Stuart period - Knowledge

1799:. A Council of State was appointed to manage affairs, which included Cromwell among its members. His real power base was in the army; Cromwell tried but failed to unite the original group of 'Royal Independents' centred around St John and Saye and Sele, but only St John was persuaded to retain his seat in Parliament. From the middle of 1649 until 1651, Cromwell was away on campaign. In the meantime, with the king gone (and with him their common cause), the various factions in Parliament began to fight each other. On his return, Cromwell tried to galvanise the Rump into setting dates for new elections, uniting the three kingdoms under one polity, and to put in place a broad-brush, tolerant national church. However, the Rump vacillated in setting election dates, and although it put in place a basic liberty of conscience, it failed to produce an alternative for tithes or dismantle other aspects of the existing religious settlement. In frustration, Cromwell eventually dismissed the Rump Parliament in 1653. He summoned a new Parliament, whose members were all nominated. Sometimes known as the Parliament of Saints, it was also called the 224: 2086: 1625: 2008: 1825:

he divided England into military districts ruled by Army Major Generals who answered only to him. The 15 major generals and deputy major generals—called "godly governors"—were central to Cromwell's moral crusade beginning in October 1655. They lasted less than a year. The generals not only supervised militia forces and security commissions, but collected taxes and insured support for the government in the English and Welsh provinces. They were resented by provincials. Many members of Parliament feared the generals threatened their reform efforts and authority. Their position was further harmed by a tax proposal by Major General John Desborough to provide financial backing for their work, which Parliament voted down for fear of a permanent military state. Ultimately, however, Cromwell's failure to support his men, sacrificing them to his opponents, caused their demise.

2891:

the sources of financial credit, and patterns of migration indicate that each village was embedded in a network of villages and transportation routes. People could relocate from one village to another inside these networks without feeling like they were strangers. The network would include for example one or more market towns, county centres, or small cities. Roads existed and were supplemented by turnpikes. However the chief means of transportation was typically by water, since it was much cheaper to move wagon loads of commodities, especially wool and cloth, by boat than over land. Much effort was made to improve the river system, by removing obstacles. A mania to build canals, 1790–1840, enlarged the range and lowered costs. After 1840, the coming of railroads enlarged the range of local networks so much that the localism was overwhelmed

3106: 2985: 44: 2538: 3071:, and James's son-in-law begged for James's military intervention. James finally realised that his policies had backfired and refused these pleas. He successfully kept Britain out of the European-wide war that proved so heavily devastating for three decades. James's backup plan was to marry his son Charles to a French Catholic princess, who would bring a handsome dowry. Parliament and the British people were strongly opposed to any Catholic marriage, were demanding immediate war with Spain, and strongly favoured the Protestant cause in Europe. James had alienated both elite and popular opinion in Britain, and Parliament was cutting back its financing. Historians credit James for pulling back from a major war at the last minute, and keeping Britain in peace. 2343:(1688–97) his main strategy was to form a military alliance of England, the Netherlands, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and some smaller states, to attack France at sea, and from land in different directions, while defending the Netherlands. Louis XIV tried to undermine this strategy by refusing to recognise William as king of England, and by giving diplomatic, military and financial support to a series of pretenders to the English throne, all based in France. William III focused most of his attention on foreign policy and foreign wars, spending a great deal of time in the Netherlands (where he continued to hold the dominant political office). His closest foreign-policy advisers were Dutch, most notably 2171:

untrained militia, and enabled him to exert a powerful control at the local level over all of England. At the restoration, Parliament paid off Cromwell's army and disbanded it. For many decades the Cromwellian model was a horror story and the Whig element recoiled from allowing a standing army. The militia acts of 1661 and 1662 prevented local authorities from calling up militia and oppressing their own local opponents. Calling up the militia was possible only if the king and local elites agreed to do so. However, King Charles managed to pull together four regiments of infantry and cavalry, calling them his guards, at a cost of £122.000 from his general budget. This became the foundation of the permanent

3519: 3415: 3505: 1570:, which threatened to undermine the religion of the people. The Scots drove English forces out and forced the king to subsidise the insurgents who were now occupying part of northern England. A major revolt among Catholics in Ireland killed thousands of Scots Irish—there was no doubt it had to be suppressed and new taxes would be needed to pay the costs of military action. A new Parliament had to be called. The Long Parliament elected in 1640 proved just as difficult for Charles as had the Short Parliament. It assembled on 3 November 1640 and quickly began proceedings to impeach and remove the king's leading counsellors for high treason. 2900: 8431: 1989:, and to the diversity of local situations. Instead of an argument that massive popular anger had built up in the early 17th century and caused the Civil War, the current approaches depict the early Stuart period as marked by harmony, good government, and popular support. How then could there be a civil war? The current scholarly solution is to emphasise what historians call the "British problem", involving the impossible tensions occurring when a single person tried to hold together his three kingdoms with their entirely different geographical, ethnic, political, and religious values and traditions. 1773: 3533: 1985:" came to the fore, rejecting both Whig and Marxist approaches because they assumed historical events were the automatic playing out of mysterious forces such as "liberty"and "class conflict." New microscopic local studies demonstrated that the class differences between the two sides varied greatly from place to place, and did not explain very much. Once The revisionists had dispatched the older models, the "post-revisionists" began to offer a multiplicity of small-scale explanations that fitted particular localities. Historians now give much more emphasis to 8556: 2611:. They argued that English witchcraft was endemic year in and year out, rather than happening in epidemic outbursts. Older women were the favourite targets because they were marginal, dependent members of the community and therefore more likely to arouse feelings of both hostility and guilt, and less likely to have defenders of importance inside the community. Witchcraft accusations were the village's reaction to the breakdown of its internal community, coupled with the emergence of a newer set of values that was generating psychic stress. 3463: 3375: 2976:. Arguing that the export of unfinished cloth was much less profitable than the export of the finished product, the new company got Parliament to ban the export of unfinished cloth. There was massive dislocation marketplace, as large unsold quantities built up, prices fell, and unemployment rose. Worst of all, the Dutch retaliated and refused to import any finished cloth from England. Exports fell by a third. Quickly the ban was lifted, and the Merchant Adventurers got its monopoly back. However, the trade losses became permanent. 2380:, was the creation of William III. So too was the independence of the judiciary..... was very expensive; at their peak the annual expenditures of William III were four times as large as those of James II. This new scale of government was bitterly unpopular. But the new taxes, which were not in fact heavy by comparison with those borne by the Dutch, made England a great power. And they contributed to the prosperity of the country while they contributed to its strength, by the process which is now called 'pump-priming.' 2396: 3431: 2851: 1501:(1592–1628), (he was Earl of Buckingham from 1617 and Duke from 1623). Buckingham showed a very high degree of energy and application, as well as a huge appetite for rewards and riches. By 1624 he was effectively the ruler of England. In 1625 Charles became the king of a land deeply involved in a European war and rent by escalating religious controversies. Buckingham and Charles developed a foreign policy based on an alliance with France against Spain. Major foreign adventures against 2727:

wanted. The customers could buy coffee, and perhaps tea and chocolate, as well as sandwiches and knickknacks. Recent newspapers and magazines could be perused by middle-class men with leisure time on their hands. Widows were often the proprietors. The coffeehouses were quiet escapes, suitable for conversation, and free of noise, disorder, shouting and fighting in drinking places. The working class could more usually be found drinking in pubs, or playing dice in the alleyways.

3447: 2828: 2117:. His colonial policies were reversed by William III. Most of the smaller independent religious factions faded away, except for the Quakers. The Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists remain, and were later joined by the Methodists. These non-Anglican Protestants continued as a political factor, with its leaders moving toward what became the Whig party. The country gentry continued to form the basis of support for the Church of England, and for what became the 2029:

all Protestants who did not closely adhere to the Church of England, were put under political and social penalties that lasted until the early 19th century. Even more severe restrictions were imposed on Catholics and Unitarians. The third lesson was that England needed protection against organised political violence. Politicized mobs in London, or popular revolts in the rural areas, were too unpredictable and too dangerous to be tolerated. The king's solution was a

10000: 10011: 9988: 3395: 2105:; only 60 Presbyterians survived in Parliament. Severe restrictions were now imposed on the Nonconformist Protestant bodies in England, preventing them from holding scheduled church services, and prohibiting their members from holding government offices at the national or local level. For example, The five-mile law in 1665 made it a crime for nonconformist clergymen to be within 5 miles of their old parish. The Puritans still controlled the 2434:. She had 12 miscarriages and 6 babies, but only one survived and he died at age 11, so her death ended the Stuart period. Anne's intimate friendship with Sarah Churchill turned sour in 1707 as the result of political differences. The Duchess took revenge in an unflattering description of the Queen in her memoirs as ignorant and easily led, which was a theme widely accepted by historians until Anne was re-assessed in the late 20th-century. 3059:

became the leader of the widespread British demand for a war against Spain. Meanwhile, the Protestant princes looked to Britain, since it was the strongest of all the Protestant countries, to provide them with military support for their cause. James' son-in-law and daughter became king and queen of Bohemia, an event which outraged Vienna. The Thirty Years' War began, as the Habsburg Emperor ousted the new king and queen of the

958: 3479: 2297: 10021: 2969:

purchased wool from dealers, and send it to rural households where family labour turned it into cloth. They washed the wool, carded it and spun it into thread, which was then turned into cloth on a loom. Export merchants, known as Merchant Adventurers, exported woolens into the Netherlands and Germany, as well as other lands. The arrival of Huguenots from France brought in new skills that expanded the industry.

223: 186: 173: 3078:—a conflagration that destroyed millions of lives in central Europe, but only barely touched Britain. The intense hatred and rivalry of Catholic versus Protestant princes was the main cause. King James' determination to avoid involvement in the continental conflict, even during the "war fever" of 1623, was one of the most significant, and most positive, aspects of his reign. 3035:. King James calculated that his daughter's marriage would give him diplomatic leverage among the Protestants. He thus planned to have a foot in both camps and be able to broker peaceful settlements. In his naïveté, he did not realise that both sides were playing him as a tool for their own goal of achieving the destruction of the other side. Spain's ambassador 3003:(reigned 1603–25) was sincerely devoted to peace, not just for his three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, but for Europe as a whole. He disliked Puritans and Jesuits alike, because of their eagerness for warfare. He called himself "Rex Pacificus" ("King of peace.") At the time, Europe was deeply polarised, and on the verge of the massive 2430:(1702–1710). She made Marlborough captain-general and head of the army; his brilliant victories boded well for Britain at first. But the war dragged on into an expensive stalemate. The opposition Tories had opposed the war all along, and now won a major electoral victory in 1710. Anne reacted by dismissing Marlborough and Godolphin and turning to 1538:. He cut the usual budget but it was not nearly enough. Then he discovered a series of ingenious methods to raise money without the permission of Parliament. They had been rarely used, but were nevertheless legal. He sold monopolies, despite their unpopularity. He fined the landowners for supposedly encroaching on the royal forests. Compulsory 2058:, who were hated by practically everyone else. Charles gave out high offices in England with an eye toward favouring his longtime allies, and making sure his erstwhile enemies received at least some symbolic positions. In Scotland he included all of the important factions from the 1640s. In Ireland he retained the men currently in power. 2497:, and in the rapidly growing industrial and financial communities of England. Scotland benefited, says historian G.N. Clark, gaining "freedom of trade with England and the colonies" as well as "a great expansion of markets." Clark argued that in exchange for the financial benefits and bribes that England bestowed, what it gained was: 1787:, the highly successful Parliamentarian general. He worked hard at the time to ensure good publicity for his reign, and his successful wars. He remains a favourite topic of historians even as he is one of the most controversial figures in British history and his intense religiosity has long been out of fashion. 2554:

The total population of England grew steadily in the 17th century, from 1600 to about 1660, then declined slightly and stagnated between 1649 and 1714. The population was about 4.2 million in 1603, 5.2 million in 1649, 5.1 million in 1660, 4.9 million in 1688, and 5.3 million

2477:

had been a major financial and humanitarian disaster. The Acts of Union refunded the losses of the Scottish investors in Darien. In basic terms, Scotland retained its own Presbyterian established church, and its own legal and educational systems, as well it is its own separate nobility. The Scots now

2334:

on his eastern frontiers; William worked to achieve a negotiated settlement between the Ottomans and the Empire. William displayed in imaginative Europe-wide strategy, but Louis always managed to come up with a counter play. William was usually supported by the English leadership, which saw France as

1850:

In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by a re-constituted Parliament; since he had been instrumental in abolishing the monarchy he said no after long deliberation. He ruled as king in all but name, but his office was not hereditary. Instead Cromwell was to nominate his own successor. Cromwell's new

2939:

provided land for migrants, masts for the navy, food for the West Indies slaves, and tobacco for the home and the re-export trades. The British gained dominance in the trade with India, and largely dominated the highly lucrative slave, sugar, and commercial trades originating in West Africa and the

2598:

in 1563. King James VI and I made the suppression of witchcraft a high priority in both Scotland, and (in 1604) in England. Judges across England sharply increased their investigation of accused 'witches', thus generating a body of highly detailed local documentation that has provided the main basis

1824:

In December 1653 Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector, with powers akin to those of a monarch. Cromwell's power was buttressed by his continuing popularity among the army, which he had built up during the civil wars, and which he subsequently prudently guarded, and during his period of dictatorship

1533:

English government was quite small, for the king had no standing army, and no bureaucracy stationed around the country. Laws were enforced primarily by local officials controlled by the local elites. Military operations were typically handled by hired mercenaries. The greatest challenge King Charles

3058:

Lord Buckingham in the 1620s wanted an alliance with Spain. Buckingham took Charles with him to Spain to woo the Infanta in 1623. However, Spain's terms were that James must drop Britain's anti-Catholic intolerance or there would be no marriage. Buckingham and Charles were humiliated and Buckingham

2943:

The government supported the private sector by incorporating numerous privately financed London-based companies for establishing trading posts and opening import-export businesses across the world. Each was given a monopoly of trade to the specified geographical region. The first enterprise was the

2663:

Historians have looked at local documents to see how many men and women used their signature and how many used X's. Literacy rates were very low before 1500, but grew steadily in the next three centuries, with men twice as likely to be literate as comparable women. In 1500, literacy rates for women

2201:

argues that this revolution was the first modern revolution; it was violent, popular, and divisive. He rejects older theories to the effect that it was an aristocratic coup or a Dutch invasion. Instead, Pincus argues it was a widely supported and decisive rejection of James II. The people could not

2170:

with professional officers and careerist corporals and sergeants. It relied on militia organised by local officials, private forces mobilised by the nobility, or on hired mercenaries from Europe. Cromwell changed all that with his New Model Army of 50,000 men, that proved vastly more effective than

1422:

England was ruled at the national level by royalty and nobility, and at the local level by the lesser nobility and the gentry. Together they comprised about 2% of the families, owned most of the good farmland, and controlled local government affairs. The aristocracy was growing steadily in numbers,

2890:

Historians have always emphasised the localism in rural England, with readers gaining the impression that the little villages were self-contained communities. However, Charles Phythian-Adams has used local evidence to paint a much more complex picture. Data from the location of brides and grooms,

2132:

units. Cromwell had used his standing army to take full personal control, and so it was much to be feared as a threat to traditional liberties. The New Model Army was permanently disbanded, and all the soldiers received their full back pay. On the other hand, as long as enemy nations such as Spain

2028:

perspective involved a greater respect for Parliament. The two perspectives eventually coalesced into opposing political factions throughout the 18th century. The second lesson was that the highly moralistic Puritans were too inclined to divisiveness and political extremes. The Puritans and indeed

2929:

so powerful that no rival could sweep its ships from the world's trading routes, or invade the British Isles. Wool was the great commercial product. Home production of wool supplied internal needs, while raw wool and wool cloth made up 75–90% of exports. Trade was extensive with France, the Low

2734:

Each coffeehouse specialised in a different type of clientele. In one, physicians could be consulted. Others served Protestants, Puritans, Catholics, Jews, literati, merchants, traders, fops, Whigs, Tories, army officers, actors, lawyers, clergy, or wits. The coffeehouses provided England's first

2726:

The first coffee houses appeared in the mid-1650s and quickly became established in every city in many small towns. They exemplified the emerging standards of middle-class masculine civility and politeness. Downtown London boasted about 600 by 1708. Admission was a penny for as long as a customer

2206:

modernisation of the state. What they got instead was the vision of William of Orange, shared by most leading Englishmen, that emphasised consent of all the elites, religious toleration of all Protestant sects, free debate in Parliament and aggressive promotion of commerce. Pincus sees a dramatic

2924:

As an island there was little incentive for gaining new territory. In the Tudor and Stuart periods the main foreign policy goal (besides protecting the homeland from invasion) was the building a worldwide trading network for its merchants, manufacturers, shippers and financiers. This required a

2651:

There was no free schooling for ordinary children, but in the towns and cities small local private schools were opened for the benefit of the boys of the middle classes, and a few were opened for girls. The rich and the nobility relied on private tutors. Private schools were starting to open for

2019:

Widespread dissatisfaction with the lack of the king led to the Restoration in 1660, which was based on strong support for inviting Charles II to take the throne. The restoration settlement of 1660 reestablished the monarchy, and incorporated the lessons learned in the previous half century. The

1435:

in the 1530s were sold mostly to local gentry, greatly expanding the wealth of that class of gentlemen. The gentry tripled to 15,000 from 5000 in the century after 1540. Many families died out, and others moved up, so that three-fourths of the peers in 1714 had been created by Stuart kings since

2713:

The best-known fact about the Restoration drama is that it is immoral. The dramatists did not criticise the accepted morality about gambling, drink, love, and pleasure generally, or try, like the dramatists of our own time, to work out their own view of character and conduct. What they did was,

2347:; they shared little information with their English counterparts. The net result was that the Netherlands remained independent, and France never took control of the Spanish Netherlands. The wars were very expensive to both sides but inconclusive. William died just as the continuation war, the 2069:

who were tracked down for punishment. The terms of the settlement included giving the King a fixed annual payment of £1.2 million; Scotland and Ireland added small additional amounts. It was illegal to use dubious non-parliamentary fund-raising such as payments for knighthood, forced loans, and

1509:

in 1627 were total disasters. Widespread rumour shaped public opinion that blamed Buckingham, rather than the king, for the ills that beset England. When Parliament twice opened impeachment proceedings, the king simply prorogued (suspended) the Parliament. Buckingham was assassinated in 1628 by

2968:

Woolen cloth was the chief export and most important employer after agriculture. The golden era of the Wiltshire woolen industry was in the reign of Henry VIII. In the medieval period, raw wool had been exported, but now England had an industry, based on its 11 million sheep. London and towns

2036:

The Restoration of 1660 was a deliberate return to the stability of the early 17th century. There was very little recrimination. King Charles acted with moderation and self-restraint, and with energy and attention to details. The king reached out to everyone, finding high positions for his old

1542:

had been established in the Middle Ages when men of certain wealth were ordered to become knights in the king's service, or else pay a fine. When knighthood lost its military status, the fines continued for a time, but they had been abandoned by 1560. James reinstated the fine, and hired new

2179:. In 1689, William III expanded the army to 74,000 soldiers, and then to 94,000 in 1694. Parliament became very nervous, and reduced the cadre to 7,000 in 1697. Scotland and Ireland had theoretically separate military establishments, but they were unofficially merged with the English force. 2070:

especially the much-hated ship money. Parliament did impose an entirely new excise tax on alcoholic beverages that raise substantial sums, as did the customs, for foreign trade was flourishing. Parliament closed down the harsh special courts that Charles had used before 1642, such as the

1470:

established real control over Ireland for the first time, bringing a centralised government to the entire island, and successfully disarmed the native lordships. The great majority of the Irish population remained Catholic, but James promoted Protestant plantations from Scotland into the

1815:

beliefs – which saw a sanhedrin as the precondition of Christ's rule on earth – he was attracted by the idea of an assembly made up of a cross-section of sects. However, its failure to deal with the complex political, legal and religious problems facing England soon led to its closeure.

1706:

on 3 September 1651. Historians debate whether the main determinant of the outcome was based on superior operational decisions and decisive battlefield events (as argued by Malcolm Wanklyn), or rather Parliament's long-run superiority in manpower and money (as argued by Clive Holmes).

2622:

England and build a godly community. As the process of psychological modernisation reached more and more people, fears of witchcraft and magic tended to steadily diminish. After 1660 Puritans were largely excluded from the judiciary and lost their power to investigate. In 1712,

3156:(1672–74), the British counted on a new alliance with France but the outnumbered Dutch outsailed both of them, and King Charles II ran short of money and political support. The Dutch gained domination of sea trading routes until 1713. The British gained the thriving colony of 2687: 2308:

to invade England in 1688 was to overthrow the king James II, and stop his efforts to reestablish Catholicism and tolerate Puritanism. However the primary reason William accepted the challenge was to gain a powerful ally in his war to contain the threatened expansion of King

2501:

of inestimable value. Scotland accepted the Hanoverian succession and gave up her power of threatening England's military security and complicating her commercial relations ... The sweeping successes of the eighteenth-century wars owed much to the new unity of the two

1552:", intended for naval defences, upon interior towns. Protests now escalated to include urban elites. All the new measures generated long-term outrage, but they did balance the short-term budget, which averaged £600,000, without the need to call Parliament into session. 3125:

were a series of three wars which took place between the English and the Dutch from 1652 to 1674. The causes included political disputes and increasing competition from merchant shipping. Religion was not a factor, since both sides were Protestant. The British in the

2367:

William III was the Deliverer of England from the tyranny and arbitrary government of the Stuarts....He repaired and improved an obsolete system of government, and left it strong enough to withstand the stresses of the next century virtually unchanged. The army of

2313:. William's goal was to build coalitions against the powerful French monarchy, protect the autonomy of the Netherlands (where William continued in power) and to keep the Spanish Netherlands (present-date Belgium) out of French hands. The English elite was intensely 2175:, By 1685 it had grown to 7500 soldiers in marching regiments, and 1400 men permanently stationed in garrisons. A rebellion in 1685 allowed James II to raise the forces to 20,000 men. There were 37,000 in 1678, when England played a role in the closing stage of the 1598:, which required Parliament to be summoned at least once every three years, and permitted the Lord Keeper and 12 peers to summon Parliament if the king failed to do so. The Act was coupled with a subsidy bill, and so to secure the latter, Charles grudgingly granted 2225:

During the joint rule of William and Mary, William made the decisions when he was in Britain; Mary was in charge when he was out of the country and also handled Church affairs. William encouraged the passage of major laws that protected personal liberties. of the

2934:

of German trading cities had once controlled 40% of the English trade, but it rapidly lost that role after 1500 and was expelled from England in 1598. The English colonies in the West Indies provided sugar, most of which was re-exported to the Continent. The

1534:

faced in ruling without a parliament was raising money. The crown was in debt nearly £1.2 million; financiers in the City refused new loans. Charles saved money by signing peace treaties with France in 1629 and Spain in 1630, and avoiding involvement in the

2714:

according to their respective inclinations, to mock at all restraints. Some were gross, others delicately improper ... The dramatists did not merely say anything they liked: they also intended to glory in it and to shock those who did not like it.

2020:

first basic lesson was that the king and the parliament were both needed, for troubles cumulated when the king attempted to rule alone (1629–1640), when Parliament ruled without a king (1642–1653) or when there was a military dictator (1653–1660). The

3007:(1618–1648), with the smaller established Protestant states facing the aggression of the larger Catholic empires. On assuming the throne, James made peace with Catholic Spain, and made it his policy to marry his son to the Spanish Infanta (princess) 2321:

and ought to be overthrown. In May 1689, William, now king of England, with the support of Parliament, declared war on France. England and France would be at war almost continuously until 1713, with a short interlude 1697–1701 made possible by the

2317:, and generally supported William's broad goals. For his entire career in Netherlands and Britain, William was the arch-enemy of Louis XIV. The French king denounced William as a usurper who had illegally taken the throne from the legitimate king 2053:

ended in failure in 1667, the king removed Clarendon in a severe confrontation; the earl was accused of treason and was banished to France. Charles was willing to talk to every faction in England, Ireland and Scotland, even with the

2335:

its greatest enemy. But eventually the expenses, and war weariness, but the second thoughts. At first, Parliament voted him the funds for his expensive wars, and for his subsidies to smaller allies. Private investors created the

1518:

to rule, and he was unable to work successfully with Parliament. By 1628 he and Buckingham had transformed the political landscape. In 1629 the king dissolved parliament and began a period of eleven years of personal rule.

2708:

fell out of power, the tight social norms gave way to more liberal pleasures. The theatres returned, and played a major role in high society in London, where they were patronised by royalty. Historian George Clark argues:

2919:

we are the most "diligent nation in the world. Vast trade, rich manufactures, mighty wealth, universal correspondence, and happy success have been constant companions of England, and given us the title of an industrious

2742:

opened in 1686 and specialised in providing shipping news for a clientele of merchants, insurers, and shipowners. In a few years it moved to a private business office that eventually became the famous insurance exchange

2082:. Parliament watched Charles' ministers closely for any signs of defiance, and was ready to use the impeachment procedure to remove offenders and even to pass bills of attainder to execute them without a trial. 5244: 2786:

The period also witnessed the growth of a culture of political news and commentary on political events. This was engaged in by both elites and laypeople, often involving a critical view or "skeptical reading".

1547:

among thousands of other country gentlemen across rural England. £173,000 was raised, in addition to raising bitter anger among the gentry. The king finally crossed the line of legality when he began to levy

3176:

and the accession of King James I. There was a break in the middle but the Stuarts were restored to the throne in 1660. It ended in 1714 (after 111 years) with the death of Queen Anne and the accession of

1427:, had a favoured position in legal matters, enjoyed the highest positions in society, and held seats in the House of Lords. In 1611, the king looking for new revenue sources created the hereditary rank of 2639:. Witchcraft was a minor issue of little importance in Ireland. However, Scotland was a major centre of suppression; 3900 Scots were tried; two thirds were convicted and executed, the last of whom was 2847:, London in 1622. Numerous architects worked on the decorative arts, designing intricate wainscoted rooms, dramatic staircases, lush carpets, furniture, and clocks in country houses open to tourism. 3023:

on 14 February 1613 was more than the social event of the era; the couple's union had important political and military implications. Across Europe, the German princes were banding together in the

2719: 2481:

The long-term economic benefits took a couple of generations to be realised, and long-standing distrust continued for generations. The risk of war between the two was greatly diminished, although

3149:" (that is, the use of force to protect and expand national trade, industry, and shipping.) Meanwhile, the French were building up fleets that threatened both the Netherlands and Great Britain. 1955:. The main argument was that the Civil War was a challenge launched by the rising gentry class to overcome the power of the Crown and the aristocracy. Marxists like Hill saw the war as England's 7915: 2326:. The combined English and Dutch fleets could overpower France in a far-flung naval war, but France still had superiority on land. William wanted to neutralise that advantage by allying with 1440:"—about the theory that the rising gentry class increasingly took power away from the static nobility, and generally reject it. Both the gentry and the nobility were gaining power, and the 6036:

Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day

2473:

augmented by 45 Scots elected to Commons; it selected 16 Scottish peers for the House of Lords. Scotland was much smaller in terms of population and wealth. Its colonial venture in the

1444:

was not a battle between them. In terms of religious affiliation in England, the Catholics were down to about 3% of the population, but comprised about 12% of the gentry and nobility.

2911:

The 18th century was prosperous as entrepreneurs extended the range of their businesses around the globe. By the 1720s Britain was one of the most prosperous countries in the world,

1959:

revolution—that is, the overthrow of an outdated feudal order by the new middle class. The class conflict interpretation was vigorously challenged by conservative scholars, such as

2794:– where upper-class Englishman travelled to Italy – were a largely 18th century phenomenon. However, it originated in the 17th century with some of the earliest precedents set by 2664:

were 1%; by 1560 they had reached 5%; by 1640 about 10%; by 1710 about 25% (versus 50% for men). Two forces were at work: Protestant religion called for the ability to read the

8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 2575:

Historians have recently placed stress on how people at the time dealt with the supernatural, not just in formal religious practice and theology, but in everyday life through

2441:

with £200 a year. She began the practice of awarding high-quality gold medals as rewards for outstanding political or military achievements. They were produced at the Mint by

1514:, a dissatisfied Army officer. The assassin was executed, but he nevertheless became a heroic martyr across the three kingdoms. Like his father, King Charles believed in the 1423:

wealth, and power. From 1540 to 1640, the number of peers (dukes, earls, marquises, viscounts, and barons) grew from 60 families to 160. They inherited their titles through

2461:. Public opinion in Scotland was generally hostile, but elite opinion was supportive, especially after the English provided generous financial terms and timely bribes. The 1843:

Cromwell was aware of the contribution that Jewish financiers made to the economic success of Holland, now England's leading commercial rival. It was this that led to his

2972:

Government intervention proved a disaster in the early 17th century. A new company convinced Parliament to transfer to them the monopoly held by the old, well-established

5149: 2956:(1670) in Canada. The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa had been set up in 1662 to trade in gold, ivory and slaves in Africa; it was reestablished as the 1674:

The war period (1642–1651) saw a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, with most of the fighting in England. The

1277: 407: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 2085: 1382:

claimed that they were the true Stuart kings, but they were in exile and their attempts to return with French aid were defeated. The period ended with the death of

7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7532: 7527: 7522: 1220: 380: 2960:

in 1672 and focused on the slave trade. Other powers set up similar monopolies on a much smaller scale; only the Netherlands emphasised trade as much as England.

2152:

given more to drinking, gambling, swearing and whoring than to godliness – presided over by the King himself and his equally rakish brother James, Duke of York."

2457:

Scotland and England were entirely separate countries, having the same ruler since 1603. Queen Anne, ruling both countries, worked to bring them together in the

2197:

in 1688 as a decisive break in history, especially as it made the Parliament of England supreme over the King and guaranteed a bill of legal rights to everyone.

1282: 412: 2270:

to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require

1462:

died. He also became king of Ireland, but the English were just reestablishing lost control there. The English re-conquest was completed after victory in the

4103: 4703: 2614:

Historian Peter Homer has emphasised the political basis of the witchcraft issue in the 17th century, with the Puritans taking the lead in rooting out the

1431:, with a status below that of the nobility, and no seat in Lords, and a price tag of about £1100. The vast land holdings seized from the monasteries under 1317: 3141:(1665–67) Dutch naval victories followed. This second war cost London ten times more than it had planned on, and the king sued for peace in 1667 with the 2940:

West Indies. Exports were stable at £2.5 million from 1613 to 1669, then soared £6.5 million in 1700, to £14.7 million in 1760 and £43.2 million in 1800.

2278:. William was opposed to the imposition of such constraints, but he chose not to engage in a conflict with Parliament and agreed to abide by the statute. 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 2904: 2681: 2431: 1922:

of the Marxist interpretation emerged as a powerful explanation that seemed to tie all the details together. It portrayed a battle between the declining

1738:

was incapable of governing, and the Puritan army directly ruled the three kingdoms, to the growing disgust of all classes of people. The monopoly of the

2668:, and changing social and economic conditions. For example, towns grew rapidly, providing jobs in retailing in which literacy was a distinct advantage. 2089:

Colonists from the Massachusetts Bay Colony experienced minor interference from the king, and so were free to maintain their Puritan religious practices

1963:, who argued that the gentry was not rising but instead felt that its status was being undermined. It fought back against its exclusion from the power, 8419: 1260: 3036: 2133:

and France, had large standing armies, England was practically defenceless on land. King and Parliament all agreed on the wisdom of a strong expanded

1624: 271: 2567:(with a population of about 30,000 each). About 90% of the people lived in rural areas in 1500, compared to 80% of a much larger population in 1750. 400: 10115: 1911:

had provided the rich details on national politics, practically on a day-by-day basis. Scholars, however, generally neglected the local dimension.

1711: 1847:, 350 years after their banishment, in the hope that they would help speed up the recovery of the country after the disruption of the Civil Wars. 8640: 2627:

was the last woman found guilty of witchcraft in England. In 1735 Parliament no longer believed that witchcraft was real—despite the efforts of

1497:

King James was failing in physical and mental strength, because of this decision-making was increasingly in the hands of Charles and especially

2835:

Out in the countryside, numerous architects built country houses – the more magnificent the better, for the nobility and the wealthier gentry.

2635:

which made it a crime to accuse someone of witchcraft. The laws against witchcraft were not fully repealed until 1951 with the passing of the

2007: 9141: 9029: 6453: 5572: 1750:. Constitutionally, the wars convinced everyone that an English monarch cannot govern alone, nor could Parliament. They were both essential. 1240: 390: 5790: 5506: 2660:

provided some education for prospective Anglican ministers, but otherwise had academic standards well below their counterparts in Scotland.

9251: 7115: 2516: 986: 6797: 9415: 9397: 6958: 2875: 2520:, Johnson noted that Scotland was "a nation of which the commerce is hourly extending, and the wealth increasing" and in particular that 5395: 4567:

David Onnekink, "'Mynheer Benting now rules over us': the 1st Earl of Portland and the Re-emergence of the English Favourite, 1689–99."

2406:

Anne became queen in 1702 at age 37, succeeding William III whom she hated. For practically her entire reign, the central issue was the

1903:(1914–1918). Meanwhile, in the late 19th century, the remarkably high quality scholarship of archivally oriented historians, especially 6727: 6129:

Johnson, Richard R. "Politics Redefined: An Assessment of Recent Writings on the Late Stuart Period of English History, 1660 to 1714."

2973: 2258:. It provided that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the 2042: 1879:

interpretation. The Whig model, dominant in the 19th century, saw an inherent conflict between irresistible, truly English ideals of

456: 2339:

in 1694; it provided a sound system that made financing wars much easier by encouraging bankers to loan money. In the long-running

10110: 10014: 9425: 9126: 8467: 6737: 5436:

Ann M. Carlos and Stephen Nicholas. "'Giants of an Earlier Capitalism': The Chartered Trading Companies as Modern Multinationals."

2373: 2113:, but they kept a low profile during the interregnum. Charles II cancelled their charters and imposed centralised rule through the 1833: 1310: 3414: 2984: 2330:, the Habsburg Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1658–1705), who was based in Vienna, Austria. Leopold, however, was tied down in 10105: 8397: 8138: 5308:'Charles II, 1666: An Act for rebuilding the City of London.', Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628-80 (1819), pp. 603-12. URL: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2369: 1571: 1498: 584: 3711: 9435: 8412: 6582: 2344: 2246:, and those of non-Christian faiths. In December 1689, one of the fundamental constitutional documents in English history, the 3703:

David Coast, "Rumor and 'Common Fame': The Impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham and Public Opinion in Early Stuart England."

2591:; with over 5% of Europe's population in 1600, England executed only 1% of the 40,000 witches killed in the period 1400–1800. 7189: 6963: 6685: 6587: 5280: 5146: 2363:

is a leading specialist on William III, and like nearly all his biographers he has a highly favourable opinion of the king:

1543:

officials to search local records to find wealthy men who did not have knighthood status. They were forced to pay, including

256: 3504: 10045: 10024: 9024: 8635: 8133: 5169: 3105: 5125:

Brian Cowan, "What Was Masculine about the Public Sphere? Gender and the Coffeehouse Milieu in Post-Restoration England."

2093:

Religious issues proved the most difficult to resolve. Charles reinstated the bishops, but also tried to reach out to the

9430: 6720: 3907:

Paul Christianson, "The Peers, the People, and Parliamentary Management in the First Six Months of the Long Parliament."

2795: 1844: 1303: 2730:

Many businessmen conducted their affairs there, and some even kept scheduled hours. Historian Mark Pendergast observes:

2437:

Anne took a lively interest in affairs of state, and was a noted patroness of theatre, poetry and music. She subsidised

9695: 9284: 9279: 8364: 6807: 5822: 3761: 2537: 2377: 2038: 43: 8555: 10090: 10075: 8628: 8405: 8104: 7485: 6493: 6446: 5839: 5333: 5019: 4833: 4627: 3815: 3788: 3736: 3645: 3599: 2542: 2202:

tolerate James any longer. He was too close to the French throne; he was too Roman Catholic; and they distrusted his

1579: 772: 3134:" which were well suited to the naval tactics of the era. The British also captured numerous Dutch merchant ships. 10070: 9767: 9244: 9041: 8538: 8494: 8384: 7108: 6782: 6518: 6503: 6498: 6488: 3040: 2485:

raids launched from the north hit England for another forty years. The new Britain used its power to undermine the

2207:

transformation that reshaped religion, political economy, foreign policy and even the nature of the English state.

2118: 1250: 979: 5610:: James VI and I and the Problem of Peace in an Age of Religious War," in Daniel Fischlin and Mark Fortier, eds., 5542:"Alderman Cockayne's Project and the Cloth Trade. The Commercial Policy of England in its main Aspects, 1603–1625" 5444: 4996: 4575: 9762: 9707: 9372: 9036: 8533: 7443: 7184: 6973: 6715: 6572: 6555: 5110: 4950: 4754: 4500: 4096: 2866:

regulated buildings of a certain material (preferably of brick or stone), wall thickness and street widths while

2161: 1086: 1076: 804: 446: 395: 295: 278: 3518: 1742:

on religion was strengthened by the suppression of the last remnants of Catholicism, and the powerful forces of

9131: 9019: 7490: 7145: 7045: 6993: 5909: 1063: 864: 476: 471: 441: 266: 6216:

The Commonwealth Of England: Documents Of The English Civil Wars, The Commonwealth And Protectorate, 1641–1660

5801: 2862:

in 1666 created the urgent necessity to rebuild many important buildings and stately houses. The accompanying

1338:. The period was plagued by internal and religious strife, and a large-scale civil war which resulted in the 9218: 9105: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8511: 8299: 6802: 6513: 5230: 3020: 2863: 2407: 2348: 2327: 2275: 2235: 2102: 1747: 1587: 894: 609: 5272:

The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion: Richard Lassels and "The Voyage of Italy" in the Seventeenth Century

3462: 3374: 2735:

egalitarian meeting place, where a man was expected to chat with his tablemates whether he knew them or not.

1354:, is included here for continuity, even though the Stuarts were in exile. The Cromwell regime collapsed and 9945: 9782: 9699: 9667: 9347: 8578: 8158: 7475: 7292: 7008: 6777: 6764: 6577: 6478: 6439: 3532: 3484: 2390: 2137:. But while the king tried to build up a small standing army, Parliament kept a very close, nervous watch. 1952: 1664: 1463: 1383: 739: 629: 466: 431: 132: 4916:

Jonathan Barry, "Introduction: Keith Thomas and the problem of witchcraft" in Jonathan Barry et al. eds.,

2128:, which demonstrated that a well-organized, well-led professional army was far superior to poorly trained 9703: 9237: 8618: 8354: 8314: 8279: 8201: 7431: 7314: 7140: 7101: 6837: 6832: 6732: 6680: 6550: 3243: 2840: 2759:

was formed in 1660; it sponsored and legitimised a renaissance of major discoveries, led most notably by

2636: 2624: 2466: 1619: 1583: 1528: 1375: 1347: 1293: 972: 669: 233: 203: 6190:

Walcott, Robert. "The Later Stuarts (1660–1714): Significant Work of the Last Twenty Years (1939–1959)"

5195: 10100: 10095: 10065: 9961: 9792: 9723: 9367: 8917: 8595: 8482: 8359: 8178: 8163: 7537: 7470: 6847: 6827: 6543: 6200:

Zagora, Perez. "English History, 1558–1640: A Bibliographical Survey," in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed.

2772: 2628: 2251: 2062: 1852: 1453: 899: 709: 684: 679: 599: 539: 251: 3430: 2747:. By the 1790s private clubs had become more popular and the penny coffee houses largely closed down. 2700:, musicians and well-bred ladies surround a man who is wearing a tub because he has lost his trousers. 1479:

or Scotch-Irish. In turn many of them migrated to the new American colonies during the Stuart period.

288: 10085: 10080: 10060: 9953: 9420: 9382: 9376: 9312: 9274: 9182: 8590: 8504: 8168: 7426: 6707: 6690: 6089:

Burgess, Glenn. "On Revisionism: An Analysis of Early Stuart Historiography in the 1970s and 1980s."

5805: 4149: 3524: 3446: 3178: 2559:

area held about 674,000 people, or one in nine of England's population. The next cities in size were

1804: 1387: 759: 749: 674: 644: 604: 544: 5675:

Joyce Lorimer, "The failure of the English Guiana ventures 1595–1667 and James I's foreign policy."

2037:

friends and allies as well as places for his former enemies. By far the most important role went to

10050: 9686: 9386: 9014: 9009: 8435: 8289: 8274: 8173: 7465: 7448: 7347: 7050: 6945: 6905: 6862: 6412: 5102:

Lawrence E. Klein, "Coffeehouse Civility, 1660–1714: An Aspect of Post-Courtly Culture in England"

2600: 2106: 2075: 1856: 1679: 1649: 859: 729: 714: 624: 619: 499: 9510: 8427: 5541: 2899: 2144:

that far exceeded anything England had ever seen. Harris says, "At the center of this world was a

10055: 9881: 9713: 9392: 9357: 9197: 9136: 8349: 8337: 8266: 8193: 7253: 6925: 6670: 6523: 6385: 6345: 6139:

Lake, Peter. "From Revisionist to Royalist History; or, Was Charles I the First Whig Historian."

5524:

Economic Expansion and Social Change: England 1500–1700: Volume 2, Industry, Trade and Government

5503: 3394: 2953: 2739: 2657: 2114: 2097:. Catholics were entirely shut out of opportunities to practice their religion or connect to the 1796: 1763: 1723: 1691: 1675: 1637: 1615: 734: 649: 524: 336: 5852:(Oxford UP, 2000) (The New Oxford History of England), a wide-ranging standard scholarly survey. 4039:

Nathan Osterman, "The Controversy over the Proposed Readmission of the Jews to England (1655)."

2478:

paid English taxes, although in reduced rates, and had a voice in the affairs of Great Britain.

9930: 9747: 9742: 9680: 9440: 9362: 9337: 9327: 9146: 8528: 8499: 8472: 8211: 7495: 7377: 7038: 7026: 6978: 6915: 6675: 6647: 6562: 6086:(Oxford UP, 2015). 645pp 33 essays by experts on specialised topics; emphasis on historiography 3510: 3452: 3173: 3142: 3138: 3110: 2879: 2595: 2462: 2446: 2438: 2305: 2291: 2216: 2050: 1982: 1904: 1876: 1837: 1715: 1653: 1511: 1467: 1459: 1371: 1339: 914: 784: 744: 689: 589: 461: 300: 127: 9574: 5821:(1996), 630pp; 300 short essays by experts emphasis on politics, religion, and historiography 5766: 5078: 5009: 4823: 3805: 3637: 1458:

James VI, king of Scotland, also became king of the entirely separate kingdom of England when

1374:. Mary's sister Anne was the last of the line. For the next half century James II and his son 9992: 9914: 9732: 9672: 9322: 9213: 9110: 8477: 8326: 8304: 8294: 7480: 7421: 7248: 7075: 6988: 6983: 6819: 5392: 5047:

Jackie Eales, "To booke and pen: Women, education and literacy in Tudor and Stuart England."

3778: 3589: 3420: 3258: 3153: 3127: 3114: 2957: 2811:

was also an early influence on the Grand Tour. The first mention of the term can be found in

2803: 2631:, the Scottish Lord who made a fool of himself speaking in opposition. Parliament passed the 2470: 2002: 1908: 1888: 1829: 1772: 1695: 1668: 1663:

ruled directly from 1653 to his death in 1658, whereupon his Commonwealth disintegrated. The

1567: 1515: 1437: 1432: 1379: 1355: 1153: 909: 889: 869: 849: 824: 809: 779: 699: 659: 639: 564: 112: 86: 81: 7337: 5703:

Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650–1668

5323: 4215:

The Machiavellian moment: Florentine political thought and the Atlantic republican tradition

9872: 9736: 9676: 9455: 9445: 9341: 8545: 8150: 7352: 7307: 7167: 7021: 6935: 6695: 6662: 6657: 6528: 6483: 5547: 5309: 3400: 3161: 3075: 3068: 3032: 3016: 3004: 2936: 2859: 2744: 2653: 2231: 2079: 1800: 1683: 1629: 1535: 1492: 1343: 934: 919: 904: 844: 834: 754: 614: 529: 107: 48: 22: 6842: 6183:

Underdown, David. "New Ways and Old and Early Stuart History," in Richard Schlatter, ed.,

2033:, a professional force controlled by the king. This solution became highly controversial. 8: 9922: 9802: 9777: 9772: 9752: 9582: 9534: 9351: 9302: 9192: 8231: 8183: 8109: 8096: 7438: 7390: 7280: 7226: 7216: 7204: 7055: 6953: 6897: 6702: 6533: 6508: 6470: 6462: 6303: 3436: 3274: 3052: 3008: 2696: 2632: 2411: 2318: 2310: 2247: 2227: 2194: 2188: 2012: 1998: 1975: 1703: 1659:

The monarchy was temporarily displaced by the Commonwealth of England from 1649 to 1660.

1640:

of 1642–1645 ended in victory for the Parliamentarians over the Royalists (often called "

1476: 1363: 1359: 1022: 939: 929: 879: 814: 789: 704: 554: 549: 517: 351: 319: 241: 117: 5350:

Societies, Cultures and Kinship, 1580–1850: Cultural Provinces and English Local History

2024:

perspective involved a greater respect for the king, and for the Church of England. The

1783:

In 1649–59 the dominant figure in England—although he refused the offer of kingship—was

9937: 9843: 9718: 9566: 9460: 9332: 9317: 9260: 9162: 8457: 8452: 8284: 8223: 7460: 7357: 7302: 7285: 7265: 7157: 7132: 7124: 7070: 6930: 6910: 6852: 6599: 6373: 6333: 5730:

Gijs Rommelse, "The role of mercantilism in Anglo‐Dutch political relations, 1650–74."

5564: 3538: 3478: 3468: 3060: 2949: 2677: 2652:

young men of the upper classes, and universities operated in Scotland and England. The

2588: 2587:

began in England in 1563, and hundreds were executed. England was spared the frenzy on

2576: 2490: 2458: 2340: 2287: 2267: 2220: 2110: 1943:. Marxists downplayed the religious dimension. On one side, influential names included 1367: 1166: 1006: 924: 854: 799: 794: 719: 694: 664: 559: 534: 494: 451: 346: 212: 122: 1981:

Marxist historiography itself lost much of its intellectual support after the 1960s. "

9836: 9728: 9187: 8236: 7342: 7241: 7194: 7033: 6743: 6039: 5920: 5835: 5814:(Oxford History of England) (2nd ed. 1959), a wide-ranging standard scholarly survey. 5782:(Oxford History of England) (2nd ed. 1956), a wide-ranging standard scholarly survey. 5329: 5276: 5211: 5015: 4829: 4623: 4530:

The New Cambridge Modern History, VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1725

3811: 3784: 3757: 3732: 3708: 3641: 3630: 3595: 3227: 3048: 2547: 2360: 2331: 2323: 2259: 2255: 2243: 2239: 2203: 1960: 1812: 1739: 1611: 1441: 1049: 874: 839: 724: 654: 579: 574: 331: 261: 52: 2351:, (1702–1714), was beginning. It was fought out by Queen Anne, and ended in a draw. 2238:. It did not, however, extend toleration as far as he wished, still restricting the 9898: 9598: 9518: 8585: 8521: 8332: 8246: 7416: 7275: 7258: 7016: 6968: 6920: 6792: 6787: 6632: 6622: 6423: 5623:

W. B. Patterson, "King James I and the Protestant cause in the crisis of 1618–22."

5556: 5363:

British transport: an economic survey from the seventeenth century to the twentieth

5203: 4708: 3182: 3131: 3122: 3064: 3024: 2931: 2871: 2176: 2149: 2045:

in 1660. He was largely in control of royal affairs, especially after his daughter

1887:

represented by The Puritans and Roundheads, overcoming the medieval concept of the

1767: 1735: 1727: 1719: 1391: 1230: 884: 829: 819: 594: 569: 385: 341: 153: 5651:

England's Troubles: 17th-century English Political Instability in European Context

4720: 9890: 9172: 8573: 8487: 8342: 8322: 8241: 7372: 7332: 7209: 7162: 6880: 6875: 6642: 6627: 6119:

Hirst, Derek. "Of Labels and Situations: Revisionisms and Early Stuart Studies."

6063: 5829: 5719: 5510: 5448: 5399: 5153: 5114: 5062:

English Girlhood at School: A Study of Women's Education through twelve centuries

4954: 4758: 4617: 4579: 4504: 4107: 3715: 3365: 2945: 2812: 2718: 2691: 2604: 2336: 2140:

Puritanism was entirely out of fashion, as the royal court introduced a level of

2094: 1784: 1776: 1759: 1731: 1699: 1687: 1660: 1561: 1544: 1351: 1335: 1106: 944: 634: 436: 314: 283: 148: 5297:

The Cambridge Cultural History of Britain: Volume 4, Seventeenth Century Britain

3936:

Useful textbooks include Clayton Roberts, F. David Roberts, and Douglas Bisson,

3039:

knew how to manipulate the king. The Catholics in Spain, as well as the Emperor

2493:

Ambitious Scots now had major career opportunities in the fast-growing overseas

1891:. Historians became increasingly uncomfortable with the writing of history as a 10004: 9864: 9828: 9646: 9307: 9167: 8623: 8206: 8121: 7453: 7367: 7231: 7179: 6870: 6772: 6617: 5947:

O'Brien, Patrick K. "The Political Economy of British Taxation, 1660‐1815", in

5749:

The Nerves of State: Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558-1714

3380: 3157: 3094: 3000: 2776: 2556: 2507: 2400: 2271: 2125: 1948: 1919: 1896: 1868: 1412: 962: 504: 102: 9614: 6144: 6124: 6114: 6104: 5877: 4596:

The Making of a Great Power: Late Stuart and Early Georgian Britain, 1660–1722

2395: 10039: 9072: 9051: 8256: 7362: 6998: 6885: 6592: 6325: 6075:

Baxter, Steven B. "The Later Stuarts: 1660–1714," in Richard Schlatter, ed.,

5215: 4712: 3996:

C.H. Midgley, "Political thinking and the creation of the Assembly of 1653."

3875: 3086: 3012: 2948:

set up in 1555 to trade with Russia. Other prominent enterprises included he

2850: 2808: 2756: 2511: 2486: 2474: 2263: 2198: 2167: 2030: 1972: 1884: 1595: 1424: 1210: 1200: 1036: 1002: 375: 370: 246: 5325:

The Birth of Modern London: The Development and Design of the City 1660–1720

4697: 2839:, one of the most well-known of Stuart-era architects built the magnificent 2250:, was passed. The Act restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier 1811:" of saints. Although Cromwell did not subscribe to Harrison's apocalyptic, 9787: 9638: 9590: 9550: 9056: 8379: 8251: 8116: 7502: 7297: 7236: 7199: 6538: 5536: 5207: 3405: 3385: 3211: 3195: 3146: 2993: 2912: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2608: 2607:

study witchcraft by combining historical research with concepts drawn from

2494: 2442: 2410:

in which Britain played a major role in the European-wide alliance against

2172: 2098: 2071: 1944: 1937: 1872: 1599: 1575: 1488: 1408: 1178: 1140: 1128: 1096: 358: 309: 181: 176: 76: 71: 9542: 7082: 6202:

Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939

5270: 5234:, 2nd ed. (2000) and idem, Inigo Jones's "Roman Sketchbook", 2 vols (2006) 2827: 1566:

Revolts broke out in Scotland in response to the king's imposition of the

9856: 9848: 9691: 9502: 7411: 7395: 7270: 7172: 6754: 6567: 6276: 3082: 2836: 2640: 2314: 1986: 1968: 1956: 1933: 1927: 1900: 1892: 1188: 363: 6185:

Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966

6178: 6077:

Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966

5867: 5143:

Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World

4978:

Andrew Sneddon, "Witchcraft belief and trials in early modern Ireland."

4931:

Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study

4303:

Britain and her army, 1509–1970: a military, political and social survey

3896: 3846:

M. D. Gordon, "The Collection of Ship-money in the Reign of Charles I."

3835: 3692:

Ulster and North America: transatlantic perspectives on the Scotch-Irish

3130:(1652–54) had the naval advantage with larger numbers of more powerful " 2989: 1718:(1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of 1594:. To prevent the king from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the 1358:

had very wide support for his taking of the throne in 1660. His brother

9969: 9812: 9757: 9630: 9606: 9526: 9450: 9177: 9046: 8600: 8516: 8369: 8128: 7060: 6637: 6357: 6315: 6292: 6265:

The Eighteenth-century Constitution 1688–1815: Documents and Commentary

6195: 6134: 6094: 5980:

England's Glorious Revolution 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents

5952: 5568: 5441: 5130: 5107: 4947: 4892: 4572: 4377:

England's Glorious Revolution 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents

4044: 3912: 3851: 3028: 2926: 2791: 2780: 2771:. New scientific discoveries were made during this period, such as the 2584: 2580: 2482: 2415: 2134: 1795:

After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the

1549: 1539: 6431: 6154: 4876:

A concise economic history of Britain: From the earliest Times to 1750

4751: 4497: 4027: 1334:

of British history lasted from 1603 to 1714 during the dynasty of the

9820: 9622: 9229: 7150: 7093: 2844: 2690:

Refinement meets burlesque in Restoration comedy. In this scene from

2418:" coalition. She disliked them and relied instead on her old friends 2145: 2046: 1964: 1930: 1923: 1808: 1645: 1641: 1506: 9494: 6173:

Russell, Conrad. “Parliamentary History in Perspective, 1604–1629,”

5560: 5461:

The forging of the modern state: early industrial Britain, 1783–1872

2049:

married the king's brother James (he became king in 1685). When the

9082: 7507: 6749: 6159:

Monod, Paul Kleber. "A Restoration? 25 years of Jacobite studies."

3972:

Selling Cromwell's Wars: Media, Empire and Godly Warfare, 1650–1658

3830:

H. H. Leonard, "Distraint of Knighthood: The Last Phase, 1625–41."

3090: 3055:. They had the goal of expelling Protestantism from their domains. 2867: 2705: 2619: 2141: 2066: 2025: 1915: 1743: 3627: 1502: 9558: 9478: 9077: 7324: 7065: 6609: 6299: 4543:

The sinews of power: War, money, and the English state, 1688–1783

2564: 2560: 2521: 2296: 2129: 2055: 1967:

and payoff by an extravagant court, by the king's swelling state

1880: 1591: 1428: 5866:(Penguin History of Britain) (1997), standard scholarly survey; 4918:

Witchcraft in early modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief

2819:

The Grand Tour experienced considerable development after 1630.

2686: 9486: 6258:

The Political History of Tudor and Stuart England: A Sourcebook

6109:

Harris, Tim. "Revisiting the Causes of the English Civil War."

5885:

The Economic History of England: vol 2: The Age of Mercantilism

5872:

Kishlansky, Mark A. and John Morrill. "Charles I (1600–1649)",

5487:

The Economic History of England: vol 2: The age of mercantilism

4967:

Witchcraft, Witch-Hunting, and Politics in Early Modern England

4784:

Scottish Public Opinion and the Anglo-Scottish Union, 1699–1707

3891:

Conrad Russell, "Why Did Charles I Call the Long Parliament?."

3044: 2124:

Parliament was especially alarmed at the success of Cromwell's

2065:(1660). It covered everyone, with the exception of three dozen 1940: 1472: 6029:

Palaces of Revolution: Life, Death and Art at the Stuart Court

5935:

Imaging Stuart Family Politics: Dynastic Crisis and Continuity

5804:; 24 advanced essays by scholars; emphasis on historiography; 5761:

Burke, Peter "Popular Culture in Seventeenth-century London."

5073:

Peter Burke, "Popular culture in seventeenth-century London."

4602:(2002), pp 89–166; and for greater detail, Stephen B. Baxter. 4022:

Christopher Durston, "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals,"

9087: 7406: 4338:

The History of England from the accession of James the Second

3081:

During 1600–1650 the kings made repeated efforts to colonise

3074:

Frederick's election as King of Bohemia in 1619 deepened the

2999:

Stuart England was primarily consumed with internal affairs.

2665: 2615: 6244:

The Stuart Constitution, 1603–1688: Documents and Commentary

5917:

The Oxford illustrated History of Tudor & Stuart Britain

4942:

Clarke Garrett, ""Women and witches: Patterns of analysis."

2874:

was in charge of the rebuilding damaged churches. More than

7512: 5928:

The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History, 1660–2000

5164:

Keith Suter, "The Rise and Fall of English Coffee Houses,"

4746:

Joseph Hone, "Isaac Newton and the Medals for Queen Anne."

2594:

The government made witchcraft a capital crime under Queen

2021: 185: 5535: 4619:

William III and the Defense of European Liberty, 1650–1702

4604:

William III and the Defense of European Liberty, 1650–1702

4202:

Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland

2722:

A 19th century imaginative drawing of Lloyd's Coffee House

1671:, son of Charles I, to return from exile and become king. 172: 8374: 4887:

William Monter, "Re-contextualizing British witchcraft."

4492:

Mark A. Thomson, "Louis XIV and William III, 1689–1697."

2599:

for recent historical research on the topic. Historians

2266:

during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the

5612:

Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I

5310:

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=47390

5007: 2414:. Down until 1710, the Parliament was dominated by the " 2061:

The King and Parliament agreed on a general pardon, the

1992: 1702:. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the 1436:

1603. Historians engaged in a lively debate—dubbed the "

5961:(2 vol 1934), a wide-ranging standard scholarly survey. 4416:

William III, The Stadholder-king: A Political Biography

3574:

Clayton Roberts, David Roberts, and Douglas R. Bisson,

2878:

are attributable to Wren. His greatest achievement was

2193:

The British have always regarded the overthrow of King

1605: 2011:

King Charles II takes the throne in 1660, painting by

408:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

4993:

Witch-hunting in Scotland: Law, Politics and Religion

6060:

The Routledge Companion to the Stuart Age, 1603–1714

6048:(1967), comprehensive economic and business history. 6038:(1903) short essays by experts; illustrated' 946pp. 5942:

English People on the Eve of Colonization, 1603–1630

5773:

English Yeoman Under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts

3368:

produced six monarchs who ruled during this period.

5756:

Early Modern England 1485–1714: A Narrative History

4532:(1970) pp 154–192, 223–67, 284–90, 381–415, 741–54. 3576:

A History of England: Volume 1 (Prehistory to 1714)

2682:

English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries

2182: 1855:, a legislative instrument which replaced the 1653 413:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

6251:The English Civil War and Revolution: A Sourcebook 6194:67#2 (1962) pp. 352–370 DOI: 10.2307/1843428 5987:A History of England, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1714 5819:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 5540: 5321: 4696: 3938:A History of England, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1714 3632:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 3629: 3628:Ronald H. Fritze & William B. Robison (1996). 3561:For in-depth coverage, start with Lawrence Stone, 3172:The Stuart period began in 1603 with the death of 2524:had become one of the greatest cities of Britain. 1590:, was impeached the following day, and he fled to 6237:Sources and Debates in English History, 1485–1714 6055:(2004), a wide-ranging standard scholarly survey. 5968:(1955), a wide-ranging standard scholarly survey. 5966:England in the Reigns of James II and William III 5196:"Seeing Like a Statesman in Early Stuart England" 4615: 4481:A History of England: volume I Prehistory to 1714 4429:England in the Reigns of James II and William III 4403:England in the Reigns of James II and William III 4255:Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdom 1660–1685 4176:England in the Reigns of James II and William III 1648:" because of their short practical haircuts. The 10037: 6149:Morrill, John. "Revisionism's Wounded Legacies" 5944:(1954). scholarly study of occupations and roles 5827: 4863:Early modern England: a social history 1550–1760 4825:My Scotland, Our Britain: A Future Worth Sharing 4590:For summaries of foreign policy see J.R. Jones, 4528:For the European context, see J.S. Bromley, ed. 2304:The primary reason the English elite called on 1632:, which saw disputes on Church polity in England 5817:Fritze, Ronald H. and William B. Robison, eds. 5716:The Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century 3587: 3051:, were both heavily influenced by the Catholic 3047:-based leader of the Habsburgs and head of the 3037:Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar 2300:Europe in 1700; England and Ireland are in red. 1694:(1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of 6168:The Debate on the English Revolution Revisited 3063:, and massacred their followers. The Catholic 2527: 2452: 2210: 1899:, and the Whig approach lost favour after the 1819: 1790: 1652:was fought in 1648–1649; Charles lost and the 9245: 8413: 7109: 6447: 6099:Cressy, David. "The Blindness of Charles I." 6084:The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution 5899:The Restoration and the England of Charles II 5328:. Manchester University Press. pp. 1–9. 4390:The Eighteenth-century Constitution 1688–1815 1366:. He was replaced by his Protestant daughter 1311: 980: 57:An Island Story: A Child's History of England 6022:Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England 5677:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4821: 4707:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3848:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3015:". The marriage of James' daughter Princess 2517:A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland 1644:"). The Parliamentarians were often called " 1466:, 1594–1603. James' appointees in Dublin as 1417: 1402: 5926:Mulligan, William, and Brendan Simms, eds. 5923:, a wide-ranging standard scholarly survey. 5793:; a wide-ranging standard scholarly survey. 4850:The population history of England 1541–1871 3803: 2465:agreed to the terms and disbanded. The new 1522: 18:Period in British history from 1603 to 1714 9252: 9238: 8420: 8406: 7116: 7102: 6454: 6440: 5864:A Monarchy Transformed: Britain, 1603–1714 5389:The Wool Trade in Tudor and Stuart England 5182:Science and society in Restoration England 3959:Oliver Cromwell and the English revolution 2162:History of the British Army § Origins 1682:(1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of 1555: 1318: 1304: 987: 973: 42: 6235:Key, Newton, and Robert O. Bucholz, eds. 5906:Stuart Britain: A Very Short Introduction 5193: 4797:The Scottish Nation: A History, 1700–2000 4771:The Scottish Nation: A History, 1700–2000 3925:The English Civil War: A Military History 3810:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 136–45. 3616:A Monarchy Transformed, Britain 1630–1714 2885: 1836:, eventually won by the Royal Navy under 1803:. The Parliament was based on an idea of 1529:Charles I of England § Personal rule 457:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 9426:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 6364:Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland 5690:Spain & the Early Stuarts, 1585–1655 5011:A Social History of Education in England 4828:. Simon & Schuster UK. p. 150. 3563:The crisis of the aristocracy: 1558–1641 3104: 2983: 2898: 2849: 2826: 2717: 2685: 2536: 2394: 2384: 2354: 2295: 2084: 2006: 1834:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 1771: 1734:(1653–1658). When Cromwell died his son 1623: 10116:1714 disestablishments in Great Britain 6461: 6392:Ruling house of the Kingdom of England 6230:English Historical Documents, 1603–1660 5985:Roberts, Clayton and F. David Roberts. 5874:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5474:The English woollen industry, 1500–1750 4704:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3754:Charles I and the road to personal rule 3636:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 2854:St Paul's Cathedral by Christopher Wren 2570: 1889:king as the unquestionable voice of God 1851:rights and powers were laid out in the 1574:was taken into custody on 10 November; 1572:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford 1482: 10038: 9436:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 9259: 7123: 6223:English Historical Documents 1660–1714 5500:Wool Trade in Tudor and Stuart England 5268: 4351:The Oxford history of the British army 4325:The Oxford history of the British army 3776: 3726: 2345:William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland 2254:, and established restrictions on the 2101:in Rome. The Royalists won a sweeping 9233: 8401: 7097: 6435: 6228:Coward, Barry, and Peter Gaunt, eds. 5850:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727 5664:Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy 5376:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727 4694: 4622:. Greenwood Press. pp. 399–400. 4600:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727 4592:Country and Court: England, 1658–1714 4455:A land of liberty?: England 1689–1727 4069:Blair Worden, "History's Heroic Age" 3940:(5th ed. 2016) ch 14; Michael Lynch, 3751: 3690:Tyler Blethen and Curtis Wood, eds., 3493: 2514:made their tour in 1773, recorded in 2041:, who was made Earl of Clarendon and 1993:Restoration and Charles II: 1660–1685 1845:encouraging Jews to return to England 1475:region. The colonisers were known as 6020:Sharpe, Kevin, and Peter Lake, eds. 5989:(2nd ed. 2013), university textbook. 5751:(Manchester University Press, 1996). 4889:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4594:(1979), pp 279–90; Geoffrey Holmes, 4163:The debate on the English Revolution 4133:The debate on the English Revolution 4120:The debate on the English Revolution 4084:The debate on the English Revolution 4058:The debate on the English Revolution 3804:Coward, Barry; Gaunt, Peter (2017). 3185:. The yellow bars show Stuart rule. 3113:in 1653 was the final battle of the 1606:Civil War and Interregnum: 1642–1660 1397: 10020: 9431:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 6069: 6046:England's Apprenticeship, 1603–1763 5994:The Coming of the Civil War 1603–49 5831:British Politics in the Age of Anne 5775:(1942), rich coverage of rural life 5302: 5014:. Routledge. pp. 116, 154–55. 5008:John Lawson; Harold Silver (2013). 4598:(1993), pp 243–50, 434–39; Hoppit, 4097:"Country-House Radicals 1590–1660" 3783:. Clarendon Press. pp. 82–85. 3100: 2979: 2798:when he travelled to Italy in 1613. 1710:The overall outcome was threefold: 13: 8554: 6208: 6034:Traill, H. D. and J.S. Mann, eds. 5959:England in the Reign of Charles II 5787:The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714 5741: 5539:; Arthur Redford (December 1929). 4146:The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714 3807:The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714 3565:(abridged edition, 1967) pp 23–61. 2671: 467:History of the politics of England 14: 10127: 5973:1688: The First Modern Revolution 5754:Bucholz, Robert, and Newton Key. 5575:from the original on 21 July 2023 5412:The economy of England, 1450–1750 4980:Irish Economic and Social History 4905:Religion and the Decline of Magic 4848:E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, 4364:1688: The First Modern Revolution 3664:(2003) 2:1200–1206; J.H. Hexter, 3662:Reader's Guide to British History 3089:. They all failed and the lands ( 2543:Long View of London from Bankside 2281: 2148:court – a society of Restoration 1862: 1505:in 1625 and in support of French 1447: 462:History of the economy of England 10019: 10010: 10009: 9998: 9986: 9142:Scottish 18th-century literature 8429: 6053:Britain in Revolution: 1625–1660 5834:. A&C Black. p. 643pp. 5785:Coward, Barry, and Peter Gaunt. 5724: 5708: 5695: 5682: 5669: 5656: 5643: 5630: 5617: 5600: 5587: 5529: 5516: 5492: 5479: 5466: 5453: 5430: 5417: 5404: 5381: 5368: 5355: 5342: 5315: 5289: 5262: 5237: 5222: 5187: 5174: 5158: 5135: 5119: 5096: 3531: 3517: 3503: 3477: 3461: 3445: 3429: 3413: 3393: 3373: 2546:, detail from a 1647 drawing by 2376:, and to a large extent that of 2183:Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689 2155: 1278:Political history (1979–present) 956: 222: 184: 171: 10111:1603 establishments in Scotland 9373:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 7185:England in the late Middle Ages 5653:(Cambridge UP, 2000), pp 98–101 5425:The Economic History of England 5312:. Date accessed: 08 March 2007. 5231:The Evolution of the Grand Tour 5083: 5067: 5054: 5041: 5028: 5001: 4985: 4972: 4959: 4936: 4923: 4910: 4897: 4881: 4868: 4855: 4842: 4815: 4802: 4789: 4776: 4763: 4740: 4727: 4688: 4675: 4662: 4649: 4636: 4609: 4584: 4561: 4548: 4535: 4522: 4509: 4486: 4473: 4460: 4447: 4434: 4421: 4408: 4395: 4382: 4369: 4356: 4343: 4330: 4317: 4308: 4295: 4282: 4273: 4260: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4207: 4194: 4181: 4168: 4155: 4138: 4125: 4112: 4089: 4076: 4063: 4060:(Manchester UP, 1998) pp 65–97. 4050: 4033: 4016: 4003: 3990: 3977: 3964: 3951: 3930: 3917: 3901: 3885: 3869: 3856: 3840: 3824: 3797: 3770: 3745: 3720: 2974:Company of Merchant Adventurers 2930:Countries, and the Baltic. The 2831:The Banqueting House, Whitehall 2822: 2750: 2469:was in practice simply the old 1832:broke out in 1652, against the 1779:at the Battle of Naseby in 1645 1350:, largely under the control of 447:History of education in England 10106:1603 establishments in England 9285:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 9280:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 9132:Romantic literature in English 6015:The Personal Rule of Charles I 5606:Malcolm Smuts, "The making of 4695:Gregg, Edward (January 2012). 4655:Barry Coward and Peter Gaunt, 4340:(C.H. Firth ed. 1913) 1:136-38 4204:(Oxford UP, 1989) pp 133 – 214 4144:Barry Coward and Peter Gaunt, 3756:. Cambridge University Press. 3729:The personal rule of Charles I 3697: 3684: 3671: 3654: 3621: 3608: 3581: 3568: 3555: 2894: 1686:against the supporters of the 1582:was impeached on 18 December; 1362:was overthrown in 1689 in the 442:Government in medieval England 1: 8559:Floral Badge of Great Britain 6204:(Harvard UP, 1966), pp 119–40 6187:(Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 99–140 6153:(2015) 78#4 pp. 577–594 6079:(Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 141–66 5876:(2004; online edn, Oct 2008) 5798:A Companion to Stuart Britain 5361:H.J. Dyos and D.H. Aldcroft, 4735:Queen Anne: Patroness of Arts 3944:(1994); and Angela Anderson, 3679:The English and Their History 3594:. Routledge. pp. 23–25. 3548: 3021:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 2963: 2532: 2408:War of the Spanish Succession 2349:War of the Spanish Succession 2276:cruel and unusual punishments 1805:Major-General Thomas Harrison 1588:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 1283:Social history (1979–present) 1068: 1055: 1041: 1028: 167: 9668:Dublin Castle administration 8495:Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 6588:Colonization of the Americas 6151:Huntington Library Quarterly 6141:Huntington Library Quarterly 6121:Huntington Library Quarterly 6111:Huntington Library Quarterly 6101:Huntington Library Quarterly 5812:The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660 5780:The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714 5758:(2009); university textbook. 5638:The Early Stuarts: 1603–1660 5352:(Leicester, 1996), pp. 9–23. 5194:Millstone, N. (1 May 2014). 5104:Huntington Library Quarterly 5091:The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714 4810:The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714 4748:Huntington Library Quarterly 4721:UK public library membership 4644:The Later Stuarts 1660–1714. 4556:The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714 4517:The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714 4468:The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714 4011:Commonwealth to protectorate 3145:. It ended the fights over " 2646: 2618:'s work in their attempt to 2391:Anne, Queen of Great Britain 1656:took place in January 1649. 1251:Post-war Britain (political) 432:English overseas possessions 7: 10046:People of the Stuart period 8449:Constitutional development 6405:England and Scotland united 5322:Elizabeth McKellar (1999). 5299:(1992), pp 52–103, 276–307. 3985:The Rump Parliament 1648–53 3578:(4th ed. 2001) 1: 255, 351. 3359: 3167: 3160:, which was renamed as the 2637:Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951 2528:Social and economic history 2467:Parliament of Great Britain 2453:Union with Scotland in 1707 2332:war with the Ottoman Empire 2211:William and Mary: 1688–1702 1820:The Protectorate: 1653–1658 1791:The Commonwealth: 1649–1653 1753: 1730:under the personal rule of 1584:John Finch, 1st Baron Finch 1376:James Francis Edward Stuart 10: 10132: 9368:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 7190:Economy in the Middle Ages 6583:Economy in the Middle Ages 6544:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 6192:American Historical Review 6131:William and Mary Quarterly 6082:Braddick, Michael J., ed. 5036:The Scottish Enlightenment 4685:(Yale UP, 2001) pp viii–ix 4646:(2nd ed. 1955) pp 200–262. 4616:Stephen B. Baxter (1966). 4470:(2nd ed. 1956) pp 148–53. 4150:pp 4–5 available at Amazon 3705:Journal of British Studies 2773:laws of gravity and motion 2675: 2629:James Erskine, Lord Grange 2388: 2285: 2214: 2186: 2159: 2063:Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1996: 1871:came in two flavours: The 1853:Humble Petition and Advice 1757: 1609: 1559: 1526: 1486: 1454:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1451: 1406: 257:Economy in the Middle Ages 20: 9993:British Empire portal 9981: 9801: 9658: 9469: 9421:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 9406: 9313:Tudor conquest of Ireland 9293: 9275:Timeline of Irish history 9267: 9206: 9183:Proclamation of Rebellion 9155: 9119: 9098: 9065: 8611: 8566: 8552: 8442: 8313: 8265: 8222: 8192: 8149: 8095: 7386: 7323: 7131: 7007: 6944: 6896: 6861: 6818: 6763: 6686:Convention of the Estates 6656: 6608: 6469: 6420: 6408: 6399: 6390: 6380: 6369: 6362: 6352: 6340: 6330: 6322: 6310: 6297: 6289: 6273: 6001:England in Crisis 1640–60 5880:doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5143 5828:Holmes, Geoffrey (1987). 5625:Studies in Church History 5414:(1977), pp 48–55, 130–45. 5365:(1969) pp 19–44, 99–102. 5127:History Workshop Journal. 5106:59#1 (1996), pp. 30– 51. 4812:(2nd ed. 1956) pp 290–93. 4571:121.492 (2006): 693–713. 4569:English Historical Review 4494:English Historical Review 4483:(5th ed. 2013) pp 245–48. 4024:English Historical Review 3909:Journal of Modern History 3752:Reeve, Lovell J. (2003). 3731:. Yale University Press. 3591:English Society 1580–1680 3282: 1418:Rule of the upper-classes 1403:James VI and I: 1603–1626 1261:Post-war Britain (social) 1187: 1165: 1151: 1139: 1127: 1105: 180: 170: 162: 141: 95: 64: 41: 36: 31: 10091:18th century in Scotland 10076:17th century in Scotland 9687:Privy Council of Ireland 8436:Kingdom of Great Britain 6413:Kingdom of Great Britain 6253:(Routledge, 2013). 201pp 6093:(1990) 33#3 pp: 609–27. 5348:Charles Phythian-Adams, 4479:Clayton Roberts et al., 4323:David G. Chandler, ed., 4305:(1970) pp 90–98, 110–25. 3942:The interregnum: 1649–60 3895:69.227 (1984): 375–383. 3777:Davies, Godfrey (1959). 3588:Keith Wrightson (2002). 3181:, the first king of the 2992:being sacked in 1668 by 2107:Massachusetts Bay Colony 2103:election victory in 1661 2076:Court of High Commission 1857:Instrument of Government 1650:Second English Civil War 1580:Archbishop of Canterbury 1523:Personal rule: 1629–1640 585:East Riding of Yorkshire 500:Kingdom of Great Britain 51:and the soldiers of the 10071:17th century in England 9714:Court of Castle Chamber 9393:Irish Rebellion of 1798 9383:Williamite–Jacobite War 9358:Irish Rebellion of 1641 9198:Welsh Methodist revival 9137:Romanticism in Scotland 8534:Agricultural Revolution 8500:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784) 7254:Commonwealth of England 6386:Commonwealth of England 6346:Commonwealth of England 6064:excerpt and text search 5949:Economic History Review 5910:excerpt and text search 5868:excerpt and text search 5859:(Penguin, 1985), survey 5802:excerpt and text search 5732:Economic History Review 5438:Business History Review 5269:Chaney, Edward (1985). 5034:Alexander Broadie, ed. 4026:(1998) 113#450: 18–37. 3998:The Seventeenth Century 3618:(1997) pp 19–20, 24–25. 3244:Interregnum (1649–1660) 2658:University of Cambridge 2115:Dominion of New England 1875:interpretation and the 1797:Commonwealth of England 1764:Commonwealth of England 1724:Commonwealth of England 1638:First English Civil War 1620:Interregnum (1649–1660) 1616:Commonwealth of England 1556:Long Parliament of 1640 9748:Trinity College Dublin 9743:Grand Lodge of Ireland 9681:Irish House of Commons 9639:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh 9441:Act of Settlement 1662 9363:Irish Confederate Wars 9338:Plantations of Ireland 9328:Reformation in Ireland 9147:Blue Stockings Society 8560: 8483:American Revolutionary 7039:Court of the Lord Lyon 6214:Blitzer, Charles, ed. 6143:78.4 (2015): 657–681. 6123:78.4 (2015): 595–614. 6113:78.4 (2015): 615–635. 6103:78.4 (2015): 637–656. 5951:(1988) 41#1 pp: 1–32. 5440:62#3 (1988): 398–419. 4891:35.1 (2004): 105–111. 4750:79#1 (2016): 119–148. 4496:76.298 (1961): 37–58. 4268:Judge Sewall's Apology 3911:49.4 (1977): 575–599. 3834:63.207 (1978): 23–37. 3727:Sharpe, Kevin (1992). 3707:55.2 (2016): 241–267. 3525:St. James's Day Battle 3511:Battle of Marston Moor 3139:Second Anglo-Dutch War 3118: 3111:Battle of Scheveningen 2996: 2908: 2886:Localism and transport 2855: 2832: 2723: 2701: 2596:Elizabeth I of England 2585:persecution of witches 2551: 2463:Parliament of Scotland 2439:George Frideric Handel 2426:), and chief minister 2403: 2301: 2292:William III of England 2217:William III of England 2090: 2051:Second Anglo-Dutch War 2016: 1905:Samuel Rawson Gardiner 1877:Marxist historiography 1780: 1716:execution of Charles I 1698:and supporters of the 1654:execution of Charles I 1633: 1468:Lord Deputy of Ireland 1460:Elizabeth I of England 1370:and her Dutch husband 301:Black Death in England 9673:Parliament of Ireland 9323:Surrender and regrant 8558: 6676:Estates of Parliament 6263:Williams, E.N., ed., 6163:10.4 (2013): 311–330. 6058:Wroughton, John. ed. 5978:Pincus, Steven C. A. 5765:3.2 (1977): 143–162. 5747:Braddick, Michael J. 5734:63#3 (2010): 591–611. 5701:Steven C. A. Pincus, 5168:(Feb. 2005) 286#1669 5077:3.2 (1977): 143–162. 5051:119 (2013): 24:24–29. 4946:3#2 (1977): 461–470. 4822:Gordon Brown (2014). 4733:James Anderson Winn, 4659:(5th ed. 2017) ch 13. 4375:Steven C. A. Pincus, 4226:Hutton, pp. 136, 141. 4041:Jewish Social Studies 3946:The civil wars 1640-9 3154:Third Anglo-Dutch War 3128:First Anglo-Dutch War 3115:First Anglo-Dutch War 3108: 3031:, the capital of the 2987: 2958:Royal African Company 2902: 2853: 2830: 2807:(1611), published by 2721: 2689: 2676:Further information: 2555:in 1714. By 1714 the 2540: 2471:Parliament of England 2398: 2385:Queen Anne: 1702–1714 2355:Legacy of William III 2299: 2286:Further information: 2160:Further information: 2088: 2010: 2003:Charles II of England 1909:Charles Harding Firth 1830:First Anglo-Dutch War 1775: 1758:Further information: 1726:(1649–1653) and then 1665:Convention Parliament 1627: 1568:Book of Common Prayer 1527:Further information: 1516:divine right of kings 1438:Storm over the gentry 1433:Henry VIII of England 1386:and the accession of 1380:Charles Edward Stuart 21:Further information: 9677:Irish House of Lords 9456:Constitution of 1782 8546:Financial Revolution 8505:French Revolutionary 8105:Anglo-Saxon military 7293:Overseas possessions 6783:Early modern warfare 6514:Wars of Independence 6410:Ruling house of the 6371:Titles merged by the 6332:Ruling house of the 6256:Stater, Victor, ed. 6249:Lindley, Keith, ed. 5940:Notestein, Wallace. 5878:accessed 22 Aug 2017 5862:Kishlansky, Mark A. 5548:The Economic Journal 5489:(7th 1964) pp 10–92. 5208:10.1093/pastj/gtu003 4713:10.1093/ref:odnb/560 4388:E.N. Williams, ed., 4189:Early Modern England 3162:Province of New York 3093:) were ceded to the 3069:Electoral Palatinate 3033:Electoral Palatinate 2954:Hudson's Bay Company 2937:13 American colonies 2860:Great Fire of London 2817:The Voyage of Italy. 2815:' 17th century book 2740:Lloyd's Coffee House 2654:University of Oxford 2571:Witchcraft and magic 2252:Declaration of Right 2242:of Roman Catholics, 2232:religious toleration 2166:England never had a 2080:Council of the North 1936:, versus the rising 1838:Admiral Robert Blake 1801:Barebones Parliament 1722:with, at first, the 1630:Westminster Assembly 1493:Charles I of England 1483:Charles I: 1625–1649 23:Early modern Britain 9753:Order of St Patrick 9575:Mac William Íochtar 9352:Flight of the Earls 9303:Lordship of Ireland 9193:Speenhamland system 8641:Acts of Parliament: 8636:List of parliaments 7519:Acts of Parliament: 7286:Union with Scotland 7281:Glorious Revolution 7227:Union of the Crowns 7217:English Renaissance 7205:English Reformation 7146:Anglo-Saxon England 6573:Glorious Revolution 6534:Union of the Crowns 6509:Davidian Revolution 6463:Kingdom of Scotland 6304:Kingdom of Scotland 5915:Morrill, John, ed. 5796:Coward, Barry, ed. 5771:Campbell, Mildred. 5679:21#.1 (1993): 1–30. 5627:18 (1982): 319–334. 5166:Contemporary Review 4606:(1966), pp 288–401. 4095:Hugh Trevor-Roper, 4000:31.1 (2016): 37–56. 3850:4 (1910): 141–162. 3053:Counter-Reformation 3027:, headquartered in 2990:Puerto del Príncipe 2880:St Paul's Cathedral 2783:among many others. 2633:Witchcraft Act 1735 2420:Duke of Marlborough 2412:Louis XIV of France 2311:Louis XIV of France 2230:, which guaranteed 2228:Toleration Act 1689 2195:James II of England 2189:Glorious Revolution 2013:John Michael Wright 1999:English Restoration 1704:Battle of Worcester 1364:Glorious Revolution 1023:Prehistoric Britain 352:Glorious Revolution 320:English Renaissance 272:English unification 242:Prehistoric Britain 10005:Ireland portal 9783:Catholic Committee 9719:Peerage of Ireland 9527:Clann Aodha Buidhe 9461:Acts of Union 1800 9333:Desmond Rebellions 9261:Kingdom of Ireland 9163:East India Company 8561: 8529:Panic of 1796–1797 7476:Secretary of State 7158:Kingdom of England 7125:Kingdom of England 7076:Saint Andrew's Day 7046:Royal coat of arms 6911:Church of Scotland 6738:Secretary of State 6728:Acts of Parliament 6600:Union with England 6374:Acts of Union 1707 6334:Kingdom of England 6166:Richardson, R. C. 6161:Literature Compass 6091:Historical Journal 6051:Woolrych, Austin. 5937:(Routledge, 2017). 5933:Murray, Catriona. 5763:The London Journal 5714:James Rees Jones, 5688:Albert J. Loomie, 5526:(1984) pp 119–20. 5509:2017-09-05 at the 5447:2018-09-23 at the 5398:2017-09-05 at the 5200:Past & Present 5152:2017-08-24 at the 5141:Mark Pendergrast, 5113:2017-03-23 at the 5075:The London Journal 5060:Dorothy Gardiner, 4982:39.1 (2012): 1–25. 4953:2017-03-18 at the 4878:(1949), pp 188–89. 4757:2018-11-20 at the 4698:"Anne (1665–1714)" 4668:Coward and Gaunt, 4578:2018-08-31 at the 4558:(1956) pp 174–79. 4519:(1956) pp 160–74. 4503:2018-09-23 at the 4301:Correlli Barnett, 4292:(1985) pp 195–213. 4266:Francis, Richard. 4244:Hutton, pp 134–35. 4235:Hutton, pp 249–54. 4178:(1955) pp 195–221. 4106:2017-09-03 at the 3970:Nicole Greenspan, 3882:(1981), pp 324–26. 3714:2017-08-23 at the 3668:(1979) pp. 149–236 3660:David Loades, ed. 3539:Battle of Vigo Bay 3494:Historical gallery 3119: 3061:Kingdom of Bohemia 2997: 2950:East India Company 2909: 2905:London coffeehouse 2856: 2833: 2804:Coryat's Crudities 2790:The custom of the 2724: 2702: 2678:Restoration comedy 2589:Continental Europe 2552: 2491:Scottish Highlands 2459:Acts of Union 1707 2404: 2302: 2268:right to bear arms 2221:Mary II of England 2111:Connecticut Colony 2091: 2017: 1951:, and the Marxist 1781: 1634: 1602:in February 1641. 963:England portal 610:Greater Manchester 495:Kingdom of England 452:History of English 267:Anglo-Saxon period 55:as illustrated in 10101:1710s in Scotland 10096:1700s in Scotland 10066:Scottish monarchy 10033: 10032: 9729:Church of Ireland 9591:Bréifne Uí Ruairc 9227: 9226: 9188:South Sea Company 8478:French and Indian 8395: 8394: 8237:Church of England 7195:Wars of the Roses 7091: 7090: 6994:Scottish baronial 6803:Lord High Admiral 6744:Regiam Majestatem 6494:Early Middle Ages 6430: 6429: 6421:Succeeded by 6260:(Routledge, 2002) 6242:Kenyon, J.P. ed. 6221:Browning, A. ed. 6177:61 (1976): 1–27. 6133:(1978): 691–732. 6044:Wilson, Charles. 5883:Lipson, Ephraim. 5810:Davies, Godfrey. 5597:(1998) pp 138–58. 5498:Peter J. Bowden, 5387:Peter J. Bowden, 5295:Boris Ford, ed., 5282:978-88-7760-019-6 5129:No. 51: 127–157. 4991:Brian P. Levack, 4929:Alan Macfarlane, 4719:(Subscription or 4457:(2000), pp 13–50. 4431:(1955) pp 241–45. 4405:(1955) pp 231–33. 4257:(2003), pp 43–51. 4217:(1975) pp 406–13. 4187:Bucholz and Key, 4165:(1998) pp 150–94. 4135:(1998) pp 133–49. 4122:(1998) pp 169–72. 4101:(1953) 3#7 online 4086:(1998) pp 98–132. 4056:R.C. Richardson, 4009:Austin Woolrych, 3927:(2014) pp 223–29. 3614:Mark Kishlansky, 3228:English Civil War 3174:Queen Elizabeth I 3132:ships of the line 3076:Thirty Years' War 3067:then invaded the 3049:Holy Roman Empire 3005:Thirty Years' War 2952:(1599), and the 2870:were banned. Sir 2745:Lloyd's of London 2548:Wenceslaus Hollar 2361:Stephen B. Baxter 2324:Treaty of Ryswick 2260:right to petition 2256:royal prerogative 2240:religious liberty 1961:Hugh Trevor-Roper 1918:era (1945–), the 1740:Church of England 1612:English Civil War 1536:Thirty Years' War 1442:English Civil War 1398:Political history 1328: 1327: 1269: 1268: 1050:Sub-Roman Britain 997: 996: 332:English Civil War 262:Sub-Roman Britain 196: 195: 192: 191: 53:English Civil War 10123: 10086:1710s in England 10081:1700s in England 10061:English monarchy 10023: 10022: 10013: 10012: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9974: 9966: 9958: 9950: 9942: 9935: 9927: 9919: 9911: 9903: 9899:Richard Cromwell 9895: 9887: 9877: 9869: 9861: 9853: 9841: 9833: 9832:(1553; disputed) 9825: 9817: 9651: 9643: 9635: 9627: 9619: 9611: 9603: 9595: 9587: 9579: 9571: 9563: 9555: 9547: 9539: 9531: 9523: 9515: 9507: 9499: 9491: 9483: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9231: 9230: 8629:House of Commons 8522:Jacobite risings 8434: 8433: 8432: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8399: 8398: 8355:Royal supporters 8202:English language 7449:Council of State 7439:King's Secretary 7432:House of Commons 7417:Magnum Concilium 7315:Maritime history 7276:Exclusion Crisis 7259:The Protectorate 7118: 7111: 7104: 7095: 7094: 6793:Royal Scots Navy 6788:Royal Scots Army 6778:Medieval warfare 6578:Maritime history 6519:Late Middle Ages 6504:Late Middle Ages 6499:High Middle Ages 6456: 6449: 6442: 6433: 6432: 6424:House of Hanover 6415: 6323:Preceded by 6290:Preceded by 6283:House of Stuart 6271: 6270: 6027:Thurley, Simon. 6017:(Yale UP, 1992). 6010:(2003); textbook 6003:(2000), textbook 5996:(2000), textbook 5930:(2011) pp 15–64. 5848:Hoppit, Julian. 5845: 5791:new introduction 5735: 5728: 5722: 5712: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5680: 5673: 5667: 5666:(1974) pp 17–42. 5660: 5654: 5649:Jonathan Scott, 5647: 5641: 5640:(1959), pp 47–67 5636:Godfrey Davies, 5634: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5614:(2002) pp 371–87 5604: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5555:(156): 619–623. 5544: 5533: 5527: 5520: 5514: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5451: 5434: 5428: 5427:(1931) p 188-89. 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5249:Oxford Reference 5241: 5235: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5191: 5185: 5180:Michael Hunter, 5178: 5172: 5162: 5156: 5139: 5133: 5123: 5117: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5005: 4999: 4989: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4963: 4957: 4940: 4934: 4927: 4921: 4914: 4908: 4901: 4895: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4865:(1997) pp 36–42. 4859: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4819: 4813: 4806: 4800: 4799:(1999) pp 31–48. 4793: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4767: 4761: 4744: 4738: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4700: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4613: 4607: 4588: 4582: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4539: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4412: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4386: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4360: 4354: 4353:(1996) pp 46–57. 4347: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4327:(1996) pp 24–45. 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4142: 4136: 4129: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4043:(1941): 301–328 4037: 4031: 4020: 4014: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3934: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3905: 3899: 3889: 3883: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3844: 3838: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3724: 3718: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3635: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3535: 3521: 3507: 3481: 3465: 3449: 3433: 3417: 3397: 3377: 3275:Post-Restoration 3183:House of Hanover 3123:Anglo-Dutch Wars 3101:Anglo-Dutch Wars 3065:Duchy of Bavaria 3025:Protestant Union 2988:Spanish town of 2932:Hanseatic League 2876:50 City churches 2872:Christopher Wren 2841:Banqueting House 2755:In science, the 2603:and his student 2495:British colonies 2244:non-trinitarians 2177:Franco-Dutch War 1953:Christopher Hill 1813:Fifth Monarchist 1768:The Protectorate 1736:Richard Cromwell 1728:the Protectorate 1720:English monarchy 1678:(1642–1646) and 1392:House of Hanover 1390:from the German 1320: 1313: 1306: 1241:Second World War 1231:Interwar Britain 1070: 1057: 1043: 1030: 1019: 1018: 999: 998: 989: 982: 975: 961: 960: 959: 670:Northamptonshire 391:Second World War 296:Late Middle Ages 279:High Middle Ages 226: 216: 198: 197: 188: 175: 168: 154:Richard Cromwell 46: 29: 28: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10051:House of Stuart 10036: 10035: 10034: 10029: 9999: 9997: 9987: 9985: 9977: 9972: 9964: 9956: 9948: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9917: 9909: 9901: 9893: 9891:Oliver Cromwell 9885: 9875: 9867: 9859: 9846: 9839: 9831: 9823: 9815: 9805: 9797: 9793:United Irishmen 9660: 9654: 9649: 9641: 9633: 9625: 9617: 9609: 9601: 9593: 9585: 9577: 9569: 9561: 9553: 9545: 9537: 9529: 9521: 9513: 9505: 9497: 9489: 9481: 9471: 9465: 9408: 9402: 9348:Nine Years' War 9295: 9289: 9263: 9258: 9228: 9223: 9202: 9173:Longitude prize 9151: 9115: 9094: 9061: 8607: 8562: 8550: 8488:Boston Massacre 8438: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8396: 8391: 8385:St George's Day 8360:Royal standards 8343:College of Arms 8309: 8261: 8218: 8188: 8145: 8091: 7400: 7382: 7319: 7266:The Restoration 7210:Elizabethan era 7163:Norman Conquest 7127: 7122: 7092: 7087: 7003: 6940: 6892: 6881:Scottish people 6876:Scottish Gaelic 6857: 6814: 6759: 6733:Lord Chancellor 6681:General Council 6660: 6652: 6604: 6465: 6460: 6426: 6417: 6411: 6406: 6403: 6394: 6388: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6358:The Covenanters 6348: 6337: 6328: 6318: 6316:The Covenanters 6307: 6295: 6285: 6280: 6211: 6209:Primary sources 6072: 6013:Sharpe, Kevin. 6008:Oliver Cromwell 5971:Pincus, Steve. 5904:Morrill, John. 5842: 5778:Clark, George, 5744: 5742:Further reading 5739: 5738: 5729: 5725: 5713: 5709: 5700: 5696: 5687: 5683: 5674: 5670: 5661: 5657: 5648: 5644: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5618: 5605: 5601: 5593:Roger Lockyer, 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5561:10.2307/2223686 5534: 5530: 5521: 5517: 5511:Wayback Machine 5497: 5493: 5484: 5480: 5471: 5467: 5459:Eric J. Evans, 5458: 5454: 5449:Wayback Machine 5435: 5431: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5400:Wayback Machine 5386: 5382: 5374:Julian Hoppit, 5373: 5369: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5307: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5227: 5223: 5202:(223): 77–127. 5192: 5188: 5179: 5175: 5163: 5159: 5154:Wayback Machine 5140: 5136: 5124: 5120: 5115:Wayback Machine 5101: 5097: 5088: 5084: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5046: 5042: 5038:(1999) pp 10–14 5033: 5029: 5022: 5006: 5002: 4995:(2007) pp 1–2. 4990: 4986: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4960: 4955:Wayback Machine 4941: 4937: 4928: 4924: 4920:(1996) pp. 1–46 4915: 4911: 4902: 4898: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4820: 4816: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4773:(1999) pp 1–30. 4768: 4764: 4759:Wayback Machine 4745: 4741: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4663: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4589: 4585: 4580:Wayback Machine 4566: 4562: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4514: 4510: 4505:Wayback Machine 4491: 4487: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4461: 4453:Julian Hoppit, 4452: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4396: 4392:(1960) pp 1–66. 4387: 4383: 4374: 4370: 4362:Steven Pincus, 4361: 4357: 4349:Chandler, ed., 4348: 4344: 4335: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4213:J.G.A. Pocock, 4212: 4208: 4200:Ronald Hutton, 4199: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4148:(5th ed. 2017) 4143: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4113: 4108:Wayback Machine 4094: 4090: 4081: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4038: 4034: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3952: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3906: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3857: 3845: 3841: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3725: 3721: 3716:Wayback Machine 3702: 3698: 3689: 3685: 3676: 3672: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3626: 3622: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3527: 3522: 3513: 3508: 3496: 3489: 3487: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3409: 3403: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3378: 3366:House of Stuart 3362: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3170: 3143:Treaty of Breda 3103: 2982: 2966: 2946:Muscovy Company 2897: 2888: 2825: 2813:Richard Lassels 2801:The travelogue 2753: 2692:George Etherege 2684: 2674: 2672:Popular culture 2649: 2605:Alan Macfarlane 2573: 2535: 2530: 2487:clanship system 2455: 2424:Sarah Churchill 2393: 2387: 2357: 2341:Nine Years' War 2337:Bank of England 2294: 2288:Nine Years' War 2284: 2223: 2215:Main articles: 2213: 2191: 2185: 2164: 2158: 2043:Lord Chancellor 2005: 1997:Main articles: 1995: 1901:First World War 1897:idealistic goal 1865: 1822: 1793: 1785:Oliver Cromwell 1777:Oliver Cromwell 1770: 1760:Oliver Cromwell 1756: 1732:Oliver Cromwell 1700:Rump Parliament 1696:King Charles II 1688:Long Parliament 1661:Oliver Cromwell 1622: 1610:Main articles: 1608: 1564: 1562:Long Parliament 1558: 1545:Oliver Cromwell 1531: 1525: 1499:George Villiers 1495: 1487:Main articles: 1485: 1464:Nine Years' War 1456: 1450: 1420: 1415: 1407:Main articles: 1405: 1400: 1352:Oliver Cromwell 1336:House of Stuart 1324: 1288: 1287: 1274: 1221:First World War 1016: 1007:English history 993: 957: 955: 950: 949: 775: 773:By city or town 765: 764: 710:South Yorkshire 685:Nottinghamshire 680:North Yorkshire 600:Gloucestershire 540:Buckinghamshire 535:City of Bristol 520: 510: 509: 490: 482: 481: 437:English society 427: 419: 418: 417: 396:Postwar Britain 386:Interwar period 381:First World War 315:Elizabethan era 284:Norman Conquest 252:Medieval period 236: 214: 207: 166: 158: 149:Oliver Cromwell 137: 91: 60: 25: 19: 12: 11: 5: 10129: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10056:Stuart England 10053: 10048: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10017: 10007: 9995: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9967: 9959: 9951: 9943: 9928: 9920: 9912: 9904: 9896: 9888: 9878: 9870: 9862: 9854: 9834: 9829:Lady Jane Grey 9826: 9818: 9809: 9807: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9773:Irish Patriots 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9689: 9684: 9670: 9664: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9644: 9636: 9628: 9620: 9612: 9604: 9596: 9588: 9580: 9572: 9564: 9556: 9548: 9540: 9532: 9524: 9516: 9508: 9500: 9492: 9484: 9475: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9412: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9398:United Kingdom 9395: 9390: 9380: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9345: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9308:British Empire 9305: 9299: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9264: 9257: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9234: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9168:British Empire 9165: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9025:Prime Minister 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8624:House of Lords 8615: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8531: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8514: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464:External wars 8462: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8402: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8335: 8330: 8319: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8280:English Gothic 8277: 8271: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8228: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8207:English people 8204: 8198: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8122:New Model Army 8114: 8113: 8112: 8101: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7454:Lord Protector 7451: 7441: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7427:House of Lords 7419: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7232:Gunpowder Plot 7229: 7219: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7180:Angevin Empire 7177: 7176: 7175: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7143: 7137: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7121: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6926:Highland dance 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6878: 6873: 6871:Scots language 6867: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6773:Gaelic warfare 6769: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6436: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6419: 6407: 6404: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6368: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6329: 6326:House of Tudor 6324: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6296: 6293:House of Bruce 6291: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6267:(1960), 464pp. 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6198: 6188: 6181: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6147: 6137: 6127: 6117: 6107: 6097: 6087: 6080: 6071: 6070:Historiography 6068: 6067: 6066: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6006:Sharp, David. 6004: 5999:Sharp, David. 5997: 5992:Sharp, David. 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5913: 5902: 5897:Miller, John. 5895: 5890:Miller, John. 5888: 5887:(7th ed. 1964) 5881: 5870: 5860: 5857:Stuart England 5853: 5846: 5840: 5825: 5815: 5808: 5794: 5789:(5th ed 2017) 5783: 5776: 5769: 5759: 5752: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5723: 5707: 5694: 5681: 5668: 5662:G.M.D. Howat, 5655: 5642: 5629: 5616: 5599: 5595:James VI and I 5586: 5528: 5515: 5491: 5478: 5465: 5452: 5429: 5416: 5410:D.C. Coleman, 5403: 5380: 5367: 5354: 5341: 5334: 5314: 5301: 5288: 5281: 5261: 5236: 5221: 5186: 5173: 5157: 5134: 5118: 5095: 5089:George Clark, 5082: 5066: 5053: 5040: 5027: 5020: 5000: 4984: 4971: 4958: 4935: 4922: 4909: 4903:Keith Thomas, 4896: 4880: 4874:John Clapham, 4867: 4854: 4841: 4834: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4775: 4762: 4739: 4726: 4687: 4681:Edward Gregg, 4674: 4670:The Stuart Age 4661: 4657:The Stuart Age 4648: 4642:George Clark, 4635: 4628: 4608: 4583: 4560: 4547: 4534: 4521: 4508: 4485: 4472: 4466:George Clark, 4459: 4446: 4433: 4420: 4407: 4394: 4381: 4368: 4355: 4342: 4336:Lord Macaulay 4329: 4316: 4307: 4294: 4290:Stuart England 4281: 4272: 4259: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4206: 4193: 4180: 4167: 4154: 4137: 4124: 4111: 4088: 4075: 4062: 4049: 4032: 4015: 4002: 3989: 3983:Blair Worden, 3976: 3963: 3957:J.S. Morrill, 3950: 3929: 3916: 3900: 3884: 3880:King Charles I 3868: 3855: 3839: 3823: 3816: 3796: 3789: 3769: 3763:978-0521521338 3762: 3744: 3737: 3719: 3696: 3683: 3677:Robert Tombs, 3670: 3653: 3646: 3620: 3607: 3600: 3580: 3567: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3379: 3372: 3361: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3169: 3166: 3158:New Netherland 3102: 3099: 3095:Dutch Republic 2981: 2980:Foreign policy 2978: 2965: 2962: 2922: 2921: 2907:, 17th century 2903:Interior of a 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2824: 2821: 2752: 2749: 2737: 2736: 2716: 2715: 2673: 2670: 2648: 2645: 2572: 2569: 2557:Greater London 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2508:Samuel Johnson 2504: 2503: 2454: 2451: 2428:Lord Godolphin 2422:(and his wife 2401:Charles Jervas 2399:Queen Anne by 2389:Main article: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2372:, and that of 2356: 2353: 2283: 2282:Foreign policy 2280: 2272:excessive bail 2248:Bill of Rights 2236:nonconformists 2234:to Protestant 2212: 2209: 2187:Main article: 2184: 2181: 2157: 2154: 2126:New Model Army 1994: 1991: 1949:Lawrence Stone 1920:class conflict 1895:search for an 1869:historiography 1864: 1863:Historiography 1861: 1821: 1818: 1792: 1789: 1755: 1752: 1684:King Charles I 1607: 1604: 1560:Main article: 1557: 1554: 1524: 1521: 1484: 1481: 1449: 1448:Three kingdoms 1446: 1419: 1416: 1413:James VI and I 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1344:King Charles I 1326: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1077:Norman/Angevin 1073: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 995: 994: 992: 991: 984: 977: 969: 966: 965: 952: 951: 948: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 776: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 760:Worcestershire 757: 752: 750:West Yorkshire 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 675:Northumberland 672: 667: 662: 657: 655:City of London 652: 647: 645:Leicestershire 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 605:Greater London 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 545:Cambridgeshire 542: 537: 532: 527: 521: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 505:United Kingdom 502: 497: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 416: 415: 410: 405: 404: 403: 401:Social history 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 367: 366: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 324: 323: 322: 317: 307: 306: 305: 304: 303: 293: 292: 291: 286: 276: 275: 274: 264: 259: 249: 244: 238: 237: 232: 231: 228: 227: 219: 218: 209: 208: 201: 194: 193: 190: 189: 179: 160: 159: 157: 156: 151: 145: 143: 139: 138: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 99: 97: 93: 92: 90: 89: 84: 79: 74: 68: 66: 62: 61: 49:King Charles I 47: 39: 38: 34: 33: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10128: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10026: 10018: 10016: 10008: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9971: 9968: 9963: 9960: 9955: 9952: 9947: 9944: 9939: 9932: 9929: 9924: 9921: 9916: 9913: 9908: 9905: 9900: 9897: 9892: 9889: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9874: 9871: 9866: 9863: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9838: 9835: 9830: 9827: 9822: 9819: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9657: 9648: 9645: 9640: 9637: 9632: 9629: 9624: 9621: 9616: 9613: 9608: 9605: 9600: 9597: 9592: 9589: 9584: 9581: 9576: 9573: 9568: 9565: 9560: 9557: 9552: 9549: 9544: 9541: 9536: 9533: 9528: 9525: 9520: 9517: 9512: 9509: 9504: 9501: 9496: 9493: 9488: 9485: 9480: 9479:Tuadhmhumhain 9477: 9476: 9474: 9468: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9416:Poynings' Law 9414: 9413: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9255: 9250: 9248: 9243: 9241: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9073:Great Britain 9071: 9070: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052:Patriot Whigs 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9020:Privy Council 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8557: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8458:Union of 1801 8456: 8454: 8453:Union of 1707 8451: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8423: 8418: 8416: 8411: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8323:National flag 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8257:Country dance 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7539:Temp. incert. 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7466:Privy Council 7464: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7379: 7378:Orange-Nassau 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7222:Stuart period 7220: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7168:Anglo-Normans 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:National flag 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:Country dance 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6708:Privy Council 6706: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6648:Orange-Nassau 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6593:Darien scheme 6591: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6425: 6416: 6414: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5855:Kenyon, J.P. 5854: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5841:9780907628743 5837: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5609: 5608:Rex Pacificus 5603: 5596: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5522:C.G.A. Clay, 5519: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5482: 5475: 5472:G.D. Ramsay, 5469: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5335:9780719040764 5331: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5265: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5093:(1956) p 369. 5092: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5031: 5023: 5021:9781134531950 5017: 5013: 5012: 5004: 4998: 4997:online review 4994: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4965:Peter Elmer, 4962: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4926: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4877: 4871: 4864: 4861:J.A. Sharpe, 4858: 4851: 4845: 4837: 4835:9781471137518 4831: 4827: 4826: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4782:Karin Bowie, 4779: 4772: 4769:T.M. Devine, 4766: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4631: 4629:9780837181615 4625: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4545:(1989) p 133. 4544: 4541:John Brewer, 4538: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4418:(2005) p 219. 4417: 4414:Wout Troost, 4411: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4288:J.P. Kenyon, 4285: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4128: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4099:History Today 4092: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4071:History Today 4066: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3923:Peter Gaunt, 3920: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3877: 3876:Pauline Gregg 3872: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3819: 3817:9781351985420 3813: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3792: 3790:9780198217046 3786: 3782: 3781: 3780:Early Stuarts 3773: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3738:9780300056884 3734: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3681:(2015) p 210. 3680: 3674: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3649: 3647:9780313283918 3643: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3603: 3601:9781134858231 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3540: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3276: 3260: 3245: 3229: 3213: 3197: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179:King George I 3175: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:South America 3084: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013:Spanish Match 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2906: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:Thomas Coryat 2806: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2796:Thomas Howard 2793: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:Royal Society 2748: 2746: 2741: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2720: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2699: 2698: 2697:Love in a Tub 2693: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2512:James Boswell 2509: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2475:Darien scheme 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2445:and engraver 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2432:Robert Harley 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:standing army 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2199:Steven Pincus 2196: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2168:standing army 2163: 2156:Standing army 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Presbyterians 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2031:standing army 2027: 2023: 2014: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973:nouveau riche 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:predetermined 1890: 1886: 1885:individualism 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1748:Nonconformism 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1596:Triennial Act 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425:primogeniture 1414: 1410: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1388:King George I 1385: 1381: 1378:and grandson 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1346:in 1649. The 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:Stuart period 1321: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1211:Edwardian era 1209: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1201:Victorian era 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1037:Roman Britain 1035: 1034: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 1000: 990: 985: 983: 978: 976: 971: 970: 968: 967: 964: 954: 953: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 860:Milton Keynes 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 774: 769: 768: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 740:West Midlands 738: 736: 733: 731: 730:Tyne and Wear 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 715:Staffordshire 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 630:Isle of Wight 628: 626: 625:Hertfordshire 623: 621: 620:Herefordshire 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 519: 514: 513: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 486: 485: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 423: 422: 414: 411: 409: 406: 402: 399: 398: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 376:Edwardian era 374: 372: 371:Victorian era 369: 365: 362: 361: 360: 357: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 328: 327:Stuart period 325: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 311: 308: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289:Norman period 287: 285: 282: 281: 280: 277: 273: 270: 269: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 248: 247:Roman Britain 245: 243: 240: 239: 235: 230: 229: 225: 221: 220: 217: 211: 210: 205: 200: 199: 187: 183: 178: 174: 169: 165: 161: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 144: 140: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 100: 98: 94: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 67: 63: 58: 54: 50: 45: 40: 35: 30: 27: 24: 16: 9907:Commonwealth 9906: 9882:Commonwealth 9880: 9847: 9788:Orange Order 9708:Common Pleas 9696:King's Bench 9607:Tír Chonaill 9567:Deasmhumhain 9551:Iar Connacht 9099:Architecture 9057:Kit-Cat Club 8567:Royal houses 8468:Seven Years' 8365:Crown Jewels 8350:Royal badges 8338:Coat of arms 8267:Architecture 8252:Morris dance 8194:Demographics 8117:English Army 7914: 7538: 7503:Star Chamber 7325:Royal Houses 7308:Protectorate 7237:Jacobean era 7221: 7200:Tudor period 7056:Crown Jewels 7051:Royal Banner 6964:Early Modern 6946:Architecture 6863:Demographics 6742: 6721:Early Modern 6610:Royal Houses 6556:Commonwealth 6539:Jacobean era 6409: 6400: 6391: 6381: 6370: 6363: 6353: 6341: 6331: 6311: 6300:Ruling house 6298: 6282: 6275: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6201: 6191: 6184: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6150: 6140: 6130: 6120: 6110: 6100: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5964:Ogg, David. 5958: 5957:Ogg, David. 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5916: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5873: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5830: 5818: 5811: 5797: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5731: 5726: 5715: 5710: 5702: 5697: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5671: 5663: 5658: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5594: 5589: 5577:. Retrieved 5552: 5546: 5537:Astrid Friis 5531: 5523: 5518: 5499: 5494: 5486: 5481: 5473: 5468: 5463:(1996) p 31. 5460: 5455: 5437: 5432: 5424: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5388: 5383: 5378:(2000) p 344 5375: 5370: 5362: 5357: 5349: 5344: 5324: 5317: 5304: 5296: 5291: 5275:. Slatkine. 5271: 5264: 5252:. Retrieved 5248: 5245:"Grand Tour" 5239: 5229: 5224: 5199: 5189: 5181: 5176: 5165: 5160: 5145:(1999) p 13 5142: 5137: 5126: 5121: 5103: 5098: 5090: 5085: 5074: 5069: 5061: 5056: 5048: 5043: 5035: 5030: 5010: 5003: 4992: 4987: 4979: 4974: 4969:(2016) ch 5. 4966: 4961: 4943: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4917: 4912: 4904: 4899: 4888: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4862: 4857: 4852:(1981) p 528 4849: 4844: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4808:G.N. Clark, 4804: 4796: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4770: 4765: 4747: 4742: 4734: 4729: 4702: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4643: 4638: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4568: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4529: 4524: 4516: 4511: 4493: 4488: 4480: 4475: 4467: 4462: 4454: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4428: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4389: 4384: 4376: 4371: 4363: 4358: 4350: 4345: 4337: 4332: 4324: 4319: 4314:Harris, p 46 4310: 4302: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4279:Harris, p 53 4275: 4267: 4262: 4254: 4253:Tim Harris, 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4214: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4191:, pp 265–66. 4188: 4183: 4175: 4170: 4162: 4161:Richardson, 4157: 4145: 4140: 4132: 4131:Richardson, 4127: 4119: 4118:Richardson, 4114: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4082:Richardson, 4078: 4073:(2012) 62#4. 4070: 4065: 4057: 4052: 4040: 4035: 4023: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3958: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3908: 3903: 3892: 3887: 3879: 3871: 3863: 3858: 3847: 3842: 3831: 3826: 3806: 3799: 3779: 3772: 3753: 3747: 3728: 3722: 3704: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3678: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3631: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3363: 3212:Caroline era 3196:Jacobean era 3171: 3151: 3147:mercantilism 3136: 3120: 3080: 3073: 3057: 3041:Ferdinand II 3001:King James I 2998: 2994:Henry Morgan 2971: 2967: 2942: 2923: 2913:Daniel Defoe 2910: 2889: 2857: 2834: 2823:Architecture 2816: 2802: 2799: 2789: 2785: 2769:Robert Hooke 2765:Robert Boyle 2761:Isaac Newton 2754: 2751:High culture 2738: 2729: 2725: 2703: 2695: 2662: 2650: 2613: 2609:anthropology 2601:Keith Thomas 2593: 2574: 2553: 2541: 2515: 2506:By the time 2505: 2480: 2456: 2443:Isaac Newton 2436: 2405: 2358: 2303: 2224: 2192: 2173:British Army 2165: 2139: 2123: 2099:Papal States 2092: 2072:Star Chamber 2060: 2035: 2018: 1983:Revisionists 1980: 1945:R. H. Tawney 1938:middle class 1913: 1873:Whig history 1866: 1849: 1842: 1827: 1823: 1794: 1782: 1709: 1690:, while the 1673: 1658: 1635: 1600:royal assent 1576:William Laud 1565: 1532: 1496: 1489:Caroline era 1457: 1421: 1409:Jacobean era 1331: 1329: 1271: 1193: 1179:Georgian era 1171: 1159: 1145: 1133: 1118: 1111: 805:Christchurch 735:Warwickshire 650:Lincolnshire 525:Bedfordshire 359:Georgian era 342:Protectorate 337:Commonwealth 326: 310:Tudor period 182:Georgian era 177:Tudor period 163: 77:Caroline era 72:Jacobean era 56: 26: 15: 10025:WikiProject 9973:(1760–1800) 9965:(1727–1760) 9957:(1714–1727) 9949:(1702–1714) 9941:(1689–1694) 9934:(1689–1702) 9931:William III 9926:(1685–1691) 9918:(1660–1685) 9910:(1659–1660) 9902:(1658–1659) 9894:(1653–1658) 9886:(1649–1653) 9876:(1625–1649) 9868:(1603–1625) 9860:(1558–1603) 9857:Elizabeth I 9852:(1554–1558) 9849:jure uxoris 9840:(1553–1558) 9824:(1547–1553) 9816:(1542–1547) 9692:Four Courts 9661:and society 9623:Fear Manach 9615:Tír Eoghain 9519:Uí Díarmata 9503:Clanricarde 9318:New English 9127:Periodicals 8473:Jenkins Ear 8290:Elizabethan 8275:Anglo-Saxon 7496:Elizabethan 7486:Anglo-Saxon 7412:Curia regis 7353:Plantagenet 7303:Proprietary 7271:Popish Plot 7249:Interregnum 7173:The Anarchy 6755:Covenanters 6712:Government 6568:Popish Plot 6563:Restoration 6551:Interregnum 6529:Reformation 6524:Renaissance 6489:Roman times 6484:Prehistoric 6277:Royal house 5892:The Stuarts 5485:E. Lipson, 5423:E. Lipson, 5228:E. Chaney, 4442:William III 4401:David Ogg, 4174:David Ogg, 3488:(1702–1714) 3472:(1689–1694) 3456:(1689–1702) 3453:William III 3440:(1685–1688) 3424:(1660–1685) 3277:(1688–1702) 3261:(1660–1688) 3259:Restoration 3230:(1642–1651) 3214:(1625–1642) 3198:(1603–1625) 2915:boasted: 2895:World trade 2837:Inigo Jones 2777:Boyle's law 2641:Janet Horne 2625:Jane Wenham 2447:John Croker 2370:Marlborough 2315:anti-French 2274:or inflict 2039:Edward Hyde 1987:religiosity 1978:in London. 1971:and by the 1969:bureaucracy 1934:aristocracy 1931:feudalistic 1928:upper class 1512:John Felton 1477:Scots-Irish 1372:William III 1348:Interregnum 1189:Regency era 1167:Restoration 1154:Interregnum 1107:Elizabethan 1087:Plantagenet 1064:Anglo-Saxon 1058:7th century 915:Southampton 785:Bournemouth 745:West Sussex 690:Oxfordshire 590:East Sussex 364:Regency era 347:Restoration 213:History of 128:William III 87:Restoration 82:Interregnum 10040:Categories 9970:George III 9915:Charles II 9813:Henry VIII 9806:and rulers 9733:Ascendancy 9631:Uí Catháin 9535:Magh Luirg 9511:Uí Failghe 9451:Popery Act 9446:Penal Laws 9409:Parliament 9387:Wild Geese 9377:Barbadosed 9296:and events 9219:Royal arms 9178:Window tax 9120:Literature 9106:Queen Anne 9047:Whig Junto 8918:Elections: 8619:Parliament 8601:George III 8517:Jacobitism 8512:Whig plots 8370:Tudor rose 8300:Queen Anne 8129:Royal Navy 7481:Governance 7471:Ministries 7422:Parliament 7061:Scots pine 7022:Union Flag 6999:Neoclassic 6954:Vernacular 6418:1606–1714 6395:1660–1707 6367:1660–1707 6338:1603–1649 6308:1371–1649 4723:required.) 4683:Queen Anne 4672:pp 439–45. 4444:pp 212–214 3866:pp 152–55. 3864:Stuart Age 3666:On History 3549:References 3421:Charles II 3029:Heidelberg 3009:Maria Anna 2964:Wool trade 2927:Royal Navy 2925:hegemonic 2792:Grand Tour 2781:microscopy 2620:depaganise 2581:witchcraft 2533:Population 2416:Whig Junto 2374:Wellington 2359:Historian 2262:, raise a 2204:absolutist 2135:Royal Navy 2119:Tory party 2078:, and the 1976:financiers 1867:The older 1807:'s for a " 1744:Puritanism 1669:Charles II 1646:Roundheads 1550:ship money 1540:knighthood 1452:See also: 1384:Queen Anne 1356:Charles II 1183:1714–1837 1123:1603–1714 1101:1485–1603 910:Shrewsbury 890:Portsmouth 870:Nottingham 850:Manchester 825:Folkestone 810:Colchester 780:Birmingham 700:Shropshire 660:Merseyside 640:Lancashire 565:Derbyshire 164:Chronology 113:Charles II 96:Monarch(s) 32:Stuart era 9962:George II 9873:Charles I 9821:Edward VI 9778:Defenders 9758:Jacobites 9737:Recusancy 9700:Exchequer 9647:Uí Mháine 9599:Cairbrigh 9543:Airgíalla 9487:Uí Echach 9472:conquests 9066:Geography 8731:1760–1764 8726:1755–1759 8721:1750–1754 8716:1745–1749 8711:1740–1744 8706:1735–1739 8701:1730–1734 8696:1725–1729 8691:1720–1724 8686:1715–1719 8596:George II 8380:St George 8151:Geography 7916:1642–1660 7565:1422–1460 7560:1413–1421 7555:1399–1411 7550:1377–1397 7545:1327–1376 7533:1308–1325 7528:1275–1307 7523:1225–1267 7358:Lancaster 7338:Knýtlinga 7242:Civil War 7151:Heptarchy 7071:St Andrew 6979:Palladian 6931:Mythology 6820:Geography 6401:New title 5216:0031-2746 5049:Historian 3406:1625–1649 3401:Charles I 3386:1603–1625 3097:in 1667. 3017:Elizabeth 2845:Whitehall 2704:When the 2647:Education 2643:in 1727. 2328:Leopold I 2146:libertine 2067:regicides 2047:Anne Hyde 2015:(1617-94) 1965:patronage 1957:bourgeois 1840:in 1654. 1809:sanhedrin 1712:the trial 1667:welcomed 1642:Cavaliers 1507:Huguenots 1340:execution 1265:1945–1979 1255:1945–1979 1245:1939–1945 1235:1919–1939 1225:1914–1918 1215:1901–1914 1205:1837–1901 1194:1811–1820 1172:1660–1714 1160:1649–1660 1146:1625–1649 1134:1603–1625 1112:1558–1603 1091:1216–1485 1081:1066–1216 935:Worcester 920:St Albans 905:Sheffield 900:Rochester 865:Newcastle 845:Maidstone 835:Liverpool 755:Wiltshire 615:Hampshire 530:Berkshire 518:By county 142:Leader(s) 108:Charles I 65:Including 37:1603–1714 10015:Category 9954:George I 9923:James II 9803:Monarchs 9704:Chancery 9659:Politics 9407:Acts of 9111:Georgian 9083:Scotland 9010:Monarchy 8612:Politics 8591:George I 8539:Scotland 8375:Oak tree 8333:Heraldry 8305:Georgian 8295:Jacobean 8247:Folklore 8232:Religion 8159:Counties 8097:Military 7491:Medieval 7444:Monarchy 7391:Politics 7343:Normandy 7141:Timeline 7034:Heraldry 6989:Georgian 6984:Jacobean 6974:Churches 6959:Medieval 6936:Religion 6765:Military 6716:Medieval 6696:Guardian 6691:Monarchy 6658:Politics 6479:Timeline 6196:in JSTOR 6135:in JSTOR 5953:in JSTOR 5806:contents 5573:Archived 5507:Archived 5445:Archived 5442:in JSTOR 5396:Archived 5150:Archived 5111:Archived 4951:Archived 4795:Devine, 4755:Archived 4576:Archived 4501:Archived 4440:Troost, 4104:Archived 3862:Coward, 3712:Archived 3437:James II 3360:Monarchs 3168:Timeline 3091:Suriname 3011:in the " 2920:people." 2706:Puritans 2656:and the 2502:nations. 2483:Jacobite 2319:James II 2142:hedonism 2109:and the 1916:post-war 1754:Cromwell 1360:James II 1294:Timeline 1272:See also 1141:Caroline 1129:Jacobean 1071:449–1066 940:Worthing 930:Wetherby 880:Plymouth 815:Coventry 790:Brighton 705:Somerset 555:Cornwall 550:Cheshire 489:Polities 234:Timeline 204:a series 202:Part of 118:James II 9938:Mary II 9865:James I 9559:Umhaill 9294:General 9268:History 9207:Symbols 9078:England 8586:Hanover 8443:History 8315:Symbols 8242:Cuisine 8224:Culture 8184:Palaces 8179:Castles 8164:Islands 8139:History 8110:Warfare 7461:Peerage 7348:Angevin 7133:History 7083:Unicorn 7066:Thistle 7009:Symbols 6969:Castles 6921:Cuisine 6898:Culture 6843:Palaces 6838:Islands 6833:Castles 6798:History 6703:Peerage 6633:Balliol 6623:Dunkeld 6471:History 6302:of the 6246:(1986). 6239:(2009). 6218:(2012). 6175:History 6145:excerpt 6125:excerpt 6115:excerpt 6105:excerpt 6062:(2006) 5919:(1996) 5912:; 100pp 5908:(2005) 5901:(2014). 5823:excerpt 5800:(2009) 5718:(1996) 5692:(1996). 5579:21 July 5569:2223686 5502:(1962) 5476:(1982). 5391:(1962) 5184:(1981). 4933:(1970). 4907:(1971). 4786:(2007). 4737:(2014). 4554:Clark, 4515:Clark, 4270:. p. 41 4013:(1982). 3987:(1977). 3974:(2016). 3961:(1990). 3948:(1995). 3893:History 3832:History 3694:(1997). 3469:Mary II 3381:James I 3152:In the 3137:In the 2868:jetties 2565:Bristol 2561:Norwich 2522:Glasgow 2489:in the 2306:William 2130:militia 2056:Quakers 1914:In the 1881:liberty 1592:Holland 1429:baronet 1368:Mary II 1003:Periods 925:Torquay 895:Reading 855:Margate 800:Chester 795:Bristol 720:Suffolk 695:Rutland 665:Norfolk 560:Cumbria 215:England 123:Mary II 103:James I 9936:& 9844:Philip 9842:& 9837:Mary I 9768:Tories 9735:& 9650:(1611) 9642:(1607) 9634:(1607) 9626:(1607) 9618:(1607) 9610:(1607) 9602:(1606) 9594:(1605) 9586:(1603) 9583:Laigin 9578:(1602) 9570:(1596) 9562:(1593) 9554:(1589) 9546:(1585) 9538:(1585) 9530:(1574) 9522:(1574) 9514:(1550) 9506:(1544) 9498:(1543) 9495:Loígis 9490:(1543) 9482:(1543) 9470:Gaelic 9342:Ulster 9042:Tories 8574:Stuart 8169:Places 7513:Tories 7373:Stuart 7333:Wessex 6853:Shires 6848:Places 6828:Burghs 6643:Stuart 6628:Sverre 6382:Vacant 6354:Vacant 6342:Vacant 6312:Vacant 6232:(2011) 6225:(1953) 6179:online 6170:(1977) 6155:online 6095:online 6040:online 6031:(2021) 6024:(1993) 5982:(2005) 5975:(2011) 5921:online 5894:(2004) 5838: 5767:online 5720:online 5705:(1996) 5567: 5504:online 5393:online 5332: 5279: 5254:20 May 5214: 5170:online 5147:online 5131:online 5108:online 5079:online 5064:(1929) 5018: 4893:online 4832: 4752:Online 4717: 4626: 4573:online 4498:online 4379:(2005) 4366:(2011) 4045:online 4028:online 3913:online 3897:online 3852:online 3836:online 3814: 3787: 3760: 3735: 3709:online 3644: 3598: 3083:Guiana 3045:Vienna 3043:, the 2583:. The 2378:Raglan 1941:gentry 1766:, and 1680:second 1618:, and 1586:, now 1578:, the 1473:Ulster 1119:Stuart 1044:43–410 1027:until 1015: 875:Oxford 840:London 725:Surrey 580:Durham 575:Dorset 426:Topics 206:on the 59:(1906) 9763:Whigs 9156:Other 9088:Wales 9037:Whigs 9015:Peers 8285:Tudor 8174:Towns 8134:Ships 7508:Whigs 7407:Witan 7368:Tudor 7298:Crown 6808:Ships 6750:Whigs 6671:Court 6638:Bruce 6618:Alpin 5565:JSTOR 4948:JSTOR 4944:Signs 4427:Ogg, 2666:Bible 2616:Devil 2577:magic 2150:rakes 1924:Crown 1692:third 1676:first 1503:Cádiz 1097:Tudor 1031:43 AD 885:Poole 830:Leeds 820:Dover 595:Essex 570:Devon 477:Riots 9946:Anne 9724:Army 9706:and 9679:and 9214:Flag 9030:list 9003:1796 8998:1790 8993:1784 8988:1780 8983:1774 8978:1768 8973:1761 8968:1754 8963:1747 8958:1741 8953:1734 8948:1727 8943:1722 8938:1715 8933:1713 8928:1710 8923:1708 8911:1800 8906:1799 8901:1798 8896:1797 8891:1796 8886:1795 8881:1794 8876:1793 8871:1792 8866:1791 8861:1790 8856:1789 8851:1788 8846:1787 8841:1786 8836:1785 8831:1784 8826:1783 8821:1782 8816:1781 8811:1780 8806:1779 8801:1778 8796:1777 8791:1776 8786:1775 8781:1774 8776:1773 8771:1772 8766:1771 8761:1770 8756:1769 8751:1768 8746:1767 8741:1766 8736:1765 8681:1714 8676:1713 8671:1712 8666:1711 8661:1710 8656:1709 8651:1708 8646:1707 8579:Anne 8327:list 8212:list 8087:1706 8082:1705 8077:1704 8072:1703 8067:1702 8062:1701 8057:1700 8052:1698 8047:1697 8042:1696 8037:1695 8032:1694 8027:1693 8022:1692 8017:1691 8012:1690 8007:1689 8002:1688 7997:1685 7992:1680 7987:1679 7982:1678 7977:1677 7972:1675 7967:1672 7962:1670 7957:1667 7952:1666 7947:1665 7942:1664 7937:1663 7932:1662 7927:1661 7922:1660 7910:1640 7905:1627 7900:1625 7895:1623 7890:1620 7885:1609 7880:1606 7875:1605 7870:1603 7865:1601 7860:1597 7855:1592 7850:1588 7845:1586 7840:1584 7835:1580 7830:1575 7825:1572 7820:1571 7815:1566 7810:1562 7805:1558 7800:1557 7795:1555 7790:1554 7785:1553 7780:1551 7775:1549 7770:1548 7765:1547 7760:1546 7755:1545 7750:1543 7745:1542 7740:1541 7735:1540 7730:1539 7725:1536 7720:1535 7715:1534 7710:1533 7705:1532 7700:1531 7695:1530 7690:1529 7685:1523 7680:1515 7675:1514 7670:1513 7665:1512 7660:1511 7655:1509 7650:1503 7645:1496 7640:1495 7635:1491 7630:1488 7625:1487 7620:1485 7615:1483 7610:1482 7605:1477 7600:1474 7595:1472 7590:1468 7585:1467 7580:1464 7575:1463 7570:1461 7363:York 7027:list 6886:list 6661:and 5836:ISBN 5581:2023 5330:ISBN 5277:ISBN 5256:2022 5212:ISSN 5016:ISBN 4830:ISBN 4624:ISBN 3812:ISBN 3785:ISBN 3758:ISBN 3733:ISBN 3642:ISBN 3640:–7. 3596:ISBN 3485:Anne 3364:The 3352:1713 3346:1703 3340:1693 3334:1683 3328:1673 3322:1663 3316:1653 3310:1643 3304:1633 3298:1623 3292:1613 3286:1603 3121:The 3109:The 2858:The 2779:and 2767:and 2680:and 2579:and 2563:and 2510:and 2290:and 2219:and 2026:Whig 2022:Tory 2001:and 1926:and 1907:and 1883:and 1828:The 1746:and 1714:and 1636:The 1628:The 1491:and 1411:and 1330:The 1054:410- 945:York 635:Kent 472:Wars 133:Anne 7396:Law 6906:Art 6663:law 5557:doi 5204:doi 4709:doi 3638:205 3085:in 3019:to 2864:act 2843:in 2694:'s 1342:of 1005:in 10042:: 9702:, 9698:, 5571:. 5563:. 5553:39 5551:. 5545:. 5247:. 5210:. 5198:. 4701:. 3878:, 3164:. 2882:. 2775:, 2763:, 2449:. 2121:. 2074:, 1947:, 1859:. 1762:, 1614:, 1394:. 1069:c. 1056:c. 1042:c. 1029:c. 9739:) 9731:( 9710:) 9694:( 9683:) 9675:( 9389:) 9385:( 9379:) 9375:( 9354:) 9350:( 9344:) 9340:( 9253:e 9246:t 9239:v 8421:e 8414:t 8407:v 8329:) 8325:( 7117:e 7110:t 7103:v 6455:e 6448:t 6441:v 5844:. 5583:. 5559:: 5513:. 5338:. 5285:. 5258:. 5218:. 5206:: 5024:. 4838:. 4715:. 4711:: 4632:. 4152:. 4047:. 4030:. 3820:. 3793:. 3766:. 3741:. 3650:. 3604:. 3408:) 3404:( 3388:) 3384:( 3350:│ 3344:│ 3338:│ 3332:│ 3326:│ 3320:│ 3314:│ 3308:│ 3302:│ 3296:│ 3290:│ 3284:│ 3117:. 2550:. 1548:" 1319:e 1312:t 1305:v 1156:) 1152:( 988:e 981:t 974:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index