953:. Galerius' need for additional revenue had persuaded him to make a very strict and rigorous examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of a general taxation. A very minute survey was taken of their real estates and, wherever there was the slightest suspicion of concealment, torture was used to obtain a sincere declaration of their personal wealth. Italy had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation, but Galerius ignored this precedent, and the officers of the revenue already began to number the Roman people, and to settle the proportion of the new taxes. Italy began to murmur against this indignity and Maxentius used this sentiment to declare himself emperor in Italy, to the fury of Galerius. Therefore, Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome, in the full confidence that, by his unexpected arrival, he would easily suppress the rebellion. Severus was captured after his troops deserted to their old commander
537:
928:
984:
his willing generosity than anything that might have been obtained through a military campaign. The offers of
Galerius were rejected with firmness, his friendship refused, and it was not long before he discovered that, unless he retreated, he would share Severus' fate. It was not a moment too soon; large monetary gifts from Maxentius to his soldiers had corrupted the fidelity of the Illyrian legions. When Galerius finally began his withdrawal from Italy, it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him. In frustration, Galerius allowed his legions to ravage the countryside as they passed northwards. Maxentius declined to make a general engagement.
1085:
1156:
973:
1232:, a Christian and adviser to Constantine, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. Lactantius further states that Galerius exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious
827:
904:. Galerius only discovered this when he received a letter from Constantine, who informed him of his father's death, modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession, and respectfully lamented that the enthusiastic violence of his troops had not allowed him to obtain the imperial purple in the regular and constitutional manner. The first emotions of Galerius were those of surprise, disappointment, and rage, and as he could seldom restrain his passions, he threatened to burn both the letter and the messenger.
31:
683:
707:
not have been present to assist the campaign. Narseh retreated to
Armenia to fight Galerius' force, putting himself at a disadvantage; the rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry, but not to Sassanid cavalry. Local aid gave Galerius the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces, and he defeated Narseh in two successive battles. During the second encounter, the
666:, Syria). Diocletian may or may not have been present at the battle, but presented himself soon afterwards at Antioch, issuing an official version of events which placed all the blame for the affair upon Galerius. In Antioch, Diocletian forced Galerius to walk a mile in advance of his imperial cart while still clad in the purple robes of an emperor.
633:, a young man installed by a noble named Vahunam in the wake of Bahram II's death in 293. In early 294, Narseh sent Diocletian the customary package of gifts, but within Persia, he was destroying every trace of his immediate predecessors, erasing their names from public monuments. He sought to identify himself with the warlike reigns of
2244:, 33–34) questions the parentage of Theodora shown here. He proposes that Maximian is her natural father (and that her mother is possibly a daughter of Afranius Hannibalianus). Substituting Afranicus Hannibalianus and switching the positions of Maximian and Eutropia would produce a diagram that matches the alternative lineage.
3648:. Accessed 15 August 2009.{{efn|This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the
1105:
was not anti-Christian during the first part of his reign, and historians have claimed that
Galerius decided to prod him into persecuting them by secretly burning the Imperial Palace and blaming it on Christian saboteurs. Regardless of who was at fault for the fire, Diocletian's rage was aroused and
670:
reads a symbolic message in the display: the loss at
Carrhae was due not to the failings of the empire's soldiers, but to the failings of their commander, and Galerius' failures would not be accepted. Another scholar, Roger Rees, suggests that Galerius' position at the head of the caravan was merely
3019:
The acceptance of these terms by the
Persians also meant that Syriac culture would earn long-term influence in the region on both sides of the Tigris. With the heavily Christian Syriac peoples so near their border, Armenia would also become susceptible to Christian influence in later years, leading
1061:
The last years of
Galerius saw him relinquishing his aspirations towards being the supreme ruler of the empire, though he managed to retain the position of first among equals. He spent the remainder of his years enjoying himself and ordering some important public works, such as discharging into the
755:
Narseh had previously sent an ambassador to
Galerius to plead for the return of his wife and children, but Galerius had dismissed this ambassador, reminding him of how Shapur had treated Valerian. In any case, the Romans treated Narseh's captured family well, perhaps seeking to evoke comparisons to
2403:
19.2) is invalid and confused. Lactantius is commenting on
Diocletian and the place where Diocletian was acclaimed, and that the "Maximianus" in the text is therefore a later gloss; the Paschal Chronicle is not authoritative for this period for events outside Egypt, and may simply be commenting on
983:
Seeing that he was facing ever-greater difficulties, Galerius made the first advances towards reconciliation, and dispatched two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference, and the declaration of his paternal regard for
Maxentius, reminding them that they would obtain much more from
706:
Galerius's army was reinforced probably in the spring of 298 by new contingents collected from the empire's
Danubian holdings. Narseh did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia leaving Galerius to lead the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia. Diocletian may or may
888:
to receive the possession of Italy and Africa. According to the forms of the constitution, Severus acknowledged the supremacy of the western emperor, but he was absolutely devoted to the commands of his benefactor Galerius, who, reserving to himself the intermediate countries from the confines of
817:
plateau. With these territories, Rome would have an advance station north of Ctesiphon, and would be able to slow any future advance of Persian forces through the region. Under the terms of the peace, Tiridates would regain both his throne and the entirety of his ancestral claim, and Rome would
648:
In 295 or 296, Narseh declared war on Rome. He appears to have first invaded western Armenia, retaking the lands delivered to Tiridates in the peace of 287. He occupied the lands there until the following year. The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, circa 320–395, is the only source detailing the
1100:
Christians had lived pleasantly during most of the rule of Diocletian. The persecutions that began with an edict of 24 February 303, were credited by Christians to Galerius' work, as he was a fierce advocate of the old ways and old gods. Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of
2381:
The earlier dates for Galerius' appointment have been argued for based on the suggestion that the appointments of Constantius and Galerius were timed to coincide (Barnes 1981, 8–9; Southern 1999, 146). Barnes (1982, 62) argues against a dating of 21 May 293 in Nicomedia originating in Seston,
1130:
Initially one of the leading figures in the persecutions, Galerius later admitted that the policy of trying to eradicate Christianity had failed, saying: "wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the
2986:
9.6) derides Diocletian for his absence from the front; Southern (1999, 151, 335–336), on the basis of a dating of the African campaigns one year earlier than that given by Barnes, places him at Galerius' southern flank. Southern sees the Persian campaign progressing along the lines of
818:
secure a wide zone of cultural influence in the region. Because the empire was able to sustain such constant warfare on so many fronts, it has been taken as a sign of the essential efficacy of the Diocletianic system and the goodwill of the army towards the tetrarchic enterprise.
907:
Later, however, when he had time to reconsider his position, he inevitably saw that his chances of winning a war against Constantine were doubtful at best. Galerius was well aware of Constantine's strengths – Constantine had been his guest for some time at
2658:"This edict was promulgated at Nicomedia on the day preceding the kalends of May ... In a few days after he was consumed by the horrible disease that had brought on an universal putrefaction This event was known at Nicomedia before the end of the month.".
780:
would pay allegiance to Rome under a Roman appointee; Nisibis, now under Roman rule, would become the sole conduit for trade between Persia and Rome; and Rome would exercise control over the five satrapies between the Tigris and Armenia:
964:
and the East, he entered Italy, determined to avenge Severus and to punish the rebellious Romans. But due to the skill of Maximian, Galerius found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible; and though he forced his way as far as
711:
in 298, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife. Narseh's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, serving as a constant reminder to the Persians of the Roman victory.
2513:
A recently discovered porphyry head of a tetrarch from Romuliana in modern Serbia—the birth and burial place of Galerius (293–311) It is likely that the statue portrays Galerius as Caesar after his victory over the Persians in AD
653:
was given to all four emperors; Odahl (2004, 59) concurs with Barnes and suggests that Saracen princes in the Syrian desert collaborated with Narseh's invasion. Narseh then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia, where he inflicted
775:
were heavy: Persia would give up territory to Rome, making the Tigris the boundary between the two empires. Further terms specified that Armenia was returned to Roman domination with the fort of Ziatha as its border;
3601:, Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at
9595:
2417:
fell on 1 March. Potter (2004, 650) agrees that locating the acclamation to Nicomedia is false, but believes that Seston's other evidence makes a strong case for a temporal lag between the two Caesars'
3449:(in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at
649:
initial invasion of Armenia. Southern (1999, 149) dates the invasion to 295; Barnes (1982, 17, 293) mentions an earlier, unsuccessful invasion by Narseh based on the fact that the title
3392:
RING MAIL FROM GALERIUS' BURIAL RITE AT GAMZIGRAD (ROMULIANA), ANTE PORTAM AUREAM : STUDIA IN HONOREM PROFESSORIS ALEKSANDAR JOVANOVIĆ, Belgrade 2017, 239–250. MIROSLAV B. VUJOVIĆ.
1014:
Galerius' plan soon failed. The news of Licinius' promotion was no sooner carried into the East, than Maximinus, who governed the provinces of Egypt and Syria, rejected his position as
3547:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at
3520:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at
2552:, 18. "Now Galerius had lately bestowed part of his own name on that youth , and called him Maximin, in like manner as Diocletian formerly bestowed on Galerius the name of Maximian".
991:
on the River Danube to rectify the situation and bring some order back into the imperial government. Here it was agreed that Galerius' long-time friend and military companion
1283:
987:
With so many emperors now in existence, in 308 Galerius, together with the retired emperor Diocletian and the now active Maximian, called an imperial 'conference' at
590:, he received command of the legions on the eastern imperial limits. Soon after his appointment, Galerius was dispatched to Egypt to fight the rebellious cities
3142:
9456:
4533:
1117:
were published, beginning in 303, and this policy of repression was maintained by him until the appearance of the general edict of toleration, issued in
747:. No source ever specifically claims that Ctesiphon was sacked, but it is assumed to have been, primarily due to the seizure of Narseh's wife and harem.
4567:
876:, whose mother was Galerius' sister. An inexperienced youth with little formal education, he was invested with the purple, exalted to the dignity of
1212:) have been found at the site. This mail armour may have been worn by the wax figure of the emperor that was burned during the imperial funeral and
482:, later named Dacia Mediterranea, though some modern scholars consider the strategic site where he later built his palace named after his mother –
9580:
1311:
1276:
1160:
912:– and knew that Constantius' legions were wildly devoted to his son. Therefore, without either condemning or ratifying the choice of the
536:
1656:
916:, Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps; but he gave him only the title of
3453:
9471:
9466:
3899:
1269:
4613:
9446:
9441:
5138:
3904:
9451:
1139:. This marked the end of official persecution of Christians, which was officially legalized two years later by Constantine and
506:' attacks. He originally followed his father's occupation, that of a herdsman, where he was nicknamed "Armentarius", herdsman (
9431:
5932:
5800:
4354:
4114:
3940:
3722:
3170:
2448:, so coins with the name "Maximianus Caesar" must represent Galerius. The only source that refers to Maximian as having been
5965:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
960:
The importance of the occasion needed the presence and abilities of Galerius. At the head of a powerful army collected from
9461:
9436:
5145:
2992:
957:, who had once again been elevated to the rank of co-emperor, this time by his son Maxentius. Severus was later executed.
9560:
9550:
9426:
7206:
6994:
5768:
3116:
9555:
9545:
9415:
8176:
7892:
6760:
6020:
5994:
4034:
3979:
3922:
Diokletian und die Epoche der Tetrarchie. Das römische Reich zwischen Krisenbewältigung und Neuaufbau (284–313 n. Chr.)
3491:
3266:
961:
945:
The ambitious spirit of Galerius was only just over this disappointment when he beheld the unexpected loss of Italy to
3574:
691:
629:, who had been passed over for the Sassanid succession, came into power in Persia. Narseh probably moved to eliminate
9565:
4142:
4128:
4096:
4077:
4056:
4028:
4020:
4006:
3998:
3966:
3958:
3874:
3866:
3849:
3835:
3827:
3813:
3792:
3778:
3764:
3746:
3418:
3316:
3239:
3204:
2506:
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1127:). Galerius's last request was that Christians should pray for him as he suffered with a painful and fatal illness.
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4408:
4396:
927:
9570:
8668:
5734:
5717:
5544:
5532:
1123:
869:
were very much his creatures, and he hoped to enhance his authority throughout the empire with their elevation.
8718:
8445:
8301:
5705:
5497:
5459:
5419:
5386:
1980:
995:, who had been entrusted by Galerius with the defense of the Danube while Galerius was in Italy, would become
9014:
8804:
8736:
8601:
8468:
8378:
8191:
6309:
5920:
5746:
5573:
5539:
5503:
5392:
1034:. For the first, and indeed for the last time, seven emperors administered the Roman world: Galerius (East),
777:
301:
1131:
republic may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes."
8586:
8523:
7806:
5561:
4606:
2285:
977:
3461:
1135:
gives the text of the edict in his moralized chronicle of the bad ends to which all the persecutors came,
8947:
8056:
7968:
7453:
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7221:
5642:
5321:
4787:
3732:
3708:
2290:
2237:
607:
4166:
49:
9610:
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8776:
8109:
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6187:
5952:
5908:
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5837:
5724:
5515:
5284:
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44:
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3447:
Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes
3366:
1663:
1089:
764:. Peace negotiations began in the spring of 299, with both Diocletian and Galerius presiding. Their
7142:
6913:
6775:
5869:
5822:
5369:
5016:
2692:
2575:
2567:
2399:
2345:
In Italy; not recognized by the other tetrarchs. He was defeated in 308, but rebelled again in 310.
2147:
455:
969:, within sixty miles of Rome, his control in Italy was confined to the narrow limits of his camp.
9600:
8982:
8897:
8874:
7191:
7053:
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6779:
6579:
6395:
5677:
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the day when the laureled image of the new emperors arrived in Alexandria. Moreover, Lactantius (
1957:
1237:
655:
9486:
9476:
9024:
9003:
8922:
7836:
7696:
7306:
6940:
6900:
6694:
6636:
6520:
6324:
5987:
5947:
5926:
5832:
4622:
4316:
4218:
3891:
1363:
1079:
772:
708:
611:
3332:
3256:
3225:
3190:
3160:
2713:
2696:
1018:
and, notwithstanding the prayers as well as arguments of Galerius, exacted the equal title of
9496:
8972:
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8917:
8907:
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7469:
7373:
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5881:
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5852:
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3302:
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2354:
In the Middle realms; proclaimed by Galerius. Emperor of the East following Maximinus' death.
1932:
1043:
806:
591:
9535:
9491:
8997:
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8325:
7953:
7888:
7741:
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7291:
6717:
6505:
6384:
5864:
5812:
5672:
5647:
5612:
5527:
5441:
5291:
5122:
3450:
1167:
Galerius died in late April or early May 311 from a horribly gruesome disease described by
865:
s were required to take their place. The two persons whom Galerius promoted to the rank of
761:
73:
2390:
8:
9540:
8987:
8962:
8927:
8864:
8239:
8214:
7418:
7413:
6837:
6268:
5795:
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5011:
4974:
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4388:
4330:
4304:
4155:
1647:
1217:
1195:
1155:
1084:
939:
889:
Italy to those of Syria, firmly established his power over three-quarters of the empire.
757:
563:
516:
142:
3645:
9585:
9277:
9264:
8841:
7851:
7423:
7398:
6465:
6240:
5842:
5785:
5729:
5711:
5700:
5662:
5632:
5510:
5228:
5132:
4882:
4851:
4844:
4046:
3953:, edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006b. Hardcover
3696:
3688:
2600:
2592:
2387:
1948:
1055:
920:, and the fourth rank among the Roman princes, whilst he conferred the vacant place of
667:
642:
178:
36:
3822:, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover
9530:
9332:
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5980:
5807:
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5594:
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5316:
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4914:
4899:
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3823:
3809:
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3774:
3760:
3742:
3718:
3700:
3312:
3262:
3235:
3200:
3166:
3136:
2786:, p. 14, citing William Leadbetter, "Galerius and the Revolt of the Thebaid, 293/4,"
2604:
2568:"What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700"
2502:
2262:
1904:
1184:
1176:
1113:
It was at the insistence of Galerius that the last edicts of persecution against the
972:
950:
306:
293:
4161:
1213:
802:
9590:
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9511:
9338:
9166:
8932:
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8269:
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7403:
6827:
6807:
5937:
5914:
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5790:
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5342:
5269:
5239:
5102:
5057:
5052:
4924:
4523:
4503:
4483:
3680:
3186:
2584:
2186:
2139:
1639:
1352:
1106:
he began one of the last and greatest Christian persecutions in the history of the
881:
855:
549:
459:
431:
382:
368:
82:
658:
on Galerius, then commander of the eastern forces, in the region between Carrhae (
9283:
9253:
9212:
9148:
8892:
8822:
8692:
8031:
7686:
7408:
6802:
6440:
6408:
6247:
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4797:
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4537:
4067:
3930:
3736:
3712:
3468:
3457:
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1995:
1622:
826:
571:
286:
275:
232:
6989:
9379:
9177:
9138:
8856:
8812:
8681:
7765:
7691:
7521:
7393:
7353:
7101:
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6908:
6842:
6797:
6679:
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6254:
6233:
6199:
5472:
5436:
5381:
5274:
5197:
5095:
5089:
5021:
5001:
4755:
4715:
4557:
4488:
4312:
4260:
3887:
3806:
The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324
3352:
The empire of the tetrarchs: imperial pronouncements and government, AD 284–324
3196:
2160:
1144:
1035:
873:
861:
716:
558:
529:
507:
479:
447:
415:
263:
200:
111:
3759:, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmut Schneider, 429–438. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
9524:
9058:
8957:
8789:
8759:
8435:
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8147:
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7856:
7831:
7781:
7388:
7383:
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7368:
7175:
7106:
7096:
6958:
6712:
6460:
6403:
6356:
6193:
6152:
5942:
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5062:
4575:
4515:
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4358:
4269:
4235:
4227:
4175:
3914:
The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey
3221:
3156:
2652:
2548:
2405:
1248:
1208:
897:
850:
838:
671:
the conventional organization of an imperial progression, designed to show a
438:
at the battle of Satala in 298 and possibly sacking the Sassanian capital of
423:
154:
68:
3602:
3548:
3521:
2757:
9143:
8977:
8967:
8942:
8794:
8744:
8703:
8429:
8341:
8229:
8142:
8122:
8041:
8006:
8001:
7887:
7826:
7536:
7358:
7348:
7311:
7266:
7180:
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5222:
5084:
4725:
4252:
2563:
2413:
1888:
1107:
1093:
1067:
813:
pass, the quickest southerly route into Persian Armenia; and access to the
695:
503:
451:
240:
186:
2758:"Church Fathers: Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died (Lactantius)"
30:
9247:
9192:
9043:
8992:
8912:
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4875:
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4765:
2202:
702:, the city where Galerius carried out most of his administrative actions.
495:
330:
236:
805:, Turkey). These regions included the passage of the Tigris through the
9364:
9318:
9271:
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4635:
4493:
4448:
4434:
4368:
4326:
4284:
4231:
4211:
3797:
Burgess, R.W. "The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army".
2648:
2543:
2488:
2394:
1673:
1336:
1252:
1229:
1172:
1132:
1114:
1102:
913:
885:
846:
634:
630:
579:
567:
450:, defeating them in 297 and 300. Although he was a staunch opponent of
427:
349:
208:
148:
97:
4621:
3971:
Mackay, Christopher S. "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian."
3692:
3668:
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1199:
935:
55:
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988:
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814:
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736:
682:
553:
491:
487:
483:
439:
160:
40:
9596:
Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae
3484:
A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores
9369:
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4473:
4452:
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4346:
4288:
4264:
4248:
4244:
3684:
2698:
Latin Epigraphy: An Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions
2588:
2561:
For an analysis of the official nomenclature of the Tetrarchs, see
2441:
2173:
1965:
1384:
1376:
1198:, which was part of the palace he built at his birthplace, today's
1180:
1168:
1140:
1047:
1039:
1023:
992:
954:
794:
790:
782:
728:
720:
638:
626:
545:
523:
172:
166:
115:
101:
3854:
Gibbon, Edward, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire', Chapter 14
527:
was "Maximinus", but he changed it to "Maximianus" after becoming
9351:
9290:
9133:
8817:
8628:
8622:
8610:
8491:
8486:
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6361:
6341:
6274:
6124:
6003:
5556:
5259:
5166:
5079:
4934:
4710:
2477:
http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-845 (Marianne Bergmann)
1118:
786:
768:(secretary) Sicorius Probus was sent to Narseh to present terms.
740:
724:
575:
499:
463:
259:
6015:
3818:
Corcoran, "Before Constantine", Simon. "Before Constantine." In
2431:" , since ancient sources often call him "Galerius Maximianus".
1011:. Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper.
641:(r. 241–272), who had sacked Roman Antioch and captured Emperor
9258:
9128:
8765:
8648:
8253:
8224:
8094:
8069:
7861:
7795:
7621:
7614:
7541:
7496:
7490:
7316:
7236:
6822:
6649:
6602:
6556:
6528:
6454:
6332:
6291:
6173:
6138:
6110:
5328:
5185:
5067:
4839:
4705:
3879:
Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337."
3771:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire
1924:
1233:
1203:
1063:
1031:
830:
810:
732:
699:
687:
659:
622:
587:
443:
435:
59:
1121:
in April 311, apparently during his last bout of illness (see
1030:
in opposition to Constantine, who was campaigning against the
397:
9344:
9123:
9113:
9091:
8749:
7658:
7646:
7559:
7476:
7327:
7261:
6923:
6592:
6550:
6544:
6336:
6295:
6166:
6159:
6145:
4929:
4700:
4690:
4670:
1070:), and cutting down the immense forests that encompassed it.
1027:
966:
892:
His hopes were dashed when his colleague Constantius died at
663:
583:
574:), and at the same time being entrusted with the care of the
475:
2386:, 88ff., stating that the evidence adduced (the 7th-century
1163:– once part of an over life-sized statue, probably Galerius.
337:
Imperator Caesar Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus
9096:
9086:
8476:
8351:
7552:
6882:
6702:
6684:
6569:
6351:
6346:
6180:
5972:
4675:
4665:
893:
595:
403:
400:
388:
3908:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 574–575.
3620:
Nixon, C.E.V., and Barbara Saylor Rodgers, ed. and trans.
3003:
3001:
2941:
2939:
880:, and assigned the command of Egypt and Syria. Second was
7301:
3861:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Hardcover
3258:
Birth of the Church: From Jesus to Constantine, AD 30–312
2887:
2863:
385:
8522:
3622:
In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini
3304:
Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Ar
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2798:
2796:
3162:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
3066:
2998:
2995:, which also had an emperor manning the southern flank.
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2936:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2730:
Maximianus Galerius in Dacia haud longe a Serdica natus
2673:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
544:
He served with distinction as a soldier under Emperors
2813:
2811:
2524:
2522:
1216:
ceremony. The entire site has been inscribed into the
723:, winning continuous victories, most prominently near
540:
Diocletian, Galerius' father-in-law and senior emperor
426:
from 305 to 311. While acting as Caesar under Emperor
4015:. London & New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover
3567:
Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People
3192:
Paganism and Christianity, 100–425 C.E.: A Sourcebook
2899:
2875:
2793:
2764:
1206:. Several lumps composed of corroded iron ring mail (
406:
3844:. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996.
3769:
Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron.
3020:
to its eventual conversion under Tiridates. Potter,
2951:
2837:
2661:
2623:
731:(Nusaybin) before 1 October 298. He moved down the
394:
4107:
The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire
3096:
2808:
2519:
2327:
In the West; not recognized by the other tetrarchs.
391:
3573:2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at
3565:Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans.
3490:1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at
2924:
3951:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine
3820:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine
3624:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.
2261:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
1240:, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.
760:and his beneficent conduct towards the family of
578:provinces. After a few years campaigning against
9522:
3141:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2444:apparently never issued any coinage when he was
2336:In Italy; not recognized by the other tetrarchs.
430:, Galerius obtained victory warring against the
3644:. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at
1312:Chronological scheme of the Tetrarchy, 286–324
5988:
4607:
4123:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
4072:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
3949:Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In
3185:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
1277:
4121:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
4089:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
3916:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986.
3738:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
3123:. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022
2259:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
1073:
884:, Galerius' comrade in arms; he was sent to
743:before returning to Roman territory via the
616:
3741:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3717:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3595:Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died
3219:
5995:
5981:
4614:
4600:
3039:
2701:. Cambridge University Press. p. 232.
2363:Usurper in Africa, unrecognized elsewhere.
1284:
1270:
1066:the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso (now
552:, and in 293, at the establishment of the
29:
4109:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
3842:The Christianity of Constantine the Great
3300:
1223:
207:1 March 293 – 1 May 305 (under
9405:
4086:
3254:
3084:Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62.
3007:
2945:
2831:
2711:
1154:
1083:
971:
926:
896:in 306 and the legions elevated his son
825:
681:
535:
494:father and his mother, Romula, had left
4158:: Edict of Toleration by Galerius, 311.
3993:. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover
3905:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
2539:
2537:
932:Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius
9523:
8552:
7917:
7019:
6045:
4044:
3928:
3919:
3787:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
3731:
3707:
3666:
3467:Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at
3281:
3155:
3072:
2970:
2918:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2848:
2802:
2741:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2636:
2617:
2562:
2528:
2494:The Art of the Roman Empire AD 100–450
2487:
2372:In the East; proclaimed by his troops.
442:in 299. He also campaigned across the
9404:
8521:
7886:
6988:
6014:
5976:
4595:
3755:Bleckmann, Bruno. "Diocletianus." In
2991:' (r. 161–180) earlier, unsuccessful
2715:The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2182:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2156:
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2143:
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2030:
2028:
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2024:
2022:
2020:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1956:
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1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1910:
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1901:
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1471:
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1360:
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1351:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
999:in the West, with Constantine as his
750:
739:, and gazing onwards to the ruins of
490:) – his birth and funeral place. His
9057:
4065:
3991:Constantine and the Christian Empire
3773:. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
3445:Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds.
3349:
3102:
3061:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2930:
2817:
2534:
2318:In the West; proclaimed by Galerius.
2309:In the West; proclaimed by Maximian.
570:'s daughter Valeria (later known as
4048:The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395
4041:(2004b). Accessed 16 December 2007.
3932:Galerius and the Will of Diocletian
3900:"C. Galerius Valerius Maximianus 9"
3539:Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans.
2411:) explicitly states that Galerius'
821:
89:1 May 305 – early May 311
13:
4167:Lactantius about Galerius in his "
4162:Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus
3986:(1997). Accessed 16 February 2008.
3512:McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans.
3432:
3333:"Marble portrait of Roman Emperor"
3114:
3058:
949:, who was married to his daughter
601:
325:Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus
14:
9622:
9581:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
4149:
4135:Diocletian and the Roman Recovery
3808:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
3667:Barnes, T. D. (7 December 1973).
3659:
3571:Canisius College Translated Texts
3488:Canisius College Translated Texts
3419:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
1255:is named after Emperor Galerius.
1003:. In the East, Galerius remained
3924:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
3886:
3859:Law and Empire in Late Antiquity
3588:On the Deaths of the Persecutors
3288:On the Deaths of the Persecutors
2770:
381:
3785:The Rise of Western Christendom
3408:
3395:
3386:
3373:
3358:
3343:
3325:
3294:
3275:
3248:
3213:
3179:
3149:
3108:
3087:
3078:
3027:
3013:
2976:
2854:
2776:
2750:
2735:
2722:
2705:
2685:
2642:
2555:
2434:
2421:
2375:
2366:
2231:
1124:Edict of Toleration by Galerius
1101:sedition in secret gatherings.
3799:Journal of Theological Studies
3599:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
3545:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
3518:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
2718:. Fonthill Media. p. 414.
2481:
2470:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
1258:
1026:proclaimed himself emperor in
837:. The reverse depicts the god
521:'herd'). His original
1:
9015:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
4563:G. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus
4409:T. Flavius Postumius Titianus
4397:T. Flavius Postumius Titianus
4137:. New York: Routledge, 1997.
2860:Ammianus Marcellinus 23.5.11.
2732:", Eutropii Breviarum IX. 22.
2463:
686:Detail of Galerius attacking
469:
419:
251:
225:
16:Roman emperor from 305 to 311
6002:
4069:Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
4035:Constantine I (306 – 337 AD)
3673:The Journal of Roman Studies
3669:"Lactantius and Constantine"
3642:The History of Count Zosimus
3482:Banchich, Thomas M., trans.
3165:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 132.
2784:Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
2286:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
976:Portrait of Galerius on his
853:and Galerius to the rank of
849:in 305 and the elevation of
377:Galerius Valerius Maximianus
7:
8948:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
4171:" chapter XXIII & XXVII
3757:Brill's New Pauly, Volume 4
2291:Civil wars of the Tetrarchy
2279:
1190:Galerius was buried in his
1007:and Maximinus remained his
35:Likely bust of Galerius in
10:
9627:
9561:4th-century Roman emperors
9551:3rd-century Roman emperors
7847:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
7231:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
6995:Second Intermediate Period
5887:Constantine XI Palaiologos
5838:Andronikos III Palaiologos
5725:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
3883:43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.
3605:. Accessed 25 August 2009.
3593:Fletcher, William, trans.
3577:. Accessed 15 August 2009.
3551:. Accessed 25 August 2009.
3524:. Accessed 25 August 2009.
3494:. Accessed 15 August 2009.
3471:. Accessed 15 August 2009.
3464:. Accessed 25 August 2009.
3427:
3309:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3117:"Maxentius (306–312 A.D.)"
1293:Simplified family tree of
1243:
1077:
940:UNESCO World Heritage Site
924:on his favourite Severus.
662:, Turkey) and Callinicum (
605:
9556:4th-century Roman consuls
9546:3rd-century Roman consuls
9509:
9411:
9400:
9298:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
9042:
8988:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
8883:
8855:
8840:
8803:
8775:
8735:
8717:
8667:
8600:
8585:
8543:
8539:
8517:
8467:
8444:
8377:
8300:
8238:
8190:
8175:
8108:
8055:
7967:
7952:
7908:
7904:
7893:Third Intermediate Period
7882:
7805:
7764:
7672:
7604:
7452:
7220:
7205:
7141:
7115:
7067:
7052:
7010:
7006:
6984:
6939:
6899:
6774:
6759:
6693:
6635:
6578:
6519:
6504:
6394:
6323:
6308:
6209:
6093:
6078:
6036:
6032:
6021:First Intermediate Period
6010:
5963:
5895:
5860:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
5828:Andronikos II Palaiologos
5653:Constantine IX Monomachos
5341:
5238:
5121:
4948:
4786:
4634:
4572:
4546:
4530:
4508:
4457:
4445:
4431:
4415:
4405:
4393:
4377:
4365:
4351:
4335:
4323:
4309:
4293:
4281:
4276:
4257:
4216:
4208:
4203:
4183:
4045:Potter, David S. (2004).
3929:Leadbetter, Bill (2010).
3920:Kuhoff, Wolfgang (2001).
3451:University College London
2712:Maxwelll, Craven (2019).
2116:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2102:
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2092:
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2078:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2040:
2038:
1961:
1928:
1908:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1848:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1800:
1798:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1744:
1742:
1730:
1728:
1716:
1714:
1702:
1700:
1664:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
1660:
1643:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1433:
1431:
1380:
1373:
1349:
1074:Persecution of Christians
617:Invasion, counterinvasion
364:
356:
345:
336:
329:
324:
319:
315:
292:
282:
270:
246:
219:
215:
199:
123:
107:
93:
81:
67:
28:
23:
9566:Caesars (heirs apparent)
9010:Cleopatra VII Philopator
7267:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
6025: (<3150–2040 BC)
5823:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4355:Anicius Faustus Paulinus
4169:De Mortibus Persecutorum
4039:De Imperatoribus Romanis
3984:De Imperatoribus Romanis
3980:Diocletian (284–305 AD.)
3714:Constantine and Eusebius
3584:De Mortibus Persecutorum
3575:De Imperatoribus Romanis
3492:De Imperatoribus Romanis
3403:De Mortibus Persecutorum
3381:De Mortibus Persecutorum
3301:Weitzmann, Kurt (1977).
3284:De Mortibus Persecutorum
3121:De Imperatoribus Romanis
2744:de Mortibus Persecutorum
2576:Journal of Roman Studies
2549:de Mortibus Persecutorum
2296:
1175:, possibly some form of
1150:
1137:De Mortibus Persecutorum
1022:. Around the same time,
845:After the abdication of
727:(Erzurum), and securing
566:, receiving in marriage
456:Diocletianic Persecution
8983:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
8898:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
7192:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
5678:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
5312:Tiberius II Constantine
4091:. New York: Routledge.
4087:Southern, Pat. (2001).
4051:. New York: Routledge.
4013:The Emperor Constantine
3989:Odahl, Charles Matson.
3615:Twelve Latin Panegyrics
3189:; Lane, Eugene (1992).
3022:The Roman Empire at Bay
2499:Oxford University Press
1958:Flavia Julia Constantia
715:Galerius advanced into
608:Roman–Iranian relations
474:Galerius was born near
9571:Deified Roman emperors
9025:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
9004:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
8998:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
8953:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
8923:Arsinoe III Philopator
7837:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
7307:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
7247:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
6838:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
5833:Michael IX Palaiologos
4105:Rostovtzeff, Michael.
3503:Historia Ecclesiastica
3499:Eusebius of Caesarea.
3462:University of Grenoble
3456:26 August 2009 at the
3282:Lactantius, "34, 35",
3220:Takacs, Sarolta Anna;
3059:Gibbon, Edward, "14",
2773:, p. 574, Vol. 1.
1364:Afranius Hannibalianus
1224:Anti-Roman accusations
1164:
1097:
1080:Diocletian Persecution
980:
942:
842:
771:The conditions of the
703:
541:
511:
8973:Ptolemy X Alexander I
8938:Ptolemy VI Philometor
8918:Ptolemy IV Philopator
8913:Berenice II Euergetes
8908:Ptolemy III Euergetes
8870:Philip III Arrhidaeus
7379:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
7374:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
6728:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
5927:Thessalonian emperors
5921:Trapezuntine emperors
5882:John VIII Palaiologos
5877:Manuel II Palaiologos
5848:John VI Kantakouzenos
5764:Andronikos I Komnenos
5601:Constantine Lekapenos
4629:and empresses regnant
4176:Catholic Encyclopedia
3975:94:2 (1999): 198–209.
3935:. London: Routledge.
3801:47:1 (1996): 157–158.
3652:in the public domain.
3611:XII Panegyrici Latini
3477:Epitome de Caesaribus
3255:Davidson, J. (2005).
2393:and the contemporary
1657:Constantinian Dynasty
1158:
1087:
975:
930:
829:
685:
539:
454:, Galerius ended the
9406:Dynastic genealogies
9030:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
8326:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
8240:High Priests of Amun
7742:Merankhre Mentuhotep
7444:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
7439:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
7292:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
6999: (2040–1550 BC)
6718:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
5865:John VII Palaiologos
5813:Theodore II Laskaris
5673:Constantine X Doukas
5613:Nikephoros II Phokas
4066:Rees, Roger (2004).
3978:Mathisen, Ralph W. "
3337:Canellopoulos Museum
3115:DiMaio, Michael Jr.
1161:Canellopoulos Museum
675:'s deference to his
250:early May 311 (aged
8928:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
8865:Alexander the Great
7897: (1550–664 BC)
7419:Mershepsesre Ini II
7414:Merkawre Sobekhotep
6808:Neferkare IV Khendu
5796:Theodore I Laskaris
5781:Alexios III Angelos
5759:Alexios II Komnenos
5683:Romanos IV Diogenes
5638:Romanos III Argyros
5584:Romanos I Lekapenos
4469:Constantius Chlorus
4427:Constantius Chlorus
4389:Constantius Chlorus
4331:Constantius Chlorus
4317:G. Annius Anullinus
4305:Constantius Chlorus
4156:Medieval Sourcebook
4133:Williams, Stephen.
4119:Treadgold, Warren.
4033:Pohlsander, Hans. "
3973:Classical Philology
3541:Life of Constantine
3534:Life of Constantine
2257:Barnes, Timothy D.
2148:Constantine II
1236:had applied to the
1218:World Heritage List
1196:Gamzigrad-Romuliana
938:, Serbia, today an
900:to the position of
564:Constantius Chlorus
460:Edict of Toleration
458:when he issued the
422:258 – May 311) was
39:, found in 1993 at
9265:Trebonianus Gallus
7852:Senakhtenre Ahmose
7470:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
7424:Sewahenre Senebmiu
7399:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
6828:Neferkare V Tereru
6798:Neferkare III Neby
6466:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
5915:Britannic emperors
5909:Palmyrene emperors
5843:John V Palaiologos
5786:Alexios IV Angelos
5735:Constantine Doukas
5730:Alexios I Komnenos
5718:Constantine Doukas
5701:Michael VII Doukas
5663:Michael VI Bringas
5229:Romulus Augustulus
4852:Trebonianus Gallus
4845:Herennius Etruscus
4627:Byzantine emperors
4277:Political offices
4011:Pohlsander, Hans.
3733:Barnes, Timothy D.
3709:Barnes, Timothy D.
3440:Codex Theodosianus
3367:Historia Ecclesiae
3311:. pp. 13–14.
2896:, p. 292–293.
2872:, p. 651–652.
2427:Sometimes called "
1949:Julius Constantius
1165:
1098:
1056:Domitius Alexander
981:
943:
843:
751:Peace negotiations
704:
668:David Stone Potter
612:Roman–Persian Wars
542:
223:Galerius Maximinus
119:(both in the East)
9611:Damnatio memoriae
9606:Illyrian emperors
9518:
9517:
9505:
9504:
9396:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9388:
9387:
9312:Claudius Gothicus
9206:Severus Alexander
9173:Septimius Severus
9038:
9037:
8836:
8835:
8581:
8580:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8220:Osorkon the Elder
8171:
8170:
7948:
7947:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7842:Nubkheperre Intef
7722:Sekhemre Shedwast
7344:Sehetepkare Intef
7272:Semenkare Nebnuni
7201:
7200:
7048:
7047:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6755:
6754:
6733:Netjerkare Siptah
6655:Neferirkare Kakai
6500:
6499:
6304:
6303:
6074:
6073:
5970:
5969:
5808:John III Vatatzes
5754:Manuel I Komnenos
5493:Michael I Rangabe
5337:
5336:
5179:Petronius Maximus
4778:Severus Alexander
4746:Septimius Severus
4590:
4589:
4573:Succeeded by
4534:Tatius Andronicus
4509:Succeeded by
4432:Succeeded by
4412:Virius Nepotianus
4400:Virius Nepotianus
4394:Succeeded by
4352:Succeeded by
4310:Succeeded by
4258:Succeeded by
4115:978-0-19-814231-7
3942:978-0-415-40488-4
3892:Martindale, J. R.
3804:Corcoran, Simon.
3724:978-0-674-16531-1
3350:Corcoran, Simon,
3261:. Monarch Books.
3227:The Ancient World
3187:MacMullen, Ramsay
3172:978-1-60520-122-1
3075:, pp. 28–29.
2993:Parthian campaign
2682:, pp. 37–38.
2620:, pp. 18–21.
2388:Paschal Chronicle
2274:
2273:
2212:
2211:
1905:Valeria Maximilla
1889:Maximinus II
1317:
1238:conquered Dacians
1185:Fournier gangrene
951:Valeria Maximilla
766:magister memoriae
637:(r. 226–241) and
556:, was designated
520:
502:) because of the
374:
373:
341:
340:
307:Valeria Maximilla
9618:
9512:List of pharaohs
9402:
9401:
9167:Pescennius Niger
9055:
9054:
9051:
9050:
8963:Ptolemy IX Soter
8933:Cleopatra I Syra
8853:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8550:
8549:
8541:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8519:
8518:
8270:Djedkhonsuefankh
8188:
8187:
8184:
8183:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7935:
7930:
7915:
7914:
7906:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7884:
7883:
7477:Qareh Khawoserre
7463:Yakbim Sekhaenre
7404:Mersekhemre Ined
7218:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7017:
7016:
7008:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6986:
6985:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6043:
6042:
6034:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6012:
6011:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5974:
5973:
5818:John IV Laskaris
5791:Alexios V Doukas
5776:Isaac II Angelos
5742:John II Komnenos
5668:Isaac I Komnenos
5628:Constantine VIII
5618:John I Tzimiskes
5345:Byzantine Empire
5119:
5118:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4531:Preceded by
4524:Valerius Romulus
4504:Valerius Romulus
4484:Valerius Severus
4446:Preceded by
4406:Preceded by
4366:Preceded by
4324:Preceded by
4282:Preceded by
4209:Preceded by
4199:
4192:
4181:
4180:
4102:
4083:
4062:
3946:
3925:
3909:
3752:
3728:
3704:
3640:Unknown, trans.
3530:Vita Constantini
3421:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2949:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2791:
2790:34 (2000) 82–94.
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2572:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2457:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2245:
2235:
2140:Valerius Romulus
1320:
1319:
1306:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1090:Arch of Galerius
822:Rule as Augustus
778:Caucasian Iberia
773:Peace of Nisibis
709:Battle of Satala
692:Arch of Galerius
515:
466:(Sofia) in 311.
432:Sassanian Empire
421:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
369:Roman polytheism
360:Romula (alleged)
317:
316:
256:
253:
230:
227:
126:
53:
43:and held at the
33:
21:
20:
9626:
9625:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9616:
9615:
9521:
9520:
9519:
9514:
9501:
9407:
9384:
9284:Macrianus Minor
9213:Maximinus Thrax
9149:Marcus Aurelius
9048:
9047:
9046:
9034:
8893:Ptolemy I Soter
8879:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8832:
8799:
8771:
8731:
8713:
8693:Psammetichus IV
8663:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8577:
8555:
8546:
8535:
8532:(664 BC–313 AD)
8531:
8530:
8501:
8463:
8440:
8436:Menkheperre Ini
8373:
8296:
8234:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8167:
8104:
8051:
8032:Neferneferuaten
7958:
7957:
7956:
7944:
7943:
7933:
7928:
7927:Pharaohs
7920:
7911:
7900:
7896:
7895:
7866:
7801:
7760:
7687:Sobekhotep VIII
7668:
7600:
7448:
7409:Sewadjkare Hori
7211:
7210:
7209:
7197:
7137:
7111:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7044:
7022:
7013:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6968:
6935:
6895:
6803:Djedkare Shemai
6765:
6764:
6763:
6751:
6689:
6631:
6574:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6496:
6390:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6300:
6205:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6070:
6048:
6039:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6006:
6001:
5971:
5966:
5959:
5903:Gallic emperors
5891:
5579:Constantine VII
5360:Constantine III
5347:
5344:
5333:
5242:
5234:
5173:Valentinian III
5161:Constantius III
5155:Priscus Attalus
5139:Constantine III
5125:
5117:
5007:Valerius Valens
4952:
4944:
4790:
4782:
4741:Didius Julianus
4721:Marcus Aurelius
4638:
4630:
4620:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4568:Aradius Rufinus
4566:
4561:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4538:Pompeius Probus
4536:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4437:
4423:
4421:
4413:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4357:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4315:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4272:
4267:
4243:
4224:
4223:305–311
4222:
4214:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4152:
4147:
4099:
4080:
4059:
3943:
3898:, eds. (1971).
3888:Jones, A. H. M.
3857:Harries, Jill.
3840:Elliott, T. G.
3749:
3725:
3662:
3657:
3458:Wayback Machine
3435:
3433:Ancient sources
3430:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3363:
3359:
3348:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3299:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3234:. p. 202.
3218:
3214:
3207:
3199:. p. 219.
3184:
3180:
3173:
3154:
3150:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3014:
3006:
2999:
2989:Marcus Aurelius
2981:
2977:
2969:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2710:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2570:
2560:
2556:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2520:
2509:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2282:
2276:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2205:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2151:
2001:
2000:Western Emperor
1999:
1986:
1985:Western Emperor
1984:
1971:
1970:Eastern Emperor
1969:
1966:Licinius I
1951:
1938:
1936:
1918:
1917:Western Emperor
1916:
1894:
1893:Eastern Emperor
1892:
1679:
1678:Western Emperor
1677:
1655:
1653:
1652:Western Emperor
1651:
1623:Galeria Valeria
1616:
1615:Eastern Emperor
1614:
1603:
1394:
1393:Western Emperor
1392:
1388:
1370:
1366:
1346:
1345:Western Emperor
1344:
1340:
1300:
1290:
1261:
1246:
1226:
1153:
1082:
1076:
833:of Galerius as
824:
753:
656:a severe defeat
619:
614:
604:
602:War with Persia
572:Galeria Valeria
484:Felix Romuliana
472:
384:
380:
311:
287:Galeria Valeria
278:
276:Felix Romuliana
258:
254:
233:Felix Romuliana
231:
228:
224:
195:
192:
136:
135:
124:
118:
77:
63:
47:
45:National Museum
17:
12:
11:
5:
9624:
9614:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9601:Roman pharaohs
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9507:
9506:
9503:
9502:
9500:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9421:
9418:
9412:
9409:
9408:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9382:
9380:Maximinus Daza
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9355:
9348:
9341:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9301:
9294:
9287:
9280:
9275:
9268:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9244:
9237:
9230:
9223:
9216:
9209:
9202:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9163:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9139:Antoninus Pius
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9063:
9061:
9052:
9049:(30 BC–313 AD)
9040:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8889:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8861:
8859:
8850:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8813:Artaxerxes III
8809:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8741:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8723:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8689:
8684:
8682:Petubastis III
8679:
8673:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8619:
8614:
8606:
8604:
8595:
8583:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8565:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8547:
8544:
8537:
8536:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8473:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8450:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8196:
8194:
8185:
8177:3 Intermediate
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8114:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7973:
7971:
7962:
7959:(1550–1070 BC)
7950:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7912:
7909:
7902:
7901:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7778:
7770:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7692:Neferhotep III
7689:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7610:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7591:
7584:
7577:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7522:Sewadjkare III
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7491:Maaibre Sheshi
7487:
7484:'Ammu Ahotepre
7480:
7473:
7466:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7394:Merhotepre Ini
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7354:Sobekhotep III
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7226:
7224:
7215:
7212:(1802–1550 BC)
7207:2 Intermediate
7203:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7102:Mentuhotep III
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7062:
7059:(2040–1802 BC)
7054:Middle Kingdom
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7004:
7003:
6991:Middle Kingdom
6982:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6954:Neferkare VIII
6951:
6945:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6921:
6919:Nebkaure Khety
6916:
6911:
6909:Meryibre Khety
6905:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6843:Neferkamin Anu
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6769:
6766:(2181–2040 BC)
6761:1 Intermediate
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6680:Djedkare Isesi
6677:
6675:Menkauhor Kaiu
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6641:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6548:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6514:
6511:(2686–2181 BC)
6502:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6329:
6327:
6318:
6315:(3150–2686 BC)
6310:Early Dynastic
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6289:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6097:
6088:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6030:
6029:
6008:
6007:
6000:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5862:
5857:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5739:
5727:
5722:
5698:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5658:Theodora (III)
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5554:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5520:
5508:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5473:Constantine VI
5470:
5465:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5437:Theodosius III
5434:
5429:
5424:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5382:Constantine IV
5379:
5374:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5240:Eastern Empire
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5158:
5151:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:Western Empire
5116:
5115:
5108:
5096:Magnus Maximus
5092:
5090:Valentinian II
5087:
5082:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5022:Constantius II
5019:
5017:Constantine II
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4885:
4880:
4872:
4867:
4849:
4837:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4716:Antoninus Pius
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4639:27 BC – AD 235
4632:
4631:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4587:
4574:
4571:
4558:Maximinus Daza
4545:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4510:
4507:
4489:Maximinus Daza
4456:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4433:
4430:
4414:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4376:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4353:
4350:
4334:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4313:Nummius Tuscus
4311:
4308:
4292:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4261:Maximinus Daza
4259:
4256:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4204:Regnal titles
4201:
4200:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4164:
4159:
4151:
4150:External links
4148:
4146:
4145:
4131:
4117:
4103:
4097:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4042:
4031:
4009:
3987:
3976:
3969:
3947:
3941:
3926:
3917:
3912:Jones, A.H.M.
3910:
3884:
3881:Church History
3877:
3855:
3852:
3838:
3816:
3802:
3795:
3783:Brown, Peter.
3781:
3767:
3753:
3747:
3729:
3723:
3705:
3685:10.2307/299163
3663:
3661:
3660:Modern sources
3658:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3514:Church History
3507:Church History
3497:
3496:
3495:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:AncientRome.ru
3465:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3415:Galerius Peak.
3407:
3394:
3385:
3372:
3357:
3342:
3324:
3317:
3293:
3274:
3268:978-1854246585
3267:
3247:
3240:
3222:Cline, Eric H.
3212:
3205:
3197:Fortress Press
3178:
3171:
3157:Gibbon, Edward
3148:
3107:
3105:, p. 160.
3095:
3086:
3077:
3065:
3038:
3026:
3012:
3010:, p. 150.
2997:
2975:
2950:
2948:, p. 151.
2935:
2923:
2921:, p. 293.
2898:
2886:
2884:, p. 652.
2874:
2862:
2853:
2836:
2834:, p. 149.
2824:
2807:
2805:, p. 292.
2792:
2775:
2763:
2749:
2734:
2721:
2704:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2641:
2622:
2610:
2589:10.2307/300873
2554:
2533:
2518:
2507:
2501:. p. 58.
2480:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
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2420:
2374:
2365:
2356:
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2311:
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2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2247:
2246:
2238:Timothy Barnes
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2168:
2161:Constantius II
2157:
2155:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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2093:
2091:
2089:
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2085:
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2081:
2079:
2077:
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2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
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2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1768:
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1765:
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1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
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1733:
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1727:
1725:
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1717:
1715:
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1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
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1670:
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1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1245:
1242:
1225:
1222:
1220:in June 2007.
1152:
1149:
1145:Edict of Milan
1088:Detail of the
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
874:Maximinus Daza
823:
820:
752:
749:
725:Theodosiopolis
651:Persici Maximi
618:
615:
603:
600:
480:Dacia Ripensis
471:
468:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
358:
354:
353:
347:
343:
342:
339:
338:
334:
333:
327:
326:
322:
321:
313:
312:
310:
309:
304:
298:
296:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
274:
272:
268:
267:
266:, Roman Empire
264:Dacia Ripensis
248:
244:
243:
221:
217:
216:
213:
212:
205:
197:
196:
194:
193:
191:
190:
184:
176:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
139:
131:
130:
129:
127:
121:
120:
109:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
71:
65:
64:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9623:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9513:
9508:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9410:
9403:
9399:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9356:
9354:
9353:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9323:
9321:
9320:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9295:
9293:
9292:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9273:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9245:
9243:
9242:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9231:
9229:
9228:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9168:
9164:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9104:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9053:
9045:
9041:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9005:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8958:Cleopatra III
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8843:
8839:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8763:
8761:
8760:Nepherites II
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8734:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8588:
8584:
8574:
8571:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8551:
8548:
8542:
8538:
8529:
8525:
8520:
8516:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8376:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8291:Psusennes III
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8186:
8182:(1069–664 BC)
8178:
8174:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8148:Ramesses VIII
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8107:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8017:Amenhotep III
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7963:
7955:
7951:
7940:
7937:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7907:
7903:
7894:
7890:
7885:
7881:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7857:Seqenenre Tao
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7832:Sobekemsaf II
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7782:Wepwawetemsaf
7779:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7389:Merneferre Ay
7387:
7385:
7384:Wahibre Ibiau
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:Sobekhotep IV
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7208:
7204:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7176:Amenemhat III
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7107:Mentuhotep IV
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7097:Mentuhotep II
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7041:
7038:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7018:
7015:
7009:
7005:
6996:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:Wahkare Khety
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6914:Neferkare VII
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6762:
6758:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6461:Seth-Peribsen
6459:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6404:Hotepsekhemwy
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:Double Falcon
6192:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6085:(pre-3150 BC)
6081:
6080:Protodynastic
6077:
6067:
6064:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6044:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6022:
6018:
6017:Protodynastic
6013:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5962:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5540:Theodora (II)
5538:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:Constantine V
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Anastasius II
5430:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:Theodosius II
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:Valentinian I
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:Constantine I
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Constantius I
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4576:Constantine I
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4516:Constantine I
4513:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4479:Constantine I
4475:
4470:
4462:
4461:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4359:Virius Gallus
4356:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4270:Constantine I
4266:
4262:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4236:Constantine I
4233:
4229:
4228:Constantius I
4221:
4220:
4219:Roman emperor
4213:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4144:
4143:0-415-91827-8
4140:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:0-8047-2630-2
4126:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4098:0-415-23944-3
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4079:9780748616602
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4058:0-415-10057-7
4054:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:0-415-31938-2
4026:
4022:
4021:0-415-31937-4
4018:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:0-415-38655-1
4004:
4000:
3999:0-415-17485-6
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:0-521-52157-2
3964:
3960:
3959:0-521-81838-9
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:0-521-42273-6
3872:
3868:
3867:0-521-41087-8
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:0-940866-59-5
3847:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:0-521-52157-2
3833:
3829:
3828:0-521-81838-9
3825:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:0-19-815304-X
3811:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3793:0-631-22138-7
3790:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:0-521-30199-8
3776:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:90-04-12259-1
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3748:0-674-28066-0
3744:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3650:Historia Nova
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:Historia Nova
3628:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3354:, p. 187
3353:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3318:9780870991790
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3241:9781317458395
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3206:9781451407853
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3093:Odahl, 79–80.
3090:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3008:Southern 2001
3004:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2973:, p. 18.
2972:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2947:
2946:Southern 2001
2942:
2940:
2933:, p. 14.
2932:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2857:
2851:, p. 17.
2850:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:Southern 2001
2828:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2670:, p. 38.
2669:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:, p. 37.
2638:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2564:Salway, Benet
2558:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2508:9780198768630
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2418:acclamations.
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2267:0-7837-2221-4
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:Bibliography:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2121:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1983:
1982:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1937:Roman Emperor
1935:
1934:
1933:Constantine I
1926:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1781:
1778:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1648:Constantius I
1641:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1597:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1553:
1551:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1443:
1441:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:Galerius Peak
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:According to
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:lorica hamata
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1054:(Italy), and
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:Constantine I
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
979:
974:
970:
968:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
863:
858:
857:
852:
851:Constantius I
848:
840:
836:
832:
828:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:(near modern
800:
796:
792:
789:), Arzanene (
788:
785:, Sophanene (
784:
779:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
613:
609:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
538:
534:
532:
531:
526:
525:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Roman emperor
417:
411:
378:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
344:
335:
332:
328:
323:
318:
314:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
297:
295:
291:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
204:
203:
198:
188:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:Constantine I
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:Constantius I
141:
140:
138:
137:
134:
128:
122:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
69:Roman emperor
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
9374:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9331:
9324:
9317:
9310:
9303:
9296:
9289:
9282:
9270:
9263:
9246:
9239:
9232:
9225:
9218:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9165:
9158:
9144:Lucius Verus
9101:
9002:
8978:Berenice III
8968:Cleopatra IV
8943:Cleopatra II
8875:Alexander IV
8795:Nectanebo II
8764:
8745:Nepherites I
8704:Artaxerxes I
8691:
8621:
8609:
8592:(664–332 BC)
8572:
8528:Roman Period
8430:Shoshenq VII
8428:
8401:
8361:
8342:Shoshenq III
8324:
8289:
8252:
8230:Psusennes II
8143:Ramesses VII
8123:Ramesses III
8007:Amenhotep II
8002:Thutmose III
7938:
7827:Sobekemsaf I
7819:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7773:
7753:
7746:
7651:
7634:
7629:'Aper-'Anati
7627:
7620:
7613:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7537:Sekheperenre
7489:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7359:Neferhotep I
7349:Seth Meribre
7326:
7312:Djedkheperew
7229:
7190:
7181:Amenemhat IV
7171:Senusret III
7161:Amenemhat II
7077:Mentuhotep I
7039:
6928:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6793:Neferkare II
6744:
6737:
6670:Nyuserre Ini
6624:
6607:
6562:
6555:
6543:
6484:
6479:Neferkasokar
6477:
6470:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6383:
6376:
6284:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6227:Finger Snail
6225:
6218:
6198:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6065:
5870:Andronikos V
5868:
5851:
5799:
5767:
5745:
5733:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5692:
5686:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5560:
5543:
5531:
5514:
5502:
5496:
5483:Nikephoros I
5458:
5457:
5451:
5418:
5415:Justinian II
5410:Tiberius III
5400:Justinian II
5391:
5385:
5368:
5320:
5292:Anastasius I
5283:
5227:
5223:Julius Nepos
5215:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5177:
5165:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5137:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5094:
5085:Theodosius I
5072:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5002:Maximinus II
4989:
4969:
4891:
4874:
4861:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4764:
4726:Lucius Verus
4555:
4549:Roman consul
4547:
4466:
4460:Roman consul
4458:
4424:
4418:Roman consul
4416:
4386:
4380:Roman consul
4378:
4344:
4338:Roman consul
4336:
4302:
4296:Roman consul
4294:
4253:Maximinus II
4226:
4217:
4195:
4188:
4168:
4134:
4120:
4106:
4088:
4068:
4047:
4038:
4012:
3990:
3983:
3972:
3950:
3931:
3921:
3913:
3903:
3896:Morris, John
3880:
3858:
3841:
3819:
3805:
3798:
3784:
3770:
3756:
3737:
3713:
3676:
3672:
3649:
3641:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3583:
3582:Lactantius.
3570:
3566:
3559:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3529:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3502:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3446:
3439:
3410:
3402:
3401:Lactantius,
3397:
3388:
3380:
3379:Lactantius,
3375:
3365:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3303:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3257:
3250:
3226:
3215:
3191:
3181:
3161:
3151:
3125:. Retrieved
3120:
3110:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3068:
3060:
3033:Nixon 2015,
3029:
3021:
3015:
2983:
2982:Lactantius (
2978:
2926:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2856:
2827:
2819:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2766:
2752:
2743:
2742:Lactantius,
2737:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2707:
2697:
2693:Sandys, John
2687:
2675:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2613:
2580:
2574:
2557:
2547:
2531:, p. 4.
2512:
2493:
2483:
2472:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2414:dies imperii
2412:
2406:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2275:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2185:
2172:
2159:
2146:
1994:
1979:
1964:
1931:
1911:
1887:
1672:
1646:
1610:
1609:
1389:
1383:
1367:
1341:
1335:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1294:
1292:
1247:
1227:
1207:
1189:
1177:bowel cancer
1166:
1159:Head in the
1136:
1129:
1122:
1112:
1108:Roman Empire
1099:
1094:Thessaloniki
1068:Lake Balaton
1060:
1036:Maximinus II
1019:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
986:
982:
959:
944:
921:
917:
906:
901:
891:
877:
871:
866:
860:
854:
844:
834:
770:
765:
754:
714:
705:
696:Thessaloniki
676:
672:
650:
647:
620:
557:
543:
528:
522:
473:
452:Christianity
446:against the
434:, defeating
418:: Γαλέριος;
376:
375:
241:Roman Empire
201:
187:Maximinus II
179:
132:
112:Maximinus II
83:
18:
9536:250s births
9248:Gordian III
9193:Diadumenian
8993:Cleopatra V
8847:(332–30 BC)
8842:Hellenistic
8785:Nectanebo I
8677:Cambyses II
8659:Psamtik III
8617:Tefnakht II
8419:Takelot III
8414:Osorkon III
8409:Shoshenq VI
8363:Pedubast II
8347:Shoshenq IV
8320:Shoshenq II
8285:Pinedjem II
8275:Menkheperre
8210:Psusennes I
8163:Ramesses XI
8153:Ramesses IX
8138:Ramesses VI
8128:Ramesses IV
8075:Ramesses II
8037:Tutankhamun
8012:Thutmose IV
7992:Thutmose II
7982:Amenhotep I
7954:New Kingdom
7889:New Kingdom
7748:Senusret IV
7732:Dedumose II
7707:Nebiriau II
7702:Nebiryraw I
7697:Mentuhotepi
7502:Khakherewre
7429:Merkheperre
7339:Imyremeshaw
7322:Sedjefakare
7277:Sehetepibre
7252:Ameny Qemau
7186:Sobekneferu
7166:Senusret II
7151:Amenemhat I
7133:Iyibkhentre
6863:Neferirkare
6858:Neferkauhor
6665:Shepseskare
6506:Old Kingdom
6492:Khasekhemwy
6472:Neferkara I
6441:Weneg-Nebty
6286:Scorpion II
5929:(1224–1242)
5923:(1204–1461)
5712:Konstantios
5589:Christopher
5562:Constantine
5552:Michael III
5533:Constantine
5516:Constantine
5498:Theophylact
5427:Philippicus
5377:Constans II
5302:Justinian I
5198:Severus III
5146:Constans II
4900:Claudius II
4876:Silbannacus
4823:Gordian III
4798:Maximinus I
4766:Diadumenian
3635:New History
3073:Barnes 1981
2971:Barnes 1981
2919:Potter 2004
2894:Potter 2004
2882:Potter 2004
2870:Potter 2004
2849:Barnes 1981
2803:Potter 2004
2747:, chapter 9
2680:Barnes 1982
2668:Barnes 1982
2637:Barnes 1982
2583:: 137–140.
2529:Barnes 1982
2489:Elsner, Jas
2429:Maximian II
2203:Licinius II
1259:Family tree
898:Constantine
809:range; the
807:Anti-Taurus
625:, a son of
562:along with
496:Roman Dacia
331:Regnal name
302:Candidianus
237:Roman Dacia
94:Predecessor
48: [
9541:311 deaths
9525:Categories
9365:Diocletian
9319:Quintillus
9272:Aemilianus
9227:Gordian II
9199:Elagabalus
9020:Arsinoe IV
8903:Arsinoe II
8828:Darius III
8755:Psammuthes
8644:Psamtik II
8459:Bakenranef
8397:Pedubast I
8392:Takelot II
8387:Harsiese A
8369:Osorkon IV
8357:Shoshenq V
8337:Osorkon II
8310:Shoshenq I
8280:Smendes II
8260:Pinedjem I
8205:Amenemnisu
8158:Ramesses X
8133:Ramesses V
8085:Amenmesses
8065:Ramesses I
8027:Smenkhkare
7997:Hatshepsut
7987:Thutmose I
7737:Montuemsaf
7727:Dedumose I
7527:Nebdjefare
7517:Merdjefare
7287:Nedjemibre
7282:Sewadjkare
7156:Senusret I
7128:Qakare Ini
6949:Meryhathor
6853:Neferkaure
6848:Qakare Iby
6833:Neferkahor
6818:Neferkamin
6626:Thamphthis
6620:Shepseskaf
6534:Sekhemkhet
6385:Horus Bird
6262:Scorpion I
5706:Andronikos
5694:Nikephoros
5643:Michael IV
5608:Romanos II
5528:Theophilos
5523:Michael II
5504:Staurakios
5488:Staurakios
5460:Nikephoros
5453:Artabasdos
5365:Heraclonas
5322:Theodosius
5280:Basiliscus
5040:Nepotianus
5033:Magnentius
5027:Constans I
4980:Severus II
4960:Diocletian
4905:Quintillus
4870:Aemilianus
4863:Volusianus
4808:Gordian II
4773:Elagabalus
4636:Principate
4494:Diocletian
4449:Diocletian
4435:Diocletian
4369:Diocletian
4327:Diocletian
4285:Diocletian
4232:Severus II
4212:Diocletian
4023:Paperback
4001:Paperback
3961:Paperback
3869:Paperback
3830:Paperback
3646:Tertullian
3603:New Advent
3560:Breviarium
3549:New Advent
3522:New Advent
3364:Eusebius,
2820:Diocletian
2818:Williams,
2788:Antichthon
2649:Lactantius
2618:Leadbetter
2544:Lactantius
2464:References
2395:Lactantius
2384:Dioclétien
2242:New Empire
2174:Constans I
1952:consul 335
1674:Severus II
1371:consul 292
1368:(disputed)
1337:DIOCLETIAN
1309:See also:
1253:Antarctica
1230:Lactantius
1214:apotheosis
1173:Lactantius
1133:Lactantius
1115:Christians
1103:Diocletian
1058:(Africa).
1042:(Middle),
914:Roman army
886:Mediolanum
872:First was
859:, two new
847:Diocletian
762:Darius III
631:Bahram III
606:See also:
580:Sarmatians
568:Diocletian
470:Early life
428:Diocletian
352:(adoptive)
350:Diocletian
229: 258
209:Diocletian
149:Severus II
98:Diocletian
9586:Tetrarchy
9497:Ptolemaic
9305:Gallienus
9220:Gordian I
9183:Caracalla
9109:Vespasian
9103:Vitellius
8885:Ptolemaic
8727:Amyrtaeus
8709:Darius II
8654:Ahmose II
8634:Psamtik I
8573:uncertain
8561:Pharaohs
8497:Tanutamun
8332:Takelot I
8315:Osorkon I
8265:Masaharta
8215:Amenemope
8118:Setnakhte
8080:Merneptah
8022:Akhenaten
7939:uncertain
7821:Nebmaatre
7642:Sakir-Har
7595:Yaqub-Har
7507:Nebefawre
7257:Hotepibre
7123:Segerseni
7092:Intef III
7040:uncertain
7028:Pharaohs
6660:Neferefre
6486:Hudjefa I
6367:Semerkhet
6104:Hedju Hor
6066:uncertain
6054:Pharaohs
5948:Classical
5933:Empresses
5917:(286–296)
5911:(267–273)
5905:(260–274)
5648:Michael V
5574:Alexander
5387:Heraclius
5355:Heraclius
5307:Justin II
5217:Glycerius
5204:Anthemius
5074:Procopius
5012:Martinian
4991:Maxentius
4920:Florianus
4893:Saloninus
4888:Gallienus
4857:Hostilian
4833:Philip II
4803:Gordian I
4751:Caracalla
4686:Vespasian
4681:Vitellius
4584:Maxentius
4542:Maxentius
4520:Maxentius
4499:Maxentius
4240:Maxentius
4185:Galerius
3701:163051414
3679:: 29–46.
3629:Zosimus.
3232:Routledge
3103:Rees 2004
3024:, p. 293.
2931:Rees 2004
2605:162435434
2454:Eutropius
2187:Julian II
1981:Martinian
1913:Maxentius
1390:Herculius
1296:Tetrarchs
1192:mausoleum
1052:Maxentius
989:Carnuntum
962:Illyricum
947:Maxentius
910:Nicomedia
815:Tur Abdin
799:Zabdicene
758:Alexander
745:Euphrates
737:Ctesiphon
735:, taking
554:Tetrarchy
488:Gamzigrad
440:Ctesiphon
255: 53
189:(310–311)
183:(308–311)
180:Alexander
175:(308–311)
169:(306–310)
163:(306–311)
161:Maxentius
157:(306–311)
151:(306–307)
145:(305–306)
125:Co-rulers
108:Successor
41:Gamzigrad
9531:Galerius
9457:21 to 23
9375:Galerius
9370:Maximian
9359:Numerian
9326:Aurelian
9278:Valerian
9241:Balbinus
9234:Pupienus
9188:Macrinus
9160:Pertinax
9154:Commodus
9119:Domitian
9082:Claudius
9077:Caligula
9072:Tiberius
9067:Augustus
8687:Darius I
8639:Necho II
8482:Shebitku
8454:Tefnakht
8047:Horemheb
7977:Ahmose I
7789:Pantjeny
7775:Senebkay
7755:Pepi III
7717:Bebiankh
7574:Shenshek
7532:Nebsenre
7364:Sihathor
7334:Khendjer
7297:Renseneb
7242:Nerikare
7087:Intef II
6964:Merykare
6869:Wadjkare
6813:Merenhor
6708:Userkare
6615:Menkaure
6609:Bikheris
6598:Djedefre
6564:Qahedjet
6448:Wadjenes
6434:Horus Sa
6427:Nubnefer
6414:Nynetjer
6378:Sneferka
6118:Ni-Neith
6004:Pharaohs
5943:Usurpers
5938:Augustae
5896:See also
5801:Nicholas
5623:Basil II
5420:Tiberius
5405:Leontius
5393:Tiberius
5370:Tiberius
5348:610–1453
5343:Eastern/
5297:Justin I
5250:Arcadius
5210:Olybrius
5192:Majorian
5133:Honorius
5112:Eugenius
5047:Vetranio
4997:Licinius
4970:Galerius
4965:Maximian
4950:Dominate
4940:Numerian
4910:Aurelian
4883:Valerian
4828:Philip I
4818:Balbinus
4813:Pupienus
4761:Macrinus
4736:Pertinax
4731:Commodus
4696:Domitian
4661:Claudius
4656:Caligula
4651:Tiberius
4646:Augustus
4580:Licinius
4512:Licinius
4474:Maximian
4453:Maximian
4439:Maximian
4373:Maximian
4347:Maximian
4289:Maximian
4265:Licinius
4249:Maximian
4245:Licinius
3735:(1982).
3711:(1981).
3558:Festus.
3460:and the
3454:Archived
3224:(2015).
3159:(2008).
3137:cite web
2695:(1927).
2566:(1994).
2491:(2018).
2442:Maximian
2440:Emperor
2280:See also
1996:Valens I
1611:Galerius
1385:Maximian
1377:Eutropia
1181:gangrene
1169:Eusebius
1141:Licinius
1050:(West),
1048:Maximian
1046:(West),
1040:Licinius
1038:(East),
1024:Maximian
1020:Augustus
1005:Augustus
997:Augustus
993:Licinius
955:Maximian
922:Augustus
902:Augustus
856:Augustus
795:Corduene
791:Aghdznik
783:Ingilene
721:Adiabene
677:Augustus
643:Valerian
635:Ardashir
627:Shapur I
621:In 294,
576:Illyrian
546:Aurelian
524:cognomen
512:armentum
504:Carpians
492:Thracian
365:Religion
173:Licinius
167:Maximian
133:See list
116:Licinius
102:Maximian
84:Augustus
74:the East
37:porphyry
24:Galerius
9591:Valerii
9576:Galerii
9352:Carinus
9333:Tacitus
9291:Quietus
9134:Hadrian
8818:Khabash
8649:Wahibre
8629:Necho I
8623:Nekauba
8611:Ammeris
8554:Dynasty
8492:Taharqa
8487:Shabaka
8424:Rudamun
8403:Iuput I
8248:Herihor
8200:Smendes
8100:Twosret
8090:Seti II
7934:female)
7919:Dynasty
7815:Rahotep
7712:Semenre
7682:Djehuti
7664:Khamudi
7653:Yanassi
7636:Salitis
7588:Yakareb
7581:Khamure
7512:Sehebre
7434:Merkare
7082:Intef I
7021:Dynasty
6930:Imhotep
6890:Iytjenu
6876:Khuiqer
6788:Menkare
6739:Neferka
6723:Pepi II
6645:Userkaf
6539:Sanakht
6362:Anedjib
6342:Hor-Aha
6275:Iry-Hor
6269:Shendjw
6241:Pen-Abu
6125:Hat-Hor
6047:Dynasty
5953:Eastern
5853:Matthew
5747:Alexios
5595:Stephen
5557:Basil I
5442:Leo III
5317:Maurice
5260:Marcian
5243:395–610
5167:Joannes
5126:395–480
5080:Gratian
4953:284–610
4935:Carinus
4915:Tacitus
4791:235–285
4711:Hadrian
4464:305–308
4198:May 311
3597:. From
3543:. From
3516:. From
3428:Sources
3370:352–356
3127:20 July
2193:361–363
2191:Emperor
2180:337–350
2178:Emperor
2167:337–361
2165:Emperor
2154:337–340
2152:Emperor
2002:316–317
1972:308–324
1939:306–337
1919:306–312
1895:310–313
1680:306–307
1654:305–306
1617:305-311
1602:Unknown
1395:286–305
1347:286–305
1244:Honours
1200:Zaječar
1143:in the
1119:Serdica
936:Zaječar
882:Severus
839:Jupiter
803:Hakkâri
787:Sophene
741:Babylon
729:Nisibis
690:on the
592:Busiris
586:on the
519:
500:Romania
498:(today
476:Serdica
464:Serdica
260:Serdica
56:Zaječar
9492:Argead
9339:Probus
9259:Decius
9254:Philip
9129:Trajan
8857:Argead
8766:Muthis
8719:XXVIII
8699:Xerxes
8567:female
8545:Period
8254:Piankh
8225:Siamun
8095:Siptah
8070:Seti I
7910:Period
7862:Kamose
7796:Snaaib
7766:Abydos
7622:Semqen
7615:Sharek
7567:Sheneh
7547:'Apepi
7542:Bebnum
7497:Nehesy
7317:Sebkay
7237:Sonbef
7034:female
7012:Period
6823:Nikare
6713:Pepi I
6650:Sahure
6603:Khafre
6588:Snefru
6557:Sedjes
6529:Djoser
6455:Senedj
6333:Narmer
6292:Narmer
6174:Wazner
6139:Hsekiu
6111:Ny-Hor
6060:female
6038:Period
5715:&
5691:&
5598:&
5569:Leo VI
5545:Thekla
5501:&
5468:Leo IV
5390:&
5329:Phocas
5285:Marcus
5270:Leo II
5186:Avitus
5103:Victor
5068:Valens
5058:Jovian
5053:Julian
4925:Probus
4860:&
4840:Decius
4788:Crisis
4706:Trajan
4225:With:
4194:
4191:c. 258
4141:
4127:
4113:
4095:
4076:
4055:
4027:
4019:
4005:
3997:
3965:
3957:
3939:
3873:
3865:
3848:
3834:
3826:
3812:
3791:
3777:
3763:
3745:
3721:
3699:
3693:299163
3691:
3315:
3265:
3238:
3203:
3169:
2782:Rees,
2603:
2597:300873
2595:
2514:297/8.
2505:
2450:Caesar
2446:Caesar
2391:Ol.268
2265:
2224:Notes:
2206:caesar
1925:Fausta
1640:Helena
1604:sister
1353:Prisca
1342:Iovius
1234:Trajan
1204:Serbia
1064:Danube
1032:Franks
1016:Caesar
1009:Caesar
1001:Caesar
918:Caesar
878:Caesar
867:Caesar
862:Caesar
835:Caesar
831:Aureus
811:Bitlis
797:, and
733:Tigris
700:Greece
688:Narseh
673:Caesar
660:Harran
639:Shapur
623:Narseh
596:Coptos
588:Danube
559:Caesar
550:Probus
530:Caesar
444:Danube
436:Narseh
357:Mother
346:Father
283:Spouse
271:Burial
202:Caesar
60:Serbia
9345:Carus
9124:Nerva
9114:Titus
9092:Galba
9059:XXXIV
9044:Roman
8823:Arses
8750:Hakor
8669:XXVII
8379:XXIII
7969:XVIII
7929:(male
7659:Apepi
7647:Khyan
7560:Wazad
7328:Wegaf
7262:Iufni
7116:Nubia
6924:Setut
6746:Nefer
6593:Khufu
6551:Khaba
6545:Nebka
6409:Nebra
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