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761:'s proclamation as emperor in opposition to Magnentius, and Julian's report that the usurper had to murder several of Constans' generals to take control of the Gallic army – she concluded that Magnentius' revolt was "the result of a private grudge on the part of an apprehensive official and not the outcome of widespread discontent among the military or the wider population." This view is supported by Peter Crawford, who considered the explanation from the ancient sources to be a misconception caused by the rapid success of the coup.
768:, Constantius' official Philippus emphasized Constantine, rather than Constans, when addressing Magnentius’ troops. On speculating the basis for Constans' overthrow, she suggested that one reason may have been regarding financial difficulties in Gaul by the end of his reign, which could have been related to the finance officer Marcellinus' support of him. After Magnentius took power, he levied taxes, sold imperial estates in Gaul and debased the coinage. Nicholas Baker-Brian also observed how Magnentius sent his brother
678:
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560:, an event celebrated enough for Libanius to dedicate several sections of his panegyric to explaining it. Although the reasons for the visit remain unclear, the ancient writers were primarily interested in Constans’ precarious journey to the province, rather than his actions within it. One theory considers it to have involved the northern frontier, based on Ammianus’ remark that he had discussed the
513:
Meanwhile, Constans came into conflict with his eldest brother
Constantine II over the latter's presumed authority over Constans’ territory. After attempting to issue legislation to Africa in 339, which was part of Constans’ realm, Constantine led his army into an invasion of Italy only a year later.
749:
Regarding possible motives for
Constans' overthrow, ancient sources assert that he was widely unpopular, and attribute his downfall to his own failings. Along with the accusation of corruption, he is also accused of neglecting portions of the empire and treating his soldiers with contempt. Ammianus
647:
in 343 to settle the conflict, it was a complete failure, and by 345 Constans was outright threatening civil war against his brother. Eventually, Constantius agreed to allow
Athanasius to return to his position, as the bishop's replacement had recently died. Constans also used the military to
631:
Constans issued an edict banning superstition and pagan sacrifices in 341, his justification being that he was following the precedent set by his father. Only a short while later though, he tried to moderate his stance by legislating against the destruction of temple buildings.
572:(master of the offices) Flavius Eugenius, who remained in his position throughout most of the 340s. Despite Eugenius being alleged to have misused his power to seize property, the emperor continued to support him, his trust going as far as to honor him with a statue in the
668:
towards young barbarian hostages, though Hunt remarked that "the allegation that he kept a coterie of captive barbarians to gratify his homosexual tastes sounds more like hostile folklore." Constans' legislation against homosexuality has been cited to dispute the rumor.
757:, "The detail that Constans was in the habit of making journeys with only a small escort may account for his vulnerability in 350." Based on several factors - the small number of people behind the plot, how the setting for Magnentius' coup was not a military centre,
564:
in his now-lost coverage of
Constans’ reign. Additionally, after recording attacks “near the frontiers” in 360, the historian wrote that the Alamanni were too much of a threat for Julian to confront the problem, in contrast to what Constans was able to do.
475:
544:
wrote that he “had performed many gallant actions in the field, and had made himself feared by the army through the whole course of his life, though without exercising any extraordinary severity,” while
772:
to defend the region after
Constans had neglected it, writing that, "it is apparent that among the reasons for Magnentius' rebellion was a desire to remedy Constans' governmental failings in Gaul."
3168:
While it has sometimes been assumed that
Constans had to flee for his life, Harries has disputed this, believing that the location of Constans' death indicates he was unaware of the revolt.
4445:
660:
Unlike
Constantius, Constans was targeted with gossip over his personal life. Numerous sources suspected him of homosexuality, presumably based on the fact that he never married.
400:. Magnentius overthrew and killed Constans. Surviving sources, possibly influenced by the propaganda of Magnentius's faction, accuse Constans of misrule and of homosexuality.
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809:
3255:
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and divided the Roman empire among themselves on 9 September 337. Constans was left with Italy, Africa and
Illyricum. In 338, he campaigned against the
353:, who in turn eulogized Constans as "the most pious Augustus... of blessed and everlasting memory." In the following years he campaigned against the
802:
714:, who had previously served as the praetorian prefect of Gaul. At the time, Constans was distracted by a hunting trip. As he was trying to reach
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750:
lamented the emperor's failure to listen to wise counsel, referencing one man he believed could have saved
Constans from his own faults.
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412:, observing numismatic evidence, considered the younger age to be more likely. He was the third and youngest son of Constantine I and
568:
Constans was accused of employing corrupt ministers during his reign, due to his purported personal greed. One example included the
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at his birth had said
Constans would die "in the arms of his grandmother". His place of death happens to have been named after
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in a campaign shortly afterwards. Quarrels over the sharing of power led to a civil war with his eldest brother and co-emperor
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Harries does, however, acknowledge how the Gallic army accepted Magnentius seemingly without difficulty, and how according to
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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Sources variously report Constans’ age at the time of his death as 27 or 30, meaning he was born in either 320 or 323.
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However, he was ambushed and killed by Constans’ troops, and Constans then took control of his brother's territories.
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where, after an initial setback, the military operation concluded with a victory and a favorable peace treaty.
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Woudhuysen, George (2018). "Uncovering Constans' Image". In Alan J. Ross; Diederik W. P. Burgersdijk (eds.).
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Constans began his reign in an energetic fashion. From 341 to 342, he led a campaign against the
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brought him into conflict with his brother Constantius. Although the two emperors called the
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alongside his brothers in September 337. Constans was given the administration of the
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However, some modern scholars have questioned this portrayal. According to historian
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and his own grandmother, thus realizing the prophecy. Constans' name would later be
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Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century
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327:, who invaded Italy in 340 and was killed in battle by Constans's forces near
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Athanasius and Constantius: theology and politics in the Constantinian empire
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in Africa, where the church was split between Donatists and Catholics.
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718:, supporters of Magnentius cornered him in a fortification in Helena (
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was the only person the Alamanni feared after the death of Constans.
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Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as
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Political Memory and the Constantinian Dynasty: Fashioning Disgrace
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335:. Thereafter there were tensions with his remaining brother and co-
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The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395
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On 25 December 333, Constans was elevated to the imperial rank of
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The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425
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http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-336 (J. Lenaghan)
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http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-563 (J. Lenaghan)
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702:) with the support of a number of court officials such as
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After Constantine's death, Constans and his two brothers,
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Possible head of Constans from around his proclamation as
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Hunt, David (1998). "The successors of Constantine". In
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by his father. Prior to 337, Constans became engaged to
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2173:, names with a thicker border appear in both sections
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Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist
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746:in places that recognized Magnentius as emperor.
217:Imperator Caesar Flavius Julius Constans Augustus
5866:
3338:Tougher, Shaun (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.),
53:Possible head of Constans set in a modern bust (
3534:
284:from 337 to 350. He held the imperial rank of
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3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
803:
4263:Imagining Emperors in the Later Roman Empire
4040:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
521:Gold medallion of Constans, equivalent to 9
4160:Imperial Rome AD 284 to 363: The New Empire
4072:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4043:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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598:on the obverse, with the emperor holding a
456:, although the two never actually married.
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3150:Itineraries of the Roman emperors, 337–361
2177:1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings
818:CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree
810:
796:
698:declared himself emperor at Augustodunum (
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3344:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
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3299:Athanasius (2018), Atkinson, M. (ed.),
3261:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
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556:In the early months of 343, he visited
394:) with the support of Marcellinus, the
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3411:Michael DiMaio Jr. and Robert Frakes,
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297:After his father's death, he was made
290:from 333, and was the youngest son of
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4245:. Springer International Publishing.
3305:, Christian Literature Publishing Co.
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349:), including over the exiled bishop
5930:People executed by the Roman Empire
4096:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24:
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25:
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416:. According to the works of both
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4093:The Roman Government of Britain
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694:On 18 January 350, the general
432:, who instructed him in Latin.
428:under the tutelage of the poet
370:
344:
331:. Constans gained from him the
4224:. Cambridge University Press.
4192:. Cambridge University Press.
4163:. Edinburgh University Press.
4066:Barnes, Timothy David (1993).
4013:Baker-Brian, Nicholas (2022).
3791:Jones, Martindale & Morris
3630:Jones, Martindale & Morris
3258:, in Nicholson, Oliver (ed.),
3227:Jones, Martindale & Morris
3198:
3182:
775:
664:charged Constans with “rabid”
13:
1:
5890:4th-century murdered monarchs
4049:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670
3175:
403:
333:praetorian prefecture of Gaul
273:
27:Roman emperor from 337 to 350
4390:L. Aradius Valerius Proculus
3545:Historiae Romanae Breviarium
7:
4266:. Brill. pp. 158–182.
4239:Usherwood, Rebecca (2022).
4016:The Reign of Constantius II
3346:, Oxford University Press,
3264:, Oxford University Press,
3189:"L'empereru Constant Ier?".
3127:
626:
10:
5956:
5900:4th-century Roman emperors
5779:Constantine XI Palaiologos
5730:Andronikos III Palaiologos
5617:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
4001:Breviarium ab urbe condita
3962:
3432:Metropolitan Museum of Art
779:
29:
5895:4th-century Roman consuls
5855:
5787:
5752:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
5720:Andronikos II Palaiologos
5545:Constantine IX Monomachos
5233:
5130:
5013:
4840:
4678:
4526:
4468:
4450:
4440:
4426:
4408:
4396:
4382:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4336:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4138:Constans I (337–350 A.D.)
3413:Constans I (337–350 A.D.)
3117:
3108:
3084:
3082:
3064:
3042:
3019:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2925:
2923:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2820:
2795:
2779:
2768:2: Constantine's children
2760:
2758:
2756:
2732:
2709:
2702:
2691:
2689:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2637:
2635:
2612:
2591:
2584:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2527:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2479:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2443:
2431:
2429:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2271:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
2267:
2251:
2234:
2232:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2020:
2018:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1724:
1722:
1708:
1622:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1311:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
976:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
940:
924:
922:
884:
882:
871:
864:
257:
247:
237:
225:
216:
209:
204:
199:
195:
179:
171:
167:
152:
113:
99:
89:
75:
62:
46:
41:
32:Constans (disambiguation)
5715:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4148:De Imperatoribus Romanis
4111:Crawford, Peter (2016).
4019:. Taylor & Francis.
3424:Weitzmann, Kurt (1979).
3155:
744:erased from inscriptions
672:
641:Athanasius of Alexandria
620:the hope of the Republic
614:on the reverse, marked:
459:
430:Aemilius Magnus Arborius
357:, and in 343 he visited
351:Athanasius of Alexandria
276:323 – 350), also called
5925:Murdered Roman emperors
5570:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
5204:Tiberius II Constantine
3302:Apologia ad Constantium
3254:Tougher, Shaun (2018),
3142:Byzantine Empire portal
2440:Flavia Julia Constantia
375:) the commander of the
270:Flavius Julius Constans
205:Flavius Julius Constans
5935:Sons of Roman emperors
5885:4th-century Christians
5725:Michael IX Palaiologos
861:Afranius Hannibalianus
708:comes rerum privatarum
691:
623:
533:
489:
472:
449:, the daughter of the
377:Jovians and Herculians
305:praetorian prefectures
5910:Constantinian dynasty
5905:Constantine the Great
5819:Thessalonian emperors
5813:Trapezuntine emperors
5774:John VIII Palaiologos
5769:Manuel II Palaiologos
5740:John VI Kantakouzenos
5656:Andronikos I Komnenos
5493:Constantine Lekapenos
4521:and empresses regnant
4035:Barnes, Timothy David
3991:Epitome de Caesaribus
1910:VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY
782:Constantinian dynasty
680:
656:Alleged homosexuality
635:Constans’ support of
586:
520:
478:
467:
424:, he was educated at
292:Constantine the Great
183:January 350 (aged 27)
5757:John VII Palaiologos
5705:Theodore II Laskaris
5565:Constantine X Doukas
5505:Nikephoros II Phokas
4463:Constantius Augustus
4421:Constantius Augustus
4400:Antonius Marcellinus
4377:Constantius Augustus
4296:at Wikimedia Commons
3781:, pp. 167, 179.
590:of Constans marked:
547:Ammianus Marcellinus
484:of Constans marked:
30:For other uses, see
5688:Theodore I Laskaris
5673:Alexios III Angelos
5651:Alexios II Komnenos
5575:Romanos IV Diogenes
5530:Romanos III Argyros
5476:Romanos I Lekapenos
4386:Septimius Acindynus
3955:, pp. 260–262.
3895:, pp. 194–195.
3880:, pp. 196–197.
3832:, pp. 195–196.
3383:, pp. 179–180.
2258:Constantius Chlorus
2208:fabricated ancestry
2163:Family of Constans
1669:Constantine II
1653:Constantius II
570:magister officiorum
262:Nicene Christianity
5807:Britannic emperors
5801:Palmyrene emperors
5735:John V Palaiologos
5678:Alexios IV Angelos
5627:Constantine Doukas
5622:Alexios I Komnenos
5610:Constantine Doukas
5593:Michael VII Doukas
5555:Michael VI Bringas
5121:Romulus Augustulus
4744:Trebonianus Gallus
4737:Herennius Etruscus
4519:Byzantine emperors
4446:M. Nummius Albinus
4430:M. Furius Placidus
4404:Petronius Probinus
4351:Political offices
2959:Constantius Gallus
2713:Constantius Gallus
2588:Julius Constantius
2139:THEODOSIAN DYNASTY
1904:Valentinian I
1645:Constantius Gallus
1607:Constantius Gallus
1356:Constantine I
1315:Julius Constantius
1078:Constantius I
692:
645:Council of Serdica
624:
534:
490:
473:
451:praetorian prefect
397:comes rei privatae
319:. He defeated the
160:25 December 333 –
83:9 September 337 –
5940:Damnatio memoriae
5862:
5861:
5700:John III Vatatzes
5646:Manuel I Komnenos
5385:Michael I Rangabe
5229:
5228:
5071:Petronius Maximus
4670:Severus Alexander
4638:Septimius Severus
4482:
4481:
4472:Vulcacius Rufinus
4469:Succeeded by
4427:Succeeded by
4383:Succeeded by
4337:Succeeded by
4292:Media related to
4273:978-9-0043-7092-0
4252:978-3-0308-7930-3
4170:978-0-7486-2052-4
4131:DiMaio, Michael;
4124:978-1-78340-055-3
4117:. Pen and Sword.
4103:978-0-1992-5237-4
4026:978-1-0006-1991-1
4007:Secondary sources
3434:. pp. 22–23.
3361:978-0-19-866277-8
3279:978-0-19-866277-8
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
2764:
2763:
2615:Virius Nepotianus
2426:Flavius Dalmatius
2200:Claudius Gothicus
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2133:Theodosius I
1297:Flavius Dalmatius
722:) in the eastern
616:spes rei publicae
486:constans augustus
390:at Augustodunum (
379:, a corps in the
267:
266:
221:
220:
16:(Redirected from
5947:
5710:John IV Laskaris
5683:Alexios V Doukas
5668:Isaac II Angelos
5634:John II Komnenos
5560:Isaac I Komnenos
5520:Constantine VIII
5510:John I Tzimiskes
5237:Byzantine Empire
5011:
5010:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4441:Preceded by
4397:Preceded by
4356:Preceded by
4308:Preceded by
4300:
4299:
4291:
4277:
4256:
4235:
4203:
4174:
4128:
4107:
4083:
4062:
4030:
3956:
3953:Baker-Brian 2022
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3866:Baker-Brian 2022
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3842:Baker-Brian 2022
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3747:
3741:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3618:
3612:
3601:
3595:
3582:
3576:
3563:
3557:
3548:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3474:
3468:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3251:
3230:
3224:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3186:
3169:
3166:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
2772:
2771:
2181:
2180:
2160:
2159:
825:
824:
812:
805:
798:
789:
788:
726:of southwestern
690:issue of 347/348
637:Nicene orthodoxy
617:
597:
595:
500:were proclaimed
487:
374:
372:
364:In January 350,
348:
346:
275:
197:
196:
163:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5851:
5795:Gallic emperors
5783:
5471:Constantine VII
5252:Constantine III
5239:
5236:
5225:
5134:
5126:
5065:Valentinian III
5053:Constantius III
5047:Priscus Attalus
5031:Constantine III
5017:
5009:
4899:Valerius Valens
4844:
4836:
4682:
4674:
4633:Didius Julianus
4613:Marcus Aurelius
4530:
4522:
4512:
4478:
4474:
4459:
4457:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4417:
4415:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4388:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4346:
4342:
4329:
4323:
4322:337–350
4321:
4313:
4284:
4274:
4253:
4232:
4212:J.R. Martindale
4200:
4171:
4125:
4104:
4088:Birley, Anthony
4080:
4059:
4027:
4009:
3986:Aurelius Victor
3970:
3968:Primary sources
3965:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3779:Woudhuysen 2018
3777:
3773:
3765:
3750:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3678:Woudhuysen 2018
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3654:Woudhuysen 2018
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3621:
3615:Woudhuysen 2018
3613:
3604:
3596:
3585:
3577:
3566:
3558:
3551:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3516:
3510:Woudhuysen 2018
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3381:Woudhuysen 2018
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3252:
3233:
3225:
3210:
3203:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3106:
3056:
3033:
2937:
2921:
2793:
2766:
2730:
2457:
2420:
2265:
2212:
2137:
2136:Eastern emperor
2135:
2119:
2118:Western emperor
2117:
2104:
1908:
1907:Western emperor
1906:
1836:
1703:
1694:
1687:
1686:Western emperor
1685:
1674:
1673:Western emperor
1672:
1658:
1656:
1642:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1592:
1360:
1340:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1299:
1291:250-308-324-325
1290:
1285:
1283:
1111:Western emperor
1110:
1101:
1084:
1083:Western emperor
1082:
878:Western emperor
877:
819:
816:
786:
784:
778:
712:Fabius Titianus
675:
662:Aurelius Victor
658:
639:and the bishop
629:
615:
610:and crowned by
591:
574:Forum of Trajan
485:
462:
406:
369:
343:
188:, southwestern
184:
162:9 September 337
161:
148:
84:
71:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5953:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5754:
5749:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5631:
5619:
5614:
5590:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5550:Theodora (III)
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5446:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5412:
5400:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5365:Constantine VI
5362:
5357:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Theodosius III
5326:
5321:
5316:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5274:Constantine IV
5271:
5266:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:Eastern Empire
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5043:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5015:Western Empire
5008:
5007:
5000:
4988:Magnus Maximus
4984:
4982:Valentinian II
4979:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4914:Constantius II
4911:
4909:Constantine II
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4759:
4741:
4729:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:Antoninus Pius
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4531:27 BC – AD 235
4524:
4523:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4479:
4470:
4467:
4449:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4428:
4425:
4407:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4381:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4338:
4335:
4332:Constantine II
4327:Constantius II
4314:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:Regnal titles
4298:
4297:
4283:
4282:External links
4280:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4257:
4251:
4236:
4230:
4204:
4198:
4180:Averil Cameron
4175:
4169:
4151:
4133:Frakes, Robert
4129:
4123:
4108:
4102:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4031:
4025:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3994:
3983:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3945:
3943:, p. 194.
3933:
3931:, p. 222.
3921:
3909:
3907:, p. 196.
3897:
3882:
3870:
3868:, p. 163.
3858:
3856:, p. 236.
3854:Usherwood 2022
3846:
3844:, p. 208.
3834:
3822:
3810:
3808:, p. 195.
3795:
3793:, p. 532.
3783:
3771:
3748:
3733:
3721:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3680:, p. 166.
3670:
3658:
3656:, p. 165.
3646:
3634:
3632:, p. 292.
3619:
3617:, p. 160.
3602:
3600:, p. 190.
3583:
3581:, p. 101.
3564:
3562:, p. 415.
3549:
3533:
3514:
3512:, p. 175.
3502:
3500:, p. 269.
3490:
3475:
3460:
3448:
3437:
3416:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3360:
3327:
3325:, p. 221.
3315:
3291:
3278:
3231:
3229:, p. 220.
3208:
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3026:Constantius II
3022:
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2999:
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2914:Constantine II
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2250:
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2027:
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2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
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1966:
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1963:
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1399:
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1378:
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1301:
1294:
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1268:
1266:
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1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
880:
879:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
821:
820:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
777:
774:
674:
671:
657:
654:
628:
625:
549:remarked that
498:Constantius II
494:Constantine II
461:
458:
443:Constantinople
426:Constantinople
410:Timothy Barnes
405:
402:
373: 350–353
347: 337–361
340:Constantius II
325:Constantine II
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
223:
222:
219:
218:
214:
213:
207:
206:
202:
201:
193:
192:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
165:
164:
158:
150:
149:
147:
146:
139:Constantius II
136:
121:Constantine II
117:
115:
111:
110:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
73:
72:
66:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5952:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5854:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5432:Theodora (II)
5430:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5339:Constantine V
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:Anastasius II
5322:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:Theodosius II
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Valentinian I
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:Constantine I
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Constantius I
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4422:
4414:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4318:Roman emperor
4312:
4311:Constantine I
4306:
4301:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4231:0-521-07233-6
4227:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:Jones, A.H.M.
4205:
4201:
4199:0-521-30200-5
4195:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4184:Peter Garnsey
4181:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4155:Harries, Jill
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4079:0-674-05067-3
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4058:0-674-28066-0
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:Historia Nova
3975:
3972:
3971:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3930:
3925:
3919:, p. 72.
3918:
3917:Crawford 2016
3913:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3820:, p. 11.
3819:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3769:, p. 10.
3768:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3746:, p. 71.
3745:
3744:Crawford 2016
3740:
3738:
3731:, p. 24.
3730:
3729:Crawford 2016
3725:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3704:, p. 89.
3703:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3644:, p. 66.
3643:
3642:Crawford 2016
3638:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3488:, p. 67.
3487:
3486:Crawford 2016
3482:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3395:, p. 45.
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3116:
3113:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3005:
3003:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2945:Hannibalianus
2933:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2894:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2832:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2789:
2787:
2786:Constantine I
2784:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2752:
2737:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2699:Hannibalianus
2696:
2694:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2564:
2561:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2503:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2434:Hannibalianus
2427:
2416:
2414:
2413:Constantine I
2411:
2410:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2340:
2308:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2116:
2103:
2051:
2049:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1897:Marina Severa
1877:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1803:
1756:
1734:
1732:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1640:Hannibalianus
1636:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1600:
1599:Hannibalianus
1591:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1492:
1476:
1474:
1450:
1448:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1359:
1357:
1339:
1327:
1316:
1308:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1191:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1081:
1079:
1053:
1017:
1014:
982:
981:
974:
942:
887:
881:
876:
869:
862:
826:
823:
822:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
791:
790:
787:
783:
773:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:, as well as
709:
705:
701:
697:
689:
688:
684:of Constans,
683:
679:
670:
667:
663:
653:
651:
646:
642:
638:
633:
621:
613:
609:
608:
603:
602:
589:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
511:
509:
505:
504:
499:
495:
483:
482:
477:
471:
466:
457:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
401:
399:
398:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
367:
362:
360:
359:Roman Britain
356:
352:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
295:
293:
289:
288:
283:
282:Roman emperor
279:
271:
263:
260:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
242:Constantine I
240:
236:
233:
232:Constantinian
230:
228:
224:
215:
212:
208:
203:
198:
194:
191:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
159:
157:
156:
151:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
94:Constantine I
92:
88:
82:
80:
79:
74:
70:
65:
64:Roman emperor
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5762:Andronikos V
5760:
5743:
5691:
5659:
5637:
5625:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5584:
5578:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5452:
5435:
5423:
5406:
5394:
5388:
5375:Nikephoros I
5350:
5349:
5343:
5310:
5307:Justinian II
5302:Tiberius III
5292:Justinian II
5283:
5277:
5260:
5212:
5184:Anastasius I
5175:
5119:
5115:Julius Nepos
5107:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5069:
5057:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4977:Theodosius I
4964:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4918:
4894:Maximinus II
4881:
4783:
4766:
4753:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4656:
4618:Lucius Verus
4461:
4453:Roman consul
4451:
4419:
4411:Roman consul
4409:
4375:
4368:Roman consul
4366:
4325:
4316:
4262:
4241:
4220:
4188:
4159:
4146:
4137:
4113:
4092:
4068:
4039:
4015:
4000:
3989:
3978:
3948:
3941:Harries 2012
3936:
3929:Harries 2012
3924:
3912:
3905:Harries 2012
3900:
3893:Harries 2012
3878:Harries 2012
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3830:Harries 2012
3825:
3813:
3806:Harries 2012
3786:
3774:
3724:
3719:, p. 9.
3697:
3692:, p. 8.
3685:
3673:
3668:, p. 7.
3661:
3649:
3637:
3598:Harries 2012
3544:
3536:
3531:, p. 6.
3505:
3493:
3473:, p. 5.
3458:, p. 4.
3451:
3440:
3426:
3419:
3388:
3376:
3365:, retrieved
3343:
3340:"Magnentius"
3323:Harries 2012
3318:
3307:, retrieved
3301:
3294:
3283:, retrieved
3260:
3256:"Constans I"
3200:
3191:
3184:
3164:
2785:
2767:
2765:
2412:
2207:
2176:
2175:
2168:
1831:
1680:
1667:
1651:
1614:
1354:
1320:∞ 2.Basilina
1076:
785:
763:
755:Jill Harries
752:
748:
738:, mother of
706:, Constans'
693:
685:
681:
659:
634:
630:
619:
605:
599:
587:
569:
567:
555:
535:
512:
501:
491:
479:
469:
436:
434:
407:
395:
387:
363:
336:
298:
296:
285:
277:
269:
268:
186:Vicus Helena
154:
77:
36:
5875:320s births
5821:(1224–1242)
5815:(1204–1461)
5604:Konstantios
5481:Christopher
5454:Constantine
5444:Michael III
5425:Constantine
5408:Constantine
5390:Theophylact
5319:Philippicus
5269:Constans II
5194:Justinian I
5090:Severus III
5038:Constans II
4792:Claudius II
4768:Silbannacus
4715:Gordian III
4690:Maximinus I
4658:Diadumenian
4458:346
4416:342
4372:339
3702:Barnes 1993
3579:Barnes 1993
3560:Birley 2005
3498:Barnes 1993
3393:Barnes 1982
3309:24 November
2952:Constantina
2706:Constantina
2602:Licinius II
2120:359-367-383
1837:331-363-364
1688:320-337-350
1675:316-337-340
1657:317-337-361
1635:Constantina
1620:331-360-363
1361:272-306-337
1085:250-305-306
776:Family tree
740:Constantine
704:Marcellinus
531:Bode Museum
529:, 342 AD –
211:Regnal name
90:Predecessor
85:January 350
5880:350 deaths
5869:Categories
5598:Andronikos
5586:Nikephoros
5535:Michael IV
5500:Romanos II
5420:Theophilos
5415:Michael II
5396:Staurakios
5380:Staurakios
5352:Nikephoros
5345:Artabasdos
5257:Heraclonas
5214:Theodosius
5172:Basiliscus
4932:Nepotianus
4925:Magnentius
4919:Constans I
4872:Severus II
4852:Diocletian
4797:Quintillus
4762:Aemilianus
4755:Volusianus
4700:Gordian II
4665:Elagabalus
4528:Principate
4423: III
4340:Magnentius
3367:2 November
3285:2 November
3176:References
3112:Constantia
2751:Nepotianus
2102:Constantia
1693:(daughter)
1682:Constans I
1281:Constantia
780:See also:
696:Magnentius
687:Decennalia
508:Sarmatians
404:Early life
381:Roman army
366:Magnentius
321:Sarmatians
278:Constans I
175:322 or 323
135:, 337–340)
104:Magnentius
18:Constans I
5840:Classical
5825:Empresses
5809:(286–296)
5803:(267–273)
5797:(260–274)
5540:Michael V
5466:Alexander
5279:Heraclius
5247:Heraclius
5199:Justin II
5109:Glycerius
5096:Anthemius
4966:Procopius
4904:Martinian
4883:Maxentius
4812:Florianus
4785:Saloninus
4780:Gallienus
4749:Hostilian
4725:Philip II
4695:Gordian I
4643:Caracalla
4578:Vespasian
4573:Vitellius
4465: IV
4379: II
4216:J. Morris
3997:Eutropius
3818:Hunt 1998
3767:Hunt 1998
3717:Hunt 1998
3690:Hunt 1998
3666:Hunt 1998
3541:Eutropius
3529:Hunt 1998
3471:Hunt 1998
3456:Hunt 1998
2776:Minervina
2470:Bassianus
2464:Anastasia
1590:Dalmatius
1375:Minervina
1358:the Great
1326:Anastasia
1108:Maxentius
770:Decentius
666:pederasty
648:suppress
592:constans
542:Eutropius
385:acclaimed
313:Illyricum
114:Co-rulers
100:Successor
5835:Usurpers
5830:Augustae
5788:See also
5693:Nicholas
5515:Basil II
5312:Tiberius
5297:Leontius
5285:Tiberius
5262:Tiberius
5240:610–1453
5235:Eastern/
5189:Justin I
5142:Arcadius
5102:Olybrius
5084:Majorian
5025:Honorius
5004:Eugenius
4939:Vetranio
4889:Licinius
4862:Galerius
4857:Maximian
4842:Dominate
4832:Numerian
4802:Aurelian
4775:Valerian
4720:Philip I
4710:Balbinus
4705:Pupienus
4653:Macrinus
4628:Pertinax
4623:Commodus
4588:Domitian
4553:Claudius
4548:Caligula
4543:Tiberius
4538:Augustus
4476:Eusebius
4443:Amantius
4361:Polemius
4344:Vetranio
4294:Constans
4218:(1971).
4186:(eds.).
4157:(2012).
4090:(2005).
4037:(1982).
3128:See also
3016:Faustina
2931:Constans
2609:Eutropia
2595:Basilina
2450:Licinius
1695:∞ Justus
1661:Faustina
1332:Eutropia
1288:Licinius
1052:Theodora
875:Maximian
868:Eutropia
759:Vetranio
732:prophecy
724:Pyrenees
716:Hispania
650:Donatism
627:Religion
601:vexillum
596:augustus
527:Aquileia
470:augustus
454:Ablabius
447:Olympias
422:Libanius
418:Ausonius
388:augustus
337:augustus
329:Aquileia
300:augustus
258:Religion
129:Hispania
108:Vetranio
78:Augustus
42:Constans
5845:Eastern
5745:Matthew
5639:Alexios
5487:Stephen
5449:Basil I
5334:Leo III
5209:Maurice
5152:Marcian
5135:395–610
5059:Joannes
5018:395–480
4972:Gratian
4845:284–610
4827:Carinus
4807:Tacitus
4683:235–285
4603:Hadrian
4434:Romulus
4143:Archive
3974:Zosimus
3963:Sources
3103:367–383
3099:Gratian
3053:360–363
3030:337–361
2934:337–350
2918:337–340
2904:Crispus
2790:306–337
2727:360–363
2454:308–324
2417:306–337
2262:305–306
2204:268–270
2171:Augusti
2115:Gratian
2105:361–383
1917:Justina
1701:Crispus
1341:289–326
1284:293–330
1102:250–330
1080:Chlorus
766:Zosimus
682:Solidus
612:Victory
607:chi-rho
604:with a
588:Solidus
558:Britain
503:augusti
481:Solidus
227:Dynasty
133:Britain
67:in the
5915:Flavii
5607:&
5583:&
5490:&
5461:Leo VI
5437:Thekla
5393:&
5360:Leo IV
5282:&
5221:Phocas
5177:Marcus
5162:Leo II
5078:Avitus
4995:Victor
4960:Valens
4950:Jovian
4945:Julian
4817:Probus
4752:&
4732:Decius
4680:Crisis
4598:Trajan
4460:With:
4418:With:
4374:With:
4324:With:
4270:
4249:
4228:
4214:&
4196:
4182:&
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3156:Notes
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