Roman Britain - Knowledge

1844:. Severus arrived in February 196, and the ensuing battle was decisive. Albinus came close to victory, but Severus's reinforcements won the day, and the British governor committed suicide. Severus soon purged Albinus's sympathisers and perhaps confiscated large tracts of land in Britain as punishment. Albinus had demonstrated the major problem posed by Roman Britain. In order to maintain security, the province required the presence of three legions, but command of these forces provided an ideal power base for ambitious rivals. Deploying those legions elsewhere would strip the island of its garrison, leaving the province defenceless against uprisings by the native Celtic tribes and against invasion by the 1867:'s report to Rome in 207 describes barbarians "rebelling, over-running the land, taking loot and creating destruction". In order to rebel, of course, one must be a subject – the Maeatae clearly did not consider themselves such. Senecio requested either reinforcements or an Imperial expedition, and Severus chose the latter, despite being 62 years old. Archaeological evidence shows that Senecio had been rebuilding the defences of Hadrian's Wall and the forts beyond it, and Severus's arrival in Britain prompted the enemy tribes to sue for peace immediately. The emperor had not come all that way to leave without a victory, and it is likely that he wished to provide his teenage sons 2825:

during the usurpation of Magnus Maximus 383–87. Coinage circulation increased during the 390s, but never attained the levels of earlier decades. Copper coins are very rare after 402, though minted silver and gold coins from hoards indicate they were still present in the province even if they were not being spent. By 407 there were very few new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned. Mass-produced wheel thrown pottery ended at approximately the same time; the rich continued to use metal and glass vessels, while the poor made do with humble "grey ware" or resorted to leather or wooden containers.

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large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century. During the latter part of the Roman period British agricultural products, paid for by both the Roman state and by private consumers, clearly played an important role in supporting the military garrisons and urban centres of the northwestern continental Empire. This came about as a result of the rapid decline in the size of the British garrison from the mid-3rd century onwards (thus freeing up more goods for export), and because of 'Germanic' incursions across the Rhine, which appear to have reduced rural settlement and agricultural output in northern Gaul.

3422: 2586: 68: 15127: 7086: 1248: 2840: 1407: 1879: 1635: 1186: 10637: 1260: 1527: 4552: 4446: 2578: 1515: 3143: 4204: 1375:. She was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni, Prasutagus. The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched. He was wrong. When his will was enforced, Rome responded by violently seizing the tribe's lands in full. Boudica protested. In consequence, Rome punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape. In response, the Iceni, joined by the 2117: 4052: 13372: 1650: 12561: 9213: 2105: 1931:. This kept the potential for rebellion in check for almost a century. Historical sources provide little information on the following decades, a period known as the Long Peace. Even so, the number of buried hoards found from this period rises, suggesting continuing unrest. A string of forts were built along the coast of southern Britain to control piracy; and over the following hundred years they increased in number, becoming the 2687:) and marched on Londinium where he began to deal with the invaders and made his base. An amnesty was promised to deserters which enabled Theodosius to regarrison abandoned forts. By the end of the year Hadrian's Wall was retaken and order returned. Considerable reorganization was undertaken in Britain, including the creation of a new province named Valentia, probably to better address the state of the far north. A new 3151: 2742: 4540: 1429:". As civil war raged in Rome, weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain, and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance. The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him, but this time were unable to do so. Cartimandua was evacuated, and Venutius was left in control of the north of the country. After Vespasian secured the empire, his first two appointments as governor, 3440:

Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, but archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied. According to S.T. Loseby, the very idea of a town as a centre of power and administration was reintroduced to England by the Roman Christianising mission to Canterbury, and its urban revival was delayed to the 10th century.

2753:, was of a widespread economic decline at the beginning of the 5th century. Consistent archaeological evidence has told another story, and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation. Some features are agreed: more opulent but fewer urban houses, an end to new public building and some abandonment of existing ones, with the exception of defensive structures, and the widespread formation of " 1409: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1414: 1411: 1480:, in north-east Scotland. This was the high-water mark of Roman territory in Britain: shortly after his victory, Agricola was recalled from Britain back to Rome and awarded the ornaments of a triumph, before returning to continue as governor. By 87 the decision was taken to abandon most of the land north of the 4395:

by a Christian man called Vinisius to a Christian woman called Nigra, and was claimed as the first epigraphic record of Christianity in Britain. This translation of the letter was apparently based on grave paleographical errors, and the text has nothing to do with Christianity, and in fact relates to

2824:

Urban life had generally grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the 4th century, and coins minted between 378 and 388 are very rare, indicating a likely combination of economic decline, diminishing numbers of troops, problems with the payment of soldiers and officials or with unstable conditions

3099:

These products moved as a result of private trade and also through payments and contracts established by the Roman state to support its military forces and officials on the island, as well as through state taxation and extraction of resources. Up until the mid-3rd century, the Roman state's payments

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on the middle Rhine; glass; and some agricultural products. Britain's exports are harder to detect archaeologically, but will have included metals, such as silver and gold and some lead, iron and copper. Other exports probably included agricultural products, oysters and salt, whilst large quantities

2593:

Emperor Constantius returned to Britain in 306, despite his poor health, with an army aiming to invade northern Britain, the provincial defences having been rebuilt in the preceding years. Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence, but fragmentary historical sources suggest

1000:, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could. Archaeology shows that there was an increase in imported luxury goods in southeastern Britain. Strabo also mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus, and Augustus's own 2718:

around 384. His continental exploits required troops from Britain, and it appears that forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned in this period, triggering raids and settlement in north Wales by the Irish. His rule was ended in 388, but not all the British troops may have returned: the Empire's

2046:

and having embezzled recovered treasure. He consolidated control over all the provinces of Britain and some of northern Gaul while Maximian dealt with other uprisings. An invasion in 288 failed to unseat him and an uneasy peace ensued, with Carausius issuing coins and inviting official recognition.

3324:

with junior posts for each tax-raising power. Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and, in time of war, probably directly ruled troublesome districts. Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces. Below these posts was a

1618:

may have led to troop reductions in the area or even total withdrawal followed by slighting of the forts by the Picts rather than an unrecorded military defeat. The Romans were also in the habit of destroying their own forts during an orderly withdrawal, in order to deny resources to an enemy. In

769:

to be upwards of 10,000 on the Caledonian side and about 360 on the Roman side. The bloodbath at Mons Graupius concluded the forty-year conquest of Britain, a period that possibly saw between 100,000 and 250,000 Britons killed. In the context of pre-industrial warfare and of a total population of

3242:

By the 3rd and 4th centuries, small towns could often be found near villas. In these towns, villa owners and small-scale farmers could obtain specialist tools. Lowland Britain in the 4th century was agriculturally prosperous enough to export grain to the continent. This prosperity lay behind the

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From the mid-3rd century onwards, Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period; vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island, whilst there is historical evidence for the export of

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were to control and coordinate the activities of governors; monitor but not interfere with the daily functioning of the Treasury and Crown Estates, which had their own administrative infrastructure; and act as the regional quartermaster-general of the armed forces. In short, as the sole civilian

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It has been argued that Roman Britain's continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain, caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state's desire to save money by

1890:

led by Severus and probably numbering around 20,000 troops moved north in 208 or 209, crossing the Wall and passing through eastern Scotland on a route similar to that used by Agricola. Harried by punishing guerrilla raids by the northern tribes and slowed by an unforgiving terrain, Severus was

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200 AD, in which he described "all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ". Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Small timber

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by 314. The governor of a province assumed more financial duties (the procurators of the Treasury ministry were slowly phased out in the first three decades of the 4th century). The Dux was commander of the troops of the Northern Region, primarily along Hadrian's Wall and his responsibilities

1756:

of buried coins in Britain at this time indicate that peace was not entirely achieved. Sufficient Roman silver has been found in Scotland to suggest more than ordinary trade, and it is likely that the Romans were reinforcing treaty agreements by paying tribute to their implacable enemies, the

1744:

or his pride in enlarging the empire, since the retreat to the Hadrianic frontier occurred not long after his death when a more objective strategic assessment of the benefits of the Antonine Wall could be made. The Romans did not entirely withdraw from Scotland at this time: the large fort at

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During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements, many of which survive. The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century, when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private use. Place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early

3250:

in Shropshire, stock smashed into a gutter during a 2nd-century fire reveals that Gaulish samian ware was being sold alongside mixing bowls from the Mancetter-Hartshill industry of the West Midlands. Roman designs were most popular, but rural craftsmen still produced items derived from the

1399:(St. Albans). Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities. But Paulinus regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him, chose a battlefield, and, despite being outnumbered by more than twenty to one, defeated the rebels in the 1487:

For much of the history of Roman Britain, a large number of soldiers were garrisoned on the island. This required that the emperor station a trusted senior man as governor of the province. As a result, many future emperors served as governors or legates in this province, including

2890:

since he describes how, in the aftermath of the revolt, all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai. A letter from Emperor Honorius in 410 has traditionally been seen as rejecting a British appeal for help, but it may have been addressed to

4280:. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and visible in the British Museum. A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham. A possible Roman 4th-century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of 2675:, combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian's Wall, left Roman Britain prostrate. The invaders overwhelmed the entire western and northern regions of Britannia and the cities were sacked. This crisis, sometimes called the Barbarian Conspiracy or the 2768:

The abandonment of some sites is now believed to be later than had been thought. Many buildings changed use but were not destroyed. There was a growing number of barbarian attacks, but these targeted vulnerable rural settlements rather than towns. Some villas such as

1585:, mostly dating to 90–110. These tablets provide evidence for the operation of a Roman fort at the edge of the Roman Empire, where officers' wives maintained polite society while merchants, hauliers and military personnel kept the fort operational and supplied. 1825:. The latter was the new governor of Britannia, and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions; he also controlled three legions, making him a potentially significant claimant. His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of 1805:(lived 126–193) was sent to Britannia to quell the mutiny and was initially successful in regaining control, but a riot broke out among the troops. Pertinax was attacked and left for dead, and asked to be recalled to Rome, where he briefly succeeded 2930:

supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries.) The new arrivals rebelled, plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600. Around this time, many Britons fled to

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Esposito, Alessandra (2016). "A Context for Roman Priestly Regalia: Depositional Practices and Spatial Distribution of Assemblages from Roman Britain". In Mandichs, M. J.; Derrick, T. J.; Sanchez Gonzalez, S.; Savani, G.; Zampieri, E. (eds.).

3318:, and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them. Financial administration was dealt with by a 3366:

Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million people at the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the

1606:, in SE Scotland) indicating hostilities at least at that site. There is also circumstantial evidence that auxiliary reinforcements were sent from Germany, and an unnamed British war of the period is mentioned on the gravestone of a 5898:

Councils, Decrees, Laws, Constitutions, Regarding the Churches of the Britannic Sphere. To wit, Great Britain, England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Man, Provincial, Diocesan. From the start of the Christian Religion there to our very

3297:'s role was primarily military, but numerous other tasks were also his responsibility, such as maintaining diplomatic relations with local client kings, building roads, ensuring the public courier system functioned, supervising the 2253:. Ammianus considered it a re-creation of a formerly lost province, leading some to think there had been an earlier fifth province under another name (may be the enigmatic "Vespasiana"?), and leading others to place Valentia beyond 1768:

cavalry, consisting of 5,500 men, arrived in Britannia, probably to reinforce troops fighting unrecorded uprisings. In 180, Hadrian's Wall was breached by the Picts and the commanding officer or governor was killed there in what

1714:, whose disappearance has been much discussed. Archaeology indicates considerable political instability in Scotland during the first half of the 2nd century, and the shifting frontier at this time should be seen in this context. 3461:, "small towns" grew on informal plans, often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads; some were not small, others were scarcely urban, some not even defended by a wall, the characteristic feature of a place of any importance. 1895:, but little appears to have been achieved by the invasion, as peace treaties were signed with the Caledonians. By 210 Severus had returned to York, and the frontier had once again become Hadrian's Wall. He assumed the title 5967:

Origines Ecclesiasticæ: The Antiquities of the Christian Church. With Two Sermons and Two Letters on the Nature and Necessity of Absolution. Reprinted from the Original Edition, MDCCVIII–MDCCXXII With an Enlarged Analytical

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Researches into the Ecclesiastical and Political State of Ancient Britain under the Roman Emperors: with Observations upon the Principal Events and Characters Connected with the Christian Religion, during the First Five

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official with superior authority, he had general oversight of the administration, as well as direct control, while not absolute, over governors who were part of the prefecture; the other two fiscal departments were not.

1903:

but the title meant little with regard to the unconquered north, which clearly remained outside the authority of the Empire. Almost immediately, another northern tribe, the Maeatae, went to war. Caracalla left with a

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survived to continue resistance elsewhere. Plautius halted at the Thames and sent for Claudius, who arrived with reinforcements, including artillery and elephants, for the final march to the Catuvellaunian capital,

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The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely. Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as

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75 through to the 1st century. When opencast work was no longer feasible, tunnels were driven to follow the veins. The evidence from the site shows advanced technology probably under the control of army engineers.

1785:

as usurper governor; he refused, but Marcellus was lucky to leave the province alive. The Roman army in Britannia continued its insubordination: they sent a delegation of 1,500 to Rome to demand the execution of

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Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain, but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections. The different forms of municipal organisation in Britannia were known as

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artistic traditions. Britain was home to much gold, which attracted Roman invaders. By the 3rd century, Britain's economy was diverse and well established, with commerce extending into the non-Romanised north.

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shifting away from expensive long-distance imports. Evidence has been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain's continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD, from

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network of administrative managers covering intelligence gathering, sending reports to Rome, organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners. A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services.

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sent representatives to a yearly provincial council in order to profess loyalty to the Roman state, to send direct petitions to the Emperor in times of extraordinary need, and to worship the imperial cult.

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was based at Londinium as the principal city of the diocese. Londinium and Eboracum continued as provincial capitals and the territory was divided up into smaller provinces for administrative efficiency.

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are exceptional. Alban, the first British Christian martyr and by far the most prominent, is believed to have died in the early 4th century (some date him in the middle 3rd century), followed by Saints

2899:. With the imperial layers of the military and civil government gone, administration and justice fell to municipal authorities, and local warlords gradually emerged all over Britain, still utilizing 973:

The second invasion involved a substantially larger force and Caesar coerced or invited many of the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace. A friendly local king,

4606:). Some scholars argue that the initial reforms established three provinces: Britannia I, Britannia II, and Britannia Caesariensis, which was subsequently divided into Flavia and Maxima. 2789:

had new mosaic floors laid around this time, suggesting that economic problems may have been limited and patchy. Many suffered some decay before being abandoned in the 5th century; the story of

1938:

During the middle of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was convulsed by barbarian invasions, rebellions and new imperial pretenders. Britannia apparently avoided these troubles, but increasing

4391:, datable to c. 363, had been widely publicised as documentary evidence regarding the state of Christianity in Britain during Roman times. According to its first translator, it was written in 1781:

was sent as replacement governor and by 184 he had won a new peace, only to be faced with a mutiny from his own troops. Unhappy with Marcellus's strictness, they tried to elect a legate named

3387:. There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, from Britannia and other Roman territories, including continental Europe, 6002:

Origines Britannicæ: or, the Antiquities of the British Churches with a Preface, concerning Some Pretended Antiquities Relating to Britain, in Vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph

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were probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75, and at some later stage passed to civilian operators. The mine developed as a series of opencast workings, mainly by the use of

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led a punitive expedition. It seems peace was restored by 399, and it is likely that no further garrisoning was ordered; by 401 more troops were withdrawn, to assist in the war against

1817:

The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the emperorship emerged, including

3451:, "public towns" were formally laid out on a grid plan, and their role in imperial administration occasioned the construction of public buildings. The much more numerous category of 15223: 2539:) to match one emendation of the bishops list from Arles; and places Secunda in the north with its capital at Eboracum (York). Valentia is placed variously in northern Wales around 3349:

such as Verulamium), and were each governed by a senate of local landowners, whether Brythonic or Roman, who elected magistrates concerning judicial and civic affairs. The various

2667:(Irish) in the west. A series of forts had been built, starting around 280, to defend the coasts, but these preparations were not enough when, in 367, a general assault of Saxons, 1289:

remained implacably opposed to the invaders and for the first few decades were the focus of Roman military attention, despite occasional minor revolts among Roman allies like the

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in July 306 with his son at his side. Constantine then successfully used Britain as the starting point of his march to the imperial throne, unlike the earlier usurper, Albinus.

6066: 1740:. Within a year the Antonine Wall was recaptured, but by 163 or 164 it was abandoned. The second occupation was probably connected with Antoninus's undertakings to protect the 3375:

is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia,

1833:

in the east. Once Niger was neutralised, Severus turned on his ally in Britannia; it is likely that Albinus saw he would be the next target and was already preparing for war.

1403:. Boudica died not long afterwards, by self-administered poison or by illness. During this time, the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether. 7099: 10679: 2907:

has investigated this process and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, through to the native post-Roman kingdoms.

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and North Africa. In a study conducted in 2012, around 45 percent of sites investigated dating from the Roman period had at least one individual of North African origin.

8235:. Series maior (Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona), 6, núm. 25 (in English, Spanish, and Latin). Barcelona: Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres. pp. 319–370. 13332: 12879: 8564: 996:

planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable, and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade.

581: 244: 219: 958:, believing the Britons were helping the Gallic resistance. The first expedition was more a reconnaissance than a full invasion and gained a foothold on the coast of 2169:

Civilian and military authority of a province was no longer exercised by one official and the governor was stripped of military command which was handed over to the

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There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archaeology has shown that some

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has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period.

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but was unable to advance further because of storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry. Despite the military failure, it was a political success, with the

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to legate ranks in Britannia. Commodus met the party outside Rome and agreed to have Perennis killed, but this only made them feel more secure in their mutiny.

15228: 12432: 11055: 9905: 4331:. No other early sees are documented, and the material remains of early church structures are far to seek. The existence of a church in the forum courtyard of 1041:

received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and planned an invasion of Britain that collapsed in farcical circumstances before it left Gaul. When

11980: 1863:. The succession of militarily distinguished governors who were subsequently appointed suggests that enemies of Rome were posing a difficult challenge, and 15158: 11812: 5894:

Pambritannica, Pananglica, Scotica, Hibernica, Cambrica, Mannica, Provincialia, Dioecesana. Ab initio Christianæ ibidem Religionis, ad nostram usque ætatem

5587: 3285:, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons, were placed under the Emperor's control. In practice imperial provinces were run by resident 3231:

to prospect for ore by removing overburden as well as work alluvial deposits. The water needed for such large-scale operations was supplied by one or more

621: 7536:(2007). "Burnt Kimmeridgian shale at Early Roman Silchester, south-east England, and the Roman Poole-Purbeck complex-agglomerated geomaterials industry". 3239:

country, and, although mineral exploitation was presumably one of the main reasons for the Roman invasion, it had to wait until these areas were subdued.

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and the tin mines of Cornwall seem to have been private enterprises leased from the government for a fee. Mining had long been practised in Britain (see

2062:) by land and sea. After it fell, Constantius attacked Carausius's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer, 3371:

and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of

1748:

During the twenty-year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian's Wall in 163/4, Rome was concerned with continental issues, primarily

11050: 9461: 4620: 564: 4802: 1676:. When Hadrian reached Britannia on his famous tour of the Roman provinces around 120, he directed an extensive defensive wall, known to posterity as 5794:], Vol. I: "Ab Initiis Æræ Christianæ ad Annum CCCXXIV" ["From the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Year 324"], col. 1429. 6485:

Fulford, Michael (1996), "Economic hotspots and provincial backwaters: modelling the late Roman economy", in King, Cathy E.; Wigg, David G. (eds.),

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allowing for troops to be moved to other frontiers which were under pressure. Tacitus reports Agricola as feeling bitter about this turn of events.

10672: 10636: 10376: 5831:

Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates, Quibus Inserta Est Pestiferæ adversus Dei Gratiam a Pelagio Britanno in Ecclesiam Inductæ Hæreseos Historia

4143: 1565:

south of the Forth–Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged; others appear to have been abandoned. By 87 the frontier had been consolidated on the

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and acting as a judge in important legal cases. When not campaigning, he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops.

4243:. There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square" is a Christian artefact, but if it is, it is one of the earliest examples of 15213: 9494: 2397:). On the basis of the Verona List, the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province. 11886: 12269: 6850: 6039: 5659: 4138:

Pagan religious practices were supported by priests, represented in Britain by votive deposits of priestly regalia such as chain crowns from

1321:

he made during Claudius's triumph persuaded the emperor to spare his life. The Silures were still not pacified, and Cartimandua's ex-husband

544: 3246:

Britain's cities also consumed Roman-style pottery and other goods, and were centres through which goods could be distributed elsewhere. At

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A common modern reconstruction places the consular province of Maxima at Londinium, on the basis of its status as the seat of the diocesan

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revolted. With limited options to despatch reinforcements, the Romans moved their troops south, and this rising was suppressed by Governor

1911:

As one of his last acts, Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into

1855:

The traditional view is that northern Britain descended into anarchy during Albinus's absence. Cassius Dio records that the new Governor,

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to industrial uses in the late 3rd century, doubtless officially condoned, marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain.

2719:

military resources were stretched to the limit along the Rhine and Danube. Around 396 there were more barbarian incursions into Britain.

12867: 9434: 12425: 9898: 3227:), but the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large-scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry. It included 2983: 981:, was brought to terms. Hostages were taken, but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul. 682:

to cross the sea into Britain, for to all other Celtic tribes this land was unknown. He received tribute, installed the friendly king

15063: 13030: 13001: 6556: 6552: 5971:

Vol. I, Book IX, Ch. VI, §20: "Of the British church in England and Wales", p. 396. Henry G. Bohn (London), 1856.

4528:, is based on the languages of the Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe from the 5th century onwards. 1908:, but by the following year his ailing father had died and he and his brother left the province to press their claim to the throne. 11805: 7068: 966:

declaring a 20-day public holiday in Rome to honour the unprecedented achievement of obtaining hostages from Britain and defeating

856: 614: 8584: 7698: 6641: 15083: 15073: 12376: 4364:

made Christianity the state religion of the empire in 391, and by the 5th century it was well established. One belief labelled a

2859: 2793:

indicates that villas were still occupied until at least 430. Exceptionally, new buildings were still going up in this period in

1887: 901: 11914: 3464:

Cities and towns which have Roman origins, or were extensively developed by them are listed with their Latin names in brackets;

15103: 15088: 15078: 12929: 12785: 12086: 7133: 3293:. These men were carefully selected, often having strong records of military success and administrative ability. In Britain, a 3100:

appear to have been unbalanced, with far more products sent to Britain, to support its large military force (which had reached

2268:

records. On the assumption that the early bishoprics mimicked the imperial hierarchy, scholars use the list of bishops for the

8381: 2866:; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed. A 2594:

he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south. His son Constantine (later

15218: 15093: 13477: 12418: 9891: 8821: 8794: 8775: 8735: 8714: 8692: 8670: 8648: 8626: 8604: 8578: 8553: 8534: 8515: 8496: 8449: 8424: 8398: 8375: 8350: 8316: 8289: 8270: 8217: 8195: 8170: 8151: 8125: 8106: 8085: 8066: 8047: 7853: 7831: 7812: 7793: 7741: 7661: 7642: 7623: 7604: 7578: 7460: 7359: 7283: 7224: 7141: 7031: 6771: 6751: 6705: 6494: 6361: 6284: 6139: 5765: 5386: 5174: 4896: 4839: 2926:. (Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier. There is recorded evidence, for example, of Germanic 1155:) in 71 and on a building inscription there dated 108, before being destroyed in the east of the Empire, possibly during the 12628: 12821: 12677: 11866: 10743:

established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the

10369: 10345: 8010:

Going, C. J. (1992). "Economic 'Long Waves' in the Roman Period? A Reconnaissance of the Romano-British Ceramic Evidence".

5421: 5264: 3416: 5943:], "Iter V. A Londinio Lugvvallium Ad Vallum" [Route 5: From Londinium to Luguvalium at the Wall], p. 96. 15098: 12804: 11798: 5692: 607: 12832: 5554: 5550: 12891: 12816: 12767: 12569: 11842: 11185: 9487: 6918: 5987:

1st ed. published by T. Cadell (London), 1771. Reprinted by P. Byrne & J. Jones (Dublin), 1789.

5519: 4615:"Nomina Episcoporum, cum Clericis Suis, Quinam, et ex Quibus Provinciis, ad Arelatensem Synodum Convenerint" from the 3286: 1222:

was set up as a friendly king of several territories, and treaties were made with tribes outside direct Roman control.

824:, is attested in the later 4th century. For much of the later period of the Roman occupation, Britannia was subject to 11923: 7065:

Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference

5055: 734:, and then organized their conquests as the province of Britain. By 47 AD, the Romans held the lands southeast of the 14561: 14374: 12896: 12762: 12713: 12262: 11334: 9425: 9396: 9222: 8477: 8240: 7883: 7763: 7169: 4457:

which continued to be used in later centuries and many are still followed today. The Romans also built water supply,

12162: 12106: 6876: 5836:

The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D. D. Lord Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland

5204: 4419:. There is also some evidence they may have introduced rabbits, but of the smaller southern mediterranean type. The 12774: 12757: 12723: 12718: 12642: 12152: 10193: 5983:

The History of Great Britain, from the First Invasion of It by the Romans under Julius Cæsar. Written on a New Plan

3527: 3272: 2854:

attacks. Apparently, there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence. After elevating two disappointing

1548: 659: 554: 12617: 11790: 10657: 4311:

The Church in Britain seems to have developed the customary diocesan system, as evidenced from the records of the

1193:

The Catuvellauni and their allies were defeated in two battles: the first, assuming a Richborough landing, on the

15198: 15188: 15168: 15163: 15153: 13553: 12963: 12701: 12696: 12144: 12139: 11759: 11010: 10362: 8334: 8139: 4489:), were founded by the Romans, but the original Roman settlements were abandoned not long after the Romans left. 3412: 2176:

included protection of the frontier. He had significant autonomy due in part to the distance from his superiors.

1247: 390: 380: 1452:

In the following years, the Romans conquered more of the island, increasing the size of Roman Britain. Governor

15178: 12735: 12691: 11941: 11078: 11002: 10991: 5786: 5745: 4500:, or a language descended from the pre-Roman inhabitants. The British language at the time of the invasion was 4120: 1437:, took on the task of subduing the Brigantes and Silures respectively. Frontinus extended Roman rule to all of 367: 7130:

New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: a Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1979

6666: 1997:

of one of the British provinces also attempted an uprising. Probus put it down by sending irregular troops of

1021:

Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the

15203: 15193: 14544: 12841: 12745: 12740: 12500: 12458: 12361: 12071: 11145: 10779: 9785: 9658: 9480: 7898: 7704: 7680: 7190: 6603: 6515:

The interpretation of Britain's late Roman trade: the scope of medieval historical and archaeological analogy

5300: 5282: 5129: 5125: 5121: 4873: 4788: 4751: 4198: 1170:

and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world. They sailed in three divisions, and probably landed at

11876: 9456: 8461:

North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period (175/150 BC – 409 AD)

7241: 6570: 5499: 4520:. Examination of these languages suggests some 800 Latin words were incorporated into Common Brittonic (see 1259: 14817: 12809: 12661: 12468: 12449: 12441: 12255: 12208: 12076: 12056: 11988: 11582: 10688: 10581: 4724: 4561: 3404: 3276: 2843: 2736: 1219: 837: 169: 10385: 8228: 7491:(1996). "The distribution of South-East Dorset Black Burnished Category I Pottery in South-West Britain". 5935: 5834: 14017: 13277: 12708: 12519: 11838: 11065: 10459: 10121: 8258: 5916: 3497: 597: 12167: 4945:. The precise dating is uncertain; the province does not appear to have been divided until the reign of 1395:), the rebels' next target, but concluded it could not be defended. Abandoned, it was destroyed, as was 14588: 14463: 14068: 14037: 13417: 12752: 12686: 12531: 12061: 10566: 9466: 9385: 6616: 4428: 3268: 3235:, those surviving at Dolaucothi being especially impressive. Many prospecting areas were in dangerous, 2971: 2220: 1994: 1603: 1430: 1368: 864: 12126: 8410:

Britannia y el Mediterráneo: Estudios Sobre el Abastecimiento de Aceite Bético y africano en Britannia

2951:, leading general of the western Empire, for assistance against Saxon invasion in 446. Another is the 2656:

attacked Paulus with a sword, with the aim of assassinating him, but in the end he committed suicide.

14549: 14384: 14012: 12111: 11262: 11204: 11015: 10489: 9515: 7049: 5481: 5459: 5152: 3000:, with more limited links via the Atlantic seaways. The most important British ports were London and 2878:

records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. Zosimus may be referring to the

2121: 2099: 1732:

The first Antonine occupation of Scotland ended as a result of a further crisis in 155–157, when the

1725:

was built around 142 following the military reoccupation of the Scottish lowlands by a new governor,

1426: 1317:, proved her loyalty by surrendering him to the Romans. He was brought as a captive to Rome, where a 1310: 1058: 985: 947:

in the 4th. It was regarded as a place of mystery, with some writers refusing to believe it existed.

646: 14349: 11975: 7085: 6017: 5981: 5966: 4404:

The Romans introduced a number of species to Britain, including possibly the now-rare Roman nettle (

3112:

165 AD onwards. This has been linked to the economic impact of contemporary Empire-wide crises: the

812:, at the end of the 3rd century, Britannia was divided into four provinces under the direction of a 14889: 14323: 14299: 13625: 12730: 12399: 12051: 12028: 11602: 11587: 11411: 11140: 11087: 11083: 11045: 10977: 10798: 10626: 10616: 10499: 10464: 10444: 10424: 9800: 7588: 7103: 6877:"A note on the evidence for African migrants in Britain from the Bronze Age to the medieval period" 6043: 5792:

The Sancrosanct Councils Exacted for the Royal Edition: which the Editors Now Produce in Four Parts

4827: 4454: 4212: 4132: 4056: 4046: 2508:

and Gerald seems to have simply been supporting the antiquity of its church for political reasons.

2485: 2234: 2109: 1400: 1337: 1306: 1117: 821: 12583: 5034: 4996: 4284:

during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The

4247:

in Britain. The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by

14600: 14248: 13794: 13508: 13327: 13217: 12872: 12656: 12652: 11871: 11847: 11406: 11353: 11290: 11130: 11120: 10949: 10919: 10571: 10556: 10494: 10409: 10399: 9923:

Placenames in brackets are either present-day names or counties where the towns formerly existed.

9572: 9519: 9429: 7781: 6927: 5416: 5195: 4042: 3968: 3421: 3408: 3232: 3184: 3178: 3137: 2988:

During the Roman period Britain's continental trade was principally directed across the Southern

2974:, who is supposed to have resisted the Anglo-Saxon conquest according to later medieval legends. 2871: 2622: 2355: 1891:

unable to meet the Caledonians on a battlefield. The emperor's forces pushed north as far as the

1726: 1615: 1574: 1477: 1179: 1004: 762: 12096: 7351: 7345: 7202: 7026: 6250: 5259: 4860: 1721:(138–161) the Hadrianic border was briefly extended north to the Forth–Clyde isthmus, where the 718:, perhaps as a symbolic gesture to proclaim Caligula's victory over the sea. Three years later, 15148: 15068: 14987: 14950: 14022: 13307: 13302: 12647: 11928: 11612: 10939: 10544: 10404: 10354: 10248: 10164: 10068: 9330: 5946: 5853: 4571: 4365: 4182: 4111:, before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial. Worship of the 3998: 3963: 3642: 3612: 2269: 2147: 1990: 1872: 1864: 1673: 1642: 1453: 1231: 848: 746: 12203: 12091: 12081: 10646:

Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until

6836: 6741: 6727: 6695: 5888: 5861: 5809: 4638:, which notes that "Cair Colun" may refer to either Colchester in Essex or to a settlement in 4427:) prevalent in modern Britain is assumed to have been introduced from the continent after the 2515:; places Prima in the west according to Gerald's traditional account but moves its capital to 2264:

Reconstructions of the provinces and provincial capitals during this period partially rely on

1135:

of 60/61, and were probably there since the initial invasion. This is not certain because the

14834: 14649: 14394: 14294: 13665: 13503: 13482: 11627: 11396: 11209: 11135: 10728: 10439: 7470: 6814: 6761: 6000: 5996: 5647: 5376: 5029: 4964: 4959: 4941: 4556: 4504:, and remained so after the Romans withdrew. It later split into regional languages, notably 4437:) is rarely recorded before the Roman period, but becomes a common find in towns and villas. 4300:

contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th-century cemetery at

4285: 4158: 3392: 3281:

Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the

3166: 3155: 3032: 2944: 2850:

Towards the end of the 4th century Roman rule in Britain came under increasing pressure from

2770: 2595: 1681: 1598: 1526: 1446: 1384: 926: 457: 5514: 14977: 14849: 14583: 14233: 13630: 13548: 13357: 13282: 12914: 12794: 12593: 12588: 12018: 11937: 11852: 11765: 11282: 10934: 10766: 10736: 10576: 10469: 10200: 10176: 6562: 5725: 4635: 4493: 4312: 4186: 4174: 4031: 3842: 3696: 3429: 2585: 2413: 2372: 2306: 2242: 2067: 1577:. Some of the most important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at 1514: 1194: 939:, or "tin islands", and placed them near the west coast of Europe. The Carthaginian sailor 872: 9416:– Everything to do with Roman Britain, especially geographic, military, and administrative 7687:. Fasc. I. The Military diplomata; metal ingots; tesserae; dies; labels; and lead sealings 6788: 2527:) on the basis of an artifact recovered there referring to Lucius Septimius, a provincial 1588:

Around 105 there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the

1273:

After capturing the south of the island, the Romans turned their attention to what is now

8: 15126: 14864: 14733: 14663: 14644: 14623: 14556: 14379: 14253: 14073: 14058: 14053: 14007: 13982: 13655: 13543: 13528: 13342: 13161: 12956: 12612: 12578: 12547: 12537: 12485: 12480: 12473: 12278: 12191: 11992: 11965: 11771: 11726: 11544: 11534: 11196: 11025: 10972: 10967: 10740: 10474: 10449: 10032: 9748: 9723: 9682: 7189: 6591: 5545: 5315: 4566: 4544: 4521: 3897: 3711: 2875: 2821:, remained active during the 5th and 6th centuries, surrounded by large farming estates. 2750: 2516: 2473: 2457: 2409: 2405: 2389: 2265: 2216: 2212: 2095: 2091: 2051: 1905: 1737: 1189:

Conquests under Aulus Plautius, focused on the commercially valuable southeast of Britain

989: 326: 105: 72: 14263: 6931:

lists 28; discussion is mooted whether Gildas possessed a written or conventional list (

4067:, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain, were outlawed by 2710:. Maximus held much of the western empire, and fought a successful campaign against the 1569:. Roman coins and pottery have been found circulating at native settlement sites in the 739: 15030: 14761: 14654: 14618: 14539: 14494: 14389: 14215: 14106: 14063: 13992: 13799: 13574: 13337: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13222: 13079: 13035: 12919: 12598: 12526: 12495: 12463: 12366: 12356: 12222: 12031: 12022: 11622: 11597: 11504: 11479: 11368: 11252: 11102: 10914: 10711: 10561: 10519: 10514: 10061: 9964: 9937: 9621: 9596: 8439: 8339: 8096: 8023: 7868: 7716: 7516: 7508: 7425: 7326: 7318: 7301: 6224: 5741: 4433: 4244: 4150: 4104: 4096: 3751: 3599: 3376: 3001: 2863: 2839: 2683:

from 368 with a string of military and civil reforms. Theodosius crossed from Bononia (

2633:

to Britain to hunt down Magnentius's supporters. The investigation deteriorated into a

2328: 2319: 2230: 2196: 2151: 2143: 2028: 1925: 1915: 1791: 1782: 1611: 1421:

in South Yorkshire. The reconstruction was created for Rotherham Museums and Galleries.

943:

is said to have visited the island in the 6th or 5th century BC and the Greek explorer

809: 805: 801: 793: 470: 310: 7009: 6070:[The Ecclesiastical History of the English People], Vol. II, Ch. XVI 5778: 5716:

Collins, Rob. Hadrian's Wall and the End of Empire, Routledge, 2012 ISBN 9780415884112

5076: 4734: 3255: 2757:" deposits indicating increased horticulture within urban precincts. Turning over the 14894: 14869: 14859: 14595: 14568: 14449: 14304: 14289: 14284: 14243: 14238: 14143: 14032: 13987: 13977: 13969: 13640: 13594: 13584: 13425: 13252: 13232: 13191: 12666: 12605: 12542: 12490: 12389: 12181: 11861: 11749: 11456: 11446: 11441: 11345: 11315: 11112: 10962: 10853: 10843: 10818: 10813: 10606: 10601: 10529: 10524: 10297: 10116: 10020: 9698: 8817: 8790: 8771: 8731: 8710: 8688: 8666: 8644: 8622: 8600: 8574: 8549: 8530: 8511: 8492: 8473: 8445: 8420: 8394: 8371: 8346: 8312: 8295: 8285: 8266: 8246: 8236: 8213: 8191: 8166: 8147: 8121: 8102: 8081: 8062: 8043: 7879: 7849: 7827: 7808: 7789: 7759: 7737: 7708: 7694: 7671: 7657: 7638: 7619: 7600: 7574: 7571:

Military and Civilian in Roman Britain: Cultural Relationships in a Frontier Province

7549: 7520: 7456: 7417: 7355: 7330: 7279: 7220: 7165: 7137: 6953: 6767: 6747: 6701: 6490: 6357: 6280: 6228: 6135: 5788:

Sacrosancta Concilia ad Regiam Editionem Exacta: quae Nunc Quarta Parte Prodit Actior

5640: 5620: 5382: 5170: 5098: 4892: 4835: 4776: 4671: 4497: 4406: 4328: 4323:

from Europe and North Africa, including three bishops from Britain, Eborius of York,

4170: 3941: 3808: 3741: 3679: 3622: 3502: 2952: 2834: 2603: 2556: 2548: 2528: 2501: 2441: 2376: 2254: 2208: 1982: 1970: 1966: 1818: 1787: 1698: 1677: 1638: 1570: 1552: 1318: 1302: 1156: 875:

generally only mention Britain in passing. Thus, most present knowledge derives from

852: 841: 353: 237: 131: 7429: 4079:). Under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as 2613:

In the middle of the century, the province was loyal for a few years to the usurper

67: 14923: 14884: 14839: 14826: 14746: 14725: 14628: 14573: 14258: 14078: 13997: 13809: 13589: 13523: 13413: 13292: 13287: 13257: 13227: 13181: 13143: 13009: 12862: 12507: 12394: 12230: 11961: 11895: 11826: 11820: 11685: 11680: 11637: 11592: 11499: 11244: 11234: 11224: 11172: 10909: 10901: 10687: 10534: 10504: 10289: 10145: 10104: 9776: 9736: 9649: 9581: 8754: 8019: 7545: 7500: 7409: 7310: 7107: 7072: 6949: 6529: 6216: 6062: 5592: 5222: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4353: 4332: 4257: 4236: 4154: 4084: 3852: 3783: 3547: 3228: 3170: 3117: 3005: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2645: 2572: 2536: 2368: 2250: 2246: 2200: 2171: 2059: 2013: 2009: 1830: 1778: 1749: 1708: 1688: 1099: 1089: 1075: 675: 534: 224: 8489:

Pottery and Early Commerce. Characterization and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics

6853:. Department of Classics and Ancient History. University of Warwick. n.d. p. 5604: 4410:), said to have been used by soldiers to warm their arms and legs, and the edible 4219:, which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain. 3243:

blossoming of villa building and decoration that occurred between AD 300 and 350.

1878: 1634: 792:

were built to defend the Roman province from the Caledonians, whose realms in the

14966: 14904: 14844: 14807: 14779: 14741: 14706: 14686: 14469: 14459: 14444: 14331: 14138: 14002: 13765: 13620: 13579: 13569: 13408: 13347: 13267: 13262: 13247: 13242: 13155: 12343: 12176: 12121: 12006: 11997: 11969: 11909: 11665: 11655: 11562: 11514: 11469: 11388: 11310: 11295: 11214: 10957: 10861: 10833: 10808: 10790: 10419: 9673: 8800: 8725: 8322: 8181: 7993: 7976: 7959: 7942: 7925: 7908: 7769: 7529: 7488: 7398:"Evergreen Plants in Roman Britain and Beyond: Movement, Meaning and Materiality" 6204: 6073: 6035: 5961: 5782: 5678: 5628: 5436: 4803:"C. Julius Caesar, De bello Gallico, COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS, chapter 12, section 1" 4762: 4746: 4513: 4420: 4100: 3174: 3113: 3039: 2997: 2993: 2786: 2774: 2707: 2598:) spent a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the 2425: 2401: 2204: 1822: 1185: 1132: 907: 797: 703: 410: 12247: 12036: 6936:(1991). "Old light on the Dark Age landscape: the description of Britain in the 1045:

successfully invaded in 43 AD, it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler,

15005: 14995: 14971: 14918: 14874: 14789: 14769: 14751: 14696: 14691: 14659: 14504: 14484: 14309: 14210: 14189: 14184: 13821: 13755: 13750: 13739: 13720: 13714: 13710: 13518: 13513: 13472: 13399: 13385: 13297: 13272: 13237: 13196: 13186: 13122: 13109: 13049: 12993: 12985: 12976: 12949: 12410: 12293: 12218: 12212: 12194: 12147: 12039: 12014: 11891: 11881: 11675: 11670: 11660: 11607: 11552: 11363: 11257: 11229: 11219: 11097: 10886: 10881: 10838: 10828: 10751:

and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.

10509: 10429: 10325: 10212: 10140: 9883: 9732: 8614: 8435: 8205: 7964:

Britain and the Roman Empire: The Evidence for Regional and Long Distance Trade

7930:

Demonstrating Britannia's Economic Dependence in the First and Second Centuries

7893: 7863: 7751: 7675: 7596: 7557: 7375: 5596: 5321: 4639: 4603: 4517: 4388: 4297: 4288:

is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the

4265: 4108: 3983: 3857: 3512: 3294: 3028: 3004:, whilst the continental ports most heavily engaged in trade with Britain were 2956: 2948: 2904: 2900: 2695: 2626: 2532: 2500:. Modern scholars generally dispute the last: some place Valentia at or beyond 2469: 2361: 2341: 2272:. The list is patently corrupt: the British delegation is given as including a 2129: 2048: 1962: 1826: 1718: 1582: 1333: 1064: 978: 911: 785: 638: 265: 44: 34: 8414:

Britain and the Mediterranean: Studies on the Betic and African oil supply in

7413: 6220: 5890:

Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Constitutiones, in Re Ecclesiarum Orbis Britannici.

2691:

was appointed, Dulcitius, with Civilis to head a new civilian administration.

2621:

following the latter's death. After the defeat and death of Magnentius in the

1745:

Newstead was maintained along with seven smaller outposts until at least 180.

15142: 14802: 14774: 14681: 14673: 14415: 14367: 14153: 14101: 13830: 13770: 13760: 13660: 13635: 12924: 12852: 12847: 12384: 12198: 11947: 11857: 11557: 11509: 11474: 11464: 11373: 11073: 10876: 10871: 10823: 10803: 10732: 10716: 10434: 10414: 10224: 9472: 9217: 8592: 8299: 7841: 7448: 7421: 7157: 7077: 7000: 6806: 6172: 5884: 5361: 5341: 4719: 4415: 4112: 3589: 3320: 3224: 3199:. The dust was washed in a small stream of water and the heavy gold dust and 3133: 2855: 2790: 2630: 2577: 2505: 2380: 2348: 2324: 2301: 2258: 2133: 1978: 1943: 1722: 1680:, to be built close to the line of the Stanegate frontier. Hadrian appointed 1592:: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged 1556: 1481: 1418: 951: 884: 860: 833: 829: 667: 656: 650: 514: 504: 422: 306: 12048: 9381: 8463:. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress. 8250: 5572: 5537: 5477: 5441: 5381:(New ed of 3rd revised ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 66. 5228: 4135:

in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.

1352:), then became governor of Britain, and in 60 and 61 he moved against Mona ( 984:

Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind, but he established

15120: 14913: 14701: 14225: 14179: 14118: 14027: 13804: 13782: 13775: 13212: 13137: 13127: 13059: 12799: 12512: 12226: 12157: 12101: 12010: 11957: 11919: 11905: 11822: 11755: 11572: 11567: 11519: 11305: 11272: 11267: 11092: 10866: 10744: 10479: 10092: 10044: 9819: 8804: 8702: 8680: 8658: 8636: 8326: 8031: 7773: 7393: 6933: 6828: 6489:, Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike, Berlin: Mann Verlag, pp. 153–177, 6092: 5826: 5752: 4599: 4445: 4361: 4357: 4293: 4224: 4116: 4072: 3669: 3559: 3384: 3290: 3282: 3220: 3204: 3192: 3142: 3024:

played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions.

3013: 2540: 2433: 2421: 2238: 2192: 2087: 2043: 2040: 1856: 1624: 1361: 1198: 1068: 1022: 974: 963: 933: 871:

became the female personification of Britain. After the initial invasions,

731: 683: 679: 482: 444: 432: 400: 76: 48: 13404: 7242:"Vinisius to Nigra: Evidence from Oxford of Christianity in Roman Britain" 6354:

Facing the Ocean: the Atlantic and its Peoples 8000 BC – 1500 AD

6163:

Archaeological evidence of late 4th-century urban collapse is analysed by

5856:]. Edited, translated, & with commentary by Ioannes Seldenus [ 4602:

listed six provinces, including the highly dubious "province of Orcades" (

4360:. Christianity was legalised in the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 313. 4203: 4051: 2648:

to intervene. When Paulus retaliated by accusing Martinus of treason, the

1387:

the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it. Paulinus rode to

15035: 15020: 14421: 14340: 14148: 14133: 14123: 14096: 13922: 13875: 13787: 13533: 13150: 13054: 12941: 12298: 12236: 12186: 12134: 12066: 12002: 11778: 11650: 11617: 11529: 11484: 11358: 11300: 10621: 10550: 10484: 10037: 9993: 9686: 9543: 9440: 9401: 8135: 6171:; the "de-romanisation" of Britain is the subject of several accounts by 5931: 5857: 5147: 4741: 4591: 4369: 4344: 4305: 4289: 4277: 4273: 4124: 3902: 3726: 3706: 3517: 3388: 3380: 3200: 3196: 3088: 3021: 2960: 2806: 2798: 2560: 2524: 2417: 2337: 2311: 2188: 2116: 2083: 2071: 2002: 1932: 1770: 1473: 1442: 1438: 1376: 1314: 1313:. The British leader sought refuge among the Brigantes, but their queen, 1211: 1171: 1026: 876: 754: 687: 663: 492: 87: 13690: 13456: 7998:

Coasting Britannia: Roman Trade and Traffic Around the Shores of Britain

4223:

It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain. A 2nd-century

3187:

was used to prospect for ore veins by stripping away soil to reveal the

1859:, was obliged to buy peace from a fractious northern tribe known as the 1840:

in 195, where the provinces were also sympathetic to him, and set up at

14958: 14946: 14399: 14363: 14163: 14128: 14088: 13680: 13442: 13433: 12043: 11933: 11645: 11489: 10891: 10720: 10647: 10283: 10276: 10236: 10217: 10181: 10169: 10152: 10128: 10085: 10073: 10056: 10025: 9998: 9855: 9829: 9809: 9547: 7712: 7533: 7322: 7185: 7164:. Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies. pp. 129–130. 6763:

London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558

5691:

Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William L.; McAllister, Marian Holland.

4474: 4462: 4458: 4348: 4324: 4281: 4269: 4261: 4248: 4232: 3978: 3956: 3936: 3926: 3882: 3793: 3756: 3721: 3691: 3657: 3652: 3637: 3627: 3607: 3569: 3368: 3046: 2964: 2818: 2814: 2802: 2794: 2782: 2762: 2754: 2703: 2634: 2614: 2552: 2497: 2453: 2449: 2333: 2055: 2031:; he revolted upon learning of a death sentence ordered by the emperor 2024: 1765: 1628: 1578: 1396: 1380: 1341: 1325:

replaced Caratacus as the most prominent leader of British resistance.

1309:. Finally, in 51, Ostorius lured Caratacus into a set-piece battle and 1215: 1202: 1136: 840:

occurred around 410; the native kingdoms are considered to have formed

150: 8419:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona. 8391:

The Romanization of Britain: an essay in archaeological interpretation

7512: 2659:

As the 4th century progressed, there were increasing attacks from the

1649: 954:

undertook two expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, as part of his conquest of

14358: 13465: 12560: 12129: 11431: 11320: 10929: 10924: 10539: 10317: 10303: 10271: 10241: 10205: 10133: 9946: 9833: 9757: 9605: 9553: 8229:"Power and Towns in Late Roman Britain and Early Anglo-Saxon England" 8035: 7875: 7397: 6132:

Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople

5254: 5024: 4946: 4855: 4470: 4301: 4178: 4166: 4139: 4088: 3951: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3872: 3837: 3822: 3736: 3684: 3574: 3492: 3372: 3104:

53,000 by the mid-2nd century), than were extracted from the island.

3075:

and barrels; salted fish products from the western Mediterranean and

2989: 2911: 2851: 2699: 2672: 2465: 2281: 2017: 1951: 1939: 1892: 1868: 1733: 1620: 1566: 1497: 1489: 1461: 1434: 1392: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1206: 1082: 1030: 915: 880: 868: 825: 750: 735: 727: 715: 91: 13670: 13371: 8758: 7314: 4889:

The Making Of The British Landscape: From the Ice Age to the Present

4115:

is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a

2104: 1875:

with first-hand experience of controlling a hostile barbarian land.

1139:

was flexible, with units being moved around whenever necessary. The

1014:'s ships were carried to Britain in a storm during his campaigns in 722:

directed four legions to invade Britain and restore the exiled king

15015: 14479: 13932: 13887: 13851: 13839: 13685: 13645: 13460: 13452: 13447: 13429: 13352: 13089: 13084: 13069: 12333: 12323: 12172: 11985: 11952: 11777: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by 11524: 11494: 11416: 11125: 11040: 10748: 10253: 10229: 10188: 10157: 10097: 9973: 9813: 9707: 9630: 7504: 6576: 6544: 6194:, p. 326f makes a strong case for discontinuity of urban life. 6049:

Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion

6024:

Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion

5190: 5047: 4929: 4634:

Although Ussher refers the reader to his earlier discussion of the

4486: 4478: 4392: 4373: 4320: 4228: 4076: 4068: 4013: 3993: 3887: 3827: 3584: 3554: 3532: 3485: 3480: 3252: 3247: 3236: 3096:

of coin would have been re-exported back to the continent as well.

3076: 3054: 2936: 2932: 2892: 2887: 2879: 2862:, to become emperor in 407. He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by 2810: 2758: 2724: 2720: 2618: 2493: 2477: 2437: 2394: 2277: 2138: 2063: 2032: 1974: 1955: 1947: 1841: 1806: 1802: 1774: 1741: 1540: 1493: 1441:, and initiated exploitation of the mineral resources, such as the 1353: 1322: 1163: 1148: 1042: 1038: 1015: 1011: 993: 923: 919: 887:. Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire. 813: 758: 719: 699: 695: 292: 118: 13700: 7008: 5871:

R. & T. Whitaker for Richard Bishop (London), 1642.

5075: 4733: 2923: 1619:

either case, the frontier probably moved south to the line of the

1371:, the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of 1010:

refers to two British kings he received as refugees. When some of

789: 15025: 15000: 14879: 14854: 14489: 14454: 14427: 14354: 14336: 13927: 13863: 13487: 13117: 13094: 12351: 12318: 12313: 11721: 11577: 11436: 11378: 11141:

Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)

11035: 11030: 11020: 10596: 10331: 10311: 10049: 9823: 7593:

Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People

7299:

Nearing, Homer Jr. (1949). "Local Caesar Traditions in Britain".

5796:

The Typographical Society for Ecclesiastical Books (Paris), 1671.

5666: 5217: 5097: 4775: 4757: 4240: 4208: 4162: 4128: 4080: 3664: 3301: 3188: 3150: 3079:

in barrels and amphorae; preserved olives from southern Spain in

3061: 3017: 3009: 2940: 2927: 2896: 2883: 2778: 2544: 2520: 2273: 2225: 2021: 1998: 1986: 1860: 1795: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1607: 1457: 1372: 1349: 1345: 1278: 1167: 1034: 944: 940: 781: 766: 274: 10384: 9407: 5915:

Usserius, Vol. I, Ch. V, reprinted as Ussher, Vol. V,

4099:

remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the

2120:

Another possible arrangement, with other possible placements of

1147:

may have been permanently stationed, with records showing it at

738:. Control over Wales was delayed by reverses and the effects of 15010: 14797: 14579:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

14499: 14474: 14438: 14432: 14345: 14268: 14194: 14113: 13615: 13099: 13044: 11731: 10611: 10591: 10586: 10109: 10080: 9951: 9862: 9761: 9609: 9557: 9451: 9410:– Information on the Romans in Britain, including everyday life 8570: 8367: 8040:

Communities and Connections: Essays in Honour of Barry Cunliffe

7276:

Urtica: therapeutic and nutritional aspects of stinging nettles

6913: 5142: 4466: 4316: 4153:

also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The

3867: 3798: 3778: 3771: 3542: 2867: 2741: 2660: 2461: 2036: 1593: 1562: 1388: 1046: 997: 967: 723: 709: 678:

and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. The Belgae were the only

671: 9413: 7652:

Cleere, Henry; Crossley, D. (1995). Hodgkinson, Jeremy (ed.).

4594:

actually includes a note that the Diocese of the Britains had

1672:'s reign (117): a rising in the north which was suppressed by 13899: 13705: 13650: 13538: 13132: 13074: 13064: 13022: 12972: 12308: 11426: 11421: 11401: 7913:

Pottery and Britain's Foreign Trade in the Later Roman Period

4411: 4064: 3766: 3455: 3216: 3159: 3092: 3050: 2919: 2915: 2715: 2711: 2668: 2664: 2599: 2429: 2155: 1849: 1845: 1758: 1753: 1589: 1357: 1294: 1274: 1162:

The invasion was delayed by a troop mutiny until an imperial

1085:, was the only one directly attested to have taken part. The 931: 283: 9419: 6182:(1980:77–92) and "The end of the city in Roman Britain", in 5833:, Vol. I., Ch. VIII, (Dublin), 1639. Reprinted as 5378:

The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries AD

2749:

The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of

2531:; places Flavia north of Maxima, with its capital placed at 14158: 13695: 13675: 13610: 13438: 12303: 9978: 9711: 9634: 8527:

The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain

5320: 4651: 4482: 4372: — was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome: 4216: 4008: 3207:. The diagram at right shows how Dolaucothi developed from 2607: 2489: 2481: 2445: 2108:

One possible arrangement of the late Roman provinces, with

1837: 1329: 1175: 1152: 959: 955: 691: 10735:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of 8030: 8003: 7874:(3rd, extensively revised ed.). London and New York: 7616:

The Water Supplies and Related Structures of Roman Britain

7453:

A Brief History of Roman Britain Conquest and Civilization

6789:"DNA study finds London was ethnically diverse from start" 6175:, including "Town and country: the end of Roman Britain", 6091:. J.M. Dent & Co. (London), 1903. Hosted at 2233:

rank. The 5th-century sources list a fifth province named

698:

were called off in 34, 27, and 25 BC. In 40 AD,

9391: 7805:

Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces

6792: 5985:, 2nd ed., Vol. I, Ch. 2, s2, p. 143. 5360: 5340: 4834:. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. 4083:, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like 2219:; all of these seem to have initially been directed by a 2054:

launched a second offensive, besieging the rebel port of

15224:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

8816:. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: Archaeopress. 7618:. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: Archaeopress. 5690: 5227: 1794:

who they felt had earlier wronged them by posting lowly

1364:

and massacred the Druids and burnt their sacred groves.

653:. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410. 9335:

Sacred Britannia: the gods and rituals of Roman Britain

8972: 7693: 7499:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 223–281. 5011:

Britannia: the Roman Conquest and Occupation of Britain

4670:, which was a later Saxon territory at the time of the 4453:

During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an

2203:

all list four provinces by some variation of the names

828:

invasions and often came under the control of imperial

9469:– database of excavated evidence for rural settlements 8948: 8687:. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 6986:: meaning "new field" or "new clearing" of the Regni ( 6022:[On Invectives], Vol. II, Ch. I, in 4075:

from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (

3443:

Roman towns can be broadly grouped in two categories.

3310:

To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser, the

2245:

mentions Valentia as well, describing its creation by

1977:

managed to burn it at anchor. To avoid punishment, he

1166:

persuaded them to overcome their fear of crossing the

706:

on the continent, only to have them gather seashells (

13891: 11171: 8663:

Roman Britain: A New History 55 BC – 450 AD

8548:. Batsford Studies in Archaeology. London: Batsford. 5766:"A R O S: VESPASIANA: A PROVINCE OF ROMAN BRITANNIA?" 4826: 4127:

was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of

3345:

such as York, Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln and

3020:. During the Late Roman period it is likely that the 2132:, the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a 1332:'s accession, Roman Britain extended as far north as 847:

Following the conquest of the Britons, a distinctive

14277: 9015: 8787:

Aspects of Industry in Roman Yorkshire and the North

8263:

AD 43: The Roman Invasion of Britain: A Reassessment

7802: 6520: 8341:

An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire

8095:Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony, eds. (1998). 8094: 7475:

The Jet Industry and Allied Trades in Roman Britain

4984: 4694: 3219:ironworking zone, the lead and silver mines of the 3049:, as well as various other wares from Gaul and the 2910:In British tradition, pagan Saxons were invited by 1684:as governor to undertake this work who brought the 1360:once and for all. Paulinus led his army across the 1037:. This policy was followed until 39 or 40 AD, when 745:The conquest of Britain continued under command of 10765: 8745:Tyers, Paul (1996b). "Roman amphoras in Britain". 8408:Monfort, César Carreras; Funari, P. P. A. (1998). 8338: 7867: 7803:du Plat Taylor, Joan; Cleere, Henry, eds. (1978). 5585:Todd, Malcolm (2004). "Julius Agricola, Gnaeus ". 3337:(which were subdivided, amongst other forms, into 3191:. If veins were present, they were attacked using 2984:Trade between Iron Age Britain and the Roman world 1773:described as the most serious war of the reign of 1178:; at least part of the force may have landed near 929:in the 4th century BC. The Greeks referred to the 883:evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an 670:had been overrun or culturally assimilated by the 12277: 8966: 7670: 7347:Introduction to invertebrate conservation biology 6279:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 4465:systems. Many of Britain's major cities, such as 3045:(samian ware) from southern, central and eastern 2943:. A significant date in sub-Roman Britain is the 1018:in 16 AD, they came back with tales of monsters. 753:. In mid-84 AD, Agricola faced the armies of the 749:(77–84), who expanded the Roman Empire as far as 15140: 12440: 9913: 9355:Religion in late Roman Britain: forces of change 9205: 9199: 9088: 8978: 8892: 8785:Wilson, Peter R.; Price, Jennifer, eds. (2002). 8562: 8433: 7892: 7527: 6855:Scientific Evidence for Black Romans in Britain? 6617:"History – Overview: Roman Britain, 43 – 410 AD" 6561: 6246: 6087:The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation 5840:. Hodges, Smith, & Co. (Dublin), 1864. 4912: 4910: 4908: 4315:in Gaul in 314: represented at the council were 4304:with its east–west oriented burials and lack of 3289:who were members of the Senate and had held the 3183:in great detail. Essentially, water supplied by 2870:incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the 1541:Occupation of and retreat from southern Scotland 9051: 8814:The Roman Pottery Industry of the Oxford Region 8505: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6396: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6318: 6316: 6030:George Simpson & Co. (Devizes), 1920. 5693:"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites" 742:, but the Romans expanded steadily northwards. 15209:5th-century disestablishments in Roman Britain 9502: 9347: 9299: 9237: 9174: 9118: 9094: 8954: 8868: 8856: 8850: 8359: 8134: 8098:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization 7846:The Material Fall of Roman Britain, 300-525 CE 7821: 7780: 7651: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6053:George Simpson & Co. (Devizes), 1920. 4938:History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus 2955:in 577, after which the significant cities of 2606:in the summer and autumn. Constantius died in 1225: 649:, consisting of a large part of the island of 15229:States and territories established in the 40s 13855: 12957: 12426: 12263: 11806: 11758:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate 10673: 10370: 9899: 9488: 9076: 9009: 8407: 8311:(Paperback 1st ed.). The History Press. 7632: 7569:Blagg, T. F. C.; King, Anthony, eds. (1984). 7469: 6967: 6851:"The Evidence for Diversity in Roman Britain" 6689: 6687: 6400: 6045:The Book of Invectives of Giraldus Cambrensis 5008: 4905: 2967:fell and the Saxons reached the western sea. 1379:, destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum ( 615: 13843: 9876:Question marks denote uncertain associations 9874:Placenames in brackets are present-day names 9082: 8467: 8231:. In Ripoll, Gisela; Gurt, Josep M. (eds.). 7486: 7217:Christianity in Roman Britain to 500 AD 6892: 6890: 6743:Caesar and Christ: The Story of Civilization 6473: 6461: 6442: 6423: 6406: 6328: 5591:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4958:The reorganisation is usually attributed to 4830:; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996). 4706: 1954:. Britannia was part of this until 274 when 1942:had its economic effect. In 259 a so-called 1573:in the years before 100, indicating growing 16:Britain under Roman rule (43 AD – c. 410 AD) 15159:1st-century establishments in Roman Britain 13903: 13867: 11781:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536 8784: 8506:Peacock, D. P. S.; Williams, D. F. (1986). 7807:. London: Council for British Archaeology. 7480: 7309:(2). Medieval Academy of America: 218–227. 6980: 6293: 5627: 4664: 4656: 4337: 3813: 3466: 3453: 3445: 3427: 3351: 3339: 3331: 3312: 3299: 3081: 3069: 3059: 3037: 2650: 2639: 2359: 2346: 2294: 2286: 1923: 1913: 1897: 1706: 1696: 1686: 1466: 1141: 1125: 1115: 1107: 1097: 1087: 1073: 1002: 707: 26: 15184:410s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 13879: 12971: 12964: 12950: 12433: 12419: 12270: 12256: 11813: 11799: 10680: 10666: 10377: 10363: 9906: 9892: 9495: 9481: 8996: 8613: 8563:Rathbone, Yvette; Rathbone, D. W. (2012). 8546:The Roman Villa: A Historical Introduction 7573:. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. 7249:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 6766:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 6759: 6684: 6487:Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World 5167:Peoples of Roman Britain: The Catuvellauni 2476:" in northern England with its capital at 2448:and southern England with its capital at " 2257:, in the territory abandoned south of the 1668:A new crisis occurred at the beginning of 851:emerged as the Romans introduced improved 796:were never controlled. Around 197 AD, the 622: 608: 66: 10715:. Provincial administration reformed and 9305: 9274: 9255: 9186: 9162: 9124: 8990: 8935: 8880: 8333: 8183:Die Personennamen im römischen Britannien 8179: 7935: 7731: 7697:; Wright, R. P.; Tomlin, R.S.O. (1995) . 7633:Burnham, Barry C.; Wacher, J. S. (1990). 7568: 7076: 6911:, p. 102f, lists 22 "public towns"; 6887: 6719: 6717: 6700:. Cornell University Press. p. 147. 6642:"Economy and Power in Late Roman Britain" 6534:Epistula ad senatum populumque Atheniorum 5838:, Vol. V, Ch. VIII, p. 236 5804: 5802: 5675:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 5241: 4916: 4769: 4718: 4496:, the current majority language is not a 2706:) in north Wales in 383, and crossed the 2464:and central England with its capital at " 2432:and western England with its capital at " 10689:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces 9532: 9317: 9149: 8941: 8898: 8657: 8543: 7750: 7734:Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain 7273: 7162:Romans and Britons in North-West England 7069:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference 7061: 6827: 6351: 6345: 6240: 6134:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 59. 6117: 5164: 5158: 5040: 4886: 4444: 4399: 4202: 4050: 3420: 3149: 3141: 2838: 2740: 2584: 2576: 2115: 2103: 2074:and defeated Allectus in a land battle. 1877: 1829:in return for Albinus's support against 1648: 1633: 1505:Roman military organisation in the north 1405: 1184: 950:The first direct Roman contact was when 9798: 9261: 9180: 9168: 9106: 9100: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 8984: 8973:Collingwood, Wright & Tomlin (1995) 8922: 8916: 8874: 8524: 8486: 8468:Parker, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). 8279: 8204: 8115: 8075: 7992: 7975: 7958: 7941: 7924: 7918: 7907: 7840: 7613: 7392: 7298: 7156: 7127: 6805: 6512: 6508: 6484: 6467: 6455: 6436: 6417: 6376: 6339: 6262: 6203: 6197: 6154:Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 27.8.6 5945:Published posthumously & edited by 5901:], Vol. I, Index, p. 639. 5588:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5493: 5374: 5368: 4740: 4071:, and in 61 they vainly defended their 2504:but St Andrews is beyond even the 2077: 1063:The invasion force in 43 AD was led by 15174:40s establishments in the Roman Empire 15141: 13820: 9311: 9286: 9280: 9243: 9231: 9192: 9155: 9136: 9063: 9057: 9045: 8960: 8929: 8904: 8886: 8844: 8765: 8744: 8723: 8635: 8458: 8388: 8257: 8226: 8034:; Hamerow, Helena; de Jersey, Philip; 7896:; Tomlin, R. S. O., eds. (1991–1995). 7587: 7556: 7447: 7239: 7214: 7184: 7134:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 6987: 6932: 6908: 6896: 6739: 6723: 6714: 6524: 6392: 6388: 6322: 6274: 6234: 6191: 6164: 6129: 6068:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum 6009: 5799: 5401: 3146:Industrial production in Roman Britain 1425:There was further turmoil in 69, the " 1131:) are known to have served during the 970:tribes on returning to the continent. 765:. Battle casualties were estimated by 15214:Former countries in the British Isles 15052: 14944: 14723: 14525: 13957: 13737: 13383: 13020: 12945: 12414: 12251: 11794: 11711: 11710: 11170: 10764: 10700: 10661: 10358: 9914: 9887: 9476: 9467:The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain 9367: 9249: 9142: 9130: 9112: 8862: 8811: 8591: 8360:Maxfield, V. A.; Dobson, B. (2006) . 8306: 8160: 8056: 8009: 7969: 7870:Britannia: A History of Roman Britain 7862: 7656:(2nd ed.). Merton Priory Press. 7023: 6874: 6786: 6693: 6277:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend 6112:, 39; Odahl, 77–78, 309; Pohlsander, 5924: 5646: 5617: 5511: 5413: 5253: 5023: 5002: 4854: 4327:of London, and Adelphius, possibly a 3165:Mineral extraction sites such as the 2629:dispatched his chief imperial notary 2237:and give its governor and Maxima's a 12122:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique) 10386:Provinces of the early Roman Empire 10346:List of Roman place names in Britain 9441:"Roman London: "In their own words"" 8910: 8701: 8679: 7986: 7952: 7848:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6575: 6543: 6183: 5189: 5046: 4928: 4157:is one example of the popularity of 3417:List of Roman place names in Britain 2828: 2730: 1218:). Vespasian subdued the southwest, 902:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 800:divided Britain into two provinces: 662:in 55 and 54 BC as part of his 14945: 12880:Post-war period (political history) 8949:Historical sources and inscriptions 8770:(2nd revised ed.). Routledge. 8753:. Council for British Archaeology. 8643:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7758:(4th ed.). London: Routledge. 7350:. Oxford University Press. p. 7343: 7043: 6924:On the ruin and conquest of Britain 6746:. Simon and Schuster. p. 468. 6590: 5665: 5566: 5542: 5531: 5471: 5453: 5433: 5354: 5334: 5312: 5216: 4756: 4387:A letter found on a lead tablet in 4165:also exist in military contexts at 3398: 3053:provinces; olive oil from southern 2698:, raised the standard of revolt at 2589:4th century: Degree of Romanisation 2300:). The error is variously emended: 1664:'s 2nd-century map of Roman Britain 838:final Roman withdrawal from Britain 13: 12062:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique) 9420:The Roman Army and Navy in Britain 9216: 9016:du Plat Taylor & Cleere (1978) 8832: 8566:Literary Sources for Roman Britain 8284:(3rd ed.). London: J. Baker. 8190:]. Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann. 8024:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1992.tb00259.x 7635:The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain 6999: 6919:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae 6912: 6787:Ghosh, Pallab (23 November 2015). 6540:] (in Latin), 279D, 280A, B, C 6528: 6521:du Plat Taylor & Cleere (1978) 5141: 5089: 5067: 4524:). The current majority language, 2903:ideals and conventions. Historian 2801:. Some urban centres, for example 2581:4th century Roman towns and villas 1750:problems in the Danubian provinces 1301:, and he carried out an effective 637:was the territory that became the 14: 15240: 14375:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 11998:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique) 9375: 8838: 8685:Research on Roman Britain 1960–89 8470:The Chronology of British History 7376:"Unearthing the ancestral rabbit" 6875:Green, Caitlin R. (26 May 2016). 5949:. M. Atkins (London), 1709. 5941:Antoninus's Route of the Britains 5751:. Bohn (London), 1862. Hosted at 4985:Hornblower & Spawforth (1998) 4934:Τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστορία 4695:Hornblower & Spawforth (1998) 4368:by the church authorities — 2249:in 369 after the quelling of the 1456:, father-in-law to the historian 1052: 15125: 13738: 13370: 12885:Post-war period (social history) 12559: 12187:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique) 11929:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique) 11121:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana) 10747:in c. 640–660, although in 10635: 9211: 9089:Allen, Fulford & Todd (2007) 8619:The Place-names of Roman Britain 8309:Roman Britain and the Roman Navy 7595:(2nd revised ed.). London: 7550:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00279.x 7386: 7368: 7337: 7292: 7267: 7233: 7208: 7178: 7150: 7121: 7092: 7084: 6833:Roman Archaeology for Historians 6026:, Vol. XXX, pp. 130–1" 6006:Wm. Straker (London), 1840. 5749:, Vol. XXVIII, Ch. III 5201:The Deeds of the Divine Augustus 4999:. BBC. Retrieved 26 August 2017. 4598:provinces, but then lists four. 4550: 4538: 3273:Roman client kingdoms in Britain 2970:Historians generally reject the 2296:de civitate colonia Londinensium 1549:Scotland during the Roman Empire 1525: 1513: 1258: 1246: 988:and brought Britain into Rome's 977:, was installed, and his rival, 895: 582:Political history (1979–present) 242: 217: 10731:established after the death of 9503: 8967:Collingwood & Wright (1990) 8665:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. 8487:Peacock, D. P. S., ed. (1977). 8444:. London: Thames & Hudson. 8188:Personal names in Roman Britain 8146:(New ed.). Oxford: Oxbow. 7756:Iron Age Communities in Britain 7562:The Roman Government of Britain 7100:"From Paganism to Christianity" 7055: 7037: 7017: 6993: 6973: 6961: 6942:Journal of Historical Geography 6902: 6868: 6843: 6821: 6799: 6780: 6733: 6659: 6634: 6609: 6502: 6382: 6370: 6268: 6256: 6157: 6148: 6123: 6098: 6056: 6004:, New Ed., pp. 77 ff. 5990: 5974: 5955: 5909: 5903:Richard Badger (London), 1639. 5877: 5846: 5819: 5772: 5758: 5719: 5710: 5684: 5611: 5578: 5560: 5525: 5505: 5487: 5465: 5447: 5427: 5407: 5395: 5348: 5328: 5306: 5294: 5288: 5276: 5270: 5247: 5235: 5210: 5183: 5135: 5111: 5105: 5083: 5061: 5017: 4990: 4978: 4952: 4867: 4782: 4645: 4628: 4609: 4584: 4492:Unlike many other areas of the 4235:. It consists of an anagram of 4192: 4161:among the soldiery. Temples to 3413:List of Roman villas in England 3361: 3173:methods. They are described by 2559:); and between the walls along 2191:, the late-4th-century work of 780:Under the 2nd-century emperors 777:, these are very high figures. 11079:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium 11003:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy 9337:. London: Thames & Hudson. 9223:Commentaries on the Gallic War 9206:Rathbone & Rathbone (2012) 8979:Frere & Tomlin (1991–1995) 8893:Moorhead & Stuttard (2012) 8812:Young, Christopher J. (1977). 8393:. Cambridge University Press. 7822:Esmonde-Cleary, Simon (1989). 7736:. Cambridge University Press. 7654:The Iron Industry of the Weald 6538:Letter to the senate of Athens 6247:Moorhead & Stuttard (2012) 6165:Cleary, Simon Esmonde (2000). 6116:, 15–16.; Mattingly, 233–234; 5816:T. Cadell (London), 1843. 5733: 5009:Patrick Welsh, George (1963). 4997:"An Overview of Roman Britain" 4922: 4880: 4848: 4820: 4795: 4730:Commentaries on the Gallic War 4712: 4700: 4688: 2566: 2070:landed an invasion fleet near 1993:. Soon afterwards, an unnamed 1969:was in command of the Roman's 1812: 1472:legion, Agricola defeated the 1205:, was killed, but his brother 1081:, commanded by future emperor 1033:, ruled by the descendants of 1025:, ruled by the descendants of 879:investigations and occasional 1: 15094:Celtic place names in Galicia 14724: 11146:Tripolitania (Roman province) 10724: 9786: 9777: 9659: 9650: 9582: 9573: 9520: 9435:Roman Britain at LacusCurtius 9324: 9293: 9268: 9200:The Roman military in Britain 9052:Peacock & Williams (1986) 8599:. Stroud: The History Press. 8508:Amphorae in the Roman Economy 8441:The Romans who Shaped Britain 8363:Inscriptions of Roman Britain 8161:Jones, R. F. J., ed. (1991). 8012:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7899:Roman Inscriptions of Britain 7788:. London: Thames and Hudson. 7705:Roman Inscriptions of Britain 7700:Vol. I: Inscriptions on Stone 7681:Roman Inscriptions of Britain 7538:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 6397:Peacock & Williams (1986) 4969: 4681: 4381: 4377: 4252: 4199:Christianity in Roman Britain 3262: 3208: 3109: 3101: 3027:Exports to Britain included: 2412:established by the legendary 2035:on charges of having abetted 1067:, but it is unclear how many 771: 702:assembled 200,000 men at the 587:Social history (1979–present) 372: 359: 345: 332: 175: 157: 138: 56: 15219:History of England by period 14526: 13031:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 12442:History of the British Isles 9915:Major towns of Roman Britain 9452:Roman Britain – History 9348:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9300:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9238:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9175:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9119:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9095:Cleere & Crossley (1995) 9070: 8955:Maxfield & Dobson (2006) 8869:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 8707:A Companion to Roman Britain 8597:The Coinage of Roman Britain 8163:Roman Britain: Recent Trends 7947:The Economy of Roman Britain 7786:Roman Britain: a New History 7707:(Revised ed.). Stroud. 7274:Kavalali, Gulsel M. (2003). 7005:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6954:10.1016/0305-7488(91)90022-N 6740:Durant, Will (7 June 2011). 6275:Higham, Nicholas J. (2018). 6051:, Vol. XXX, p. 16. 5656:Abridgement of Roman History 5652:Breviarium historiae Romanae 5605:UK public library membership 5093:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5071:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4772:Commentarii de bello Gallico 4725:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4562:History of the British Isles 3405:Roman sites in Great Britain 3277:Roman auxiliaries in Britain 2858:, the army chose a soldier, 2844:End of Roman rule in Britain 2737:End of Roman rule in Britain 2195:, and the early-5th-century 1961:Around the year 280, a half- 932: 555:Post-war Britain (political) 7: 14018:Welsh literature in English 13958: 13384: 13110:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 13021: 11754: Re-established after 11066:Diocese of Annonarian Italy 10701: 9010:Monfort & Funari (1998) 8307:Mason, David J. P. (2009). 8233:Sedes regiae (ann. 400–800) 8210:Britannia: the Failed State 8180:Kakoschke, Andreas (2011). 8165:. Sheffield: J. R. Collis. 8118:Roman Britain: a Sourcebook 8101:. Oxford University Press. 8076:Higgins, Charlotte (2014). 8042:. Oxford University Press. 7824:The Ending of Roman Britain 6968:Burnham & Wacher (1990) 6401:Monfort & Funari (1998) 6356:. Oxford University Press. 6167:The Ending of Roman Britain 6110:Christianity of Constantine 4531: 4055:Artist's reconstruction of 4025: 3498:Aldborough, North Yorkshire 1882:Northern campaigns, 208–211 1704:. This replaced the famous 1226:Establishment of Roman rule 666:. According to Caesar, the 10: 15245: 14038:Scottish Gaelic literature 13418:Brigantia (ancient region) 9331:Aldhouse-Green, Miranda J. 9083:Allen & Fulford (1996) 9003: 8768:The Towns of Roman Britain 8641:A History of Roman Britain 8491:. London: Academic Press. 8280:Margary, Ivan D. (1973) . 8116:Ireland, Stanley (2008) . 7564:. Oxford University Press. 7440: 7128:Horsley, G. H. R. (1987). 6694:Jones, Michael E. (1998). 6585:Fragments of Greek History 6207:(1985). "Excavations...". 6089:, Vol. 2, Ch. 16 5937:Antonini Iter Britanniarum 5671:Historiae Adversus Paganos 4962:; it first appears in the 4940:] (in Ancient Greek), 4707:Parker & Palmer (1992) 4455:extensive network of roads 4347:on the outskirts of Roman 4256:churches are suggested at 4231:, the Roman settlement of 4196: 4040: 4029: 3425:Britannia as shown on the 3402: 3269:Governors of Roman Britain 3266: 3131: 3127: 3016:at the mouth of the river 2981: 2972:historicity of King Arthur 2947:, an unanswered appeal to 2914:to assist in fighting the 2832: 2734: 2694:Another imperial usurper, 2570: 2146:who, from 318 to 331, was 2081: 1979:proclaimed himself emperor 1631:isthmus around this time. 1546: 1431:Quintus Petillius Cerialis 1356:) to settle accounts with 1305:campaign against Governor 1297:. The Silures were led by 1229: 1056: 899: 890: 730:. The Romans defeated the 694:. Planned invasions under 15116: 15059: 15053: 15048: 14986: 14957: 14940: 14903: 14825: 14816: 14788: 14760: 14732: 14719: 14672: 14637: 14611: 14532: 14521: 14408: 14385:Hebridean Celtic Festival 14322: 14224: 14203: 14172: 14087: 14046: 14013:Welsh-language literature 13968: 13964: 13953: 13915: 13829: 13746: 13733: 13603: 13562: 13496: 13392: 13379: 13368: 13205: 13174: 13108: 13029: 13016: 12983: 12906: 12831: 12784: 12676: 12627: 12568: 12557: 12448: 12375: 12342: 12286: 11834: 11744: 11727:Quaestura exercitus (536) 11717: 11706: 11636: 11543: 11455: 11387: 11344: 11333: 11281: 11243: 11195: 11184: 11180: 11166: 11111: 11064: 11001: 10990: 10948: 10900: 10852: 10789: 10778: 10774: 10760: 10707: 10696: 10644: 10633: 10395: 10343: 10264: 10013: 9989: 9962: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9872: 9847: 9775: 9746: 9721: 9696: 9671: 9648: 9619: 9594: 9571: 9514: 9397:Timeline of Roman Britain 9344:. London: B. T. Batsford. 9342:Religion in Roman Britain 8227:Loseby, Simon T. (2000). 8144:An Atlas of Roman Britain 7678:; Tomlin, R.S.O. (eds.). 7614:Burgers, Alfonso (2001). 7481:Wilson & Price (2002) 7414:10.1017/S0068113X17000101 7278:. CRC Press. p. 15. 7240:Tomlin, R. S. O. (1994). 6760:Lancashire, Anne (2002). 6581:Fragmenta Hist. Graecorum 6513:Fulford, Michael (1978), 6221:10.1017/S0003581500024690 5730:Rerum gestarum Libri XXXI 4933: 4832:Cambridge Ancient History 4557:United Kingdom portal 4449:Roman roads around 150 AD 4440: 3035:, particularly red-gloss 2996:, focusing on the narrow 2404:described the supposedly 2100:Valentia (Roman province) 1764:In 175, a large force of 1641:viewed looking east from 1427:Year of the Four Emperors 1238:Roman invasion of Britain 1059:Roman conquest of Britain 906:Britain was known to the 647:Roman conquest of Britain 565:Post-war Britain (social) 491: 469: 455: 443: 431: 409: 258: 196: 192: 188: 184: 166: 147: 128: 115: 111: 101: 97: 83: 65: 54: 43: 23: 14818:Ancient Celtic languages 11603:Palaestina III Salutaris 10799:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae 10425:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae 8997:Rivet & Smith (1979) 8727:Roman Pottery in Britain 8525:Pearson, Andrew (2002). 8459:Morris, Francis (2010). 8389:Millet, Martin (1992) . 8059:The Art of Roman Britain 7876:Routledge and Kegan Paul 7732:Creighton, John (2000). 7674:; Wright, R. P. (1990). 7215:Thomas, Charles (1981). 7104:Lullingstone Roman Villa 7078:10.16995/TRAC2015_92_110 6697:The End of Roman Britain 6352:Cunliffe, Barry (2002). 6106:Constantine and Eusebius 5852:Eutychius Ægyptius [ 5375:Webster, Graham (1998). 5165:Branigan, Keith (1985). 4887:Nicholas, Crane (2016). 4577: 4213:Lullingstone Roman Villa 4133:Pagans Hill Roman Temple 4057:Pagans Hill Roman Temple 4047:Religion in ancient Rome 4036: 3195:and the ore removed for 2977: 1752:. Increasing numbers of 1419:Templeborough Roman fort 1401:Battle of Watling Street 1338:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus 1307:Publius Ostorius Scapula 1201:. One of their leaders, 15089:Gaulish words in French 15074:Celtic words in English 13328:Scottish New Zealanders 13218:Anglo-Celtic Australian 12714:Early medieval Scotland 11770: Placed under the 11131:Mauretania Caesariensis 10950:Diocese of the Britains 10572:Mauretania Caesariensis 9353:Watts, Dorothy (1998). 8544:Percival, John (1976). 7936:Blagg & King (1984) 7685:Instrumentum Domesticum 6015:Giraldus Cambriensis . 5825:Usserius, Jacobus [ 5814:, pp. 272 ff. 5196:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 4545:Ancient Rome portal 4429:Norman invasion of 1066 4227:has been discovered in 4043:Ancient Celtic religion 3435:(modern copy from 1897) 3409:Roman cities in Britain 3138:Mining in Roman Britain 2623:Battle of Mons Seleucus 1727:Quintus Lollius Urbicus 1478:Battle of Mons Graupius 1435:Sextus Julius Frontinus 1180:Fishbourne, West Sussex 818:Diocese of the Britains 816:, who administered the 763:Battle of Mons Graupius 15199:5th century in England 15189:4th century in England 15169:3rd century in England 15164:2nd century in England 15154:1st century in England 14023:Early Irish literature 13904: 13892: 13880: 13868: 13856: 13844: 13308:Scotch-Irish Canadians 13303:Scotch-Irish Americans 12758:Early medieval Ireland 12724:Late medieval Scotland 12719:High medieval Scotland 12692:Early medieval England 12362:Levant (Greater Syria) 12044:Late Antique/Medieval) 11887:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11613:Phoenice II Libanensis 11316:Macedonia II Salutaris 10729:praetorian prefectures 10691:(4th–7th centuries AD) 10545:Hispania Tarraconensis 10249:Viroconium Cornoviorum 10069:Durovernum Cantiacorum 9361: 9340:Henig, Martin (1984). 9163:Provincial development 8282:Roman Roads in Britain 8057:Henig, Martin (1995). 7471:Allason-Jones, Lyndsay 6981: 6184:Rich, J., ed. (1992). 6080:; Bede. Translated by 5883:Henricus Spelman [ 5854:Eutychius the Egyptian 5597:10.1093/ref:odnb/48290 4665: 4657: 4572:Wales in the Roman era 4450: 4338: 4220: 4149:Eastern cults such as 4131:. By the 3rd century, 4060: 3999:Viroconium Cornoviorum 3814: 3613:Durovernum Cantiacorum 3467: 3454: 3446: 3436: 3428: 3352: 3340: 3332: 3313: 3300: 3162: 3147: 3082: 3070: 3060: 3038: 2847: 2746: 2651: 2640: 2590: 2582: 2496:" with its capital at 2360: 2347: 2332:(all various names of 2295: 2288:de civitate Londinensi 2287: 2280:and two bishops "from 2187:The early-4th-century 2125: 2113: 1991:Marcus Aurelius Probus 1924: 1914: 1898: 1883: 1865:Lucius Alfenus Senecio 1707: 1697: 1687: 1674:Quintus Pompeius Falco 1665: 1646: 1643:Housesteads Roman Fort 1467: 1454:Gnaeus Julius Agricola 1422: 1232:Romano-British culture 1190: 1142: 1126: 1116: 1108: 1098: 1088: 1074: 1003: 849:Romano-British culture 747:Gnaeus Julius Agricola 708: 27: 15179:410 disestablishments 14650:Scottish independence 14395:Celtic Media Festival 14278:National music scenes 13504:Proto-Celtic religion 13206:Related ethnic groups 12805:Early modern Scotland 12768:Late medieval Ireland 12763:High medieval Ireland 12702:Late medieval England 12697:High medieval England 12653:Protohistoric Ireland 11829:in modern territories 11335:Praetorian prefecture 11210:Noricum mediterraneum 11186:Praetorian prefecture 11136:Mauretania Sitifensis 11031:Picenum Suburbicarium 10992:Praetorian prefecture 10780:Praetorian prefecture 10727: 293. Permanent 9408:The Romans in Britain 9150:Provincial government 8857:Esmonde-Cleary (1989) 8851:de la Bédoyère (2006) 8766:Wacher, John (1995). 8724:Tyers, Paul (1996a). 8709:. Oxford: Blackwell. 8529:. The History Press. 8265:. The History Press. 8212:. The History Press. 8120:. London: Routledge. 7901:. Vol. II. Fascs. 2–8 7199:An Answer to the Jews 6938:de Excidio Britanniae 6835:. Routledge. p. 6813:. Routledge. p. 6186:The City in Antiquity 5997:Stillingfleet, Edward 5867:Origins of His Church 5863:Ecclesiæ suæ Origines 5169:. Sutton Publishing. 4960:Constantine the Great 4448: 4425:Oryctolagus cuniculus 4400:Environmental changes 4286:Water Newton Treasure 4239:carved on a piece of 4206: 4054: 4030:Further information: 3424: 3403:Further information: 3393:Eastern Mediterranean 3267:Further information: 3156:Dolaucothi Gold Mines 3153: 3145: 2945:Groans of the Britons 2842: 2744: 2596:Constantine the Great 2588: 2580: 2400:In the 12th century, 2119: 2107: 2012:led to a short-lived 1989:) but was crushed by 1958:reunited the empire. 1946:was established when 1888:invasion of Caledonia 1881: 1694:legion with him from 1682:Aulus Platorius Nepos 1652: 1637: 1547:Further information: 1417: 1253:Roman campaigns 43–60 1230:Further information: 1188: 861:industrial production 15204:5th century in Wales 15194:4th century in Wales 14974:(Medieval Welsh law) 14584:Scottish nationalism 14234:Ancient Celtic music 13549:Romano-Celtic temple 13358:Welsh New Zealanders 13283:Irish New Zealanders 12915:House of Plantagenet 12817:Early modern Ireland 12800:Early modern England 12795:Early modern Britain 12736:Early medieval Wales 12594:Prehistoric Shetland 12589:Prehistoric Scotland 11766:Diocese of Illyricum 11760:Prefecture of Africa 11515:Galatia II Salutaris 11283:Diocese of Macedonia 11173:Eastern Roman Empire 10935:Mauretania Tingitana 10767:Western Roman Empire 10577:Mauretania Tingitana 10470:Corsica and Sardinia 10410:Africa proconsularis 10201:Ratae Corieltauvorum 10177:Noviomagus Reginorum 9848:Apocryphal provinces 9357:. London: Routledge. 9077:Allason-Jones (2002) 8747:Internet Archaeology 8730:. London: Batsford. 8621:. London: Batsford. 8617:; Smith, C. (1979). 8061:. London: Batsford. 8004:Gosden et al. (2007) 7826:. London: Batsford. 7597:British Museum Press 7344:New, Tim R. (1995). 6982:Noviomagus Reginorum 6881:Dr. Caitlin R. Green 6587:] (in Latin), 12 6563:Ammianus Marcellinus 6527:, pp. 423–424; 6130:Hughes, Ian (2013). 6120:, pp. 170, 341. 6108:, 27, 298; Elliott, 5726:Ammianus Marcellinus 4636:28 Cities of Britain 4494:Western Roman Empire 4187:Caernarfon Mithraeum 4175:Rudchester Mithraeum 4032:Romano-Celtic temple 3843:Ratae Corieltauvorum 3697:Noviomagus Reginorum 3430:Tabula Peutingeriana 3167:Dolaucothi gold mine 3067:; wine from Gaul in 2745:Roman Britain in 410 2663:in the east and the 2410:early British church 2373:Bishop Stillingfleet 2270:314 Council of Arles 2130:Diocletian's reforms 2078:Diocletian's reforms 2068:Julius Asclepiodotus 2005:across the Channel. 1616:Trajan's Dacian Wars 1265:Agricola's campaigns 1197:, the second on the 867:. The Roman goddess 820:. A fifth province, 14664:Irish republicanism 14645:Breton independence 14624:Scottish devolution 14557:Cornish nationalism 14380:Pan Celtic Festival 14254:Scottish folk music 14008:Scottish literature 13529:Celtic Christianity 13333:Scottish Travellers 13318:Scottish Argentines 13162:Scottish Travellers 12892:Late modern Ireland 12786:Early modern period 12746:Late medieval Wales 12741:High medieval Wales 12613:Prehistoric Ireland 12584:Prehistoric England 12579:Prehistoric Britain 12279:Classical antiquity 12019:Sardinia (Classical 11892:Bulgaria (Classical 11772:Quaestura exercitus 11545:Diocese of the East 11535:Pontus Polemoniacus 11197:Diocese of Pannonia 11026:Lucania et Bruttium 10973:Maxima Caesariensis 10968:Flavia Caesariensis 10475:Crete and Cyrenaica 10450:Bithynia and Pontus 10033:Corinium Dobunnorum 9749:Maxima Caesariensis 9724:Flavia Caesariensis 9683:Corinium Dobunnorum 9350:, pp. 264–305. 9308:, pp. 351–427. 9302:, pp. 233–263. 9277:, pp. 253–350. 9177:, pp. 141–178. 9127:, pp. 491–528. 9121:, pp. 179–232. 9103:, pp. 175–201. 9091:, pp. 167–191. 9085:, pp. 223–281. 9079:, pp. 125–132. 9030:, pp. 129–142. 8930:Iron Age background 8573:11 (4th ed.). 8510:. London: Longman. 8345:. London: Penguin. 8080:. London: Vintage. 7981:Economic Structures 7782:de la Bédoyère, Guy 7689:(in Latin). Stroud. 7382:, no. 86, 2006 7380:British Archaeology 7192:De Adversus Judaeos 7071:. pp. 92–110. 6470:, pp. 175–201. 6458:, pp. 129–142. 6188:. pp. 136–144. 6114:Emperor Constantine 5869:], p. 118. 5808:Thackery, Francis. 5736: 391 AD. 5633:Liber de Caesaribus 4807:The Perseus Project 4666:prouinciae Lindissi 4567:Prehistoric Britain 4522:Brittonic languages 4268:have been found at 3898:Newcastle upon Tyne 2751:Michael Rostovtzeff 2637:, which forced the 2217:Flavia Caesariensis 2213:Maxima Caesariensis 2096:Maxima Caesariensis 2092:Flavia Caesariensis 2052:Constantius Chlorus 1906:punitive expedition 1836:Albinus crossed to 1809:as emperor in 192. 1801:The future emperor 1738:Gnaeus Julius Verus 1654:Prima Europe tabula 1369:campaigning in Mona 1367:While Paulinus was 1340:, the conqueror of 990:sphere of influence 834:imperial pretenders 327:Prehistoric Britain 106:Classical antiquity 73:Province of Britain 28:Provincia Britannia 24:Province of Britain 14655:Welsh independence 14619:Cornish devolution 14540:Breton nationalism 14390:Celtic Connections 13993:Cornish literature 13338:Ulster Protestants 13323:Scottish Canadians 13313:Scottish Americans 13223:Anglo-Irish people 12920:House of Lancaster 12873:World Wars (Wales) 12833:Late modern period 12810:Early modern Wales 12599:Prehistoric Orkney 12570:Prehistoric period 11938:Corsica (Classical 11858:Armenia (Classical 11839:Albania (Classical 11623:Syria II Salutaris 11480:Armenian Satrapies 11253:Dacia Mediterranea 11175:(395–c. 640) 11103:Venetia et Histria 11011:Apulia et Calabria 10712:Notitia Dignitatum 10562:Lycia et Pamphylia 10540:Hispania Lusitania 10520:Gallia Narbonensis 10515:Gallia Lugdunensis 9965:Britannia Inferior 9938:Britannia Superior 9622:Britannia Inferior 9597:Britannia Superior 9462:Roman Wales RCAHMW 9430:Guy de la Bédoyère 9258:, pp. 85–252. 9240:, pp. 64–140. 8659:Southern, Patricia 8587:on 7 October 2014. 8384:on 7 October 2014. 8370:4 (4th ed.). 7752:Cunliffe, Barry W. 7695:Collingwood, R. G. 7672:Collingwood, R. G. 7558:Birley, Anthony R. 6926:] (in Latin), 6667:"Romans: Commerce" 6602:] (in Latin), 6511:, pp. 35–84; 5768:. 9 December 2019. 5677:] (in Latin), 5658:] (in Latin). 5639:] (in Latin). 5203:] (in Latin), 5120:] (in Latin), 4987:, pp. 46, 323 4732:] (in Latin), 4697:, pp. 129–131 4654:also references a 4451: 4434:Buxus sempervirens 4245:early Christianity 4221: 4061: 3811:(the name of this 3437: 3377:continental Europe 3163: 3148: 2935:(hence its name), 2848: 2747: 2591: 2583: 2329:Colonia Cameloduni 2152:Augusta Treverorum 2144:praetorian prefect 2126: 2114: 1926:Britannia Inferior 1916:Britannia Superior 1884: 1792:Praetorian prefect 1666: 1647: 1468:XX Valeria Victrix 1423: 1191: 1049:of the Atrebates. 810:Diocletian Reforms 806:Britannia Inferior 802:Britannia Superior 794:Scottish Highlands 740:Boudica's uprising 690:, and returned to 117:• Annexed by 15136: 15135: 15112: 15111: 15044: 15043: 14936: 14935: 14932: 14931: 14895:Cisalpine Gaulish 14715: 14714: 14601:national identity 14596:Welsh nationalism 14589:national identity 14569:Irish nationalism 14517: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14450:Cornish wrestling 14318: 14317: 14239:Breton Folk music 14204:Regional cultures 14047:National cultures 14033:Gaelic literature 13988:Breton literature 13949: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13729: 13728: 13641:Chief of the Name 13509:Celtic polytheism 13426:Sub-Roman Britain 13366: 13365: 13253:Irish Australians 13233:Cornish Americans 13192:Scottish diaspora 12939: 12938: 12822:Early modern Mann 12709:Medieval Scotland 12667:Sub-Roman Britain 12662:End of Roman rule 12606:Prehistoric Wales 12408: 12407: 12245: 12244: 12227:Thrace (Classical 12219:Turkey (Classical 12011:Sicily (Classical 11958:Greece (Classical 11920:Cyprus (Classical 11906:Crimea (Classical 11901:Britain (England) 11788: 11787: 11750:Septem Provinciae 11740: 11739: 11712:Other territories 11702: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11485:Armenia III (536) 11457:Diocese of Pontus 11447:Phrygia Salutaris 11442:Phrygia Pacatiana 11346:Diocese of Thrace 11329: 11328: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11113:Diocese of Africa 10986: 10985: 10854:Diocese of Vienne 10844:Maxima Sequanorum 10756: 10755: 10655: 10654: 10607:Pannonia Superior 10602:Pannonia Inferior 10530:Germania Superior 10525:Germania Inferior 10389: 10352: 10351: 10298:Calleva Atrebatum 10117:Isurium Brigantum 10009: 10008: 9881: 9880: 9843: 9842: 9771: 9770: 9644: 9643: 9567: 9566: 9115:, pp. 93–117 9042:, pp. 54–74. 9036:, pp. 35–47. 9024:, pp. 35–84. 8823:978-0-8605-4001-4 8796:978-1-8421-7078-6 8789:. Oxford: Oxbow. 8777:978-0-7134-7319-3 8737:978-0-7134-7412-1 8716:978-0-6312-1823-4 8694:978-0-9077-6413-7 8672:978-1-4456-0146-5 8650:978-0-1928-0138-8 8628:978-0-7134-2077-7 8606:978-0-7524-2523-8 8580:978-0-9036-2535-7 8555:978-0-7134-3238-1 8536:978-0-7524-1949-7 8517:978-0-5820-6555-0 8498:978-0-1254-7850-2 8451:978-0-5002-5189-8 8426:978-8-4475-1950-7 8400:978-0-5214-2864-4 8377:978-0-9036-2532-6 8352:978-0-1401-4822-0 8318:978-0-7524-2541-2 8291:978-0-2129-7001-8 8272:978-0-7524-1959-6 8219:978-0-7524-4614-1 8197:978-3-4871-4628-7 8172:978-0-9060-9039-8 8153:978-1-8421-7067-0 8127:978-0-4154-7178-7 8108:978-0-1986-0165-4 8087:978-0-0995-5209-3 8078:Under Another Sky 8068:978-0-7134-5430-7 8049:978-0-1992-3034-1 7915:. pp. 35–84. 7855:978-0-8122-9736-2 7833:978-0-4152-3898-4 7814:978-0-9003-1262-5 7795:978-0-5000-5140-5 7743:978-1-1394-3172-9 7663:978-1-8989-3704-3 7644:978-0-7134-6175-6 7625:978-1-8417-1189-8 7606:978-0-7141-2246-5 7580:978-0-8605-4296-4 7528:Allen, J. R. L.; 7487:Allen, J. R. L.; 7462:978-1-8452-9728-2 7361:978-0-1985-4051-9 7285:978-0-4153-0833-5 7226:978-0-4151-6634-8 7143:978-0-8583-7599-4 6773:978-0-5216-3278-2 6753:978-1-4516-4760-0 6707:978-0-8014-8530-5 6496:978-3-7861-1628-8 6420:, pp. 35–47. 6363:978-0-1928-5354-7 6342:, pp. 54–74. 6286:978-0-3002-1092-7 6177:World Archaeology 6141:978-1-8488-4417-9 6082:Lionel Cecil Jane 6072:. 731. Hosted at 5930:Gale, Thomæ [ 5697:perseus.tufts.edu 5621:Panegyrici Latini 5603:(Subscription or 5388:978-0-8061-3000-2 5176:978-0-8629-9255-2 5013:. pp. 27–31. 4898:978-0-2978-5735-8 4841:978-0-5212-6430-3 4709:, pp. 20–22. 4672:Gregorian mission 4658:Provincia Lindisi 4407:Urtica pilulifera 4329:bishop of Lincoln 4319:from thirty-five 4159:mystery religions 3942:Calleva Atrebatum 3809:Great Chesterford 3680:Chester-le-Street 3503:Isurium Brigantum 3314:legatus juridicus 3008:and the sites of 2953:Battle of Deorham 2882:rebellion of the 2835:Sub-Roman Britain 2829:Sub-Roman Britain 2731:End of Roman rule 2679:, was settled by 2442:Britannia Secunda 2406:metropolitan sees 2390:Civ. Col. Leg. II 2385:Civ. Col. Londin. 2377:Francis Thackeray 2320:Colon. Camalodun. 2179:The tasks of the 2150:who was based at 2112:between the walls 2027:commander of the 2016:from 286 to 296. 1983:Colonia Agrippina 1950:rebelled against 1933:Saxon Shore Forts 1819:Septimius Severus 1788:Tigidius Perennis 1699:Germania Inferior 1571:Scottish Lowlands 1415: 1157:Bar Kokhba revolt 842:Sub-Roman Britain 632: 631: 573: 572: 354:Sub-Roman Britain 301: 300: 254: 253: 250: 249: 238:Sub-Roman Britain 230: 229: 170:End of Roman rule 15236: 15129: 15050: 15049: 14942: 14941: 14924:Galwegian Gaelic 14823: 14822: 14721: 14720: 14629:Welsh devolution 14523: 14522: 14275: 14274: 14264:Sean-nós singing 14259:Welsh folk music 14249:Irish folk music 14216:Highland culture 13998:Irish literature 13978:Arthurian Legend 13966: 13965: 13955: 13954: 13907: 13895: 13883: 13871: 13859: 13847: 13827: 13826: 13818: 13817: 13795:Neo-Christianity 13735: 13734: 13666:Gaelic astrology 13626:Celtic festivals 13524:Celtic mythology 13497:Ancient religion 13414:Iron Age Britain 13381: 13380: 13374: 13353:Welsh Argentines 13293:Irish Uruguayans 13288:Irish Travellers 13258:Irish Brazilians 13248:Irish Argentines 13228:Breton Americans 13182:Cornish diaspora 13144:Irish Travellers 13018: 13017: 13010:Celtic languages 12966: 12959: 12952: 12943: 12942: 12897:Late modern Mann 12868:Second World War 12853:Edwardian period 12848:Victorian period 12753:Medieval Ireland 12687:Medieval England 12629:Classical period 12618:Prehistoric Mann 12563: 12520:Northern Ireland 12435: 12428: 12421: 12412: 12411: 12272: 12265: 12258: 12249: 12248: 12173:Spain (Classical 12003:Italy (Classical 11966:Crete (Classical 11827:Byzantine Empire 11815: 11808: 11801: 11792: 11791: 11764: Later the 11748: Later the 11708: 11707: 11686:Thebais Inferior 11681:Thebais Superior 11638:Diocese of Egypt 11628:Theodorias (528) 11490:Armenia IV (536) 11342: 11341: 11245:Diocese of Dacia 11235:Valeria ripensis 11193: 11192: 11182: 11181: 11168: 11167: 11051:Tuscia et Umbria 10999: 10998: 10902:Diocese of Spain 10787: 10786: 10776: 10775: 10762: 10761: 10726: 10709:As found in the 10698: 10697: 10682: 10675: 10668: 10659: 10658: 10639: 10535:Hispania Baetica 10505:Gallia Aquitania 10387: 10379: 10372: 10365: 10356: 10355: 10336: 10322: 10308: 10294: 10290:Northamptonshire 10280: 10257: 10245: 10233: 10221: 10209: 10197: 10185: 10173: 10161: 10149: 10137: 10125: 10113: 10105:Isca Dumnoniorum 10101: 10089: 10077: 10065: 10053: 10041: 10029: 10002: 9982: 9955: 9933: 9932: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9885: 9884: 9796: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9782: 9779: 9669: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9655: 9652: 9592: 9591: 9587: 9584: 9578: 9575: 9530: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9474: 9473: 9457:Roman Colchester 9447: 9446:. 20 March 2024. 9445: 9422:, by Peter Green 9306:Mattingly (2006) 9275:Mattingly (2006) 9256:Mattingly (2006) 9228: 9215: 9214: 9187:Mattingly (2006) 9125:Mattingly (2006) 8991:Kakoschke (2011) 8936:Creighton (2000) 8881:Mattingly (2006) 8827: 8808: 8781: 8762: 8741: 8720: 8698: 8676: 8654: 8632: 8610: 8588: 8583:. Archived from 8559: 8540: 8521: 8502: 8483: 8464: 8455: 8430: 8404: 8385: 8380:. Archived from 8356: 8344: 8335:Mattingly, David 8330: 8303: 8276: 8254: 8223: 8201: 8176: 8157: 8140:Mattingly, David 8131: 8112: 8091: 8072: 8053: 8027: 8001: 7994:Fulford, Michael 7984: 7977:Fulford, Michael 7967: 7960:Fulford, Michael 7950: 7943:Fulford, Michael 7933: 7926:Fulford, Michael 7916: 7909:Fulford, Michael 7904: 7889: 7873: 7859: 7837: 7818: 7799: 7777: 7747: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7715:. Archived from 7690: 7667: 7648: 7629: 7610: 7584: 7565: 7553: 7524: 7478: 7466: 7434: 7433: 7394:Lodwick, Lisa A. 7390: 7384: 7383: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7246: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7196: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7108:English Heritage 7096: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 6997: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6934:Higham, Nicholas 6930: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6885: 6884: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6757: 6737: 6731: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6691: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6671:English Heritage 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6646:academic.oup.com 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6588: 6573: 6559: 6541: 6518: 6517:, pp. 59–69 6506: 6500: 6499: 6482: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6440: 6434: 6421: 6415: 6404: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6326: 6320: 6291: 6290: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6205:Fulford, Michael 6201: 6195: 6189: 6170: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6127: 6121: 6102: 6096: 6079: 6074:Latin Wikisource 6063:Beda Venerabilis 6060: 6054: 6038:. Translated by 6033: 6029: 6020:De Inuectionibus 6013: 6007: 5994: 5988: 5978: 5972: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5823: 5817: 5806: 5797: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5756: 5739: 5735: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5663: 5644: 5625: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5600: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5540: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5251: 5245: 5242:Creighton (2000) 5239: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5090:Caesar, Julius, 5087: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5068:Caesar, Julius, 5065: 5059: 5058: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4926: 4920: 4917:Mattingly (2006) 4914: 4903: 4902: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4865: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4780: 4779: 4767: 4754: 4738: 4737: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4649: 4643: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4613: 4607: 4588: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4502:Common Brittonic 4498:Romance language 4383: 4379: 4354:Julius and Aaron 4341: 4313:Council of Arles 4274:Saxon Shore Fort 4254: 4155:London Mithraeum 4101:votive offerings 3817: 3784:Isca Dumnoniorum 3548:Aquae Arnemetiae 3470: 3459: 3449: 3433: 3399:Town and country 3355: 3343: 3335: 3316: 3305: 3229:hydraulic mining 3210: 3171:hydraulic mining 3118:Marcomannic Wars 3111: 3103: 3085: 3073: 3065: 3043: 2689:Dux Britanniarum 2685:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2681:Count Theodosius 2677:Great Conspiracy 2654: 2646:Flavius Martinus 2643: 2617:, who succeeded 2573:Great Conspiracy 2387:for an original 2365: 2352: 2298: 2290: 2274:Bishop "Eborius" 2251:Great Conspiracy 2247:Count Theodosius 2201:Polemius Silvius 2172:Dux Britanniarum 2060:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2014:Britannic Empire 2010:Carausian Revolt 1929: 1919: 1901: 1831:Pescennius Niger 1779:Ulpius Marcellus 1717:In the reign of 1712: 1709:Legio IX Hispana 1702: 1692: 1689:Legio VI Victrix 1529: 1517: 1470: 1464:in 78. With the 1460:, conquered the 1416: 1319:dignified speech 1262: 1250: 1145: 1129: 1121: 1111: 1103: 1093: 1090:Legio IX Hispana 1079: 1076:Legio II Augusta 1008: 937: 873:Roman historians 819: 776: 775: 2 million 773: 713: 676:British Iron Age 624: 617: 610: 545:Second World War 535:Interwar Britain 374: 361: 347: 334: 323: 322: 303: 302: 246: 245: 234: 233: 225:British Iron Age 221: 220: 214: 213: 198: 197: 180: 177: 162: 159: 143: 140: 70: 61: 58: 38: 30: 21: 20: 15244: 15243: 15239: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15234: 15233: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15132: 15108: 15055: 15040: 14982: 14978:Early Scots law 14967:Early Irish law 14953: 14928: 14905:Scottish Gaelic 14899: 14840:Proto-Brittonic 14812: 14808:Beurla Reagaird 14784: 14780:Scottish Gaelic 14756: 14728: 14711: 14707:Columba Project 14687:Celtic Congress 14668: 14633: 14607: 14528: 14509: 14470:Gaelic handball 14460:Gaelic football 14445:Cornish hurling 14404: 14314: 14273: 14220: 14199: 14185:Gaelic clothing 14168: 14083: 14042: 14003:Manx literature 13960: 13937: 13916:Other claimants 13911: 13816: 13766:Celtic Congress 13742: 13725: 13621:Celtic calendar 13599: 13558: 13492: 13388: 13375: 13362: 13348:Welsh Americans 13268:Irish Catholics 13263:Irish Canadians 13243:Irish Americans 13201: 13175:Celtic diaspora 13170: 13104: 13033: 13025: 13012: 12979: 12970: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12902: 12901: 12863:Interwar period 12858:First World War 12827: 12826: 12780: 12779: 12678:Medieval period 12672: 12671: 12623: 12622: 12564: 12555: 12554: 12538:Channel Islands 12474:Isles of Scilly 12444: 12439: 12409: 12404: 12371: 12338: 12282: 12276: 12246: 12241: 12199:Early Medieval) 12112:The Netherlands 12023:Early Medieval) 11942:Early Medieval) 11830: 11821:History of the 11819: 11789: 11784: 11736: 11713: 11690: 11666:Augustamnica II 11632: 11539: 11451: 11389:Diocese of Asia 11383: 11336: 11325: 11311:Macedonia Prima 11277: 11239: 11215:Noricum ripense 11187: 11176: 11150: 11107: 11060: 10993: 10982: 10944: 10896: 10862:Alpes Maritimae 10848: 10834:Lugdunensis III 10791:Diocese of Gaul 10781: 10770: 10769:(395–476) 10752: 10719:established by 10703: 10692: 10686: 10656: 10651: 10640: 10631: 10592:Moesia Superior 10587:Moesia Inferior 10420:Alpes Maritimae 10391: 10383: 10353: 10348: 10339: 10328: 10314: 10300: 10286: 10274: 10260: 10251: 10239: 10227: 10215: 10203: 10191: 10179: 10167: 10155: 10143: 10131: 10119: 10107: 10095: 10083: 10071: 10059: 10047: 10035: 10023: 10005: 9996: 9985: 9976: 9958: 9949: 9924: 9917: 9912: 9882: 9877: 9875: 9868: 9839: 9789: 9780: 9767: 9742: 9717: 9692: 9662: 9653: 9640: 9615: 9585: 9576: 9563: 9523: 9510: 9501: 9443: 9439: 9378: 9373: 9364: 9327: 9318:Percival (1976) 9296: 9271: 9212: 9202: 9165: 9152: 9073: 9006: 8951: 8942:Cunliffe (2005) 8932: 8899:Southern (2012) 8841: 8835: 8833:Further reading 8830: 8824: 8797: 8778: 8759:10.11141/ia.1.6 8738: 8717: 8695: 8673: 8651: 8629: 8615:Rivet, A. L. F. 8607: 8581: 8556: 8537: 8518: 8499: 8480: 8452: 8436:Stuttard, David 8434:Moorhead, Sam; 8427: 8401: 8378: 8353: 8319: 8292: 8273: 8243: 8220: 8206:Laycock, Stuart 8198: 8173: 8154: 8128: 8109: 8088: 8069: 8050: 8038:, eds. (2007). 7894:Frere, Sheppard 7886: 7864:Frere, Sheppard 7856: 7834: 7815: 7796: 7766: 7744: 7722: 7720: 7719:on 19 June 2006 7676:Frere, Sheppard 7664: 7645: 7626: 7607: 7589:Bowman, Alan K. 7581: 7463: 7449:Alcock, Joan P. 7443: 7438: 7437: 7391: 7387: 7374: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7342: 7338: 7315:10.2307/2848562 7297: 7293: 7286: 7272: 7268: 7258: 7256: 7244: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7213: 7209: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7136:. p. 138. 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7060: 7056: 7042: 7038: 7022: 7018: 6998: 6994: 6990:, p. 262). 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6888: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6826: 6822: 6804: 6800: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6754: 6738: 6734: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6692: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6483: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6443: 6435: 6424: 6416: 6407: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6329: 6321: 6294: 6287: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6245: 6241: 6202: 6198: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6128: 6124: 6118:Southern (2012) 6103: 6099: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6036:Gerald of Wales 6031: 6016: 6014: 6010: 5995: 5991: 5980:Henry, Robert. 5979: 5975: 5962:Bingham, Joseph 5960: 5956: 5950: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5824: 5820: 5807: 5800: 5783:Gabriel Cossart 5779:Labbé, Philippe 5777: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5737: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5689: 5685: 5637:Book of Caesars 5629:Aurelius Victor 5616: 5612: 5602: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5565: 5561: 5530: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5496:Historia Romana 5492: 5488: 5470: 5466: 5452: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5373: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5311: 5307: 5297:Historia Romana 5293: 5289: 5279:Historia Romana 5275: 5271: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5215: 5211: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5163: 5159: 5140: 5136: 5114:Historia Romana 5110: 5106: 5088: 5084: 5066: 5062: 5045: 5041: 5022: 5018: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4957: 4953: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4906: 4899: 4885: 4881: 4870:Historia Romana 4853: 4849: 4842: 4828:Bowman, Alan K. 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4785:Historia Romana 4770:Julius Caesar, 4747:Historia Romana 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4650: 4646: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4614: 4610: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4551: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4443: 4421:European rabbit 4402: 4396:pagan rituals. 4266:baptismal fonts 4207:Fourth-century 4201: 4195: 4087:Rigonemetos at 4049: 4041:Main articles: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4023: 3419: 3401: 3364: 3279: 3265: 3180:Natural History 3175:Pliny the Elder 3154:Development of 3140: 3130: 3114:Antonine Plague 3040:terra sigillata 2998:Strait of Dover 2986: 2980: 2886:inhabitants of 2860:Constantine III 2837: 2831: 2787:Gloucestershire 2775:Great Casterton 2739: 2733: 2708:English Channel 2575: 2569: 2498:St Andrews 2426:Britannia Prima 2402:Gerald of Wales 2197:List of Offices 2102: 2082:Main articles: 2080: 2029:Britannic fleet 1823:Clodius Albinus 1815: 1559: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1507: 1506: 1406: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1254: 1251: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1133:Boudican revolt 1127:Valeria Victrix 1071:were sent. The 1061: 1055: 908:Classical world 904: 898: 893: 817: 798:Severan Reforms 774: 714:) according to 660:invaded Britain 628: 592: 591: 578: 525:First World War 320: 311:English history 297: 243: 218: 178: 172: 160: 154: 141: 135: 121: 90: 71: 59: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15242: 15232: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15130: 15123: 15117: 15114: 15113: 15110: 15109: 15107: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15060: 15057: 15056: 15046: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14996:Gaelic warfare 14992: 14990: 14984: 14983: 14981: 14980: 14975: 14972:Cyfraith Hywel 14969: 14963: 14961: 14955: 14954: 14938: 14937: 14934: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14927: 14926: 14921: 14919:Deeside Gaelic 14916: 14910: 14908: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14890:Hispano-Celtic 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14845:Proto-Goidelic 14842: 14837: 14831: 14829: 14820: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14794: 14792: 14786: 14785: 14783: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14766: 14764: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14738: 14736: 14730: 14729: 14717: 14716: 14713: 14712: 14710: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14697:Celtic society 14694: 14692:Celtic Revival 14689: 14684: 14678: 14676: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14666: 14660:United Ireland 14657: 14652: 14647: 14641: 14639: 14635: 14634: 14632: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14615: 14613: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14604: 14603: 14593: 14592: 14591: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14547: 14536: 14534: 14530: 14529: 14519: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14508: 14507: 14505:Welsh handball 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14485:Highland games 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14418: 14412: 14410: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14371: 14370: 14361: 14352: 14343: 14328: 14326: 14320: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14281: 14279: 14272: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14230: 14228: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14218: 14213: 14211:Gaelic culture 14207: 14205: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14197: 14192: 14190:Highland dress 14187: 14182: 14176: 14174: 14170: 14169: 14167: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14154:Pictish stones 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14099: 14093: 14091: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14050: 14048: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13974: 13972: 13962: 13961: 13951: 13950: 13947: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13919: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13909: 13897: 13885: 13873: 13861: 13849: 13836: 13834: 13824: 13815: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13807: 13797: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13758: 13756:Celtic nations 13753: 13751:Celtic Revival 13747: 13744: 13743: 13731: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13607: 13605: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13566: 13564: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13519:Celtic Animism 13516: 13514:Celtic deities 13511: 13506: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13473:Cisalpine Gaul 13470: 13469: 13468: 13463: 13445: 13436: 13411: 13402: 13400:Gaelic Ireland 13396: 13394: 13390: 13389: 13377: 13376: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13361: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13298:Manx Americans 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13273:Irish Chileans 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13238:English people 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13209: 13207: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13199: 13197:Welsh diaspora 13194: 13189: 13187:Irish diaspora 13184: 13178: 13176: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13164: 13153: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13114: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13041: 13039: 13027: 13026: 13014: 13013: 12994:Celtic studies 12986:Celtic nations 12984: 12981: 12980: 12969: 12968: 12961: 12954: 12946: 12937: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12876: 12875: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12842:United Kingdom 12838: 12837: 12835: 12829: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12782: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12731:Medieval Wales 12728: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12650: 12645: 12643:Roman Scotland 12640: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12596: 12586: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12545: 12535: 12529: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12501:Outer Hebrides 12498: 12496:Inner Hebrides 12493: 12488: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12471: 12459:United Kingdom 12455: 12454: 12452: 12446: 12445: 12438: 12437: 12430: 12423: 12415: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12381: 12379: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12348: 12346: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12290: 12288: 12284: 12283: 12275: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12252: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12216: 12213:Roman Carthage 12206: 12201: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12046: 12034: 12026: 12000: 11995: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11931: 11926: 11917: 11912: 11903: 11898: 11896:High Medieval) 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11818: 11817: 11810: 11803: 11795: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11762: 11752: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11704: 11703: 11700: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11676:Libya Inferior 11673: 11671:Libya Superior 11668: 11663: 11661:Augustamnica I 11658: 11653: 11648: 11642: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11549: 11547: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11417:Lycaonia (370) 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11393: 11391: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11350: 11348: 11339: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11287: 11285: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11258:Dacia Ripensis 11255: 11249: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11199: 11190: 11178: 11177: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11117: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11081: 11076: 11070: 11068: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11007: 11005: 10996: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10954: 10952: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10920:Carthaginensis 10917: 10912: 10906: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10889: 10887:Novempopulania 10884: 10882:Narbonensis II 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10858: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10839:Lugdunensis IV 10836: 10831: 10829:Lugdunensis II 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10795: 10793: 10784: 10772: 10771: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10708: 10705: 10704: 10694: 10693: 10685: 10684: 10677: 10670: 10662: 10653: 10652: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10510:Gallia Belgica 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10430:Arabia Petraea 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10382: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10359: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10337: 10326:Venta Icenorum 10323: 10309: 10295: 10281: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10246: 10234: 10222: 10213:Venta Belgarum 10210: 10198: 10186: 10174: 10162: 10150: 10141:Lindum Colonia 10138: 10126: 10114: 10102: 10090: 10078: 10066: 10054: 10042: 10030: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9970: 9968: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9943: 9941: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9911: 9910: 9903: 9896: 9888: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9859: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9827: 9817: 9806: 9804: 9793: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9754: 9752: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9733:Lindum Colonia 9729: 9727: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9704: 9702: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9679: 9677: 9666: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9627: 9625: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9602: 9600: 9589: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9551: 9540: 9538: 9527: 9512: 9511: 9500: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9448:by Kevin Flude 9437: 9432: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9394: 9377: 9376:External links 9374: 9372: 9371: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9351: 9345: 9338: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9262:Pearson (2002) 9259: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9218:Caesar, Julius 9209: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9181:Margary (1973) 9178: 9172: 9169:Burgers (2001) 9164: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9107:Fulford (2004) 9104: 9101:Fulford (1989) 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9040:Fulford (2007) 9037: 9034:Fulford (1991) 9031: 9028:Fulford (1984) 9025: 9022:Fulford (1977) 9019: 9013: 9005: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8985:Ireland (2008) 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8939: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8923:Fleming (2021) 8920: 8917:Higgins (2014) 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8875:Laycock (2008) 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8840: 8839:General survey 8837: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8822: 8809: 8795: 8782: 8776: 8763: 8742: 8736: 8721: 8715: 8705:, ed. (2004). 8699: 8693: 8683:, ed. (1989). 8677: 8671: 8655: 8649: 8633: 8627: 8611: 8605: 8593:Reece, Richard 8589: 8579: 8560: 8554: 8541: 8535: 8522: 8516: 8503: 8497: 8484: 8478: 8465: 8456: 8450: 8431: 8425: 8405: 8399: 8386: 8376: 8357: 8351: 8331: 8317: 8304: 8290: 8277: 8271: 8255: 8241: 8224: 8218: 8202: 8196: 8177: 8171: 8158: 8152: 8132: 8126: 8113: 8107: 8092: 8086: 8073: 8067: 8054: 8048: 8028: 8007: 7990: 7973: 7956: 7939: 7922: 7919:Peacock (1977) 7905: 7890: 7884: 7860: 7854: 7842:Fleming, Robin 7838: 7832: 7819: 7813: 7800: 7794: 7778: 7764: 7748: 7742: 7729: 7691: 7668: 7662: 7649: 7643: 7630: 7624: 7611: 7605: 7585: 7579: 7566: 7554: 7544:(2): 167–191. 7525: 7505:10.2307/527045 7484: 7467: 7461: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7385: 7367: 7360: 7336: 7291: 7284: 7266: 7232: 7225: 7207: 7177: 7170: 7158:Shotter, David 7149: 7142: 7120: 7091: 7054: 7036: 7016: 7001:Caesar, Julius 6992: 6972: 6960: 6948:(4): 363–372. 6901: 6899:, p. 326f 6886: 6867: 6842: 6820: 6807:Shotter, David 6798: 6779: 6772: 6752: 6732: 6713: 6706: 6683: 6658: 6633: 6608: 6509:Fulford (1977) 6501: 6495: 6472: 6468:Fulford (1989) 6460: 6456:Fulford (1984) 6441: 6437:Fulford (2004) 6422: 6418:Fulford (1991) 6405: 6381: 6377:Pearson (2002) 6369: 6362: 6344: 6340:Fulford (2007) 6327: 6292: 6285: 6267: 6263:Laycock (2008) 6255: 6239: 6196: 6156: 6147: 6140: 6122: 6097: 6055: 6008: 5989: 5973: 5954: 5923: 5908: 5876: 5845: 5818: 5798: 5771: 5757: 5740:Translated by 5718: 5709: 5683: 5610: 5577: 5559: 5524: 5504: 5486: 5464: 5446: 5426: 5406: 5394: 5387: 5367: 5347: 5327: 5305: 5295:Dio, Cassius, 5287: 5277:Dio, Cassius, 5269: 5246: 5234: 5209: 5182: 5175: 5157: 5134: 5112:Dio, Cassius, 5104: 5082: 5077:IV 20–36 5060: 5052:Life of Caesar 5039: 5016: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4951: 4921: 4904: 4897: 4879: 4868:Dio, Cassius, 4847: 4840: 4819: 4794: 4783:Dio, Cassius, 4781:, abridged by 4766:(in Latin), 13 4739:, abridged by 4735:IV 20–38 4711: 4699: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4644: 4640:Merionethshire 4627: 4608: 4604:Orkney Islands 4582: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4547: 4533: 4530: 4442: 4439: 4401: 4398: 4389:Bath, Somerset 4298:Hinton St Mary 4197:Main article: 4194: 4191: 4171:Hadrian's Wall 4144:Willingham Fen 4109:Bath, Somerset 4038: 4035: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4006: 3991: 3984:Venta Belgarum 3976: 3961: 3949: 3934: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3880: 3865: 3858:Lindum Colonia 3850: 3835: 3820: 3806: 3791: 3776: 3764: 3749: 3734: 3719: 3704: 3689: 3677: 3662: 3650: 3635: 3620: 3605: 3600:Caister-on-Sea 3597: 3582: 3567: 3552: 3540: 3525: 3510: 3495: 3490: 3477: 3400: 3397: 3363: 3360: 3347:municipalities 3264: 3261: 3129: 3126: 2979: 2976: 2905:Stuart Laycock 2901:Romano-British 2833:Main article: 2830: 2827: 2735:Main article: 2732: 2729: 2696:Magnus Maximus 2627:Constantius II 2604:Hadrian's Wall 2568: 2565: 2549:Hadrian's Wall 2533:Lindum Colonia 2502:Hadrian's Wall 2362:Colonia Lindum 2292:and the other 2266:ecclesiastical 2255:Hadrian's Wall 2136:governed by a 2079: 2076: 2049:junior emperor 1965:officer named 1814: 1811: 1719:Antoninus Pius 1678:Hadrian's Wall 1639:Hadrian's Wall 1583:Northumberland 1553:Hadrian's Wall 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1224: 1123:(later styled 1109:Martia Victrix 1105:(later styled 1065:Aulus Plautius 1057:Main article: 1054: 1053:Roman invasion 1051: 979:Cassivellaunus 900:Main article: 897: 894: 892: 889: 877:archaeological 857:urban planning 786:Antoninus Pius 639:Roman province 630: 629: 627: 626: 619: 612: 604: 601: 600: 594: 593: 590: 589: 584: 574: 571: 570: 567: 561: 560: 557: 551: 550: 547: 541: 540: 537: 531: 530: 527: 521: 520: 517: 511: 510: 507: 501: 500: 495: 489: 488: 485: 479: 478: 473: 467: 466: 461: 453: 452: 447: 441: 440: 435: 429: 428: 425: 419: 418: 413: 407: 406: 403: 397: 396: 393: 387: 386: 383: 381:Norman/Angevin 377: 376: 370: 364: 363: 356: 350: 349: 343: 337: 336: 329: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 299: 298: 296: 295: 286: 277: 268: 266:United Kingdom 262: 260: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 247: 240: 231: 228: 227: 222: 210: 209: 204: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 173: 167: 164: 163: 155: 148: 145: 144: 136: 129: 126: 125: 122: 116: 113: 112: 109: 108: 103: 102:Historical era 99: 98: 95: 94: 85: 81: 80: 63: 62: 52: 51: 41: 40: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15241: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15149:Roman Britain 15147: 15146: 15144: 15128: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15118: 15115: 15105: 15104:– in Portugal 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15084:– in Galician 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15061: 15058: 15051: 15047: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14993: 14991: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14976: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14956: 14952: 14948: 14943: 14939: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14902: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14832: 14830: 14828: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14815: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14787: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14763: 14759: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14731: 14727: 14722: 14718: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14682:Celtic League 14680: 14679: 14677: 14675: 14674:Pan-Celticism 14671: 14665: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14636: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14602: 14599: 14598: 14597: 14594: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14555: 14551: 14550:reunification 14548: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14531: 14524: 14520: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14440: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14413: 14411: 14407: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14338: 14335: 14334: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14325: 14321: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14280: 14276: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14227: 14223: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14177: 14175: 14171: 14165: 14164:Triple spiral 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14045: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13983:Bardic Poetry 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13971: 13967: 13963: 13956: 13952: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13906: 13901: 13898: 13894: 13889: 13886: 13882: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13865: 13862: 13858: 13853: 13850: 13846: 13841: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13831:Celtic League 13828: 13825: 13823: 13819: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13781: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13771:Celtic League 13769: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13761:Pan-Celticism 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13748: 13745: 13741: 13736: 13732: 13722: 13719: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13661:Gaelicisation 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13636:Celticisation 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13439:Iron Age Gaul 13437: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13422:Roman Britain 13419: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13382: 13378: 13373: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13278:Irish Mexican 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13204: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13173: 13163: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13111: 13107: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 13002:Celtic tribes 12999: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12967: 12962: 12960: 12955: 12953: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12925:House of York 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12844:(since 1707) 12843: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12793: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12783: 12776: 12775:Medieval Mann 12773: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12675: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12657:Roman Ireland 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12638:Roman Britain 12636: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12607: 12604: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12562: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12540: 12539: 12536: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12521: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12469:Isle of Wight 12467: 12466: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12436: 12431: 12429: 12424: 12422: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12374: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12280: 12273: 12268: 12266: 12261: 12259: 12254: 12253: 12250: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12196: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12177:Late Antique) 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12072:Liechtenstein 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11862:Late Antique) 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11833: 11828: 11824: 11816: 11811: 11809: 11804: 11802: 11797: 11796: 11793: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11769: 11767: 11763: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11751: 11747: 11746: 11743: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11719: 11716: 11709: 11705: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11635: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11598:Palaestina II 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11505:Cappadocia II 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:Armenia Maior 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11332: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11242: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11183: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11165: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11110: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11074:Alpes Cottiae 11072: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10989: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10940:Tarraconensis 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10877:Narbonensis I 10875: 10873: 10872:Aquitanica II 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10851: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10824:Lugdunensis I 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10777: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10759: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10733:Constantine I 10730: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10695: 10690: 10683: 10678: 10676: 10671: 10669: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10649: 10643: 10638: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10415:Alpes Cottiae 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10390: 10380: 10375: 10373: 10368: 10366: 10361: 10360: 10357: 10347: 10342: 10335: 10333: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10255: 10250: 10247: 10243: 10238: 10235: 10231: 10226: 10225:Venta Silurum 10223: 10219: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10127: 10123: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10106: 10103: 10099: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10067: 10063: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10034: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10000: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9980: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9966: 9961: 9953: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9920: 9916: 9909: 9904: 9902: 9897: 9895: 9890: 9889: 9886: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9835: 9831: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9784: – 9783: 9774: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9657: – 9656: 9647: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9580: – 9579: 9570: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9518: – 9517: 9513: 9509: 9508:Roman Britain 9505: 9498: 9493: 9491: 9486: 9484: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9426:Roman Britain 9424: 9421: 9418: 9415: 9414:Roman Britain 9412: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9382:Roman Britain 9380: 9379: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9319: 9316: 9313: 9312:Millet (1992) 9310: 9307: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9288: 9287:Wacher (1995) 9285: 9282: 9281:Millet (1992) 9279: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9244:Manley (2002) 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9232:Bowman (2004) 9230: 9226: 9224: 9219: 9210: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9194: 9193:Millet (1992) 9191: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9157: 9156:Birley (2005) 9154: 9153: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9137:Tyers (1996a) 9135: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9065: 9064:Tyers (1996b) 9062: 9059: 9058:Tyers (1996a) 9056: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9046:Morris (2010) 9044: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9007: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8961:Birley (2005) 8959: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8905:Salway (1993) 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8887:Millet (1992) 8885: 8882: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8845:Alcock (2011) 8843: 8842: 8825: 8819: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8703:Todd, Malcolm 8700: 8696: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8681:Todd, Malcolm 8678: 8674: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8637:Salway, Peter 8634: 8630: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8479:0-7126-5616-2 8475: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8343: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8242:9788492202829 8238: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8032:Gosden, Chris 8029: 8025: 8021: 8018:(1): 93–117. 8017: 8013: 8008: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7885:0-7102-1215-1 7881: 7877: 7872: 7871: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7765:0-7100-8725-X 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7530:Fulford, M.G. 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7489:Fulford, M.G. 7485: 7482: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7295: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7228: 7222: 7219:. Routledge. 7218: 7211: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7173: 7171:1-8622-0152-8 7167: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7058: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7020: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6989: 6988:Wacher (1995) 6985: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6909:Millet (1992) 6905: 6898: 6897:Loseby (2000) 6893: 6891: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6829:Laurence, Ray 6824: 6816: 6812: 6811:Roman Britain 6808: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6736: 6729: 6725: 6724:Alcock (2011) 6720: 6718: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596:Historia Nova 6593: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6525:Birley (2005) 6522: 6516: 6510: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6393:Tyers (1996b) 6390: 6389:Tyers (1996a) 6385: 6378: 6373: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6324: 6323:Morris (2010) 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6235:Loseby (2000) 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6192:Loseby (2000) 6187: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6173:Richard Reece 6168: 6160: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6094: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6012: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5969: 5963: 5958: 5948: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5918: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5885:Henry Spelman 5880: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5805: 5803: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5747:Roman History 5743: 5742:Charles Yonge 5731: 5727: 5722: 5713: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5581: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5494:Cassius Dio, 5490: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5430: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5403: 5402:Manley (2002) 5398: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5309: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5118:Roman History 5115: 5108: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4720:Julius Caesar 4715: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4416:Helix pomatia 4413: 4409: 4408: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225:"word square" 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:Roman emperor 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073:sacred groves 4070: 4066: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4033: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3772:Portus Dubris 3768: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3590:Venta Silurum 3586: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:Grimes Graves 3222: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3203:collected in 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3134:Roman economy 3125: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939:and probably 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2874:, and in 409 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Saint Patrick 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2631:Paulus Catena 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2579: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2506:Antonine Wall 2503: 2499: 2495: 2492:which is now 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:Urbs Legionum 2431: 2427: 2424:". He placed 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2381:scribal error 2379:read it as a 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2349:colonia Lindi 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2302:Bishop Ussher 2299: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2259:Antonine Wall 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148:Junius Bassus 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:Rhenish fleet 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Gallic Empire 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1894: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1723:Antonine Wall 1720: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645:(Vercovicium) 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1557:Antonine Wall 1554: 1550: 1545: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1482:Cheviot Hills 1479: 1476:in 84 at the 1475: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391:(then called 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1261: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1233: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1006: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:Julius Caesar 948: 946: 942: 938: 936: 935: 928: 925: 921: 920:Carthaginians 917: 913: 909: 903: 896:Early contact 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 815: 811: 808:. During the 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 711: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 658: 657:Julius Caesar 654: 652: 651:Great Britain 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:Roman Britain 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 605: 603: 602: 599: 596: 595: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 577: 568: 566: 563: 562: 558: 556: 553: 552: 548: 546: 543: 542: 538: 536: 533: 532: 528: 526: 523: 522: 518: 516: 515:Edwardian era 513: 512: 508: 506: 505:Victorian era 503: 502: 499: 496: 494: 490: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 472: 468: 465: 462: 459: 454: 451: 448: 446: 442: 439: 436: 434: 430: 426: 424: 421: 420: 417: 414: 412: 408: 404: 402: 399: 398: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 382: 379: 378: 371: 369: 366: 365: 357: 355: 352: 351: 344: 342: 341:Roman Britain 339: 338: 330: 328: 325: 324: 316: 315: 312: 308: 305: 304: 294: 291: 287: 285: 282: 278: 276: 273: 269: 267: 264: 263: 261: 259:Today part of 257: 241: 239: 236: 235: 232: 226: 223: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 174: 171: 165: 156: 152: 146: 137: 133: 127: 123: 120: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 64: 53: 50: 46: 42: 36: 29: 22: 19: 15121:Celts portal 15079:– in Spanish 14914:Arran Gaelic 14835:Proto-Celtic 14803:Bungi Creole 14702:Celtic unity 14638:Independence 14437: 14420: 14244:Gaelic music 14180:Celtic Dress 14129:High crosses 14119:Celtic cross 14097:Bell shrines 14028:Irish annals 13810:Neo-Druidism 13805:Celtic Wicca 13776:Celtic union 13740:Modern Celts 13631:Celtic women 13534:Celtic Rites 13483:Transylvania 13421: 13343:Ulster Scots 13213:Anglo-Celtic 13060:Celtiberians 13005: 12997: 12989: 12977:modern Celts 12637: 12328: 12192:Vatican City 12145:Saudi Arabia 12117:North Africa 11900: 11732:Spania (552) 11593:Palaestina I 11573:Euphratensis 11520:Helenopontus 11500:Cappadocia I 11407:Hellespontus 11306:Epirus Vetus 11273:Praevalitana 11188:of Illyricum 10978:Valentia (?) 10963:Britannia II 10867:Aquitanica I 10745:theme system 10710: 10549: 10454: 10329: 10315: 10301: 10287: 10093:Isca Augusta 10045:Deva Victrix 10021:Caesaromagus 9963: 9936: 9861: 9854: 9820:Deva Victrix 9799: 9747: 9722: 9699:Britannia II 9697: 9672: 9620: 9595: 9534: 9533: 9507: 9400: 9386: 9368:Henig (1995) 9354: 9341: 9334: 9250:Mason (2009) 9221: 9143:Young (1977) 9131:Reece (2002) 9113:Going (1992) 8863:Frere (1987) 8813: 8786: 8767: 8750: 8746: 8726: 8706: 8684: 8662: 8640: 8618: 8596: 8585:the original 8565: 8545: 8526: 8507: 8488: 8469: 8460: 8440: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8390: 8382:the original 8362: 8340: 8308: 8281: 8262: 8259:Manley, John 8232: 8209: 8187: 8182: 8162: 8143: 8136:Jones, Barri 8117: 8097: 8077: 8058: 8039: 8015: 8011: 7997: 7980: 7970:Jones (1991) 7963: 7946: 7929: 7912: 7897: 7869: 7845: 7823: 7804: 7785: 7755: 7733: 7721:. Retrieved 7717:the original 7699: 7686: 7679: 7653: 7637:. Batsford. 7634: 7615: 7592: 7570: 7561: 7541: 7537: 7496: 7492: 7474: 7455:. Hachette. 7452: 7405: 7401: 7388: 7379: 7370: 7346: 7339: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7275: 7269: 7257:. Retrieved 7252: 7248: 7235: 7216: 7210: 7198: 7191: 7180: 7161: 7152: 7129: 7123: 7111:. Retrieved 7094: 7064: 7057: 7045: 7039: 7025: 7019: 7004: 6995: 6979: 6975: 6963: 6945: 6944:(in Latin). 6941: 6940:of Gildas". 6937: 6923: 6917: 6904: 6880: 6870: 6860:15 September 6858:. Retrieved 6854: 6845: 6832: 6823: 6810: 6801: 6782: 6762: 6742: 6735: 6696: 6674:. Retrieved 6670: 6661: 6649:. Retrieved 6645: 6636: 6624:. Retrieved 6620: 6611: 6599: 6595: 6584: 6580: 6569:(in Latin), 6566: 6548: 6537: 6533: 6514: 6504: 6486: 6463: 6384: 6372: 6353: 6347: 6276: 6270: 6258: 6242: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6166: 6159: 6150: 6131: 6125: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6086: 6067: 6058: 6048: 6044: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6001: 5992: 5982: 5976: 5965: 5957: 5947:R. Gale 5940: 5936: 5926: 5911: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5866: 5862: 5848: 5835: 5830: 5827:James Ussher 5821: 5810: 5791: 5787: 5774: 5760: 5746: 5729: 5721: 5712: 5700:. Retrieved 5696: 5686: 5674: 5670: 5655: 5651: 5636: 5632: 5619: 5613: 5586: 5580: 5571:(in Latin), 5568: 5562: 5544: 5536:(in Latin), 5533: 5527: 5513: 5507: 5498:(in Latin), 5495: 5489: 5473: 5467: 5455: 5449: 5435: 5429: 5415: 5409: 5397: 5377: 5370: 5356: 5350: 5336: 5330: 5314: 5308: 5299:(in Latin), 5296: 5290: 5281:(in Latin), 5278: 5272: 5258: 5249: 5237: 5221: 5212: 5200: 5194: 5185: 5166: 5160: 5146: 5137: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5099:V 8–23 5096:(in Latin), 5094: 5091: 5085: 5074:(in Latin), 5072: 5069: 5063: 5051: 5042: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4963: 4954: 4937: 4924: 4888: 4882: 4872:(in Latin), 4869: 4859: 4850: 4831: 4822: 4810:. Retrieved 4806: 4797: 4787:(in Latin), 4784: 4777:V 1–23 4774:(in Latin), 4771: 4761: 4750:(in Latin), 4745: 4729: 4723: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4630: 4616: 4611: 4600:Sextus Rufus 4595: 4586: 4491: 4452: 4432: 4424: 4414: 4405: 4403: 4386: 4362:Theodosius I 4358:Isca Augusta 4336: 4310: 4294:Lullingstone 4290:Roman villas 4237:PATER NOSTER 4222: 4211:fresco from 4193:Christianity 4148: 4137: 4117:Roman temple 4103:made at the 4093: 4062: 4018: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3847: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3782: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3731: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3683: 3674: 3670:Deva Victrix 3668: 3658:Caesaromagus 3656: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3617: 3611: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3560:Isca Augusta 3558: 3546: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3507: 3501: 3484: 3473: 3465: 3463: 3452: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3426: 3385:North Africa 3365: 3362:Demographics 3350: 3346: 3338: 3330: 3327: 3319: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3280: 3245: 3241: 3221:Mendip Hills 3214: 3201:gold nuggets 3193:fire-setting 3179: 3164: 3122: 3106: 3098: 3089:quern-stones 3080: 3068: 3058: 3036: 3026: 3014:Colijnsplaat 2992:and Eastern 2987: 2969: 2909: 2849: 2823: 2767: 2748: 2693: 2671:, Scoti and 2658: 2649: 2638: 2612: 2592: 2512: 2510: 2399: 2388: 2384: 2358: 2345: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2293: 2285: 2263: 2224: 2209:Britannia II 2199:and work of 2193:Sextus Rufus 2186: 2180: 2178: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2137: 2127: 2088:Britannia II 2047:In 293, the 2007: 1960: 1937: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1896: 1885: 1857:Virius Lupus 1854: 1835: 1816: 1800: 1763: 1747: 1731: 1716: 1705: 1695: 1685: 1667: 1653: 1597: 1587: 1575:Romanisation 1560: 1544: 1486: 1465: 1451: 1424: 1366: 1362:Menai Strait 1344:(modern day 1327: 1311:defeated him 1272: 1199:river Thames 1195:river Medway 1192: 1161: 1140: 1124: 1114: 1106: 1096: 1086: 1072: 1062: 1023:Catuvellauni 1020: 1001: 983: 975:Mandubracius 972: 964:Roman Senate 949: 934:Cassiterides 930: 905: 865:architecture 846: 844:after that. 779: 744: 732:Catuvellauni 684:Mandubracius 680:Celtic tribe 655: 642: 634: 633: 575: 497: 483:Georgian era 475: 463: 449: 437: 415: 340: 289: 280: 271: 207:Succeeded by 206: 201: 77:Roman Empire 49:Roman Empire 18: 15036:Trimarcisia 15021:Gallóglaigh 14850:Celtiberian 14574:Isle of Man 14533:Nationalism 14422:Bataireacht 14341:Calan Gaeaf 14300:Isle of Man 14144:Leaf-crowns 14134:Insular art 14107:Dragonesque 14069:Isle of Man 13923:Nova Scotia 13876:Isle of Man 13800:Neopaganism 13544:Monasticism 13055:Caledonians 12648:Roman Wales 12532:Isle of Man 12182:Switzerland 12148:(Classical) 12130:(Classical) 12052:(Classical) 12032:(Classical) 11779:Justinian I 11651:Aegyptus II 11583:Mesopotamia 11530:Paphlagonia 11359:Haemimontus 11337:of the East 11301:Epirus Nova 11225:Pannonia II 10958:Britannia I 10819:Germania II 10650:'s reforms. 10582:Mesopotamia 10038:Cirencester 9994:Camulodunum 9687:Cirencester 9674:Britannia I 9544:Camulodunum 9402:BBC History 9387:In Our Time 8911:Todd (2004) 8472:. Century. 7987:Todd (2004) 7953:Todd (1989) 7683:. Vol. II: 7534:Todd, J. A. 7408:: 135–173. 7259:13 December 7024:Suetonius, 6600:New History 6233:, noted in 6209:Antiquaries 6040:W.S. Davies 5932:Thomas Gale 5917:p. 82. 5858:John Selden 5618:Anonymous, 5512:Suetonius, 5414:Suetonius, 5362:14.34 5342:14.32 5148:Geographica 4965:Verona List 4812:24 February 4742:Cassius Dio 4592:Verona List 4370:Pelagianism 4345:Saint Alban 4306:grave goods 4278:Richborough 4183:Roman Wales 4125:Camulodunum 3903:Pons Aelius 3819:is unknown) 3727:Camulodunum 3707:Cirencester 3518:Aquae Sulis 3472:are marked 3389:Roman Syria 3381:Middle East 3197:comminution 3022:shore forts 3002:Richborough 2961:Cirencester 2928:auxiliaries 2807:Cirencester 2799:Cirencester 2567:4th century 2561:Dere Street 2525:Cirencester 2205:Britannia I 2189:Verona List 2128:As part of 2084:Britannia I 2072:Southampton 2003:Burgundians 1899:Britannicus 1813:3rd century 1771:Cassius Dio 1602:(at modern 1563:Roman forts 1474:Caledonians 1439:South Wales 1377:Trinovantes 1315:Cartimandua 1212:Camulodunum 1172:Richborough 1027:Tasciovanus 922:traded for 916:Phoenicians 853:agriculture 770:Britain of 755:Caledonians 688:Trinovantes 674:during the 664:Gallic Wars 493:Regency era 471:Restoration 458:Interregnum 411:Elizabethan 391:Plantagenet 368:Anglo-Saxon 362:7th century 202:Preceded by 88:Camulodunum 55:43 AD– 15143:Categories 15099:– in Italy 15001:Ceathairne 14865:Gallaecian 14495:Road bowls 14400:Eisteddfod 14368:Calan Awst 14364:Lughnasadh 13970:Literature 13833:definition 13656:Clan chief 13443:Roman Gaul 13434:Hen Ogledd 13160:including 13142:including 12195:(Classical 12140:San Marino 12102:Montenegro 12077:Luxembourg 12040:(Classical 11989:(Classical 11867:Azerbaijan 11756:reconquest 11646:Aegyptus I 11608:Phoenice I 11563:Cilicia II 11470:Armenia II 11220:Pannonia I 10892:Viennensis 10814:Germania I 10809:Belgica II 10749:Asia Minor 10721:Diocletian 10648:Diocletian 10460:Cappadocia 10284:Bannaventa 10277:Wendlebury 10237:Verulamium 10218:Winchester 10182:Chichester 10170:Carmarthen 10153:Luguvalium 10129:Lactodurum 10122:Aldborough 10086:Gloucester 10074:Canterbury 10062:Dorchester 10057:Durnovaria 10026:Chelmsford 9999:Colchester 9856:Vespasiana 9830:Habitancum 9810:Luguvalium 9790: 410 9781: 369 9663: 410 9654: 296 9586: 296 9577: 197 9548:Colchester 9524: 197 9516:AD 43 9294:Rural life 9269:Urban life 8036:Lock, Gary 7723:7 November 7713:B00F45BDAM 7186:Tertullian 7010:6.13 6726:, p. 6567:Res Gestae 6249:, p. 6093:Wikisource 6078:(in Latin) 6032:(in Latin) 5951:(in Latin) 5920:(in Latin) 5905:(in Latin) 5873:(in Latin) 5842:(in Latin) 5753:Wikisource 5738:(in Latin) 5607:required.) 5322:3.44 5229:2.24 4973: 314 4682:References 4624:(in Latin) 4475:Manchester 4463:wastewater 4459:sanitation 4349:Verulamium 4325:Restitutus 4282:Colchester 4270:Icklingham 4262:Silchester 4249:Tertullian 4233:Manchester 4059:, Somerset 3979:Winchester 3969:Mediolanum 3964:Whitchurch 3957:Lactodurum 3937:Silchester 3927:Verulamium 3883:Manchester 3794:Gloucester 3757:Durnovaria 3752:Dorchester 3722:Colchester 3692:Chichester 3653:Chelmsford 3638:Carmarthen 3628:Luguvalium 3608:Canterbury 3570:Caernarfon 3369:Roman army 3321:procurator 3291:consulship 3263:Government 3132:See also: 2982:See also: 2965:Gloucester 2819:Gloucester 2815:Winchester 2803:Canterbury 2795:Verulamium 2783:Hucclecote 2763:Silchester 2755:dark earth 2704:Caernarfon 2635:witch-hunt 2615:Magnentius 2571:See also: 2553:Luguvalium 2547:); beside 2454:Canterbury 2450:Dorobernia 2334:Colchester 2231:equestrian 2056:Gesoriacum 1599:Trimontium 1579:Vindolanda 1447:Dolaucothi 1443:gold mines 1397:Verulamium 1381:Colchester 1342:Mauretania 1220:Cogidubnus 1216:Colchester 1203:Togodumnus 1143:IX Hispana 1137:Roman army 1113:) and the 1100:XIV Gemina 1029:, and the 1005:Res Gestae 881:epigraphic 645:after the 487:1714–1837 427:1603–1714 405:1485–1603 179: 410 161: 296 151:Diocletian 142: 197 124:43 AD 60: 410 15031:Redshanks 15006:Ceithearn 14734:Brittonic 14726:Languages 14359:Calan Mai 14350:Gŵyl Fair 14324:Festivals 14139:Interlace 13563:Mythology 13554:Practices 13466:Gallaecia 13080:Galatians 12400:Igbo-Ukwu 12329:Britannia 12281:by region 12231:Medieval) 12223:Medieval) 12087:Macedonia 12015:Medieval) 12007:Medieval) 11993:Medieval) 11970:Medieval) 11962:Medieval) 11924:Medieval) 11910:Medieval) 11843:Medieval) 11558:Cilicia I 11510:Galatia I 11465:Armenia I 11432:Pamphylia 11364:Moesia II 11321:Thessalia 11098:Raetia II 10930:Lusitania 10925:Gallaecia 10915:Balearica 10804:Belgica I 10567:Macedonia 10455:Britannia 10318:Wiltshire 10304:Hampshire 10272:Alchester 10242:St Albans 10206:Leicester 10165:Moridunum 10134:Towcester 10014:Surviving 9947:Londinium 9834:Risingham 9758:Londinium 9606:Londinium 9554:Londinium 9535:Britannia 9504:Provinces 8416:Britannia 8300:491650913 8142:(2002) . 7903:. Stroud. 7521:162584757 7493:Britannia 7422:0068-113X 7402:Britannia 7331:162955707 7160:(2004) . 7044:Tacitus, 6229:164170447 6215:: 39–81. 5812:Centuries 5648:Eutropius 5624:, VIII.10 5567:Tacitus, 5546:Histories 5543:Tacitus, 5532:Tacitus, 5472:Tacitus, 5454:Tacitus, 5434:Tacitus, 5417:Vespasian 5355:Tacitus, 5335:Tacitus, 5316:Histories 5313:Tacitus, 5255:Suetonius 5030:Histories 5025:Herodotus 4947:Caracalla 4942:III, 8, 2 4891:. Orion. 4856:Suetonius 4471:Londinium 4384:420/440. 4339:martyrium 4302:Poundbury 4179:Segontium 4177:) and at 4167:Vindobala 4151:Mithraism 4140:West Stow 4089:Nettleham 3952:Towcester 3922:St Albans 3910:Northwich 3873:Londinium 3838:Leicester 3823:Ilchester 3737:Corbridge 3685:Concangis 3643:Moridunum 3575:Segontium 3493:Alchester 3468:civitates 3447:Civitates 3373:Londinium 3353:civitates 3302:civitates 3287:governors 3233:aqueducts 3185:aqueducts 2990:North Sea 2912:Vortigern 2852:barbarian 2846:, 383–410 2771:Chedworth 2700:Segontium 2673:Attacotti 2304:proposed 2282:Londinium 2018:Carausius 1973:when the 1952:Gallienus 1940:inflation 1893:River Tay 1869:Caracalla 1766:Sarmatian 1734:Brigantes 1656:. A 1486 1621:Stanegate 1567:Stanegate 1532:In 155 AD 1498:Gordian I 1490:Vespasian 1462:Ordovices 1393:Londinium 1303:guerrilla 1299:Caratacus 1291:Brigantes 1287:Deceangli 1283:Ordovices 1207:Caratacus 1083:Vespasian 1031:Atrebates 869:Britannia 826:barbarian 790:two walls 761:, at the 757:, led by 751:Caledonia 736:Fosse Way 728:Atrebates 726:over the 716:Suetonius 686:over the 643:Britannia 569:1945–1979 559:1945–1979 549:1939–1945 539:1919–1939 529:1914–1918 519:1901–1914 509:1837–1901 498:1811–1820 476:1660–1714 464:1649–1660 450:1625–1649 438:1603–1625 416:1558–1603 395:1216–1485 385:1066–1216 153:Division 134:Division 92:Londinium 79:in 125 AD 15016:Gaesatae 14907:dialects 14870:Lepontic 14860:Galatian 14762:Goidelic 14612:Autonomy 14527:Politics 14480:Rounders 14332:Calendar 14305:Scotland 14290:Cornwall 14285:Brittany 14173:Clothing 14124:Knotwork 14102:Brooches 14074:Scotland 14059:Cornwall 14054:Brittany 13933:Y Wladfa 13888:Scotland 13852:Cornwall 13840:Brittany 13691:Seanchaí 13686:Tanistry 13646:Derbfine 13575:Scottish 13461:Brittany 13457:Domnonée 13453:Armorica 13448:Britonia 13430:Dumnonia 13405:Dálriata 13090:Lepontii 13085:Helvetii 13070:Gallaeci 12930:Monarchs 12548:Guernsey 12513:Anglesey 12486:Shetland 12481:Scotland 12450:Overview 12395:Carthage 12390:Aegyptus 12357:Anatolia 12334:Germania 12324:Hispania 12168:Slovenia 12163:Slovakia 12153:Scotland 12127:Portugal 11976:Guernsey 11525:Honorias 11495:Bithynia 11268:Moesia I 11263:Dardania 11205:Dalmatia 11126:Byzacena 11093:Raetia I 11041:Sardinia 11016:Campania 10994:of Italy 10717:dioceses 10490:Dalmatia 10405:Aegyptus 10388:(117 AD) 10254:Wroxeter 10230:Caerwent 10189:Petuaria 10158:Carlisle 10098:Caerleon 9974:Eboracum 9929:Capitals 9814:Carlisle 9801:Valentia 9708:Eboracum 9631:Eboracum 9333:(2018). 9325:Religion 9225:58–54 BC 8805:8924936M 8661:(2012). 8639:(1993). 8595:(2002). 8438:(2012). 8337:(2006). 8327:7982333M 8261:(2002). 8251:45624503 8208:(2008). 7996:(2007). 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