He played an influential role in the proclamation of the 556: 13153:

Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 298–301.

12462:"Barba – NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project" 9013:, 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63; MacMullen, 8869: 8692:

1.21; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; MacMullen,

7851: 7262: 3152:. His body survived the plundering of the city during the 2821: 1802:. A hasty peace was signed on a boat in the middle of the 17794:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

16461:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 988–992. 15785:

Storch, Rudolph H. (1971). "The 'Eusebian Constantine'".

12711:

The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the Crusades

12526:

Empire and Nation in Early English Renaissance Literature

11502:

The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752

11489:

The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752

11485:

The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752

10340:

Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113.

9687:, 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96. 7387:

Constantine was not baptised until just before his death.

2804:

insisted on trustworthy mintings of the bronze currency.

2041: 993:

an Illyrian who was born in the same region (then called

14921:

Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance

9209:

In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini

4476:

Modern interpretations of Constantine's rule begin with

2925:

in 335–336 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of his rule

2697:

process (at least as a bureaucratic rank). The title of

15930:

Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich (1994). "Libanius on Constantine".

15729:

Seidel, Linda (1976). "Constantine 'and' Charlemagne".

15015:

Fowden, Garth (1988). "Between Pagans and Christians".

13922:. 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. 11407:

Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age

4651:

proved in 1440 that the document was indeed a forgery.

4470:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

4334:

embroidered a tale that the legendary king of Britain,

340:

Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus

16285:. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1984. 12863:

Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 305.

11367:

2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 60

11136:

at "The Road to Byzantium: Luxury Arts of Antiquity".

8417:, 8–9; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 42–43, 54. 8073:

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

8043:

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

7988:. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 141. 6141:, names with a thicker border appear in both sections 19610:

Converts to Christianity from ancient Roman religions

17825:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

15189:

Guthrie, Patrick (1966). "The Execution of Crispus".

14782:

The Making of A Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome

13820:

Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People

13056:

Odahl, 283; Mark Humphries, "Constantine", review of

12522: 11504:(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) pp. 15–16. 11392:(New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) pp. 55–56. 11370: 8076:(RE). Vol. IV,1, Stuttgart 1900, col. 1013–1026. 8046:(RE). Vol. IV,1, Stuttgart 1900, col. 1013–1026. 7304: 7295: 7283: 7268: 7265: 7259: 2724:

states that Constantine had restored the Senate "the

1936:. The road to Rome was now wide open to Constantine. 1136:, Germany), while Diocletian ruled in the East, from 15569:

Vaudour, Catherine (1984). "La céramique normande".

14454:

Barnes, T. D. (1973). "Lactantius and Constantine".

13261:

Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People

13200:

Henry Charles Lea, "The 'Donation of Constantine'".

11854:

Sandro Mazzarino, according to Christol & Nony,

11779:

The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire

11032:, Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, NJ, 1966 p. 18 10993:, Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, NJ, 1966 p. 15 8684:

24.3–9; Praxagoras fr. 1.2; Aurelius Victor 40.2–3;

7289: 7277: 7271: 7101: 1533:

310, Galerius was referring to both men as augusti.

871:

also survive, though their biases are no less firm.

590:

authorities. To combat inflation, he introduced the

16485:

Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York'

16480:

BBC North Yorkshire's site on Constantine the Great

16464:

Charles George Herbermann and Georg Grupp (1908). "

15480:

An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire

13496:(in Latin). Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. Archived from 13259:Greenway, Diana (Ed.); Henry of Huntingdon (1996). 12603: 12156:

Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Post Classical World

11889:

Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 70–72.

10424:Rowley, Matthew; Hodgson, Natasha R., eds. (2022). 8872:

History of The Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire

8300:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15. 8294:Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Reeva Spector (2012). 7256: 4350:became especially popular after the signing of the 3078:). There, in a church his mother built in honor of 2811: 2257:. Licinius fled across the Bosphorus and appointed 1501:support, offering Maxentius political recognition. 740:. He built a new imperial residence in the city of 16898: 16041:Woods, D. (1997). "Where Did Constantine I Die?". 15901:Weiss, Peter (2003). "The vision of Constantine". 14865:Drake, H. A. (1995). "Constantine and Consensus". 14427:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 14044: 13826:2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at 13818:Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. 13788:. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at 13541:1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at 11749: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11487:(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 14–15; 10669: 10667: 8167:Phelan, Marilyn E.; Phelan, Jay M. (8 June 2021). 7465:Birth dates vary, but most modern historians use " 4654: 4639:, though it was denounced as a forgery by Emperor 4362:, claimed that, after sixteen centuries, a second 2657:among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire. 955:, erected by Constantine I near his birth town of 835:, a political Christian pamphlet on the reigns of 501:origin who had been one of the four rulers of the 15379:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine 15254: 14079:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 12140:, 75–76; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 82. 11319:(New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 55. 7985:Ancient Rome : art, architecture and history 7872: 7567:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. p. 38. 4643:and lamented as the root of papal worldliness by 4270:(236–183 BC) and changed into the wearing of the 2886:irregularities of Crispus are somehow connected. 2453:of Emperor Constantine I with a model of the city 2156:, and their former base was redeveloped into the 1896:Constantine's army encircled Maxentius' cavalry, 1649:as his patron. From 310 on, Mars was replaced by 1316:, England, near the spot where he was proclaimed 782:legitimacy and identity. At the beginning of the 701:was built on his orders at the purported site of 653:Although Constantine lived much of his life as a 439:in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, 19526: 17895:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 16199:Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 13075:Constantine: History, Historiography, and Legend 12630: 12549: 12307:"Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople" 11898:Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 72. 11626:The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World 10384:Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71, citing 9247:Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric, AD 289-307 9046:Odahl, 82–83. See also: William E. Gwatkin, Jr. 7560: 4718:expanded this story in his highly fictionalised 1609:, a 3rd-century emperor famed for defeating the 559:, England). He eventually emerged victorious in 14733:(Hardcover ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 13909:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915. 12495: 12387: 12150:matter of routine in the west. Thomas M. Finn, 11567: 10664: 9997:12(9)5–6; 4(10)21–24; Jones, 70–71; MacMullen, 8773:, 15–16; Potter, 344–45; Southern, 169–70, 341. 8739:, 15–16; Potter, 344–45; Southern, 169–70, 341. 7675:Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 5; Storch, 145–55. 2384:. Generations later there was the story that a 2284: 16134:Constantine the Great and the Christian Church 15396: 15000:. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press. 14665: 14354:. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at 14114:. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at 13384:Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. 13337:Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea 13314:Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. 13233:Fubini, 79–86; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 6. 12637:. Manchester University Press. pp. 36–7. 12576: 12392:. University of California Press. p. 83. 12304: 11491:(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 15. 10811:The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years 10792: 10790: 9492:, 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68. 9462:, 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68. 9212:. Univ of California Press. pp. 180–185. 8170:In His Footsteps: The Early Followers of Jesus 4678:, there was also confusion of his family with 4546:Constantine the Great and the Christian Church 2104:Constantine neglected to make the trip to the 752:after himself, where it was located in modern 18159: 16884: 14923:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 14666:Carrié, Jean-Michel; Rouselle, Aline (1999). 14033:The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists 13189:Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge 13047:Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 8–9; Odahl, 283. 12764:"Viewing Rome in the Latin Literature of the 12670:. Oxford University Press. 2011. p. 22. 12624: 11939: 11937: 10946: 10944: 10902:Nicene and Post-nicene Fathers: Second Series 10423: 10221:, 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71–72; Odahl, 107–8. 9206:Nixon, C. E. V.; Rodgers, Barbara S. (2023). 8333:Bowman, p. 70; Potter, 283; Williams, 49, 65. 8293: 7149:German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine 4771: 4243: 3127:, a handbook compiled in 369 for the Emperor 2983:. In a letter written to the king of Persia, 1687: 1314:Modern bronze statue of Constantine I in York 951:Remains of the luxurious residence palace of 423: – 22 May 337), also known as 16283:Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400 15828:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 15768:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 14684: 14517:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine 14374:The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome 13772:Abbreviated History from the City's Founding 13254: 13252: 12988: 12838:"Edict of Milan celebration to begin in Niš" 12707: 9742:. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. 9205: 8166: 4578: 4554:The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome 4515: 4503: 3066:for the hot baths near his mother's city of 2368:also represented Constantine crowned by the 1701: 939:of the era complement the literary sources. 867:and the ecclesiastical history of the Arian 606:was reorganised to consist of mobile units ( 459:. Constantine is also the originator of the 19650:Participants in the First Council of Nicaea 16235:Constantine the Great: York's Roman Emperor 15636:(Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. 15589: 15272:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 15135: 14762:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 14500:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 14406:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 13965:Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died 13699:The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine 13550: 12931: 12906: 12714:. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. 12282:Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine", 148–49. 10883:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, 10787: 9114:1.22, qtd. and tr. Odahl, 83; Rodgers, 238. 8350: 8348: 7472:". Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59. 4719: 4491: 2567:Constantine possibly retained the title of 2402:Religious policies of Constantine the Great 709:and was deemed the holiest place in all of 615: 607: 19585:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles 18166: 18152: 17910:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 17860:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 16891: 16877: 16299:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. 16140: 14012:Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists 11934: 11591: 10941: 10816:"The sign in the sky that changed history" 10741:Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum 10403:Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 10280:, 43; Digeser, 122; Jones, 72; Odahl, 106. 10263: 10261: 9940: 9938: 9403: 9401: 8226: 7396:The claim that Constantius descended from 6145:1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings 4786:CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree 4778: 4764: 4597: 4505:Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt 4250: 4236: 3142:that was described in the 10th century by 1912:where a large Maxentian force was camped. 1694: 1680: 1549:of "Unconquered Constantine" with the god 1207:; he campaigned against barbarians on the 1052:, in 284 or 285. Constantine's mother was 40: 16258:From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms 16121:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. 16031: 15821: 15718:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 15669:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249183.001.0001 15504: 15453: 15217: 14998:The Christianity of Constantine the Great 14424: 14403: 14183:. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at 14134:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 13249: 12795: 11955:45; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 71–72. 10579:, 81; Odahl, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72–75. 8173:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 67. 7848:, 14; Rodgers, 238–239; Wright, 495, 507. 7229:In the East; nominal emperor of the West. 4570:The Christianity of Constantine the Great 2668: 2221:, and Licinius' son Licinianus were made 1488:, who was defeated by Constantine at the 16182:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 15992: 15765: 15382:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 15361:. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. 15358:Constantine and the Conversion of Europe 15292:Constantine and the Conversion of Europe 14706: 14635:"The Reign of Constantine, a.d. 306–337" 14379: 13742:Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. 13263:. Oxford University Press. p. civ. 12954:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 12884: 12882: 12529:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 17. 12180:Hermes: Bulletin for Classical Philology 11270:. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 28. 10414:Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71. 10255:, 43; Curran, 67; Jones, 72; Odahl, 108. 10187: 10185: 9637: 9250:. Oxford University Press. p. 165. 8705:Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61. 8345: 8287: 8256:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 7459: 4527:Constantine and the Conversion of Europe 4400: 3183: 2999: 2748: 2672: 2653:was given precedence over the lunisolar 2555: 2536: 2302: 2294: 2175: 2171: 2108:and perform customary sacrifices at the 2083: 2005: 1938: 1848: 1816: 1667: 1540: 1479: 1443: 1425: 1384: 1308: 1221: 946: 16323: 16149: 15989:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015. 15958: 15831:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 15685: 15568: 15529:. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover 15327: 15294:. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. 15269:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire 15188: 14995: 14966: 14937: 14776: 14632: 14042: 13728:Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine 13489: 12697:. Oxford University Press. p. 670. 12694:The English Historical Review, Volume 2 12610:. Oxford University Press. p. 91. 12502:. Oxford University Press. p. 34. 12353: 12167: 11901: 11622: 11522: 11461: 11335: 11140:(30 March 2006 – 3 September 2006) 11098: 11096: 11019:, Penguin Books, Middlesex, 1988, p. 40 10532:Cameron, 93; Curran, 71–74; Odahl, 110. 10258: 9935: 9781: 9748:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8065 9735: 9398: 8492:Lactance: "De la mort des persécuteurs" 8196: 8007: 8005: 7981: 7860: 7208:In the West; unrecognised outside Italy 7204: 7202: 4544:began a historiographic tradition with 2765:to pay for public expenses resulted in 2112:. However, he did visit the Senatorial 1536: 1475: 1423:(arrival) celebrations which followed. 19527: 16445:Encyclopædia Britannica, Constantine I 16131: 16061: 15929: 15784: 15728: 15629: 15424: 15375: 15298: 15117: 15088: 15051: 15014: 14798: 14755: 14728: 14605: 14586: 14549: 14514: 14490: 14453: 14129:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII 14094:The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine 13868:Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts 13451:Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at 13119:(London: Allen Lane, 2022), pp. 11–20. 12998:, 274; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7. 12343:from the original on 31 December 2019. 11265: 11164:Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum 10503: 8914: 8912: 8803:Mattingly, 233–34; Southern, 170, 341. 8561:, 21; Odahl, 67, 73, 304; Potter, 338. 8085: 7884: 7631:, 1; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 2–3. 7225: 7223: 7183: 7181: 4024:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action 2827:Gold coin of Constantine's eldest son 2761:In the 3rd century, the production of 2412:Constantine the Great and Christianity 2050:(Christos). A medallion was issued at 1029:, following his father's ascension as 274: 19570:Ancient Roman people of Greek descent 18147: 16872: 16833:Aurelius Valerius Symmachus Tullianus 16177: 16090: 16040: 16013: 15900: 15874:Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien 15547: 15492: 15351: 15286: 15159: 14918: 14901: 14864: 14835: 14043:Optatus (1997). Edwards, Mark (ed.). 13786:Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius 13100:Quand notre monde est devenu chretien 12879: 12631:Tristan Marshall (18 November 2000). 11456:Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien 11376: 11303: 11138:The Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House 10182: 9877:8.15.1–2, qtd. and tr. in MacMullen, 8790:, 39; Odahl, 77–78, 309; Pohlsander, 8227:Vatikiotis, Michael (5 August 2021). 8089:The Means Of Naming: A Social History 8056: 8054: 8052: 8023: 8021: 7961:. London: Routledge. pp. 40–41. 7954: 7815: 7813: 7326: 7080: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7014: 7007: 7005: 6991: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6895: 6877: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6828: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6765: 6749: 6742: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6686: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6475: 6451: 6436: 6431: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6392: 6390: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6237: 6221: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6099: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5888: 5883: 5870: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5809: 5807: 5798: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5647: 5645: 5634: 5632: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5599: 5592: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5556: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5374: 5341: 5321: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5270: 5263: 5261: 5247: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5115: 5074: 5072: 5065: 5043: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4946: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4580:Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien 4409:appoints Constantine as his successor 1675: 962:Constantine was born on 27 February, 689:in the Roman Empire. He convoked the 16016:"On the Death of the Empress Fausta" 15661:Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric 15658: 15626:(2004b). Retrieved 16 December 2007. 15596:. London & New York: Routledge. 15527:Constantine and the Christian Empire 15124:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 14784:. London: Cornell University Press. 14386:Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism 13432:Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. 13333:Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi 13058:Constantine and the Christian Empire 12939:3 (Antwerp, 1623), cited in Barnes, 11783:Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism 11595:Jews and Christians in the Holy Land 11409:. Cambridge University Press, 2011, 11388:R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, 11315:R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, 11093: 10969:. BRILL. 17 March 2020. p. 36. 10295:Lactantius: De Mortibus Persecutorum 9369:, 17; Potter, 349–50; Treadgold, 29. 9270: 9243: 8002: 7958:Constantine and the Christian empire 7564:Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium 7199: 4566:Constantine and the Christian Empire 4346:, parallels between Constantine and 4278:(r. 117–138). With the exception of 2995: 2392:, the "New Rome of Constantinople". 2245:paganism, while Constantine and his 1966:. He ordered all bridges across the 1872:, now at the University of Edinburgh 17764:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 16348:. Veliko Turnovo University Press. 16330:. San Francisco: Harper & Row. 15633:The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 14008:Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum 13711:Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. 13677:Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. 13128: 13073:Averil Cameron, "Introduction", in 11688:Società romana e impero tardoantico 8909: 8870:Gibbon, Edward, 1737–1794. (2018). 8806: 8578:, 24–30; Odahl, 67–69; Potter, 337. 7944:from the original on 11 April 2020. 7220: 7178: 4740:been a lost hagiography of Helena. 4383:Commemoration of the Edict of Milan 3048:Constantine's sons and successors: 2744: 2677:Hexagonal gold pendant with double 2395: 2320:), as he was reported saying that " 1854:Battle of Constantine and Maxentius 902:), and the anonymous author of the 13: 17319:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 16476:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 16152:The later Roman empire: AD 284–430 16111: 16043:The Journal of Theological Studies 13907:The Origins and Deeds of the Goths 13646:McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. 13286: 12916:) (Basel, 1576), cited in Barnes, 12440:"Byzantine first & last times" 11104:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 8253: 8049: 8018: 7810: 7715:Lieu and Montserrat, 40; Odahl, 3. 7697:Lieu and Montserrat, 39; Odahl, 3. 4647:. Philologist and Catholic priest 4330:claimed descent from Constantine. 3207: 3164:. His sons, along with his nephew 2893: 2249:marched under the standard of the 1860:in the Hall of Constantine in the 1116:In April 286, Diocletian declared 1090:Head from a statue of the emperor 1060:woman of low social standing from 513:woman of low birth, probably from 441:decriminalizing Christian practice 14: 19681: 16406: 16360: 15996:Diocletian and the Roman Recovery 14365: 13932:The Christian Roman Empire series 13890:The Origin and Deeds of the Goths 13824:Canisius College Translated Texts 13806:The Abbreviated History of Festus 13748:. 1999. Oxford University Press. 13539:Canisius College Translated Texts 13508:– via the Internet Archive. 13016:Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7–8. 11598:. A&C Black. pp. 37–38. 11268:The Age of Constantine and Julian 10331:, 43, 306; Odahl, 105–06, 319–20. 9642:. Penguin Classics. p. 278. 7166:List of people known as the great 4686:and her son, another Constantine 4396: 4379:Niš Constantine the Great Airport 4286:(r. 602–610) in the 7th century. 2551:many had been martyred previously 2459:Emperor and Equal to the Apostles 2416:Constantine the Great and Judaism 1328:to Britain and made their way to 677:maintain that he was baptised by 18126: 18114: 17445:Fourth Council of Constantinople 17400:Second Council of Constantinople 16213:Law and Empire in Late Antiquity 16143:The Age of Constantine the Great 15499:Dissertation – Durham University 14731:Pagan City and Christian Capital 14201:History of Constantine the Great 13951:On the Deaths of the Persecutors 13679:Oration in Praise of Constantine 13668:Oration in Praise of Constantine 13236: 13227: 13207: 13194: 13181: 13168: 13156: 13147: 13122: 13109: 13093: 13090:Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 10. 13084: 13067: 13050: 13041: 13032: 13019: 13010: 13001: 12990:Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen 12980: 12963: 12946: 12923: 12895: 12866: 12857: 12844: 12830: 12812: 12755: 12746: 12737: 12728: 12701: 12684: 12658: 12597: 12570: 12543: 12516: 12489: 12476: 12454: 12432: 12419: 12406: 12381: 12347: 12298: 12285: 12276: 12263: 12250: 12238: 12225: 12212: 12161: 12143: 12130: 12117: 12104: 12087: 12070: 12057: 12040: 12031: 12014: 12001: 11984: 11971: 11958: 11946: 11892: 11883: 11874: 11861: 11848: 11836: 11827: 11814: 11801: 11788: 11771: 11758: 11723: 11710: 11693: 11668: 11655: 11646: 11616: 11585: 11549: 11516: 11507: 11494: 11477: 11448: 11434: 11420: 11395: 11382: 11354: 11322: 11309: 11284: 11259: 11241: 11215: 11189: 11156: 11143: 11120: 11080: 11063: 11048: 11035: 11022: 11009: 10996: 10983: 10957: 10928: 10915: 10894: 10873: 10860: 10847: 10834: 10803: 10778: 10765: 10755: 10746: 10733: 10724: 10711: 10702: 10689: 10680: 10651: 10638: 10625: 10612: 10599: 10582: 10565: 10552: 10535: 10526: 10513: 10485: 10468: 10455: 10442: 10417: 10408: 10391: 10378: 10369: 10352: 10343: 10334: 10317: 10300: 10283: 10270: 10241: 10224: 10211: 10198: 10173: 10164: 10151: 10138: 10125: 10112: 10095: 10082: 10069: 10060: 10047: 10030: 10017: 10004: 9988: 9971: 9951: 9922: 9913: 9901: 9884: 9867: 9850: 9837: 9824: 9807: 9794: 9764: 9729: 9716: 9707: 9690: 9673: 9656: 9631: 9610: 9589: 9572: 9559: 9544: 9532: 9520: 9504: 9495: 9482: 9465: 9452: 9435: 9422: 9385: 9372: 9351: 9338: 9321: 9308: 9291: 9264: 9237: 9199: 9182: 9169: 9156: 9143: 9130: 9117: 9101: 9092: 9079: 9070: 9057: 9040: 9029: 9020: 8999: 8986: 8977: 8968: 8955: 8400:, 20; Odahl, 46–47; Pohlsander, 7653:Drake, "What Eusebius Knew", 21. 7422: 7407: 7376:Philip the Arab and Christianity 7252: 7118: 7104: 6131:Family of Constantine the Great 4482:The Age of Constantine the Great 4217: 3038: 3029: 3020: 2914: 2902: 2836: 2831:, who was executed by his father 2820: 2812:Executions of Crispus and Fausta 2617:at the time as a pagan redoubt. 2436: 2360:and other holy relics, though a 1132:, Italy) or Augusta Treverorum ( 1098: 1083: 650:with citizens of Roman culture. 571:to become the sole ruler of the 16:Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 17415:Third Council of Constantinople 17339:First Council of Constantinople 16119:Women and Law in Late Antiquity 15091:Journal of the History of Ideas 14051:. Translated by Edwards, Mark. 14031:Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. 13482:. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the 13081:(New York: Routledge, 1998), 3. 13038:Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 8. 13007:Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7. 11678:refers to people of equestrian 10936:Chronicle of the Roman Emperors 10743:, 5.90, cited in Curran, 93–96. 10092:, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103–04. 8942: 8933: 8896: 8863: 8854: 8841: 8828: 8819: 8797: 8776: 8755: 8742: 8717: 8708: 8699: 8688:41.2; Zosimus 2.8.3; Eusebius, 8671: 8658: 8641: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8594: 8581: 8564: 8547: 8522: 8505: 8476: 8459: 8446: 8433: 8420: 8407: 8386: 8369: 8336: 8327: 8314: 8262: 8247: 8220: 8190: 8160: 8147: 8123: 8110: 8079: 7975: 7948: 7878: 7830: 7797: 7788: 7775: 7766: 7757: 7744: 7731: 7718: 7709: 7700: 7691: 7678: 7669: 7656: 7647: 7634: 7621: 7612: 7603: 7594: 7581: 7554: 7528: 7519: 7510: 7493: 7487:Encyclopaedia Britannica Online 7413:The event is the phocus of the 7390: 7381: 7369: 7363:With the possible exception of 7357: 4419:During Constantine's lifetime, 3144:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 2730:it had lost at Caesar's time". 2620:In 321, he legislated that the 2054:in 315 which shows Constantine 1856:(detail of part of a fresco by 1452:, which probably decorated the 1324:From Bononia, they crossed the 973:. The city—which is modern day 447:in a period referred to as the 17654:Dissolution of the monasteries 16920:History of the Catholic Church 16237:. York: Lund Humphries, 2004. 15620:Constantine I (306 – 337 A.D.) 15334:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 14318:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 14280:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 14240:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 14090:Origo Constantini Imperiatoris 14059:(inactive 11 September 2024). 14047:Optatus: Against the Donatists 13920:The Gothic History of Jordanes 13916:. Retrieved 28 September 2009. 13870:. Tertullian, 2005. Online at 13792:. Retrieved 28 September 2009. 13717:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 13683:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 13664:Oratio de Laudibus Constantini 13658:. Retrieved 28 September 2009. 13652:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 13390:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 13361:. Retrieved 28 September 2009. 13355:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 13320:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 12523:Stewart James Mottram (2008). 11732:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 11703:, 247; Carrié & Rousselle 11017:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 10310:1.28, tr. Odahl, 105. Barnes, 8342:Potter, 283; Williams, 49, 65. 7873:Jones, Martindale & Morris 7475: 7245: 7232: 7211: 7190: 7134:Bronze colossus of Constantine 4743: 4615:by the early 4th century that 4389:(ισαπόστολος Κωνσταντίνος)—an 3099:directly following Pascha (or 2717:). An inscription in honor of 2090:bronze colossus of Constantine 1825:, Germany, possibly depicting 1778:German and Sarmatian campaigns 1579:). Maximian fled to Massilia ( 1336:), capital of the province of 1284: 1197: 472:separation of church and state 25:Constantine I (disambiguation) 1: 17528:Fourth Council of the Lateran 17503:Second Council of the Lateran 17112:Apostles in the New Testament 16700:C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus 16686:C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus 16180:The conversion of Constantine 15876:, Paris: Albin Michel, 2007. 15550:The English Historical Review 15129:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 14649:10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.005 14640:The Cambridge Ancient History 14616:10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.004 14608:The Cambridge Ancient History 14525:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 14341: 14303: 14263: 14225: 14204: 14170: 14137: 14097: 14022: 14015: 13994: 13954: 13893: 13885:De origine actibusque Getarum 13849: 13809: 13775: 13702: 13623: 13616: 13609: 13602: 13579: 13572: 13524: 13413: 13375: 13340: 13305: 13202:The English Historical Review 12956:Chapter 18, cited in Barnes, 11913:. MobileReference.com. 2008. 11523:Norwich, John Julius (1996). 11249:"Saint Constantine the Great" 11004:A History of Rome to A.D. 565 10721:, 45; Curran, 76; Odahl, 109. 10592:, 45; Curran, 72; MacMullen, 9228:while also commemorating his 9166:, 29; Odahl, 86; Potter, 346. 8735:, 32; Odahl, 77; Pohlsander, 8544:, 24; Odahl, 67; Potter, 338. 7466: 7447: 7317:Flavius Valerius Constantinus 4724:, an account of the supposed 4354:by the Italian State and the 4204:Common good constitutionalism 3009:, as imagined by students of 2972:. Constantine took the title 2390:Nova Roma Constantinopolitana 2279: 1656: 1567:to the quicker waters of the 1294:to post-house at high speed, 963: 942: 598:that became the standard for 489:, Serbia), he was the son of 445:ceasing Christian persecution 417: 328:Flavius Valerius Constantinus 192: 71:(alone from 19 September 324) 19555:4th-century Christian saints 17642:Catholic Counter-Reformation 17508:Third Council of the Lateran 17498:First Council of the Lateran 16954:Catholic ecumenical councils 16453:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 16449:Henry Stuart Jones (1911). " 16391:Resources in other libraries 16320:, Clio History Journal, 2008 16178:Eadie, John W., ed. (1971). 16174:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 15903:Journal of Roman Archaeology 14352:The History of Count Zosimus 13533:Banchich, Thomas M., trans. 13281: 13135:. Academia. pp. 243–244 13077:, ed. Samuel N. C. Lieu and 12820:"Niš: Vinik osta pusto brdo" 12604:Theofili Kampianaki (2022). 11910:Encyclopedia of Roman Empire 11781:, quoted by Perry Anderson, 10161:, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 105. 10148:, 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71. 10079:, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103. 10040:, 42; Jones, 71; MacMullen, 10014:, 41; Jones, 71; Odahl, 102. 9981:, 41; Jones, 70; MacMullen, 8926:, 41; Jones, 59; MacMullen, 7452: 7349: 7238:Minervina may have been his 4662:During the medieval period, 4429:Symposium, or the Saturnalia 4068:Popular Representation Party 4029:Brazilian Integralist Action 2580:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2376:. Constantine built the new 2285:Foundation of Constantinople 1996:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 1953:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 1490:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 1454:Baths of Constantine in Rome 1306:) before the summer of 305. 721:was based on the fabricated 699:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 7: 16403:(archived 19 February 2013) 16256:of the Fourth Century." In 16207:10.11588/jrgzm.2015.1.77142 15337:. Oxford University Press. 14714:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 14591:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 14515:Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). 14358:. Retrieved 15 August 2009. 14324:. Retrieved 15 August 2009. 14312:Jackson, Blomfield, trans. 14286:. Retrieved 15 August 2009. 14246:. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 14187:. Retrieved 15 August 2009. 14118:. Retrieved 16 August 2009. 13874:. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 13864:The Chronicle of St. Jerome 13830:. Retrieved 15 August 2009. 13784:Watson, John Henry, trans. 13689:. Retrieved 16 August 2009. 13545:. Retrieved 15 August 2009. 13490:Krueger, Paul, ed. (1954). 13486:. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 13455:. Retrieved 15 August 2009. 13448:. Retrieved 25 August 2009. 13396:. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 13349:Newman, John Henry, trans. 13326:. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 12580:Byzantinum in the Year 1000 11592:Stemberger, Gunter (1999). 10492:Head of the bronze colossus 9862:Christianity of Constantine 9702:Christianity of Constantine 9685:Christianity of Constantine 9668:Christianity of Constantine 9605:Christianity of Constantine 9584:Christianity of Constantine 9529:6(7)1. Qtd. in Potter, 353. 9460:Christianity of Constantine 9443:Christianity of Constantine 9413:Christianity of Constantine 9363:Christianity of Constantine 9194:Christianity of Constantine 9011:Christianity of Constantine 8924:Christianity of Constantine 8788:Christianity of Constantine 8767:Christianity of Constantine 8729:Christianity of Constantine 8538:Christianity of Constantine 8517:Christianity of Constantine 8484:Christianity of Constantine 8471:Christianity of Constantine 8398:Christianity of Constantine 8360:Christianity of Constantine 8278:Christianity of Constantine 8258:. Vol. I. p. 407. 8197:Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). 7842:Christianity of Constantine 7825:Christianity of Constantine 7618:Cameron, 90; Southern, 169. 7538:. About.com. Archived from 7144:Fifty Bibles of Constantine 7097: 4034:Brazilian Integralist Front 2950:) in hopes of reconquering 2843:Bust of Constantine's wife 2739:Crisis of the Third Century 2519:Church of the Holy Apostles 2380:on the site of a temple to 2378:Church of the Holy Apostles 2018:symbol as the crest of his 2014:of 315; Constantine with a 1716:Civil wars of the Tetrarchy 1663:Civil wars of the Tetrarchy 648:Crisis of the Third Century 582:the government, separating 235:Church of the Holy Apostles 10: 19686: 19565:4th-century Roman emperors 19439:Constantine XI Palaiologos 19390:Andronikos III Palaiologos 19277:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 16988:History of the Roman Curia 16324:Pelikán, Jaroslav (1987). 16141:Burckhardt, Jacob (1949). 16132:Baynes, Norman H. (1930). 15993:Williams, Stephen (1997). 15959:Wienand, Johannes (2012). 15590:Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). 14778:Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma 14214:Socrates of Constantinople 13963:Fletcher, William, trans. 13768:Breviarium ab Urbe Condita 13302:Defence against the Arians 13102:, Fabian E. Udoh, review, 12556:. JHU Press. p. 135. 12354:Majeska, George P (1984). 12168:Amerise, Marilena (2005). 11629:. Routledge. p. 182. 11229:. University of Notre Dame 10904:. New York: Cosimo, 2007, 8601:Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 8513:Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 8467:Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 7955:Odahl, Charles M. (2001). 7440:may revere him as a saint. 7337: 7161:List of Byzantine emperors 4747: 4702:included a passage in his 4601: 3432:Traditionalist Catholicism 3298:Doctrine of the two swords 3180:, wife of Emperor Julian. 3006:The Baptism of Constantine 2405: 2399: 2288: 2079: 2046: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1660: 789: 748:, later adopting the name 687:tolerance for Christianity 18: 19575:Ancient Romans in Britain 19560:4th-century Roman consuls 19515: 19447: 19412:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 19380:Andronikos II Palaiologos 19205:Constantine IX Monomachos 18893: 18790: 18673: 18500: 18338: 18186: 18109: 18009: 17875: 17802: 17737: 17724:European wars of religion 17621: 17556: 17458: 17380: 17271: 17194: 17054: 17043: 17035:Eastern Catholic Churches 16910: 16857: 16850: 16844: 16839: 16825: 16814: 16804: 16792: 16781: 16769: 16759: 16741: 16731: 16717: 16706: 16696: 16682: 16667: 16659: 16645: 16629: 16617: 16612: 16594: 16549: 16539: 16534: 16507: 16386:Resources in your library 16344:Velikov, Yuliyan (2013). 16154:. London: Fontana Press. 15985:Wienand, Johannes (ed.). 15944:10.1017/S0009838800043962 15915:10.1017/S1047759400013088 15700:10.1017/S0009838800040611 15630:Potter, David S. (2004). 15482:. London: Penguin, 2007. 15145:. Yale University Press. 14057:10.3828/978-0-85323-752-5 13636:. London: Penguin, 1989. 13632:Williamson, G.A., trans. 13474:Scott, Samuel P., trans. 13442:University College London 13366:Athanasius of Alexandria 13331:Athanasius of Alexandria 12788:10.1163/22116257-00802002 12550:Richard L. Kagan (2009). 12377:– via Google Knihy. 10001:, 71; Odahl, 102, 317–18. 9640:The History of the Church 8490:, 15. Contra: J. Moreau, 8404:, 8–9, 14; Treadgold, 17. 7561:Harris, Jonathan (2017). 7438:Ukrainian Catholic Church 7434:Eastern Catholic Churches 7400:, and thus also from the 7087: 7078: 7054: 7052: 7034: 7012: 6989: 6970: 6968: 6960: 6958: 6936: 6934: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6909: 6893: 6891: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6788: 6763: 6747: 6736:2: Constantine's children 6728: 6726: 6724: 6700: 6677: 6670: 6659: 6657: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6621: 6605: 6603: 6580: 6559: 6552: 6537: 6535: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6495: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6447: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6411: 6399: 6397: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6264: 6235: 6219: 6202: 6200: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6097: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6012: 6010: 6002: 6000: 5988: 5986: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5881: 5868: 5857: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5740: 5738: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5692: 5690: 5676: 5590: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5279: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4892: 4890: 4852: 4850: 4839: 4832: 4721:Historia Regum Britanniae 4063:Palmarian Catholic Church 2921:Gold medallion struck at 2525: 2509: 2473: 2463: 2458: 2435: 2422: 2348:("Constantine's City" or 1712: 1239:persecution of Christians 1109:, Diocletian's co-emperor 551:(emperor) by his army at 474:. He founded the city of 388: 378: 368: 356: 348: 339: 332: 327: 322: 318: 267: 246: 228: 210: 185: 181: 113: 87: 76: 69:25 July 306 – 22 May 337 65: 58: 39: 34: 19375:Michael VIII Palaiologos 17855:Mary of the Divine Heart 17478:Clash against the empire 17430:Second Council of Nicaea 17324:Old St. Peter's Basilica 16721:Antonius Caecina Sabinus 16430:Letters of Constantine: 16150:Cameron, Averil (1993). 15624:De Imperatoribus Romanis 15562:10.1093/ehr/XXIV.XCIII.1 15461:. New York: Dial Press. 15054:Journal of Roman Studies 15017:Journal of Roman Studies 14756:Dagron, Gilbert (1984). 14633:Cameron, Averil (2005). 14587:Barnes, Timothy (2011). 14552:Journal of Roman Studies 14497:Constantine and Eusebius 14456:Journal of Roman Studies 14418:10.1093/jaarel/XXXII.1.1 14179:Walford, Edward, trans. 14039:. Retrieved 9 June 2009. 13975:. Retrieved 9 June 2009. 13946:De mortibus persecutorum 13828:De Imperatoribus Romanis 13723:. Retrieved 9 June 2009. 13608:, eighth and ninth book 13543:De Imperatoribus Romanis 13027:Constantine and Eusebius 12996:Constantine and Eusebius 12958:Constantine and Eusebius 12941:Constantine and Eusebius 12918:Constantine and Eusebius 12890:Constantine and Eusebius 12874:Constantine and Eusebius 12768:: Francesco Giammaria's 12496:Jane E. Everson (2001). 12442:. Byzantium.xronikon.com 12388:Edward J. Watts (2020). 12256:Sextus Aurelius Victor, 12099:Constantine and Eusebius 12082:Constantine and Eusebius 12065:Constantine and Eusebius 12052:Constantine and Eusebius 12050:4.9ff, cited in Barnes, 12009:Constantine and Eusebius 11977:Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, 11867:Carrié & Rousselle, 11796:Journal of Roman Studies 11764:Carrié & Rousselle, 11750:Carrié & Rousselle, 11578:Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, 11292:De Mortibus Persecutorum 11110:, Oxford, 1991, p. 508. 11088:Naissance d'une Capitale 11043:Naissance d'une Capitale 10866:Carrié & Rousselle, 10796:Carrié & Rousselle, 10784:Drake, "Impact", 121–23. 10719:Constantine and Eusebius 10697:Constantine and Eusebius 10675:Constantine and Eusebius 10659:Constantine and Eusebius 10646:Constantine and Eusebius 10633:Constantine and Eusebius 10620:Constantine and Eusebius 10607:Constantine and Eusebius 10590:Constantine and Eusebius 10573:Constantine and Eusebius 10560:Constantine and Eusebius 10543:Constantine and Eusebius 10476:Constantine and Eusebius 10450:Constantine and Eusebius 10360:Constantine and Eusebius 10329:Constantine and Eusebius 10312:Constantine and Eusebius 10293:44.4–6, tr. J.L. Creed, 10291:De Mortibus Persecutorum 10278:Constantine and Eusebius 10253:Constantine and Eusebius 10249:De Mortibus Persecutorum 10232:Constantine and Eusebius 10219:Constantine and Eusebius 10193:Constantine and Eusebius 10159:Constantine and Eusebius 10146:Constantine and Eusebius 10103:Constantine and Eusebius 10090:Constantine and Eusebius 10077:Constantine and Eusebius 10038:Constantine and Eusebius 10025:Constantine and Eusebius 10012:Constantine and Eusebius 9979:Constantine and Eusebius 9962:Constantine and Eusebius 9946:Constantine and Eusebius 9892:Constantine and Eusebius 9858:Constantine and Eusebius 9845:Constantine and Eusebius 9832:Constantine and Eusebius 9815:Constantine and Eusebius 9802:Constantine and Eusebius 9789:Constantine and Eusebius 9772:Constantine and Eusebius 9724:Constantine and Eusebius 9698:Constantine and Eusebius 9681:Constantine and Eusebius 9664:Constantine and Eusebius 9626:Constantine and Eusebius 9618:De Mortibus Persecutorum 9597:De Mortibus Persecutorum 9580:Constantine and Eusebius 9567:Constantine and Eusebius 9515:Constantine and Eusebius 9490:Constantine and Eusebius 9477:Constantine and Eusebius 9473:De Mortibus Persecutorum 9430:Constantine and Eusebius 9409:Constantine and Eusebius 9393:Constantine and Eusebius 9380:Constantine and Eusebius 9359:Constantine and Eusebius 9346:Constantine and Eusebius 9329:Constantine and Eusebius 9316:Constantine and Eusebius 9299:Constantine and Eusebius 9190:Constantine and Eusebius 9164:Constantine and Eusebius 9087:Constantine and Eusebius 9065:De Mortibus Persecutorum 9007:Constantine and Eusebius 8950:Constantine and Eusebius 8920:Constantine and Eusebius 8904:Constantine and Eusebius 8836:Constantine and Eusebius 8814:Constantine and Eusebius 8784:Constantine and Eusebius 8763:Constantine and Eusebius 8725:Constantine and Eusebius 8682:De Mortibus Persecutorum 8653:Constantine and Eusebius 8649:De Mortibus Persecutorum 8632:Constantine and Eusebius 8572:Constantine and Eusebius 8559:Constantine and Eusebius 8534:Constantine and Eusebius 8530:De Mortibus Persecutorum 8500:Constantine and Eusebius 8498:39 (1954): 313; Barnes, 8454:Constantine and Eusebius 8441:Constantine and Eusebius 8428:Constantine and Eusebius 8415:Constantine and Eusebius 8394:Constantine and Eusebius 8381:Constantine and Eusebius 8377:De Mortibus Persecutorum 8356:Constantine and Eusebius 8322:Constantine and Eusebius 8270:Constantine and Eusebius 8157:(Leiden, 1991) 9, 15–17. 8142:Constantine and Eusebius 8134:De Mortibus Persecutorum 8132:8(5), 9(4); Lactantius, 8013:Constantine and Eusebius 7898:Journal of Roman Studies 7821:Constantine and Eusebius 7752:Constantine and Eusebius 7739:Constantine and Eusebius 7726:Constantine and Eusebius 7686:Constantine and Eusebius 7642:Constantine and Eusebius 7589:Constantine and Eusebius 7328:[kõːstanˈtiːnʊs] 7308:-stən-tyne, -⁠teen 7171: 4562:Constantine and Eusebius 4523:Arnold Hugh Martin Jones 4370:of both Constantine and 3969:Pascendi Dominici Gregis 3923:El liberalismo es pecado 3909:De regno, ad regem Cypri 3400:Political traditionalism 3251:Catholic social teaching 2584:Old St. Peter's Basilica 2269:Battle of the Hellespont 1484:Dresden bust of Emperor 1380: 1229:bust of Emperor Galerius 1072:. His main language was 832:De mortibus persecutorum 19230:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 18864:Tiberius II Constantine 18121:Vatican City portal 17473:Investiture Controversy 17329:First Council of Nicaea 16455:Encyclopædia Britannica 15999:. New York: Routledge. 15932:The Classical Quarterly 15770:. New York: Routledge. 15766:Southern, Pat. (2001). 15688:The Classical Quarterly 15593:The Emperor Constantine 15583:10.3406/etnor.1984.2597 15525:Odahl, Charles Matson. 15519:10.1163/157007200X00189 15410:. New York: Routledge. 15162:The Journal of Religion 14996:Elliott, T. G. (1996). 14153:Twelve Latin Panegyircs 13561:) fourth/fifth century. 13316:Apologia Contra Arianos 13298:Apologia contra Arianos 13163:Constitutum Constantini 12577:Paul Magdalino (2003). 12464:. Forumancientcoins.com 12305:A. A. Vasiliev (1848). 11716:Carrié & Rousselle 11623:Schäfer, Peter (2003). 11365:The Rise of Christendom 11197:"Constantine the Great" 11108:Oxford University Press 11028:Sherrard, ed. Krieger, 10989:Sherrard, ed. Krieger, 8086:Wilson, Steven (2003). 7629:Empire of the Tetrarchs 7536:"Constantine the Great" 7139:Colossus of Constantine 7112:Byzantine Empire portal 6408:Flavia Julia Constantia 4655:Geoffrey of Monmouth's 4625:Donation of Constantine 4604:Donation of Constantine 4598:Donation of Constantine 4340:Fascist period in Italy 4039:Catholic and Royal Army 3934:Famuli vestrae pietatis 2639:First Council of Nicaea 2563:and Emperor Constantine 2486:Eastern Catholic Church 2481:Eastern Orthodox Church 923:in Rome and palaces in 723:Donation of Constantine 691:First Council of Nicaea 685:in 313, which declared 521:. Later canonised as a 52:Capitoline Museums 48:Colossus of Constantine 21:Constantine I of Greece 19660:Sons of Roman emperors 19615:Deified Roman emperors 19595:Christian royal saints 19385:Michael IX Palaiologos 18133:Catholicism portal 17944:Second Vatican Council 17830:Our Lady of La Salette 17637:Protestant Reformation 17624:Protestant Reformation 17543:Second Council of Lyon 16932:Ecclesiastical history 16509:Constantine the Great 16451:Constantine (emperors) 16093:Origins to Constantine 15859:, Paris: Seuil, 2005. 14314:Ecclesiastical History 14296:Historia Ecclesiastica 14276:Ecclesiastical History 14256:Historia Ecclesiastica 14236:Ecclesiastical History 14218:Historia Ecclesiastica 14163:Historia Ecclesiastica 13595:Historia Ecclesiastica 13551: 13521:Epitome on the Caesars 13446:University of Grenoble 13402:Sextus Aurelius Victor 13176:A History of Byzantium 12989: 12943:, 274, and Odahl, 282. 12932: 12920:, 273, and Odahl, 282. 12907: 12734:Mulligan, pp. 262–264. 12583:. Brill. p. 187. 11306:, p. 6 and n. 24. 11266:Bowder, Diana (1987). 11151:Historia Ecclesiastica 10881:A History of Byzantium 10405:5–6 (1954/55): 151–78. 10386:Roman Imperial Coinage 10349:Cameron and Hall, 208. 10118:Jones, 71; MacMullen, 10066:Jones, 71; Odahl, 103. 10053:Jones, 71; MacMullen, 9875:Historia Ecclesiastica 9622:Historia Ecclesiastica 9601:Historia Ecclesiastica 9017:, 39–40; Odahl, 81–83. 8847:Jones, 59; MacMullen, 8638:, 15; Potter, 341–342. 8233:. Orion. p. 138. 7316: 4829:Afranius Hannibalianus 4720: 4698:. In the 12th century 4693: 4579: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4416: 3991:O que é o Integralismo 3406:Res publica Christiana 3212: 3013: 2966:line supported by new 2865:Historia Ecclesiastica 2758: 2722:Ceionius Rufus Albinus 2685: 2669:Administrative reforms 2564: 2545: 2308: 2300: 2188: 2096: 2022: 1955: 1873: 1829: 1555: 1492: 1456: 1441: 1393: 1321: 1230: 1217:tribunus ordinis primi 1003:is variously given as 959: 675:Coptic Orthodox Church 616: 608: 457:ancient Roman religion 396:Ancient Roman religion 237:, Constantinople, but 23:. For other uses, see 19605:Constantinian dynasty 19535:Constantine the Great 19479:Thessalonian emperors 19473:Trapezuntine emperors 19434:John VIII Palaiologos 19429:Manuel II Palaiologos 19400:John VI Kantakouzenos 19316:Andronikos I Komnenos 19153:Constantine Lekapenos 18181:and empresses regnant 17840:First Vatican Council 17538:First Council of Lyon 17302:Constantine the Great 16998:Christian monasticism 16773:Sex. Anicius Paulinus 16514:Constantinian dynasty 16470:Catholic Encyclopedia 16466:Constantine the Great 16372:Constantine the Great 16346:Imperator et Sacerdos 16064:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 16014:Woods, David (1998). 15969:10.1524/9783050059044 15961:Der Kaiser als Sieger 15857:L'Empire Gréco-Romain 15493:McLay, Denis (2015), 15376:Lenski, Noel (2006). 15329:Kazhdan, Alexander P. 15103:10.1353/jhi.1996.0004 14919:Drake, H. A. (2000). 14729:Curran, John (2000). 14273:Hartranft, Chester D. 14148:XII Panegyrici Latini 14021:–367, second edition 13914:University of Calgary 13569:History from Dexippus 13516:Epitome de Caesaribus 13476:The Code of Justinian 13372:History of the Arians 13242:Henry of Huntingdon, 13204:10: 37 (1895), 86–87. 12934:Annales Ecclesiastici 12708:Anthony Bale (2019). 12314:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 12258:Historiae abbreviatae 11964:Christol & Nony, 11820:Christol & Nony, 11809:L'Empire Gréco-Romain 11699:Christol & Nony, 11661:Christol & Nony, 11201:Catholic Encyclopedia 11132:16 March 2006 at the 11002:Sinnigen & Boak, 10912:, p. 418, footnote 6. 9910:12(9)2.5; Curran, 67. 9052:The Classical Journal 8686:Epitome de Caesaribus 8060:Conrad Benjamin: 7982:Gabucci, Ada (2002). 7823:, 3, 39–42; Elliott, 7430:Latin Catholic Church 5878:VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY 4750:Constantinian dynasty 4517:L'empereur Constantin 4404: 4391:equal of the Apostles 4189:Person Dignity Theory 3412:Sun and Moon allegory 3318:Divine right of kings 3211: 3184:Assessment and legacy 3113:Historiae abbreviatae 3093:Eusebius of Nicomedia 3003: 2752: 2676: 2559: 2540: 2430:Constantine the Great 2406:Further information: 2306: 2298: 2289:Further information: 2273:Battle of Chrysopolis 2179: 2172:Wars against Licinius 2131:Basilica of Maxentius 2087: 2066:Ptolemy III Euergetes 2009: 2000:Further information: 1942: 1852: 1820: 1668:War against Maxentius 1544: 1505:the territory of the 1483: 1447: 1429: 1388: 1312: 1225: 1015:. Whatever the case, 950: 905:Epitome de Caesaribus 776:Constantinian dynasty 713:. The papal claim to 669:bishop, although the 663:Eusebius of Nicomedia 451:. This initiated the 425:Constantine the Great 35:Constantine the Great 19417:John VII Palaiologos 19365:Theodore II Laskaris 19225:Constantine X Doukas 19165:Nikephoros II Phokas 18017:Sexual abuse scandal 17926:Mit brennender Sorge 17769:Age of Enlightenment 17548:Bernard of Clairvaux 17425:Byzantine Iconoclasm 17364:Council of Chalcedon 17144:Council of Jerusalem 17013:Role in civilization 16993:Religious institutes 16925:By country or region 16669:Roman consul II–III 16316:14 June 2015 at the 16233:Hartley, Elizabeth. 16201:62, 2015 , 341–375. 16168:Cowan, Ross (2016). 16145:. London: Routledge. 16055:10.1093/jts/48.2.531 15659:Rees, Roger (2002). 15507:Vigiliae Christianae 14912:10.1093/past/153.1.3 14234:Zenos, A.C., trans. 14193:Praxagoras of Athens 14106:Rolfe, J.C., trans. 13601:) first seven books 13589:Eusebius of Caesarea 13484:Constitution Society 13060:, by Charles Odahl, 12902:Johannes Leunclavius 11347:3 March 2013 at the 11255:on 25 February 2020. 11102:"Constantinople" in 10900:Philip Schaff, ed., 10879:Timothy E. Gregory, 10813:. vol. III. p. 148. 10609:, 45–46; Odahl, 109. 10494:, Capitoline Museums 10399:Constantine and Rome 10234:, 42–43; MacMullen, 10027:, 41–42; Odahl, 103. 9985:, 71; Odahl, 101–02. 9960:12(9)5.1–3; Barnes, 9817:, 38–39; MacMullen, 9244:Rees, Roger (2002). 8786:, 27, 298; Elliott, 8574:, 22–25; MacMullen, 8540:, 35–36; MacMullen, 8203:. SAGE. p. 25. 7507:29:4 (1980): 463–73. 4734:Anglo-Saxon invasion 4716:Geoffrey of Monmouth 4452:Johannes Leunclavius 4421:Praxagoras of Athens 4332:Geoffrey of Monmouth 3984:Mes idées politiques 3427:Traditional monarchy 3380:National syndicalism 3375:National Catholicism 3355:Integral nationalism 3328:Ecclesiastical court 3140:porphyry sarcophagus 2934:Constantine's Bridge 2255:Battle of Adrianople 2150:Imperial Horse Guard 2058:emblazoned with the 1943:The Milvian Bridge ( 1571:. He disembarked at 1537:Maximian's rebellion 1476:Maxentius' rebellion 727:Eastern Christianity 214:22 May 337 (aged 65) 189:Flavius Constantinus 19580:Angelic visionaries 19348:Theodore I Laskaris 19333:Alexios III Angelos 19311:Alexios II Komnenos 19235:Romanos IV Diogenes 19190:Romanos III Argyros 19136:Romanos I Lekapenos 17845:Papal infallibility 17835:Our Lady of Lourdes 17784:Shimabara Rebellion 17628:Counter-Reformation 16847:Constantius Chlorus 16822:with Constantine II 16795:Flavius Constantius 16789:with Constantius II 16621:Constantius Chlorus 16544:Constantius Chlorus 16295:MacMullen, Ramsay. 16281:MacMullen, Ramsay. 16248:Heather, Peter J. " 15847:Theological Studies 15618:Pohlsander, Hans. " 15427:Classical Philology 15402:Montserrat, Dominic 15137:Goldsworthy, Adrian 14838:Classical Philology 14692:. Paris: Hachette. 14688:; Nony, D. (2003). 14643:. pp. 90–109. 13969:Ante-Nicene Fathers 13745:Life of Constantine 13713:Life of Constantine 13559:On Military Matters 13410:Book on the Caesars 13406:Liber de Caesaribus 13104:Theological Studies 13062:Classical Quarterly 12852:Emperor Constantine 12484:Emperor Constantine 12427:Emperor Constantine 12414:Emperor Constantine 12293:Emperor Constantine 12138:Emperor Constantine 11500:Richards, Jeffrey. 11483:Richards, Jeffrey. 10923:Emperor Constantine 10855:Emperor Constantine 10842:Emperor Constantine 10773:Emperor Constantine 9447:Emperor Constantine 9417:Emperor Constantine 9367:Emperor Constantine 9333:Emperor Constantine 9303:Emperor Constantine 9271:Sang, J.C. (1979). 9136:Qtd. in MacMullen, 9110:7(6)3.4; Eusebius, 8996:, 39; Odahl, 81–82. 8963:Emperor Constantine 8930:, 39; Odahl, 79–80. 8792:Emperor Constantine 8771:Emperor Constantine 8737:Emperor Constantine 8666:Emperor Constantine 8636:Emperor Constantine 8496:Sources Chrétiennes 8488:Emperor Constantine 8402:Emperor Constantine 8364:Emperor Constantine 8282:Emperor Constantine 7863:, pp. 524–525. 7846:Emperor Constantine 7196:Emperor of the West 7187:Emperor of the East 7155:Life of Constantine 6176:fabricated ancestry 5637:Constantine II 5621:Constantius II 4700:Henry of Huntingdon 4461:Life of Constantine 4308:Godfrey of Bouillon 4280:Julian the Apostate 4224:Politics portal 4143:Clerico-nationalism 3334:Error has no rights 2883:Passion of Artemius 2802:Julian the Apostate 2408:Constantinian shift 2374:Christian symbolism 2264:magister officiorum 2028:In Hoc Signo Vinces 1914:Ruricius Pompeianus 1868:), copy c. 1650 by 1522:Petronell-Carnuntum 1237:", the most severe 991:Flavius Constantius 921:Arch of Constantine 772:dynastic succession 734:classical antiquity 624:barbarian invasions 491:Flavius Constantius 455:of the established 449:Constantinian shift 373:Constantius Chlorus 224:, Roman Empire 206:, Roman Empire 19550:3rd-century births 19467:Britannic emperors 19461:Palmyrene emperors 19395:John V Palaiologos 19338:Alexios IV Angelos 19287:Constantine Doukas 19282:Alexios I Komnenos 19270:Constantine Doukas 19253:Michael VII Doukas 19215:Michael VI Bringas 18781:Romulus Augustulus 18404:Trebonianus Gallus 18397:Herennius Etruscus 18179:Byzantine emperors 17890:Our Lady of Fátima 17679:Ignatius of Loyola 17603:Catherine of Siena 17571:Pope Boniface VIII 17390:Benedict of Nursia 17359:Council of Ephesus 17196:Ante-Nicene period 17149:Split with Judaism 16983:Crusading movement 16816:Roman consul VIII 16743:Roman consul V–VI 16703:Petronius Annianus 16690:Petronius Annianus 16613:Political offices 16522:27 February 272 16136:. London: Milford. 16033:10.1093/gr/45.1.70 15301:History and Theory 14904:Past & Present 14690:Rome et son Empire 14610:. pp. 67–89. 14492:Barnes, Timothy D. 14108:Excerpta Valesiana 13903:Mierow, Charles C. 13672:Tricennial Oration 13461:Codex Justinianeus 13423:Codex Theodosianus 13386:Historia Arianorum 13368:Historia Arianorum 13079:Dominic Montserrat 12986:Jacob Burckhardt, 12977:8:1 (1969): 71–96. 12975:History and Theory 12840:. 17 January 2013. 12766:Ventennio Fascista 12360:. Dumbarton Oaks. 11966:Rome et son Empire 11856:Rome et son Empire 11822:Rome et son Empire 11701:Rome et son Empire 11663:Rome et son Empire 11442:Codex Theodosianus 11428:Codex Justinianeus 11405:Jonathan Bardill, 11180:The Climax of Rome 11069:Ramsey MacMullen, 10822:on 19 January 2016 10809:Byfield, Ted, ed. 10397:R. Ross Holloway, 10362:, 306; MacMullen, 9700:, 39–40; Elliott, 9582:, 36–37; Elliott, 9419:, 17; Potter, 352. 9411:, 34–35; Elliott, 9361:, 32–34; Elliott, 9192:, 30–31; Elliott, 8655:, 26; Potter, 342. 8276:, 39–40; Elliott, 7501:Rome and the Arabs 6929:Constantius Gallus 6681:Constantius Gallus 6556:Julius Constantius 6239:Maximiana Theodora 6107:THEODOSIAN DYNASTY 5872:Valentinian I 5613:Constantius Gallus 5575:Constantius Gallus 5324:Constantine I 5283:Julius Constantius 5046:Constantius I 4417: 4360:Ildefonso Schuster 4324:Macedonian dynasty 4304:Philip II of Spain 3520:Barbey d'Aurevilly 3350:Integral Education 3271:Counter-revolution 3213: 3103:), on 22 May 337. 3014: 2759: 2686: 2565: 2546: 2496:Anglican Communion 2491:Oriental Orthodoxy 2322:Serdica is my Rome 2309: 2301: 2189: 2097: 2094:Capitoline Museums 2023: 1956: 1874: 1838:Domitius Alexander 1830: 1821:A Roman fresco in 1556: 1493: 1457: 1442: 1403:Augusta Treverorum 1394: 1322: 1231: 1122:praetorian prefect 960: 915:, a collection of 483:Dacia Mediterranea 241:had the body moved 19635:Illyrian emperors 19522: 19521: 19360:John III Vatatzes 19306:Manuel I Komnenos 19045:Michael I Rangabe 18889: 18888: 18731:Petronius Maximus 18330:Severus Alexander 18298:Septimius Severus 18141: 18140: 18101:COVID-19 pandemic 18079:Pope Benedict XVI 17984:Pope John Paul II 17759:Pope Benedict XIV 17745:French Revolution 17729:Thirty Years' War 17719:Robert Bellarmine 17704:John of the Cross 17608:Pope Alexander VI 17593:Council of Vienne 17523:Francis of Assisi 17513:Pope Innocent III 17382:Early Middle Ages 17376: 17375: 17372: 17371: 17314:Arian controversy 17267: 17266: 17215:Apostolic Fathers 16867: 16866: 16858:Succeeded by 16840:Legendary titles 16826:Succeeded by 16793:Succeeded by 16783:Roman consul VII 16760:Succeeded by 16718:Succeeded by 16683:Succeeded by 16646:Succeeded by 16595:Succeeded by 16367:Library resources 16354:978-954-524-932-7 16337:978-0-06-254636-4 16291:978-0-300-03642-8 16243:978-0-85331-928-3 16189:978-0-03-083645-9 16161:978-0-00-686172-0 16102:978-1-107-42361-9 15882:978-2-226-17609-7 15838:978-0-8047-2630-6 15823:Treadgold, Warren 15724:978-0-19-975835-7 15488:978-0-14-014822-0 15455:MacMullen, Ramsay 15398:Lieu, Samuel N.C. 15344:978-0-19-504652-6 15152:978-0-300-13719-4 14598:978-1-405-11727-2 14507:978-0-674-16531-1 14372:Alföldi, Andrew. 14066:978-0-85323-752-5 13928:978-1-889758-77-0 13737:978-1-889758-93-0 13578:, second edition 13553:De Rebus Bellicis 13500:on 31 August 2012 13493:Codex Justinianus 13469:Code of Justinian 13270:978-0-19-822224-8 13246:, Book I, ch. 37. 13244:Historia Anglorum 13064:56:2 (2006), 449. 12929:Caesar Baronius, 12782:(2). Brill: 172. 12677:978-0-19-161640-2 12644:978-0-7190-5748-9 12617:978-0-19-268858-3 12509:978-0-19-816015-1 12367:978-0-88402-101-8 12245:Origo Constantini 12189:978-3-515-08721-6 12080:4.58–60; Barnes, 12026:978-973-8966-70-3 11996:978-973-8966-70-3 11920:978-1-60501-314-5 11880:Guthrie, 325–326. 11843:De Rebus Bellicis 11636:978-1-134-40317-2 11605:978-0-567-23050-8 11561:www.newadvent.org 11417:, p. 307, note 27 11415:978-0-521-76423-0 11223:"St. Constantine" 11162:According to the 11058:excerpta Vaticana 10976:978-90-04-42568-2 10910:978-1-60206-508-6 10889:978-1-4051-8471-7 10622:, 46; Odahl, 109. 10596:, 81; Odahl, 109. 10575:, 44; MacMullen, 10549:, 78; Odahl, 108. 10523:, 81; Odahl, 108. 10482:, 78; Odahl, 108. 10452:, 43; Curran, 68. 10435:978-0-367-76728-0 10366:, 73; Odahl, 319. 10327:1.27–29; Barnes, 10238:, 78; Odahl, 108. 10208:, 72; Odahl, 107. 10109:, 71; Odahl, 104. 10057:, 71; Odahl, 103. 10044:, 71; Odahl, 103. 9995:Panegyrici Latini 9968:, 71; Odahl, 101. 9964:, 41; MacMullen, 9958:Panegyrici Latini 9948:, 41; Odahl, 101. 9908:Panegyrici Latini 9894:, 41; MacMullen, 9834:, 40; Curran, 66. 9757:978-0-19-938113-5 9638:Eusebius (1965). 9628:, 304; Jones, 66. 9599:31–35; Eusebius, 9539:Panegyrici Latini 9527:Panegyrici Latini 9511:Panegyrici Latini 9284:978-0-19-924918-3 9257:978-0-19-924918-3 9219:978-0-520-34282-8 9108:Panegyrici Latini 8881:978-3-96272-518-1 8557:2.49–52; Barnes, 8532:10.6–11; Barnes, 8469:, 16.2; Elliott, 8307:978-0-231-51109-4 8240:978-1-4746-1322-4 8210:978-1-4129-8176-7 8180:978-1-6667-0186-9 8130:Panegyrici Latini 7995:978-0-89236-656-9 7968:978-0-415-17485-5 7805:Kaiser als Sieger 7783:Kaiser als Sieger 7542:on 5 October 2011 7416:Panegyrici Latini 7398:Claudius Gothicus 7346: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7090: 6732: 6731: 6583:Virius Nepotianus 6394:Flavius Dalmatius 6168:Claudius Gothicus 6126: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6101:Theodosius I 5265:Flavius Dalmatius 4704:Historia Anglorum 4682:'s supposed wife 4413:Peter Paul Rubens 4316:House of Habsburg 4291:Holy Roman Empire 4260: 4259: 4194:Orthodox Peronism 4137:Sodalitium Pianum 3109:Origo Constantini 3080:Lucian the Martyr 2996:Illness and death 2796:De Rebus Bellicis 2767:runaway inflation 2535: 2534: 2474:Venerated in 2338:Septimius Severus 2207:Battle of Cibalae 2164:was removed from 2162:Legio II Parthica 2127:Temple of Romulus 2110:Temple of Jupiter 2040:(Χ) traversed by 1785: 1784: 1598:damnatio memoriae 1350:Septimius Severus 1338:Britannia Secunda 1235:Great Persecution 1165:; his second was 989:. His father was 981:—was part of the 935:remains, and the 912:Panegyrici Latini 820:Origo Constantini 563:against emperors 481:Born in Naissus, 411: 410: 344: 343: 19677: 19630:Gothicus Maximus 19590:Byzantine saints 19370:John IV Laskaris 19343:Alexios V Doukas 19328:Isaac II Angelos 19294:John II Komnenos 19220:Isaac I Komnenos 19180:Constantine VIII 19170:John I Tzimiskes 18897:Byzantine Empire 18671: 18670: 18168: 18161: 18154: 18145: 18144: 18131: 18130: 18119: 18118: 18117: 18096:Patriarch Kirill 17969:Pope John Paul I 17774:Anti-clericalism 17754:Pope Innocent XI 17674:Society of Jesus 17659:Council of Trent 17613:Age of Discovery 17558:Late Middle Ages 17460:High Middle Ages 17450:East–West Schism 17334:Pope Sylvester I 17280: 17279: 17269: 17268: 17179:General epistles 17174:Pauline epistles 17107:John the Baptist 17090:Great Commission 17052: 17051: 17003:Catholic culture 16893: 16886: 16879: 16870: 16869: 16845:Preceded by 16805:Preceded by 16798:Valerius Maximus 16770:Preceded by 16732:Preceded by 16708:Roman consul IV 16697:Preceded by 16660:Preceded by 16618:Preceded by 16546: 16540:Preceded by 16530: 16523: 16505: 16504: 16427: 16425: 16423: 16418:on 15 March 2012 16417: 16411:. Archived from 16341: 16193: 16165: 16146: 16137: 16106: 16087: 16058: 16037: 16035: 16010: 15982: 15955: 15926: 15842: 15818: 15781: 15762: 15737:(1/2): 237–239. 15711: 15682: 15647: 15607: 15586: 15571:Études Normandes 15565: 15522: 15501: 15476:Mattingly, David 15472: 15450: 15421: 15393: 15372: 15348: 15324: 15295: 15283: 15251: 15214: 15185: 15156: 15132: 15114: 15085: 15048: 15011: 14992: 14963: 14934: 14915: 14898: 14861: 14832: 14795: 14773: 14744: 14725: 14703: 14686:Christol, Michel 14681: 14670:. Paris: Seuil. 14662: 14629: 14602: 14583: 14546: 14511: 14487: 14450: 14421: 14400: 14350:Unknown, trans. 14346: 14343: 14308: 14305: 14268: 14265: 14230: 14227: 14216:(Scholasticus), 14209: 14206: 14175: 14172: 14142: 14139: 14102: 14099: 14084: 14078: 14070: 14050: 14027: 14024: 14020: 14017: 14014:) first edition 13999: 13996: 13959: 13956: 13898: 13895: 13854: 13851: 13814: 13811: 13802:Breviarium Festi 13780: 13777: 13707: 13704: 13695:Vita Constantini 13670:, sometimes the 13628: 13625: 13621: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13607: 13604: 13584: 13581: 13577: 13574: 13556: 13529: 13526: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13465:Justinianic Code 13418: 13415: 13380: 13377: 13345: 13342: 13310: 13307: 13275: 13274: 13256: 13247: 13240: 13234: 13231: 13225: 13211: 13205: 13198: 13192: 13185: 13179: 13172: 13166: 13160: 13154: 13151: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13129:Canella, Tessa. 13126: 13120: 13113: 13107: 13097: 13091: 13088: 13082: 13071: 13065: 13054: 13048: 13045: 13039: 13036: 13030: 13023: 13017: 13014: 13008: 13005: 12999: 12992: 12984: 12978: 12971:Decline and Fall 12967: 12961: 12950: 12944: 12937: 12927: 12921: 12910: 12899: 12893: 12886: 12877: 12870: 12864: 12861: 12855: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12834: 12828: 12827: 12816: 12810: 12809: 12799: 12770:Capitolium Novum 12759: 12753: 12752:Seidel, 237–239. 12750: 12744: 12741: 12735: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12688: 12682: 12681: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12628: 12622: 12621: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12493: 12487: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12458: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12447: 12436: 12430: 12423: 12417: 12410: 12404: 12403: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12351: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12311: 12302: 12296: 12289: 12283: 12280: 12274: 12267: 12261: 12254: 12248: 12242: 12236: 12229: 12223: 12220:Vita Constantini 12216: 12210: 12209: 12165: 12159: 12147: 12141: 12134: 12128: 12125:Vita Constantini 12121: 12115: 12112:Vita Constantini 12108: 12102: 12095:Vita Constantini 12091: 12085: 12078:Vita Constantini 12074: 12068: 12061: 12055: 12044: 12038: 12035: 12029: 12018: 12012: 12005: 11999: 11988: 11982: 11975: 11969: 11962: 11956: 11950: 11944: 11943:Guthrie, 326–27. 11941: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11905: 11899: 11896: 11890: 11887: 11881: 11878: 11872: 11865: 11859: 11852: 11846: 11840: 11834: 11831: 11825: 11818: 11812: 11807:Cf. Paul Veyne, 11805: 11799: 11792: 11786: 11775: 11769: 11762: 11756: 11755: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11735:, archived from 11727: 11721: 11714: 11708: 11697: 11691: 11672: 11666: 11659: 11653: 11650: 11644: 11643: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11589: 11583: 11576: 11565: 11564: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11520: 11514: 11511: 11505: 11498: 11492: 11481: 11475: 11465: 11459: 11454:Cf. Paul Veyne, 11452: 11446: 11438: 11432: 11424: 11418: 11401:Robin Lane Fox, 11399: 11393: 11386: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11358: 11352: 11342:Pontifex Maximus 11339: 11333: 11326: 11320: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11290:See Lactantius, 11288: 11282: 11281: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11245: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11193: 11187: 11178:(Michael Grant, 11176:Constantinopolis 11160: 11154: 11147: 11141: 11124: 11118: 11100: 11091: 11084: 11078: 11067: 11061: 11055:Petrus Patricius 11052: 11046: 11041:Gilbert Dagron, 11039: 11033: 11026: 11020: 11013: 11007: 11000: 10994: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10961: 10955: 10948: 10939: 10932: 10926: 10919: 10913: 10898: 10892: 10877: 10871: 10864: 10858: 10851: 10845: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10818:. Archived from 10807: 10801: 10794: 10785: 10782: 10776: 10769: 10763: 10759: 10753: 10750: 10744: 10737: 10731: 10728: 10722: 10715: 10709: 10706: 10700: 10693: 10687: 10684: 10678: 10671: 10662: 10655: 10649: 10642: 10636: 10629: 10623: 10616: 10610: 10603: 10597: 10586: 10580: 10569: 10563: 10556: 10550: 10539: 10533: 10530: 10524: 10517: 10511: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10472: 10466: 10459: 10453: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10421: 10415: 10412: 10406: 10395: 10389: 10382: 10376: 10373: 10367: 10356: 10350: 10347: 10341: 10338: 10332: 10325:Vita Constantini 10321: 10315: 10308:Vita Constantini 10304: 10298: 10287: 10281: 10274: 10268: 10265: 10256: 10245: 10239: 10228: 10222: 10215: 10209: 10202: 10196: 10189: 10180: 10177: 10171: 10168: 10162: 10155: 10149: 10142: 10136: 10129: 10123: 10116: 10110: 10099: 10093: 10086: 10080: 10073: 10067: 10064: 10058: 10051: 10045: 10034: 10028: 10021: 10015: 10008: 10002: 9992: 9986: 9975: 9969: 9955: 9949: 9942: 9933: 9926: 9920: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9888: 9882: 9871: 9865: 9854: 9848: 9841: 9835: 9828: 9822: 9811: 9805: 9798: 9792: 9785: 9779: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9733: 9727: 9726:, 38; Odahl, 96. 9720: 9714: 9711: 9705: 9704:, 44; Odahl, 96. 9694: 9688: 9677: 9671: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9635: 9629: 9614: 9608: 9593: 9587: 9576: 9570: 9563: 9557: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9508: 9502: 9499: 9493: 9486: 9480: 9469: 9463: 9456: 9450: 9439: 9433: 9426: 9420: 9405: 9396: 9389: 9383: 9382:, 33; Jones, 61. 9376: 9370: 9355: 9349: 9342: 9336: 9325: 9319: 9312: 9306: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9241: 9235: 9223: 9203: 9197: 9186: 9180: 9173: 9167: 9160: 9154: 9147: 9141: 9134: 9128: 9121: 9115: 9112:Vita Constantini 9105: 9099: 9096: 9090: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9068: 9061: 9055: 9054:29 (1933): 3–12. 9044: 9038: 9033: 9027: 9024: 9018: 9003: 8997: 8990: 8984: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8966: 8959: 8953: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8931: 8916: 8907: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8852: 8845: 8839: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8817: 8810: 8804: 8801: 8795: 8780: 8774: 8759: 8753: 8746: 8740: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8706: 8703: 8697: 8696:, 32; Odahl, 73. 8690:Vita Constantini 8675: 8669: 8662: 8656: 8651:19.2–6; Barnes, 8645: 8639: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8613: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8585: 8579: 8568: 8562: 8555:Vita Constantini 8551: 8545: 8526: 8520: 8519:, 30; Odahl, 73. 8509: 8503: 8480: 8474: 8463: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8437: 8431: 8424: 8418: 8411: 8405: 8390: 8384: 8373: 8367: 8352: 8343: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8325: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8291: 8285: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8254:Gibbon, Edward. 8251: 8245: 8244: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8164: 8158: 8151: 8145: 8140:1.13.3; Barnes, 8138:Vita Constantini 8127: 8121: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8083: 8077: 8069: 8058: 8047: 8039: 8025: 8016: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7894: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7849: 7834: 7828: 7817: 7808: 7801: 7795: 7792: 7786: 7779: 7773: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7729: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7689: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7667: 7664:Vita Constantini 7660: 7654: 7651: 7645: 7638: 7632: 7625: 7619: 7616: 7610: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7508: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7479: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7463: 7441: 7426: 7420: 7411: 7405: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7330: 7325: 7307: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7249: 7243: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7218: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7197: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7128: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7108: 7107: 6740: 6739: 6149: 6148: 6128: 6127: 4793: 4792: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4726:Kings of Britain 4723: 4697: 4633:High Middle Ages 4621:Lateran Basilica 4617:Pope Sylvester I 4609:Latin Christians 4582: 4542:Norman H. Baynes 4531:Ramsay MacMullen 4519: 4509:(1920–1923) and 4507: 4495: 4478:Jacob Burckhardt 4345: 4268:Scipio Africanus 4252: 4245: 4238: 4222: 4221: 4148:Clerical fascism 4057:Milícia Catalana 4011:Action Française 3345:Gelasian Diarchy 3276:Decentralization 3246:Authoritarianism 3188: 3187: 3042: 3033: 3024: 2964:Brazda lui Novac 2918: 2906: 2870:Vita Constantini 2840: 2824: 2745:Monetary reforms 2690:equestrian order 2622:venerable Sunday 2570:pontifex maximus 2561:Pope Sylvester I 2521:, Constantinople 2515: 2440: 2420: 2419: 2396:Religious policy 2366:Hermitage Museum 2346:Constantinopolis 2271:and finally the 2211:Battle of Mardia 2158:Lateran Basilica 2056:wearing a helmet 2049: 2048: 1960:Praetorian Guard 1707: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1673: 1672: 1561:Chalon-sur-Saône 1192:heir presumptive 1102: 1087: 971:Palmyrene Empire 968: 965: 802:Vita Constantini 759:Byzantine Empire 719:High Middle Ages 679:Pope Sylvester I 621: 613: 468:Constantinianism 461:religiopolitical 422: 419: 320: 319: 278: 197: 194: 124: 72: 44: 32: 31: 19685: 19684: 19680: 19679: 19678: 19676: 19675: 19674: 19655:People from Niš 19645:Military saints 19640:Illyrian people 19525: 19524: 19523: 19518: 19511: 19455:Gallic emperors 19443: 19131:Constantine VII 18912:Constantine III 18899: 18896: 18885: 18794: 18786: 18725:Valentinian III 18713:Constantius III 18707:Priscus Attalus 18691:Constantine III 18677: 18669: 18559:Valerius Valens 18504: 18496: 18342: 18334: 18293:Didius Julianus 18273:Marcus Aurelius 18190: 18182: 18172: 18142: 18137: 18125: 18115: 18113: 18105: 18027:World Youth Day 18005: 17994:World Youth Day 17938:Pacem in terris 17932:Pope John XXIII 17871: 17798: 17789:Edict of Nantes 17747: 17743: 17733: 17699:Teresa of Ávila 17694:Tridentine Mass 17630: 17626: 17617: 17598:Knights Templar 17552: 17454: 17410:Gregorian chant 17368: 17294: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17275: 17263: 17190: 17059: 17047: 17039: 16906: 16904:Catholic Church 16897: 16863: 16853:King of Britain 16848: 16835: 16831: 16820: 16818: 16812: 16808: 16800: 16796: 16787: 16785: 16779: 16777:Julius Julianus 16775: 16765: 16763: 16754: 16747: 16745: 16739: 16735: 16727: 16725:Vettius Rufinus 16723: 16712: 16710: 16704: 16702: 16692: 16688: 16677: 16673: 16671: 16665: 16663: 16655: 16651: 16637: 16635: 16627: 16623: 16608: 16604: 16600: 16586:Valerius Valens 16576: 16557: 16556:306–337 16555: 16547: 16542: 16524: 16518: 16517: 16510: 16421: 16419: 16415: 16407:Firth, John B. 16397: 16396: 16395: 16375: 16374: 16370: 16363: 16338: 16318:Wayback Machine 16211:Harries, Jill. 16190: 16162: 16117:Arjava, Antii. 16114: 16112:Further reading 16109: 16103: 16076:10.2307/1291584 16020:Greece and Rome 16007: 15979: 15839: 15799:10.2307/3162367 15778: 15679: 15644: 15604: 15556:(XCIII): 1–17. 15469: 15418: 15390: 15369: 15345: 15313:10.2307/2504190 15280: 15260:J.R. Martindale 15232:10.2307/3163949 15203:10.2307/1087057 15153: 15008: 14981:10.2307/1088553 14952:10.2307/1088714 14931: 14879:10.2307/3168653 14813:10.2307/2849245 14792: 14770: 14741: 14722: 14708:Corcoran, Simon 14700: 14678: 14659: 14626: 14599: 14535: 14508: 14397: 14389:. Verso Books. 14381:Anderson, Perry 14368: 14363: 14344: 14306: 14266: 14228: 14207: 14173: 14140: 14100: 14072: 14071: 14067: 14025: 14018: 13997: 13957: 13896: 13858:Pearse, Roger, 13852: 13812: 13778: 13705: 13626: 13619: 13612: 13605: 13582: 13575: 13527: 13503: 13501: 13427:Theodosian Code 13416: 13378: 13343: 13308: 13296:of Alexandria. 13289: 13287:Ancient sources 13284: 13279: 13278: 13271: 13257: 13250: 13241: 13237: 13232: 13228: 13212: 13208: 13199: 13195: 13186: 13182: 13173: 13169: 13161: 13157: 13152: 13148: 13138: 13136: 13127: 13123: 13115:Peter Heather, 13114: 13110: 13098: 13094: 13089: 13085: 13072: 13068: 13055: 13051: 13046: 13042: 13037: 13033: 13024: 13020: 13015: 13011: 13006: 13002: 12985: 12981: 12968: 12964: 12952:Edward Gibbon, 12951: 12947: 12928: 12924: 12900: 12896: 12887: 12880: 12871: 12867: 12862: 12858: 12849: 12845: 12836: 12835: 12831: 12818: 12817: 12813: 12760: 12756: 12751: 12747: 12742: 12738: 12733: 12729: 12722: 12706: 12702: 12689: 12685: 12678: 12664: 12663: 12659: 12649: 12647: 12645: 12629: 12625: 12618: 12602: 12598: 12591: 12575: 12571: 12564: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12521: 12517: 12510: 12494: 12490: 12481: 12477: 12467: 12465: 12460: 12459: 12455: 12445: 12443: 12438: 12437: 12433: 12424: 12420: 12416:, 71, figure 9. 12411: 12407: 12400: 12386: 12382: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12352: 12348: 12340: 12326:10.2307/1291047 12309: 12303: 12299: 12290: 12286: 12281: 12277: 12268: 12264: 12255: 12251: 12243: 12239: 12230: 12226: 12217: 12213: 12190: 12166: 12162: 12148: 12144: 12135: 12131: 12122: 12118: 12109: 12105: 12092: 12088: 12075: 12071: 12062: 12058: 12045: 12041: 12036: 12032: 12019: 12015: 12006: 12002: 11989: 11985: 11981:, 189 & 191 11976: 11972: 11963: 11959: 11951: 11947: 11942: 11935: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11907: 11906: 11902: 11897: 11893: 11888: 11884: 11879: 11875: 11869:L'Empire Romain 11866: 11862: 11853: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11832: 11828: 11819: 11815: 11806: 11802: 11793: 11789: 11776: 11772: 11766:L'Empire Romain 11763: 11759: 11752:L'Empire Romain 11742: 11740: 11739:on 20 July 2012 11729: 11728: 11724: 11718:L'Empire Romain 11715: 11711: 11705:L'Empire Romain 11698: 11694: 11684:Claude Lepelley 11673: 11669: 11660: 11656: 11651: 11647: 11637: 11621: 11617: 11606: 11590: 11586: 11577: 11568: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11535: 11521: 11517: 11512: 11508: 11499: 11495: 11482: 11478: 11466: 11462: 11453: 11449: 11439: 11435: 11425: 11421: 11400: 11396: 11390:Medieval Worlds 11387: 11383: 11375: 11371: 11359: 11355: 11349:Wayback Machine 11340: 11336: 11327: 11323: 11317:Medieval Worlds 11314: 11310: 11302: 11298: 11289: 11285: 11278: 11264: 11260: 11247: 11246: 11242: 11232: 11230: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11206: 11204: 11195: 11194: 11190: 11161: 11157: 11149:Philostorgius, 11148: 11144: 11134:Wayback Machine 11125: 11121: 11101: 11094: 11085: 11081: 11068: 11064: 11053: 11049: 11040: 11036: 11027: 11023: 11014: 11010: 11001: 10997: 10988: 10984: 10977: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10949: 10942: 10933: 10929: 10920: 10916: 10899: 10895: 10878: 10874: 10868:L'Empire Romain 10865: 10861: 10852: 10848: 10839: 10835: 10825: 10823: 10814: 10808: 10804: 10798:L'Empire Romain 10795: 10788: 10783: 10779: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10747: 10738: 10734: 10729: 10725: 10716: 10712: 10707: 10703: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10681: 10672: 10665: 10656: 10652: 10643: 10639: 10630: 10626: 10617: 10613: 10604: 10600: 10587: 10583: 10570: 10566: 10557: 10553: 10540: 10536: 10531: 10527: 10518: 10514: 10502: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10473: 10469: 10460: 10456: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10409: 10396: 10392: 10383: 10379: 10374: 10370: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10344: 10339: 10335: 10322: 10318: 10305: 10301: 10288: 10284: 10275: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10246: 10242: 10229: 10225: 10216: 10212: 10203: 10199: 10190: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10169: 10165: 10156: 10152: 10143: 10139: 10130: 10126: 10117: 10113: 10100: 10096: 10087: 10083: 10074: 10070: 10065: 10061: 10052: 10048: 10035: 10031: 10022: 10018: 10009: 10005: 9993: 9989: 9976: 9972: 9956: 9952: 9943: 9936: 9927: 9923: 9918: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9889: 9885: 9872: 9868: 9860:, 41; Elliott, 9855: 9851: 9842: 9838: 9829: 9825: 9812: 9808: 9799: 9795: 9786: 9782: 9769: 9765: 9758: 9734: 9730: 9721: 9717: 9712: 9708: 9695: 9691: 9683:, 41; Elliott, 9678: 9674: 9666:, 39; Elliott, 9661: 9657: 9650: 9636: 9632: 9615: 9611: 9603:8.16; Elliott, 9594: 9590: 9577: 9573: 9564: 9560: 9549: 9545: 9537: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9509: 9505: 9500: 9496: 9487: 9483: 9470: 9466: 9457: 9453: 9440: 9436: 9427: 9423: 9406: 9399: 9390: 9386: 9377: 9373: 9356: 9352: 9343: 9339: 9326: 9322: 9313: 9309: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9242: 9238: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9187: 9183: 9174: 9170: 9161: 9157: 9148: 9144: 9135: 9131: 9122: 9118: 9106: 9102: 9097: 9093: 9084: 9080: 9075: 9071: 9062: 9058: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9021: 9009:, 29; Elliott, 9004: 9000: 8991: 8987: 8982: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8960: 8956: 8947: 8943: 8938: 8934: 8922:, 29; Elliott, 8917: 8910: 8901: 8897: 8882: 8868: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8846: 8842: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8798: 8781: 8777: 8765:, 27; Elliott, 8760: 8756: 8747: 8743: 8727:, 27; Elliott, 8722: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8680:4; Lactantius, 8676: 8672: 8663: 8659: 8646: 8642: 8629: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8586: 8582: 8569: 8565: 8552: 8548: 8536:, 21; Elliott, 8527: 8523: 8510: 8506: 8481: 8477: 8464: 8460: 8451: 8447: 8438: 8434: 8425: 8421: 8412: 8408: 8391: 8387: 8374: 8370: 8353: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8292: 8288: 8267: 8263: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8165: 8161: 8153:Drijvers, J.W. 8152: 8148: 8136:8.7; Eusebius, 8128: 8124: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8084: 8080: 8067: 8059: 8050: 8037: 8026: 8019: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7892: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7859: 7852: 7835: 7831: 7818: 7811: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7749: 7745: 7736: 7732: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7666:1.11; Odahl, 3. 7661: 7657: 7652: 7648: 7639: 7635: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7595: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7498: 7494: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7427: 7423: 7412: 7408: 7402:Flavian dynasty 7395: 7391: 7386: 7382: 7368: 7365:Philip the Arab 7362: 7358: 7322:Classical Latin 7320: 7305: 7288: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7200: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7076: 7026: 7003: 6907: 6889: 6761: 6734: 6698: 6425: 6388: 6233: 6180: 6105: 6104:Eastern emperor 6103: 6087: 6086:Western emperor 6085: 6072: 5876: 5875:Western emperor 5874: 5804: 5671: 5662: 5655: 5654:Western emperor 5653: 5642: 5641:Western emperor 5640: 5626: 5624: 5610: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5560: 5328: 5308: 5287: 5285: 5277: 5267: 5259:250-308-324-325 5258: 5253: 5251: 5079:Western emperor 5078: 5069: 5052: 5051:Western emperor 5050: 4846:Western emperor 4845: 4787: 4784: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4732:origins to the 4687: 4660: 4645:Dante Alighieri 4629:Pope Stephen II 4606: 4600: 4550:Andreas Alföldi 4457:Caesar Baronius 4399: 4356:Catholic Church 4343: 4320:House of Stuart 4256: 4216: 4209: 4208: 4097: 4089: 4088: 4051:Integrist Party 4018:Acción Española 4005: 3997: 3996: 3977:El Siglo Futuro 3929:Papal documents 3916:Treatise on Law 3902:The City of God 3891: 3883: 3882: 3738: 3730: 3729: 3500: 3492: 3491: 3477:Israeli/Zionist 3450: 3442: 3441: 3417:Social Kingship 3261:Confessionalism 3231:Anti-liberalism 3221: 3186: 3117:Aurelius Victor 3063: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3025: 2998: 2974:Dacicus maximus 2930: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2896: 2894:Later campaigns 2856: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2841: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2814: 2747: 2671: 2655:Hebrew calendar 2651:Julian calendar 2510: 2505: 2501:Lutheran Church 2454: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2404: 2398: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2198:summa divinitas 2184:of the Emperor 2174: 2106:Capitoline Hill 2082: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1978:Sibylline Books 1894:Battle of Turin 1786: 1781: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1670: 1665: 1659: 1539: 1478: 1464:) and Arelate ( 1383: 1326:English Channel 1302:, at Bononia] ( 1287: 1200: 1173:. According to 1171:Felix Romuliana 1152:in 288 or 289. 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1088: 966: 945: 880:Aurelius Victor 792: 764:Hieronymus Wolf 744:and renamed it 671:Catholic Church 657:and later as a 628:Roman frontiers 420: 407: 314: 272: 271: 263: 242: 233:Originally the 215: 198: 195: 190: 177: 150:(306–308, 310) 126: 125: 120: 109: 70: 54: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19683: 19673: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19520: 19519: 19516: 19513: 19512: 19510: 19509: 19508: 19507: 19502: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19476: 19470: 19464: 19458: 19451: 19449: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19426: 19414: 19409: 19397: 19392: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19291: 19279: 19274: 19250: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19210:Theodora (III) 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19106: 19101: 19089: 19077: 19072: 19060: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19025:Constantine VI 19022: 19017: 19001: 18996: 18991: 18989:Theodosius III 18986: 18981: 18976: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18934:Constantine IV 18931: 18926: 18914: 18909: 18903: 18901: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18883: 18878: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18798: 18796: 18792:Eastern Empire 18788: 18787: 18785: 18784: 18777: 18772: 18765: 18758: 18753: 18746: 18741: 18734: 18727: 18722: 18715: 18710: 18703: 18687: 18681: 18679: 18675:Western Empire 18668: 18667: 18660: 18648:Magnus Maximus 18644: 18642:Valentinian II 18639: 18634: 18629: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18595: 18588: 18581: 18576: 18574:Constantius II 18571: 18569:Constantine II 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18539: 18534: 18529: 18524: 18519: 18514: 18508: 18506: 18498: 18497: 18495: 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18437: 18432: 18424: 18419: 18401: 18389: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18346: 18344: 18336: 18335: 18333: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18268:Antoninus Pius 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18194: 18192: 18191:27 BC – AD 235 18184: 18183: 18171: 18170: 18163: 18156: 18148: 18139: 18138: 18136: 18135: 18123: 18110: 18107: 18106: 18104: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18075: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18024: 18019: 18013: 18011: 18007: 18006: 18004: 18003: 18002: 18001: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17934: 17929: 17922: 17917: 17915:Lateran Treaty 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17881: 17879: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17869: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17806: 17804: 17800: 17799: 17797: 17796: 17791: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17750: 17748: 17740:Baroque period 17738: 17735: 17734: 17732: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17709:Peter Canisius 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17684:Francis Xavier 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17648:Exsurge Domine 17644: 17639: 17633: 17631: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17616: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17588:Pope Clement V 17585: 17584: 17583: 17581:Avignon Papacy 17576:Western Schism 17573: 17568: 17566:Thomas Aquinas 17562: 17560: 17554: 17553: 17551: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17464: 17462: 17456: 17455: 17453: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17420:Saint Boniface 17417: 17412: 17407: 17405:Pope Gregory I 17402: 17397: 17392: 17386: 17384: 17378: 17377: 17374: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17367: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17344:Biblical canon 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17310: 17309: 17298: 17296: 17277: 17273:Late antiquity 17265: 17264: 17262: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17240: 17239: 17234: 17233: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17220:Pope Clement I 17210:Church Fathers 17207: 17201: 17199: 17192: 17191: 17189: 17188: 17187: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17135: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17093: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17066: 17064: 17049: 17041: 17040: 17038: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17016: 17015: 17010: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16979: 16978: 16973: 16971:Biblical canon 16966:Catholic Bible 16963: 16962: 16961: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16928: 16927: 16916: 16914: 16908: 16907: 16896: 16895: 16888: 16881: 16873: 16865: 16864: 16859: 16856: 16849: 16846: 16842: 16841: 16837: 16836: 16827: 16824: 16813: 16810:Vettius Iustus 16806: 16802: 16801: 16794: 16791: 16780: 16771: 16767: 16766: 16764:Constantine II 16761: 16758: 16756:Constantine II 16740: 16733: 16729: 16728: 16719: 16716: 16705: 16698: 16694: 16693: 16684: 16681: 16666: 16661: 16657: 16656: 16647: 16644: 16628: 16619: 16615: 16614: 16610: 16609: 16602:Constantius II 16598:Constantine II 16596: 16593: 16548: 16541: 16537: 16536: 16535:Regnal titles 16532: 16531: 16511: 16508: 16503: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16490:Commemorations 16487: 16482: 16477: 16462: 16447: 16442: 16428: 16404: 16394: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16377: 16376: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16361:External links 16359: 16358: 16357: 16356:(in Bulgarian) 16342: 16336: 16321: 16307: 16293: 16279: 16276: 16246: 16231: 16209: 16194: 16188: 16175: 16166: 16160: 16147: 16138: 16129: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16107: 16101: 16088: 16059: 16049:(2): 531–535. 16038: 16011: 16005: 15990: 15983: 15977: 15956: 15938:(2): 511–524. 15927: 15898: 15884: 15867: 15850: 15843: 15837: 15819: 15793:(2): 145–155. 15787:Church History 15782: 15776: 15763: 15743:10.2307/766771 15726: 15712: 15683: 15677: 15656: 15642: 15627: 15616: 15602: 15587: 15566: 15545: 15523: 15513:(3): 309–323. 15502: 15490: 15473: 15467: 15451: 15439:10.1086/449431 15433:(2): 198–209. 15422: 15416: 15394: 15388: 15373: 15367: 15349: 15343: 15331:, ed. (1991). 15325: 15296: 15284: 15278: 15252: 15226:(2): 149–163. 15220:Church History 15215: 15197:(4): 325–331. 15186: 15174:10.1086/486406 15157: 15151: 15133: 15119:Gibbon, Edward 15115: 15086: 15066:10.2307/300874 15049: 15029:10.2307/301456 15012: 15006: 14993: 14975:(2): 162–171. 14964: 14946:(4): 420–438. 14935: 14929: 14916: 14899: 14867:Church History 14862: 14850:10.1086/367077 14833: 14796: 14790: 14774: 14768: 14753: 14739: 14726: 14720: 14704: 14698: 14682: 14676: 14663: 14657: 14630: 14624: 14603: 14597: 14584: 14564:10.2307/300656 14547: 14533: 14512: 14506: 14488: 14468:10.2307/299163 14451: 14439:10.2307/988835 14422: 14401: 14395: 14377: 14369: 14367: 14366:Modern sources 14364: 14362: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14327: 14326: 14325: 14300:Church History 14289: 14288: 14287: 14260:Church History 14249: 14248: 14247: 14222:Church History 14211: 14190: 14189: 14188: 14167:Church History 14156: 14144: 14121: 14120: 14119: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14065: 14040: 14001: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13958: 313–315 13938: 13937: 13936: 13935: 13934: 13917: 13912:Online at the 13877: 13876: 13875: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13795: 13794: 13793: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13757: 13740: 13724: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13648:Church History 13644: 13634:Church History 13599:Church History 13586: 13571:first edition 13562: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13487: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13453:AncientRome.ru 13449: 13420: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13364: 13363: 13362: 13329: 13328: 13327: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13269: 13248: 13235: 13226: 13206: 13193: 13180: 13167: 13155: 13146: 13121: 13108: 13092: 13083: 13066: 13049: 13040: 13031: 13018: 13009: 13000: 12979: 12962: 12945: 12922: 12894: 12878: 12865: 12856: 12843: 12829: 12811: 12754: 12745: 12736: 12727: 12720: 12700: 12683: 12676: 12657: 12643: 12623: 12616: 12596: 12589: 12569: 12563:978-1421401652 12562: 12542: 12536:978-1843841821 12535: 12515: 12508: 12488: 12475: 12453: 12431: 12418: 12405: 12398: 12380: 12366: 12346: 12297: 12284: 12275: 12262: 12249: 12237: 12224: 12211: 12188: 12160: 12142: 12129: 12116: 12103: 12097:4.61; Barnes, 12086: 12069: 12056: 12039: 12030: 12013: 12000: 11983: 11970: 11957: 11945: 11933: 11919: 11900: 11891: 11882: 11873: 11860: 11847: 11835: 11826: 11813: 11800: 11787: 11770: 11757: 11722: 11709: 11692: 11674:As equestrian 11667: 11654: 11645: 11635: 11615: 11604: 11584: 11566: 11548: 11533: 11515: 11506: 11493: 11476: 11460: 11447: 11433: 11419: 11394: 11381: 11379:, p. 395. 11369: 11353: 11334: 11321: 11308: 11296: 11283: 11276: 11258: 11240: 11214: 11188: 11155: 11142: 11119: 11092: 11079: 11077:ed., 1987, 149 11062: 11047: 11034: 11021: 11008: 10995: 10982: 10975: 10956: 10940: 10927: 10914: 10893: 10872: 10859: 10846: 10833: 10802: 10786: 10777: 10764: 10754: 10745: 10732: 10723: 10710: 10708:Curran, 83–85. 10701: 10688: 10686:Curran, 80–83. 10679: 10663: 10650: 10637: 10624: 10611: 10598: 10581: 10564: 10551: 10534: 10525: 10512: 10496: 10484: 10467: 10454: 10441: 10434: 10416: 10407: 10390: 10377: 10368: 10351: 10342: 10333: 10316: 10299: 10282: 10269: 10257: 10251:44.8; Barnes, 10240: 10223: 10210: 10197: 10181: 10172: 10163: 10150: 10137: 10124: 10111: 10094: 10081: 10068: 10059: 10046: 10029: 10016: 10003: 9987: 9970: 9950: 9934: 9921: 9912: 9900: 9883: 9866: 9849: 9836: 9823: 9806: 9793: 9780: 9763: 9756: 9728: 9715: 9706: 9689: 9672: 9655: 9648: 9630: 9624:8.17; Barnes, 9620:34; Eusebius, 9609: 9588: 9571: 9558: 9543: 9531: 9519: 9513:6(7); Barnes, 9503: 9494: 9481: 9475:30.1; Barnes, 9464: 9451: 9434: 9421: 9397: 9384: 9371: 9350: 9337: 9320: 9307: 9290: 9283: 9263: 9256: 9236: 9218: 9198: 9181: 9168: 9155: 9142: 9129: 9116: 9100: 9091: 9078: 9069: 9056: 9039: 9028: 9019: 8998: 8985: 8976: 8967: 8954: 8941: 8932: 8908: 8895: 8880: 8862: 8860:Treadgold, 28. 8853: 8840: 8827: 8818: 8805: 8796: 8775: 8754: 8741: 8716: 8707: 8698: 8670: 8657: 8640: 8623: 8614: 8605: 8603:25; Odahl, 73. 8593: 8580: 8563: 8546: 8521: 8504: 8475: 8458: 8445: 8432: 8419: 8406: 8385: 8368: 8358:, 3; Elliott, 8344: 8335: 8326: 8313: 8306: 8286: 8261: 8246: 8239: 8219: 8209: 8189: 8179: 8159: 8146: 8122: 8109: 8102: 8096:. p. 47. 8078: 8063:Constantinus 2 8048: 8017: 8001: 7994: 7974: 7967: 7947: 7911:10.2307/300873 7877: 7875:, p. 223. 7865: 7850: 7829: 7809: 7796: 7787: 7774: 7765: 7756: 7743: 7730: 7717: 7708: 7699: 7690: 7677: 7668: 7655: 7646: 7633: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7580: 7573: 7553: 7527: 7518: 7509: 7492: 7489:. 25 May 2023. 7474: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7421: 7406: 7389: 7380: 7372: 244–249 7356: 7244: 7231: 7219: 7210: 7198: 7189: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7115: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6996:Constantius II 6992: 6990: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6882:Constantine II 6878: 6876: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6678: 6676: 6671: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6574: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6133: 6132: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5664: 5659: 5657: 5646: 5644: 5633: 5631: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5598: 5591: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5289: 5280: 5278: 5271: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4745: 4742: 4680:Magnus Maximus 4659: 4653: 4637:temporal power 4613:legend emerged 4602:Main article: 4599: 4596: 4558:Timothy Barnes 4511:André Piganiol 4486:Henri Grégoire 4398: 4397:Historiography 4395: 4312:House of Capet 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4199:Third Position 4196: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4102:Traditionalism 4098: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3896:Catholic Bible 3892: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3803:Lamamié (Juan) 3800: 3798:Lamamié (José) 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437:Ultramontanism 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3362: 3360:Integral state 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3322:Deposing power 3315: 3309: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3284: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3226:Anti-communism 3222: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3185: 3182: 3158:Constantius II 3154:Fourth Crusade 3054:Constantius II 3050:Constantine II 3047: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3015: 2997: 2994: 2920: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2842: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2757:of Constantine 2746: 2743: 2699:perfectissimus 2683:British Museum 2670: 2667: 2595:triumphal arch 2533: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2468:Constantinople 2465: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2451:donor portrait 2441: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2400:Main article: 2397: 2394: 2350:Constantinople 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2219:Constantine II 2194:Edict of Milan 2192:the so-called 2173: 2170: 2166:Albano Laziale 2142:Circus Maximus 2081: 2078: 1994:Main article: 1985: 1982: 1964:Aurelian Walls 1812:bishop of Rome 1783: 1782: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1742:Milvian Bridge 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1655: 1639:laurel wreaths 1585:hanged himself 1538: 1535: 1477: 1474: 1450:Constantine II 1430:Public baths ( 1382: 1379: 1346:Hadrian's Wall 1286: 1283: 1199: 1196: 1185:. In spite of 1169:, a native of 1104: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 995:Dacia Ripensis 944: 941: 845:ecclesiastical 805:—a mixture of 791: 788: 750:Constantinople 715:temporal power 683:Edict of Milan 561:the civil wars 505:. His mother, 476:Constantinople 435:. He played a 409: 408: 406: 405: 399: 392: 390: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 370: 366: 365: 360: 354: 353: 350: 346: 345: 342: 341: 337: 336: 330: 329: 325: 324: 316: 315: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 295:Constantius II 292: 290:Constantine II 287: 281: 279: 265: 264: 262: 261: 256: 250: 248: 244: 243: 239:Constantius II 232: 230: 226: 225: 212: 208: 207: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 176: 175: 169: 163: 157: 151: 145: 139: 133: 119: 118: 117: 115: 111: 110: 108: 107: 102: 100:Constantius II 97: 95:Constantine II 91: 89: 85: 84: 78: 74: 73: 67: 63: 62: 56: 55: 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19682: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19600:City founders 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19532: 19530: 19514: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19497: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19480: 19477: 19474: 19471: 19468: 19465: 19462: 19459: 19456: 19453: 19452: 19450: 19446: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19424: 19423: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19407: 19406: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19355: 19354: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19323: 19322: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19301: 19300: 19295: 19292: 19289: 19288: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19272: 19271: 19266: 19265: 19260: 19259: 19254: 19251: 19248: 19247: 19242: 19241: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19155: 19154: 19149: 19148: 19143: 19142: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19116: 19115: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19099: 19098: 19093: 19092:Theodora (II) 19090: 19087: 19086: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19070: 19069: 19064: 19061: 19058: 19057: 19052: 19051: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19015: 19014: 19013: 19007: 19006: 19002: 19000: 18999:Constantine V 18997: 18995: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18984:Anastasius II 18982: 18980: 18977: 18974: 18973: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18947: 18946: 18941: 18940: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18924: 18923: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18904: 18902: 18898: 18892: 18882: 18879: 18876: 18875: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18839: 18838: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18807:Theodosius II 18805: 18803: 18800: 18799: 18797: 18793: 18789: 18783: 18782: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18770: 18766: 18764: 18763: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18751: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18739: 18735: 18733: 18732: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18720: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18708: 18704: 18701: 18700: 18699: 18693: 18692: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18682: 18680: 18676: 18672: 18666: 18665: 18661: 18658: 18657: 18656: 18650: 18649: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18627: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18615:Valentinian I 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18600: 18596: 18594: 18593: 18589: 18587: 18586: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18544: 18540: 18538: 18537:Constantine I 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18527:Constantius I 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18509: 18507: 18503: 18499: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18447: 18446: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18430: 18429: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18410: 18405: 18402: 18399: 18398: 18393: 18390: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18347: 18345: 18341: 18337: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18320: 18319: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18189: 18185: 18180: 18176: 18169: 18164: 18162: 18157: 18155: 18150: 18149: 18146: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18122: 18112: 18111: 18108: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18091: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18029: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18014: 18012: 18008: 18000: 17997: 17996: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17974:Mother Teresa 17972: 17970: 17967: 17964: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17939: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17927: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17900:Pope Pius XII 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17882: 17880: 17878: 17874: 17868: 17867: 17866:Rerum novarum 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17850:Pope Leo XIII 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17820:United States 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17810:Pope Pius VII 17808: 17807: 17805: 17801: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17649: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17625: 17620: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17582: 17579: 17578: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17563: 17561: 17559: 17555: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17493:Scholasticism 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17468:Pope Urban II 17466: 17465: 17463: 17461: 17457: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17308: 17305: 17304: 17303: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17293: 17285: 17281: 17278: 17274: 17270: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17244:Justin Martyr 17242: 17238: 17235: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17217: 17216: 17213: 17212: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17193: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17156: 17155: 17154:New Testament 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17117:Commissioning 17115: 17114: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17072: 17071: 17068: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17061:Apostolic Age 17057: 17053: 17050: 17046: 17042: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16948: 16947:Papal primacy 16945: 16944: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16926: 16923: 16922: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16901: 16894: 16889: 16887: 16882: 16880: 16875: 16874: 16871: 16862: 16855: 16854: 16843: 16838: 16834: 16830: 16823: 16817: 16811: 16803: 16799: 16790: 16784: 16778: 16774: 16768: 16757: 16753: 16752: 16744: 16738: 16730: 16726: 16722: 16715: 16714:with Licinius 16709: 16701: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16680: 16676: 16675:with Licinius 16670: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16643: 16642: 16634: 16633: 16626: 16622: 16616: 16611: 16607: 16603: 16599: 16592: 16591: 16587: 16583: 16579: 16574: 16570: 16566: 16562: 16554: 16553: 16552:Roman emperor 16545: 16538: 16533: 16529:22 May 337 16528: 16521: 16516: 16515: 16506: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16475: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16437: 16433: 16429: 16414: 16410: 16405: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16355: 16351: 16347: 16343: 16339: 16333: 16329: 16328: 16322: 16319: 16315: 16312: 16308: 16306: 16305:0-300-07148-5 16302: 16298: 16294: 16292: 16288: 16284: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16274:0-415-32742-3 16271: 16267: 16266:0-415-32741-5 16263: 16259: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16244: 16240: 16236: 16232: 16230: 16229:0-521-42273-6 16226: 16222: 16221:0-521-41087-8 16218: 16214: 16210: 16208: 16204: 16200: 16195: 16191: 16185: 16181: 16176: 16173: 16172: 16167: 16163: 16157: 16153: 16148: 16144: 16139: 16135: 16130: 16128: 16127:0-19-815233-7 16124: 16120: 16116: 16115: 16104: 16098: 16094: 16089: 16085: 16081: 16077: 16073: 16069: 16065: 16060: 16056: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16025: 16021: 16017: 16012: 16008: 16006:0-415-91827-8 16002: 15998: 15997: 15991: 15988: 15984: 15980: 15978:9783050059044 15974: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15957: 15953: 15949: 15945: 15941: 15937: 15933: 15928: 15924: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15899: 15897: 15896:0-415-20271-X 15893: 15889: 15885: 15883: 15879: 15875: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15865:2-02-057798-4 15862: 15858: 15854: 15851: 15848: 15844: 15840: 15834: 15830: 15829: 15824: 15820: 15816: 15812: 15808: 15804: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15788: 15783: 15779: 15777:0-415-23944-3 15773: 15769: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15732: 15727: 15725: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15689: 15684: 15680: 15678:9780199249183 15674: 15670: 15666: 15662: 15657: 15655: 15654:0-415-10058-5 15651: 15645: 15643:0-415-10057-7 15639: 15635: 15634: 15628: 15625: 15621: 15617: 15615: 15614:0-415-31938-2 15611: 15605: 15603:0-415-31937-4 15599: 15595: 15594: 15588: 15584: 15580: 15577:(2): 79–106. 15576: 15572: 15567: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15546: 15544: 15543:0-415-38655-1 15540: 15536: 15535:0-415-17485-6 15532: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15503: 15500: 15496: 15491: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15474: 15470: 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15007:0-940866-59-5 15003: 14999: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14936: 14932: 14930:0-8018-6218-3 14926: 14922: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14906:(153): 3–36. 14905: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14863: 14859: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14797: 14793: 14791:0-8014-3594-3 14787: 14783: 14779: 14775: 14771: 14769:2-13-038902-3 14765: 14761: 14760: 14754: 14752: 14751:0-19-925420-6 14748: 14742: 14740:0-19-815278-7 14736: 14732: 14727: 14723: 14721:0-19-815304-X 14717: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14699:2-02-025819-6 14695: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14677:2-02-025819-6 14673: 14669: 14664: 14660: 14658:9781139053921 14654: 14650: 14646: 14642: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14627: 14625:9781139053921 14621: 14617: 14613: 14609: 14604: 14600: 14594: 14590: 14585: 14581: 14577: 14573: 14569: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14548: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14534:9780674280670 14530: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14513: 14509: 14503: 14499: 14498: 14493: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14465: 14461: 14457: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14407: 14402: 14398: 14396:9781781680087 14392: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14371: 14370: 14357: 14353: 14349: 14348: 14339: 14335: 14334:Historia Nova 14331: 14328: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14310: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14250: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14232: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14212: 14202: 14198: 14194: 14191: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14177: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14159:Philostorgius 14157: 14154: 14150: 14149: 14145: 14135: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14122: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14104: 14095: 14091: 14088: 14082: 14076: 14068: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14049: 14048: 14041: 14038: 14034: 14030: 14029: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14002: 13992: 13988: 13987: 13982: 13979: 13974: 13970: 13966: 13962: 13961: 13952: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13939: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13918: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13891: 13887: 13886: 13881: 13878: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13856: 13847: 13843: 13842: 13837: 13834: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13816: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13796: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13782: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13762: 13755: 13754:0-19-814924-7 13751: 13747: 13746: 13741: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13709: 13700: 13696: 13693: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13662: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13643: 13642:0-14-044535-8 13639: 13635: 13631: 13630: 13615:, tenth book 13600: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13570: 13566: 13563: 13560: 13555: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13532: 13531: 13522: 13518: 13517: 13513: 13499: 13495: 13494: 13488: 13485: 13481: 13480:The Civil Law 13477: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13459: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13424: 13421: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13400: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13382: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13253: 13245: 13239: 13230: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13210: 13203: 13197: 13190: 13184: 13177: 13171: 13164: 13159: 13150: 13134: 13133: 13125: 13118: 13112: 13105: 13101: 13096: 13087: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13044: 13035: 13028: 13022: 13013: 13004: 12997: 12993: 12991: 12983: 12976: 12972: 12966: 12959: 12955: 12949: 12942: 12938: 12936: 12935: 12926: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12909: 12903: 12898: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12875: 12869: 12860: 12853: 12847: 12839: 12833: 12825: 12821: 12815: 12807: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12771: 12767: 12758: 12749: 12740: 12731: 12723: 12721:9781108474511 12717: 12713: 12712: 12704: 12696: 12695: 12687: 12679: 12673: 12669: 12668: 12661: 12646: 12640: 12636: 12635: 12627: 12619: 12613: 12609: 12608: 12600: 12592: 12586: 12582: 12581: 12573: 12565: 12559: 12555: 12554: 12546: 12538: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12519: 12511: 12505: 12501: 12500: 12492: 12485: 12479: 12463: 12457: 12441: 12435: 12428: 12422: 12415: 12409: 12401: 12399:9780520379220 12395: 12391: 12384: 12369: 12363: 12359: 12358: 12350: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12308: 12301: 12294: 12288: 12279: 12272: 12266: 12259: 12253: 12246: 12241: 12234: 12228: 12221: 12215: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12164: 12157: 12153: 12146: 12139: 12133: 12126: 12120: 12113: 12107: 12100: 12096: 12090: 12083: 12079: 12073: 12066: 12060: 12053: 12049: 12043: 12034: 12027: 12023: 12017: 12010: 12004: 11998:, pp. 64–126. 11997: 11993: 11987: 11980: 11979:How Rome Fell 11974: 11967: 11961: 11954: 11949: 11940: 11938: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11911: 11904: 11895: 11886: 11877: 11870: 11864: 11857: 11851: 11844: 11839: 11830: 11823: 11817: 11810: 11804: 11797: 11791: 11784: 11780: 11777:Cf. Arnhein, 11774: 11767: 11761: 11754:, p. 659 11753: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11726: 11719: 11713: 11706: 11702: 11696: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11671: 11664: 11658: 11652:Cameron, 107. 11649: 11642: 11638: 11632: 11628: 11627: 11619: 11612: 11607: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11588: 11581: 11580:How Rome Fell 11575: 11573: 11571: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11526: 11519: 11510: 11503: 11497: 11490: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11473:0-300-03642-6 11470: 11464: 11457: 11451: 11444: 11443: 11437: 11430: 11429: 11423: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11391: 11385: 11378: 11373: 11366: 11362: 11357: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11338: 11331: 11325: 11318: 11312: 11305: 11300: 11293: 11287: 11279: 11277:9780064906012 11273: 11269: 11262: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11228: 11224: 11218: 11202: 11198: 11192: 11185: 11184:Deutera Rhome 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11159: 11152: 11146: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11128: 11123: 11117: 11116:0-19-504652-8 11113: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11097: 11089: 11083: 11076: 11072: 11066: 11059: 11056: 11051: 11044: 11038: 11031: 11025: 11018: 11012: 11005: 10999: 10992: 10986: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10967: 10960: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10937: 10931: 10924: 10918: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10897: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10876: 10869: 10863: 10856: 10850: 10843: 10837: 10821: 10817: 10812: 10806: 10799: 10793: 10791: 10781: 10774: 10768: 10758: 10749: 10742: 10739:Krautheimer, 10736: 10727: 10720: 10714: 10705: 10698: 10692: 10683: 10676: 10670: 10668: 10660: 10654: 10647: 10641: 10634: 10628: 10621: 10615: 10608: 10602: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10561: 10555: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10529: 10522: 10516: 10509: 10505: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10464: 10458: 10451: 10445: 10437: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10411: 10404: 10400: 10394: 10388:7 Ticinum 36. 10387: 10381: 10372: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10346: 10337: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10313: 10309: 10303: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10279: 10273: 10264: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10220: 10214: 10207: 10201: 10194: 10188: 10186: 10176: 10167: 10160: 10154: 10147: 10141: 10134: 10128: 10121: 10115: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10091: 10085: 10078: 10072: 10063: 10056: 10050: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10026: 10020: 10013: 10007: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9954: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9931: 9925: 9916: 9909: 9904: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9846: 9840: 9833: 9827: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9803: 9797: 9790: 9784: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9759: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9732: 9725: 9719: 9710: 9703: 9699: 9693: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9651: 9645: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9568: 9562: 9555: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9528: 9523: 9516: 9512: 9507: 9498: 9491: 9485: 9479:, 40–41, 305. 9478: 9474: 9468: 9461: 9455: 9448: 9444: 9438: 9431: 9425: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9402: 9394: 9388: 9381: 9375: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9347: 9341: 9334: 9330: 9324: 9317: 9311: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9286: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9267: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9240: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9178: 9172: 9165: 9159: 9152: 9146: 9139: 9133: 9126: 9120: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9098:Rodgers, 236. 9095: 9088: 9082: 9073: 9066: 9060: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9032: 9026:Odahl, 82–83. 9023: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8995: 8989: 8980: 8974:Odahl, 80–81. 8971: 8964: 8958: 8951: 8945: 8939:Odahl, 79–80. 8936: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8905: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8857: 8850: 8844: 8837: 8831: 8822: 8815: 8809: 8800: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8751: 8745: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8714:Odahl, 75–76. 8711: 8702: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8667: 8661: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8618: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8584: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8518: 8515:25; Elliott, 8514: 8511:Constantine, 8508: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8472: 8468: 8465:Constantine, 8462: 8455: 8449: 8442: 8436: 8429: 8423: 8416: 8410: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8382: 8379:7.1; Barnes, 8378: 8372: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8339: 8330: 8323: 8317: 8309: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8290: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8272:, 3; Barnes, 8271: 8265: 8257: 8250: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8223: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8193: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8163: 8156: 8150: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8119: 8113: 8105: 8103:9781135368364 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8082: 8075: 8074: 8066: 8064: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8045: 8044: 8036: 8034: 8033:Constantius 1 8029: 8024: 8022: 8014: 8008: 8006: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7978: 7970: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7951: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7886:Salway, Benet 7881: 7874: 7869: 7862: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7806: 7800: 7791: 7784: 7778: 7769: 7763:Odahl, 6, 10. 7760: 7753: 7747: 7740: 7734: 7727: 7721: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7687: 7681: 7672: 7665: 7659: 7650: 7643: 7637: 7630: 7624: 7615: 7606: 7597: 7590: 7584: 7576: 7574:9781474254670 7570: 7566: 7565: 7557: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7522: 7513: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7384: 7377: 7366: 7360: 7353: 7352: 7345: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7300: 7248: 7241: 7235: 7226: 7224: 7214: 7205: 7203: 7193: 7184: 7182: 7177: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7126:Saints portal 7116: 7113: 7102: 7086: 7083: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7059: 7057: 7037: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7010: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6987: 6975: 6973: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6915:Hannibalianus 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6873: 6865: 6862: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6800: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6757: 6755: 6754:Constantine I 6752: 6751: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6723: 6720: 6705: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6667:Hannibalianus 6664: 6662: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6532: 6529: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6471: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6402:Hannibalianus 6395: 6384: 6382: 6381:Constantine I 6379: 6378: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6346: 6344: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6308: 6276: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6229: 6227: 6226:Constantius I 6224: 6223: 6217: 6209: 6207: 6185: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6111: 6108: 6102: 6095: 6084: 6071: 6019: 6017: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5873: 5866: 5865:Marina Severa 5845: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5771: 5724: 5702: 5700: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5652: 5651: 5639: 5638: 5630: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5609: 5608:Hannibalianus 5604: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5576: 5568: 5567:Hannibalianus 5559: 5555: 5552: 5544: 5542: 5534: 5532: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5460: 5444: 5442: 5418: 5416: 5406: 5398: 5396: 5386: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5356: 5354: 5347: 5344: 5327: 5325: 5307: 5295: 5284: 5276: 5266: 5257: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5223: 5207: 5205: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5159: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5107: 5105: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5068: 5049: 5047: 5021: 4985: 4982: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4910: 4855: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4649:Lorenzo Valla 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4587:Peter Heather 4583: 4581: 4576:'s 2007 work 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4465:Edward Gibbon 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368:spiriti magni 4365: 4364:March on Rome 4361: 4357: 4353: 4352:Lateran Pacts 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4328:Phokas family 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4253: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4004:Organizations 4001: 4000: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3962:Rerum novarum 3959: 3957: 3956: 3955:Immortale Dei 3952: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3763:Constantine I 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3369:Accidentalism 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3307:Cooperativism 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:Hannibalianus 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3149:De Ceremoniis 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076:Gulf of İzmit 3073: 3069: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2924: 2917: 2905: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2830: 2823: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2787:centenionalis 2783: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2751: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2661:slaves or to 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2539: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464:Resting place 2462: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2386:divine vision 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2316:(present-day 2315: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2092:, now in the 2091: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1870:Lazzaro Baldi 1867: 1863: 1862:Raphael Rooms 1859: 1858:Giulio Romano 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1780: 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429:Roman emperor 426: 416:(27 February 415: 414:Constantine I 403: 400: 397: 394: 393: 391: 387: 384: 381: 377: 374: 371: 367: 364: 363:Constantinian 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 338: 335: 331: 326: 321: 317: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 280: 277: 276: 270: 266: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 249: 245: 240: 236: 231: 227: 223: 219: 213: 209: 205: 201: 188: 184: 180: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 123: 116: 112: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 90: 86: 83:(in the West) 82: 81:Constantius I 79: 75: 68: 64: 61: 60:Roman emperor 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 19422:Andronikos V 19420: 19403: 19351: 19319: 19297: 19285: 19268: 19262: 19256: 19244: 19238: 19151: 19145: 19139: 19112: 19095: 19083: 19066: 19054: 19048: 19035:Nikephoros I 19010: 19009: 19003: 18970: 18967:Justinian II 18962:Tiberius III 18952:Justinian II 18943: 18937: 18920: 18872: 18844:Anastasius I 18835: 18779: 18775:Julius Nepos 18767: 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Retrieved 16413:the original 16381:Online books 16371: 16345: 16326: 16309:Percival J. 16296: 16282: 16257: 16253: 16249: 16234: 16212: 16198: 16179: 16169: 16151: 16142: 16133: 16118: 16092: 16067: 16063: 16046: 16042: 16023: 16019: 15995: 15986: 15960: 15935: 15931: 15906: 15902: 15887: 15873: 15856: 15846: 15827: 15790: 15786: 15767: 15734: 15730: 15715: 15691: 15687: 15660: 15632: 15623: 15592: 15574: 15570: 15553: 15549: 15526: 15510: 15506: 15498: 15479: 15458: 15430: 15426: 15406: 15378: 15357: 15333: 15307:(1): 71–96. 15304: 15300: 15291: 15268: 15223: 15219: 15194: 15190: 15165: 15161: 15141: 15122: 15094: 15090: 15057: 15053: 15020: 15016: 14997: 14972: 14968: 14943: 14939: 14920: 14903: 14870: 14866: 14841: 14837: 14807:(1): 48–61. 14804: 14800: 14781: 14758: 14730: 14711: 14689: 14667: 14638: 14607: 14588: 14555: 14551: 14516: 14496: 14459: 14455: 14430: 14426: 14409: 14405: 14385: 14373: 14351: 14337: 14333: 14317: 14313: 14299: 14295: 14279: 14275: 14259: 14255: 14239: 14235: 14221: 14217: 14200: 14196: 14180: 14166: 14162: 14152: 14146: 14133: 14127: 14116:LacusCurtius 14111: 14107: 14093: 14089: 14046: 14032: 14011: 14007: 13990: 13984: 13968: 13964: 13950: 13944: 13919: 13906: 13889: 13883: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13845: 13839: 13823: 13819: 13805: 13801: 13798:Rufus Festus 13785: 13771: 13767: 13743: 13727: 13716: 13712: 13698: 13694: 13682: 13678: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13651: 13647: 13633: 13598: 13594: 13568: 13558: 13538: 13534: 13520: 13514: 13504:28 September 13502:. 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Retrieved 12434: 12426: 12425:Pohlsander, 12421: 12413: 12412:Pohlsander, 12408: 12389: 12383: 12371:. Retrieved 12356: 12349: 12317: 12313: 12300: 12292: 12291:Pohlsander, 12287: 12278: 12270: 12265: 12257: 12252: 12244: 12240: 12232: 12227: 12219: 12214: 12175: 12170: 12163: 12155: 12151: 12145: 12137: 12136:Pohlsander, 12132: 12124: 12119: 12111: 12106: 12098: 12094: 12089: 12081: 12077: 12072: 12064: 12059: 12051: 12047: 12042: 12033: 12028:, pp. 64–126 12016: 12008: 12003: 11986: 11978: 11973: 11965: 11960: 11952: 11948: 11924:. Retrieved 11909: 11903: 11894: 11885: 11876: 11868: 11863: 11855: 11850: 11842: 11838: 11829: 11821: 11816: 11808: 11803: 11795: 11790: 11782: 11778: 11773: 11765: 11760: 11751: 11741:, retrieved 11737:the original 11731: 11725: 11717: 11712: 11704: 11700: 11695: 11687: 11679: 11675: 11670: 11662: 11657: 11648: 11640: 11625: 11618: 11609: 11594: 11587: 11579: 11560: 11551: 11524: 11518: 11509: 11501: 11496: 11488: 11484: 11479: 11463: 11455: 11450: 11440: 11436: 11426: 11422: 11406: 11402: 11397: 11389: 11384: 11372: 11364: 11356: 11337: 11324: 11316: 11311: 11299: 11291: 11286: 11267: 11261: 11253:the original 11243: 11231:. Retrieved 11226: 11217: 11205:. Retrieved 11203:. New Advent 11200: 11191: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11158: 11150: 11145: 11137: 11122: 11103: 11087: 11082: 11070: 11065: 11057: 11050: 11042: 11037: 11029: 11024: 11016: 11011: 11003: 10998: 10990: 10985: 10965: 10959: 10951: 10935: 10930: 10922: 10921:Pohlsander, 10917: 10901: 10896: 10880: 10875: 10870:, pp. 229–30 10867: 10862: 10857:, pp. 41–42. 10854: 10853:Pohlsander, 10849: 10844:, pp. 38–39. 10841: 10840:Pohlsander, 10836: 10824:. 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Retrieved 7540:the original 7530: 7521: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7461: 7436:such as the 7424: 7414: 7409: 7392: 7383: 7359: 7351:Kōnstantînos 7350: 7338:Κωνσταντῖνος 7247: 7234: 7213: 7192: 7153: 6753: 6735: 6733: 6380: 6216:Julia Helena 6175: 6144: 6143: 6136: 5799: 5648: 5635: 5619: 5582: 5322: 5288:∞ 2.Basilina 5044: 4753: 4738: 4703: 4661: 4656: 4607: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556:(1948), and 4553: 4545: 4539: 4534: 4529:, 1949) and 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4441: 4435:began – and 4428: 4418: 4405: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4367: 4344:20th century 4288: 4265: 4261: 4181: 4176:Nacionalismo 4174: 4151: 4135: 4130:Neocatólicos 4128: 4111: 4079: 4072: 4055: 4043: 4016: 4009: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3404: 3390:Panhispanism 3303:Distributism 3287:Municipalism 3279: 3241:Anti-Zionism 3236:Anti-Masonry 3147: 3137: 3132: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3064: 3004: 2989:Jordan River 2978: 2973: 2967: 2958:against the 2937: 2931: 2888: 2882: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2806: 2794: 2792: 2785: 2774: 2760: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2719:city prefect 2714: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2687: 2659: 2643:Nicene Creed 2627: 2621: 2619: 2592: 2568: 2566: 2547: 2447:Hagia Sophia 2389: 2358:Rod of Moses 2345: 2330:Thessalonica 2321: 2310: 2262: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2222: 2197: 2190: 2154:Via Labicana 2139: 2134: 2123: 2100: 2098: 2074:Ponte Milvio 2070: 2059: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2002:Ponte Milvio 1973:Via Flaminia 1971: 1957: 1945:Ponte Milvio 1907: 1887: 1879:Cottian Alps 1875: 1853: 1831: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1776: 1714: 1704: 1651:Sol Invictus 1620: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1557: 1551:Sol Invictus 1515: 1503: 1494: 1470: 1458: 1431: 1418: 1395: 1375:purple robes 1367: 1323: 1296:hamstringing 1288: 1279: 1266: 1256: 1232: 1216: 1201: 1187:meritocratic 1156: 1154: 1115: 1042:governorship 1035: 1020: 1016: 998: 985:province of 961: 910: 903: 899: 891: 883: 873: 830: 825: 818: 814: 800: 793: 767: 757: 731: 695:Nicene Creed 652: 610:comitatenses 580:restructured 577: 573:Roman Empire 546: 480: 437:pivotal role 433:Christianity 424: 413: 412: 402:Christianity 352:Κωνσταντῖνος 273: 191:27 February 160:Maximinus II 121: 46:Head of the 29: 19481:(1224–1242) 19475:(1204–1461) 19264:Konstantios 19141:Christopher 19114:Constantine 19104:Michael III 19085:Constantine 19068:Constantine 19050:Theophylact 18979:Philippicus 18929:Constans II 18854:Justinian I 18750:Severus III 18698:Constans II 18452:Claudius II 18428:Silbannacus 18375:Gordian III 18350:Maximinus I 18318:Diadumenian 18090:Laudato si' 17885:Pope Pius X 17714:Philip Neri 17689:Pope Pius V 17664:Thomas More 17533:Inquisition 17435:Charlemagne 17395:Monasticism 17205:Persecution 17097:Holy Spirit 17080:Crucifixion 16959:First seven 16751:Licinius II 16422:19 February 16070:: 493–507. 15909:: 237–259. 15870:Veyne, Paul 15853:Veyne, Paul 15849:, June 2008 15694:: 233–246. 15459:Constantine 15060:: 146–170. 15023:: 173–182. 14873:(1): 1–15. 14558:: 126–136. 14433:(1): 5–16. 14338:New History 13622:, epilogue 13438:Tony Honoré 13351:De Decretis 13220:20.55; cf. 13117:Christendom 13106:, June 2008 12797:10852/76385 12650:14 December 12269:Eutropius, 12037:Odahl, 261. 11361:Peter Brown 11071:Constantine 10952:Constantine 10950:MacMullen, 10752:Odahl, 109. 10594:Constantine 10577:Constantine 10547:Constantine 10521:Constantine 10519:MacMullen, 10504:Barnes 1981 10480:Constantine 10463:Constantine 10461:MacMullen, 10364:Constantine 10267:Odahl, 108. 10236:Constantine 10206:Constantine 10204:MacMullen, 10179:Odahl, 104. 10133:Constantine 10131:MacMullen, 10120:Constantine 10107:Constantine 10055:Constantine 10042:Constantine 9999:Constantine 9983:Constantine 9966:Constantine 9930:Constantine 9928:MacMullen, 9919:Curran, 67. 9896:Constantine 9879:Constantine 9819:Constantine 9776:Constantine 9151:Constantine 9138:Constantine 9125:Constantine 9123:MacMullen, 9048:Roman Trier 9015:Constantine 8994:Constantine 8992:MacMullen, 8928:Constantine 8849:Constantine 8750:Constantine 8748:MacMullen, 8733:Constantine 8694:Constantine 8589:Constantine 8587:MacMullen, 8576:Constantine 8542:Constantine 8118:Constantine 8068:(in German) 8038:(in German) 7905:: 124–145. 7499:I. Shahîd, 6922:Constantina 6674:Constantina 6570:Licinius II 6088:359-367-383 5805:331-363-364 5656:320-337-350 5643:316-337-340 5625:317-337-361 5603:Constantina 5588:331-360-363 5329:272-306-337 5053:250-305-306 4744:Family tree 4728:from their 4535:Constantine 4448:Renaissance 4444:Middle Ages 4442:During the 4407:Constantius 4387:isapostolos 4336:King Arthur 4296:Charlemagne 4153:Estado Novo 3948:Quanta Cura 3737:Politicians 3575:Fontcuberta 3385:Natural law 3340:Familialism 3266:Corporatism 3256:Common good 3201:Integralism 3174:Constantina 3068:Helenopolis 2364:now at the 2121:opponents. 2114:Curia Julia 1949:River Tiber 1947:) over the 1772:Chrysopolis 1703:Battles of 1615:prerogative 1607:Claudius II 1554:Christians. 1436:) built in 1285:In the West 1213:Mesopotamia 1198:In the East 1163:Constantius 1062:Helenopolis 1025:of emperor 811:hagiography 784:Renaissance 738:Middle Ages 711:Christendom 703:Jesus' tomb 497:officer of 398:(until 312) 334:Regnal name 300:Constantina 77:Predecessor 19545:337 deaths 19540:272 births 19529:Categories 19258:Andronikos 19246:Nikephoros 19195:Michael IV 19160:Romanos II 19080:Theophilos 19075:Michael II 19056:Staurakios 19040:Staurakios 19012:Nikephoros 19005:Artabasdos 18917:Heraclonas 18874:Theodosius 18832:Basiliscus 18592:Nepotianus 18585:Magnentius 18579:Constans I 18532:Severus II 18512:Diocletian 18457:Quintillus 18422:Aemilianus 18415:Volusianus 18360:Gordian II 18325:Elagabalus 18188:Principate 17963:coronation 17669:Pope Leo X 17254:Tertullian 17184:Revelation 17159:Background 16829:Gallicanus 16807:Januarinus 16649:Diocletian 16565:Severus II 16268:Paperback 16223:Paperback 15648:Paperback 15608:Paperback 15537:Paperback 14745:Paperback 14356:Tertullian 14345: 500 14322:New Advent 14307: 448 14284:New Advent 14267: 445 14244:New Advent 14229: 443 14208: 337 14185:Tertullian 14174: 433 14141: 417 14101: 340 14037:Tertullian 14026: 385 14019: 365 13998: 362 13973:New Advent 13941:Lactantius 13897: 551 13872:Tertullian 13862:., trans. 13853: 380 13813: 370 13790:Tertullian 13779: 369 13721:New Advent 13706: 336 13687:New Advent 13656:New Advent 13627: 325 13620: 315 13613: 313 13606: 300 13583: 415 13576: 390 13528: 395 13417: 361 13394:New Advent 13379: 357 13359:New Advent 13344: 352 13324:New Advent 13309: 349 13294:Athanasius 12876:, 272–223. 12590:9004120971 12468:7 November 12446:7 November 12320:: 1+3–26. 12271:Breviarium 12218:Eusebius, 12123:Eusebius, 12110:Eusebius, 12093:Eusebius, 12076:Eusebius, 12046:Eusebius, 11798:, 85, 1995 11743:5 February 11534:0394537785 11377:Drake 2000 11304:Young 2006 10826:5 February 10508:p. 44 10323:Eusebius, 10306:Eusebius, 10170:Jones, 71. 9873:Eusebius, 9739:Constantia 9713:Odahl, 96. 9649:0140445358 9541:6(7).21.5. 9177:New Empire 9076:Odahl, 86. 8983:Odahl, 81. 8890:1059411020 8825:Jones, 59. 8553:Eusebius, 8383:, 13, 290. 8274:New Empire 8144:, 13, 290. 8028:Otto Seeck 7838:New Empire 7662:Eusebius, 7470: 272 7448:References 7082:Constantia 6719:Nepotianus 6070:Constantia 5661:(daughter) 5650:Constans I 5249:Constantia 4748:See also: 4712:Colchester 4668:Caernarfon 4574:Paul Veyne 4499:Otto Seeck 4300:Henry VIII 4107:Legitimism 4081:Viva Maria 4074:Sanfedisti 3941:Mirari Vos 3878:de Villèle 3868:dos Santos 3863:Santamaria 3715:Valdivieso 3690:dos Santos 3635:Meinvielle 3590:Gelasius I 3555:Eyzaguirre 3540:Castellani 3422:Solidarity 3395:Patriotism 3365:Monarchism 3292:Organicism 3220:Principles 3121:Breviarium 3115:of Sextus 3084:catechumen 2956:Sarmatians 2875:Hippolytus 2868:, and his 2763:fiat money 2727:auctoritas 2663:circumcise 2354:True Cross 2280:Later rule 2088:Head of a 1988:See also: 1928:, Mutina ( 1843:Constantia 1827:Constantia 1800:Asia Minor 1762:Hellespont 1757:Adrianople 1661:See also: 1657:Civil wars 1292:post-house 1205:tribunates 1175:Lactantius 1126:Mediolanum 1092:Diocletian 1027:Diocletian 1017:praenomina 943:Early life 933:epigraphic 917:panegyrics 900:Breviarium 892:Breviarium 865:Athanasius 837:Diocletian 827:Lactantius 659:catechumen 644:Sarmatians 642:, and the 604:Roman army 527:Diocletian 517:in modern 515:Asia Minor 495:Roman army 421: 272 404:(from 312) 305:Constans I 196: 272 168:(316–317) 162:(310–313) 156:(308–324) 144:(306–312) 138:(306–307) 136:Severus II 132:(306–311) 105:Constans I 19665:Tetrarchy 19620:Filicides 19500:Classical 19485:Empresses 19469:(286–296) 19463:(267–273) 19457:(260–274) 19200:Michael V 19126:Alexander 18939:Heraclius 18907:Heraclius 18859:Justin II 18769:Glycerius 18756:Anthemius 18626:Procopius 18564:Martinian 18543:Maxentius 18472:Florianus 18445:Saloninus 18440:Gallienus 18409:Hostilian 18385:Philip II 18355:Gordian I 18303:Caracalla 18238:Vespasian 18233:Vitellius 17979:Communism 17949:Ecumenism 17295:(380–451) 17287:(180–451) 17276:(313–476) 17198:(100–325) 16679:Maximinus 16664:Maximinus 16590:Martinian 16569:Maxentius 16254:Foederati 16026:: 70–86. 15952:170876695 15923:162396067 15815:162937055 15759:193434433 15708:170720156 15447:161141658 15355:(1978) . 15290:(1978) . 15264:J. Morris 15248:162376477 15182:170410226 15121:(1952) . 15111:170927536 15097:: 79–86. 15082:161959828 15045:163374397 14895:163129848 14858:162370910 14844:: 20–38. 14829:161904593 14580:162744718 14543:162343436 14484:163051414 14462:: 29–46. 14383:(2013) . 14292:Theodoret 14075:cite book 13986:Orationes 13905:, trans. 13846:Chronicle 13841:Chronicon 13764:Eutropius 13218:Paradisio 13187:Van Dam, 13174:Gregory, 12806:2211-6249 12198:0341-0064 11968:, 237/238 11953:Art. Pass 11926:5 October 11871:, 245–246 11720:, 658–59. 11525:Byzantium 11233:9 January 11207:9 January 11172:Nea Rhome 11168:Nova Roma 11075:Routledge 11030:Byzantium 11015:Norwich, 10991:Byzantium 9553:Ecologues 9458:Elliott, 9441:Elliott, 8482:Elliott, 8094:Routledge 7935:162435434 7919:0075-4358 7644:, 265–68. 7591:, p. 272. 7453:Citations 7344:translit. 7240:concubine 6744:Minervina 6438:Bassianus 6432:Anastasia 5558:Dalmatius 5343:Minervina 5326:the Great 5294:Anastasia 5076:Maxentius 4708:King Cole 4694:Custennin 4348:Mussolini 4183:El Yunque 4164:Francoism 4159:Falangism 4124:Miguelism 4113:Federales 4045:Cristeros 3773:Fernández 3768:Estévanez 3758:Clavarana 3705:Taparelli 3535:de Bonald 3510:Augustine 3455:Brazilian 3166:Dalmatius 3125:Eutropius 3097:Pentecost 2942:, (today 2923:Nicomedia 2847:, in the 2776:argenteus 2711:quaestors 2630:Caecilian 2588:St. Peter 2382:Aphrodite 2342:Caracalla 2334:Byzantium 2259:Martinian 2202:Maximinus 2146:Via Appia 2012:medallion 1922:encounter 1804:Bosphorus 1767:Byzantium 1581:Marseille 1530:Maximinus 1518:Carnuntum 1486:Maxentius 1401:left for 1355:Alamannic 1275:Maximinus 1263:Maxentius 1179:Carausius 1138:Nicomedia 1070:concubine 1050:Illyricum 1000:praenomen 925:Gamzigrad 888:Eutropius 857:Theodoret 841:Tetrarchy 742:Byzantium 707:Jerusalem 618:limitanei 600:Byzantine 596:gold coin 565:Maxentius 543:Britannia 503:Tetrarchy 466:known as 453:cessation 254:Minervina 218:Nicomedia 216:Achyron, 172:Martinian 142:Maxentius 114:Co-rulers 88:Successor 19495:Usurpers 19490:Augustae 19448:See also 19353:Nicholas 19175:Basil II 18972:Tiberius 18957:Leontius 18945:Tiberius 18922:Tiberius 18900:610–1453 18895:Eastern/ 18849:Justin I 18802:Arcadius 18762:Olybrius 18744:Majorian 18685:Honorius 18664:Eugenius 18599:Vetranio 18549:Licinius 18522:Galerius 18517:Maximian 18502:Dominate 18492:Numerian 18462:Aurelian 18435:Valerian 18380:Philip I 18370:Balbinus 18365:Pupienus 18313:Macrinus 18288:Pertinax 18283:Commodus 18248:Domitian 18213:Claudius 18208:Caligula 18203:Tiberius 18198:Augustus 17989:HIV/AIDS 17483:Crusades 17237:Irenaeus 17230:Ignatius 17225:Polycarp 17075:Ministry 17063:(30–100) 16937:Timeline 16861:Octavius 16734:Licinius 16662:Galerius 16653:Galerius 16641:Maximian 16625:Galerius 16606:Constans 16578:Licinius 16573:Maximian 16561:Galerius 16438:, & 16314:Archived 15825:(1997). 15457:(1969). 15404:(1996). 15266:(1971). 15168:: 1–12. 15139:(2009). 14801:Speculum 14780:(2000). 14710:(1996). 14494:(1981). 14197:Historia 13991:Orations 13981:Libanius 13880:Jordanes 13565:Eunapius 13444:and the 13216:19.115; 13025:Barnes, 12969:Gibbon, 12888:Barnes, 12872:Barnes, 12854:, 92–93. 12373:15 April 12338:Archived 12295:, 75–76. 12233:Orations 12231:Julian, 12206:61029662 12063:Barnes, 12007:Barnes, 11611:freedom. 11543:18164817 11345:Archived 11130:Archived 11086:Dagron, 10934:Scarre, 10925:, 42–43. 10717:Barnes, 10695:Barnes, 10673:Barnes, 10657:Barnes, 10644:Barnes, 10631:Barnes, 10618:Barnes, 10605:Barnes, 10588:Barnes, 10571:Barnes, 10562:, 44–45. 10558:Barnes, 10541:Barnes, 10474:Barnes, 10448:Barnes, 10358:Barnes, 10276:Barnes, 10230:Barnes, 10217:Barnes, 10191:Barnes, 10157:Barnes, 10144:Barnes, 10101:Barnes, 10088:Barnes, 10075:Barnes, 10036:Barnes, 10023:Barnes, 10010:Barnes, 9977:Barnes, 9944:Barnes, 9932:, 70–71. 9890:Barnes, 9856:Barnes, 9843:Barnes, 9830:Barnes, 9813:Barnes, 9804:, 37–39. 9800:Barnes, 9787:Barnes, 9770:Barnes, 9722:Barnes, 9696:Barnes, 9679:Barnes, 9662:Barnes, 9578:Barnes, 9565:Barnes, 9550:Virgil, 9488:Barnes, 9428:Barnes, 9407:Barnes, 9395:, 36–37. 9391:Barnes, 9378:Barnes, 9357:Barnes, 9344:Barnes, 9335:, 15–16. 9327:Barnes, 9314:Barnes, 9305:, 15–16. 9297:Barnes, 9188:Barnes, 9175:Barnes, 9162:Barnes, 9085:Barnes, 9005:Barnes, 8965:, 16–17. 8948:Barnes, 8918:Barnes, 8902:Barnes, 8834:Barnes, 8812:Barnes, 8794:, 15–16. 8782:Barnes, 8761:Barnes, 8723:Barnes, 8630:Barnes, 8591:, 24–25. 8570:Barnes, 8452:Barnes, 8439:Barnes, 8426:Barnes, 8413:Barnes, 8392:Barnes, 8354:Barnes, 8320:Barnes, 8268:Barnes, 8011:Barnes, 7939:Archived 7888:(1994). 7836:Barnes, 7819:Barnes, 7807:, 43–86. 7785:, 26–43. 7750:Barnes, 7737:Barnes, 7724:Barnes, 7684:Barnes, 7640:Barnes, 7587:Barnes, 7505:Historia 7098:See also 6986:Faustina 6900:Constans 6577:Eutropia 6563:Basilina 6418:Licinius 5663:∞ Justus 5629:Faustina 5300:Eutropia 5256:Licinius 5020:Theodora 4843:Maximian 4836:Eutropia 4657:Historia 4641:Otto III 4433:Eunapius 4425:Libanius 4372:Augustus 4096:See also 3853:Rocamora 3833:Olazábal 3813:Louis IX 3725:Veuillot 3720:Vermeule 3695:Sardinha 3605:González 3550:Delassus 3499:Thinkers 3482:Lusitano 3467:Catholic 3449:Variants 3312:Guildism 3193:a series 3191:Part of 3162:Constans 3072:Altınova 3058:Constans 2976:in 336. 2939:Sucidava 2715:adlectio 2647:Passover 2635:Donatism 2611:Hercules 2599:Victoria 2543:Vercelli 2291:New Rome 2231:Rausimod 2186:Licinius 2129:and the 2101:adventus 1926:Aquileia 1834:Carthage 1808:Eusebius 1627:Hercules 1573:Lugdunum 1526:Licinius 1507:Bructeri 1420:adventus 1415:Merogais 1363:Hispania 1330:Eboracum 1318:Augustus 1304:Boulogne 1269:, while 1227:Porphyry 1183:Allectus 1167:Galerius 1158:augustus 1150:Theodora 1118:Maximian 1107:Maximian 1105:Bust of 1066:Bithynia 1046:Dalmatia 1038:Aurelian 983:Dardania 876:epitomes 849:Socrates 839:and the 797:Eusebius 780:imperial 768:de facto 754:Istanbul 746:New Rome 673:and the 636:Alemanni 594:, a new 588:military 575:by 324. 569:Licinius 553:Eboracum 548:augustus 539:province 535:Persians 531:Galerius 509:, was a 499:Illyrian 464:ideology 427:, was a 389:Religion 222:Bithynia 154:Licinius 148:Maximian 130:Galerius 122:See list 19670:Valerii 19505:Eastern 19405:Matthew 19299:Alexios 19147:Stephen 19109:Basil I 18994:Leo III 18869:Maurice 18812:Marcian 18795:395–610 18719:Joannes 18678:395–480 18632:Gratian 18505:284–610 18487:Carinus 18467:Tacitus 18343:235–285 18263:Hadrian 17954:Judaism 17354:Vulgate 17164:Gospels 17139:Stephen 17056:Origins 16976:Vulgate 16912:General 16902:of the 16900:History 16762:Crispus 16746:319–320 16737:Crispus 16672:312–313 16250:Foedera 16084:1291584 15807:3162367 15321:2504190 15240:3163949 15211:1087057 15191:Phoenix 14989:1088553 14969:Phoenix 14960:1088714 14940:Phoenix 14887:3168653 14821:2849245 14412:: 1–7. 14330:Zosimus 14316:. From 14278:. From 14252:Sozomen 14238:. From 14124:Orosius 14112:History 14004:Optatus 13967:. From 13715:. From 13681:. From 13674:) 336. 13650:. From 13429:) 439. 13388:. From 13353:. From 13318:. From 13282:Sources 13214:Inferno 12824:NOVOSTI 12776:Fascism 12334:1291047 12260:XLI.16. 12235:1.18.b. 12178:]. 12127:4.62.4. 11330:Gratian 11227:FaithND 11090:, 15/19 10891:, p. 54 7546:3 March 7374:). 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