Charles I of England

1752:, a long list of grievances against actions by Charles's ministers committed since the beginning of his reign (that were asserted to be part of a grand Catholic conspiracy of which the king was an unwitting member), but it was in many ways a step too far by Pym and passed by only 11 votes, 159 to 148. Furthermore, the Remonstrance had very little support in the House of Lords, which the Remonstrance attacked. The tension was heightened by news of the Irish rebellion, coupled with inaccurate rumours of Charles's complicity. Throughout November, a series of alarmist pamphlets published stories of atrocities in Ireland, including massacres of New English settlers by the native Irish who could not be controlled by the Old English lords. Rumours of "papist" conspiracies circulated in England, and English anti-Catholic opinion was strengthened, damaging Charles's reputation and authority. The English Parliament distrusted Charles's motivations when he called for funds to put down the Irish rebellion; many members of the Commons suspected that forces he raised might later be used against Parliament itself. Pym's 529: 1737:, who were Protestant settlers from England and Scotland aligned with the English Parliament and the Covenanters. Strafford's administration had improved the Irish economy and boosted tax revenue, but had done so by heavy-handedly imposing order. He had trained up a large Catholic army in support of the king and weakened the Irish Parliament's authority, while continuing to confiscate land from Catholics for Protestant settlement at the same time as promoting a Laudian Anglicanism that was anathema to presbyterians. As a result, all three groups had become disaffected. Strafford's impeachment provided a new departure for Irish politics whereby all sides joined to present evidence against him. In a similar manner to the English Parliament, the Old English members of the Irish Parliament argued that while opposed to Strafford they remained loyal to Charles. They argued that the king had been led astray by malign counsellors, and that, moreover, a viceroy such as Strafford could emerge as a despotic figure instead of ensuring that the king was directly involved in governance. 1126:, he "threw himself upon his bed, lamenting with much passion and with abundance of tears". He remained grieving in his room for two days. In contrast, the public rejoiced at Buckingham's death, accentuating the gulf between the court and the nation and between the Crown and the Commons. Buckingham's death effectively ended the war with Spain and eliminated his leadership as an issue, but it did not end the conflicts between Charles and Parliament. It did, however, coincide with an improvement in Charles's relationship with his wife, and by November 1628 their old quarrels were at an end. Perhaps Charles's emotional ties were transferred from Buckingham to Henrietta Maria. She became pregnant for the first time, and the bond between them grew stronger. Together, they embodied an image of virtue and family life, and their court became a model of formality and morality. 1309: 1875: 2741: 1084:—arrested at the door of the House. The Commons was outraged by the imprisonment of two of their members, and after about a week in custody, both were released. On 12 June 1626, the Commons launched a direct protestation attacking Buckingham, stating, "We protest before your Majesty and the whole world that until this great person be removed from intermeddling with the great affairs of state, we are out of hope of any good success; and do fear that any money we shall or can give will, through his misemployment, be turned rather to the hurt and prejudice of this your kingdom than otherwise, as by lamentable experience we have found those large supplies formerly and lately given." Despite the protests, Charles refused to dismiss his friend, dismissing Parliament instead. 2976: 1146: 1651: 1212: 1403: 1706: 2928: 1781: 1252:, which proved even more unpopular, and lucrative, than tonnage and poundage before it. Previously, collection of ship money had been authorised only during wars, and only on coastal regions. But Charles argued that there was no legal bar to collecting the tax for defence during peacetime and throughout the whole of the kingdom. Ship money, paid directly to the Treasury of the Navy, provided between £150,000 to £200,000 annually between 1634 and 1638, after which yields declined. Opposition to ship money steadily grew, but England's 12 common law judges ruled the tax within the king's prerogative, though some of them had reservations. The prosecution of 31: 1245:

defence and on diplomatic efforts to support his sister Elizabeth and his foreign policy objective for the restoration of the Palatinate. England was still the least taxed country in Europe, with no official excise and no regular direct taxation. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the "Distraint of Knighthood", in abeyance for over a century, which required any man who earned £40 or more from land each year to present himself at the king's coronation to be knighted. Relying on this old statute, Charles fined those who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626.

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the law of this land, I am no less confident, that no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King, they all going in his name: and one of their maxims is, that the King can do no wrong ... the higher House is totally excluded; and for the House of Commons, it is too well known that the major part of them are detained or deterred from sitting ... the arms I took up were only to defend the fundamental laws of this kingdom against those who have supposed my power hath totally changed the ancient government.

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overthrow the rights and liberties of the people". In carrying this out he had "traitorously and maliciously levied war against the present Parliament, and the people therein represented", and that the "wicked designs, wars, and evil practices of him, the said Charles Stuart, have been, and are carried on for the advancement and upholding of a personal interest of will, power, and pretended prerogative to himself and his family, against the public interest, common right, liberty, justice, and peace of the people of this nation."

369: 12804: 2340:: "An unjust sentence that I suffered to take effect, is punished now by an unjust sentence on me." He declared that he had desired the liberty and freedom of the people as much as any, "but I must tell you that their liberty and freedom consists in having government ... It is not their having a share in the government; that is nothing appertaining unto them. A subject and a sovereign are clean different things." He continued, "I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be." 853: 2053: 1193: 1227: 926: 2182: 1533: 2357: 13292: 2244: 13699: 1172:, down in his chair so that the session could be prolonged long enough for resolutions against Catholicism, Arminianism, and tonnage and poundage to be read out and acclaimed by the chamber. The provocation was too much for Charles, who dissolved Parliament and had nine parliamentary leaders, including Sir John Eliot, imprisoned over the matter, thereby turning the men into martyrs and giving popular cause to their protest. 1574:. Following the illness of Lord Northumberland, who was the king's commander-in-chief, Charles and Strafford went north to command the English forces, despite Strafford being ill himself with a combination of gout and dysentery. The Scottish soldiery, many of whom were veterans of the Thirty Years' War, had far greater morale and training than their English counterparts. They met virtually no resistance until reaching 10612: 1816:, on the grounds of high treason. When Parliament refused, it was possibly Henrietta Maria who persuaded Charles to arrest the five members by force, which he resolved to do personally. But news of the warrant reached Parliament ahead of him, and the wanted men slipped away by boat shortly before Charles entered the House of Commons with an armed guard on 4 January. Having displaced Speaker 2321:. They were permitted to visit him on 29 January, and he bade them a tearful farewell. The next morning, he called for two shirts to prevent the cold weather causing any noticeable shivers that the crowd could have mistaken for fear: "the season is so sharp as probably may make me shake, which some observers may imagine proceeds from fear. I would have no such imputation." 1671:

of justice". But increased tensions and an attempted coup by royalist army officers in support of Strafford and in which Charles was involved began to sway the issue. The Commons passed the bill on 20 April by a large margin (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 230 abstained), and the Lords acquiesced (by 26 votes to 19, with 79 absent) in May. On 3 May, Parliament's

1601:, signed in October 1640. This stated that the Scots would continue to occupy Northumberland and Durham and be paid £850 per day indefinitely until a final settlement was negotiated and the English Parliament recalled, which would be required to raise sufficient funds to pay the Scottish forces. Consequently, Charles summoned what later became known as the 1566:", which aimed to make central royal authority more efficient and effective at the expense of local or anti-government interests. Although originally a critic of the king, Strafford defected to royal service in 1628, in part due to the Duke of Buckingham's persuasion, and had since emerged, alongside Laud, as the most influential of Charles's ministers. 1267:" because some of its backers were Catholics. Charles also raised funds from the Scottish nobility, at the price of considerable acrimony, by the Act of Revocation (1625), whereby all gifts of royal or church land made to the nobility since 1540 were revoked, with continued ownership being subject to an annual rent. In addition, the boundaries of the 1597:, Charles had resolved to follow the almost universal advice to call a parliament. After informing the peers that a parliament would convene in November, he asked them to consider how he could acquire funds to maintain his army against the Scots in the meantime. They recommended making peace. A cessation of arms was negotiated in the humiliating 2723:, whom Parliament beheaded during the war, described Charles as "A mild and gracious prince who knew not how to be, or how to be made, great." Charles was more sober and refined than his father, but he was intransigent. He deliberately pursued unpopular policies that brought ruin on himself. Both Charles and James were advocates of the 1745:, coupled with resentment at moves to ensure the Irish Parliament was subordinate to the Parliament of England, sowed the seeds of rebellion. When armed conflict arose between the Gaelic Irish and New English in late October 1641, the Old English sided with the Gaelic Irish while simultaneously professing their loyalty to the king. 1921:. Rupert's cavalry successfully charged through the parliamentary ranks, but instead of swiftly returning to the field, rode off to plunder the parliamentary baggage train. Lindsey, acting as a colonel, was wounded and bled to death without medical attention. The battle ended inconclusively as the daylight faded. 1029:, published in 1625 shortly after James's death and Charles's accession. To protect Montagu from the stricture of Puritan members of Parliament, Charles made him a royal chaplain, heightening many Puritans' suspicions that Charles favoured Arminianism as a clandestine attempt to aid Catholicism's resurgence. 953:. Charles delayed the opening of his first Parliament until after the marriage was consummated, to forestall any opposition. Many members of the Commons opposed his marriage to a Catholic, fearing that he would lift restrictions on Catholic recusants and undermine the official establishment of the reformed 2220:

The Rump Commons declared itself capable of legislating alone, passed a bill creating a separate court for Charles's trial, and declared the bill an act without the need for royal assent. The High Court of Justice established by the Act consisted of 135 commissioners, but many either refused to serve

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Also in early May, Charles assented to an unprecedented Act that forbade the dissolution of the English Parliament without its consent. In the following months, ship money, fines in distraint of knighthood and excise without parliamentary consent were declared unlawful, and the Courts of Star Chamber

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A large fiscal deficit had arisen during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Notwithstanding Buckingham's short-lived campaigns against both Spain and France, Charles had little financial capacity to wage wars overseas. Throughout his reign, he was obliged to rely primarily on volunteer forces for

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no earthly power can justly call me (who am your King) in question as a delinquent ... this day's proceeding cannot be warranted by God's laws; for, on the contrary, the authority of obedience unto Kings is clearly warranted, and strictly commanded in both the Old and New Testament ... for

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Charles assured Strafford that "upon the word of a king you shall not suffer in life, honour or fortune", and the attainder could not succeed if Charles withheld assent. Furthermore, many members and most peers opposed the attainder, not wishing, in the words of one, to "commit murder with the sword

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in England were restored to their ancient limits as part of a scheme to maximise income by exploiting the land and fining land users within the reasserted boundaries for encroachment. The programme's focus was disafforestation and sale of forest lands for conversion to pasture and arable farming, or

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By 1604, when Charles was three-and-a-half, he was able to walk the length of the great hall at Dunfermline Palace without assistance, and it was decided that he was strong enough to journey to England to be reunited with his family. In mid-July 1604, he left Dunfermline for England, where he was to

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attempted to broker a compromise whereby the king would agree to forfeit ship money in exchange for £650,000 (although the cost of the coming war was estimated at £1 million). Nevertheless, this alone was insufficient to produce consensus in the Commons. The Parliamentarians' calls for further

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seized his bridle and pulled him back, fearing for the king's safety. The royalist soldiers misinterpreted Carnwath's action as a signal to move back, leading to a collapse of their position. The military balance tipped decisively in favour of Parliament. There followed a series of defeats for the

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from his chair, the king asked him where the MPs had fled. Lenthall, on his knees, famously replied, "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here." Charles abjectly declared "all my birds

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The Long Parliament proved just as difficult for Charles as had the Short Parliament. It assembled on 3 November 1640 and quickly began proceedings to impeach the king's leading counsellors for high treason. Strafford was taken into custody on 10 November; Laud was impeached on 18 December; Finch,

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reformers considered Charles too sympathetic to Arminianism, and opposed his desire to move the Church of England in a more traditional and sacramental direction. In addition, his Protestant subjects followed the European war closely and grew increasingly dismayed by Charles's diplomacy with Spain

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Over the first three days of the trial, whenever Charles was asked to plead, he refused, stating his objection with the words: "I would know by what power I am called hither, by what lawful authority...?" He claimed that no court had jurisdiction over a monarch, that his own authority to rule had

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Strafford's fall from power weakened Charles's influence in Ireland. The dissolution of the Irish army was unsuccessfully demanded three times by the English Commons during Strafford's imprisonment, until lack of money eventually forced Charles to disband the army at the end of Strafford's trial.

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attacked the "wicked counsels" of Charles's "arbitrary and tyrannical government". While those who signed the petition undertook to defend the king's "person, honour and estate", they also swore to preserve "the true reformed religion", Parliament, and the "rights and liberties of the subjects".

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were summoned in the early months of 1640. In March 1640, the Irish Parliament duly voted in a subsidy of £180,000 with the promise to raise an army 9,000 strong by the end of May. But in the English general election in March, court candidates fared badly, and Charles's dealings with the English

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on 26 May, calling upon Charles to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes. Charles assented to the petition on 7 June, but by the end of the month he had prorogued

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It was common practice for the severed head of a traitor to be held up and exhibited to the crowd with the words "Behold the head of a traitor!" Charles's head was exhibited, but those words were not used, possibly because the executioner did not want his voice recognised. On the day after the

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Charles was accused of treason against England by using his power to pursue his personal interest rather than the good of the country. The charge stated that he was devising "a wicked design to erect and uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to

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When Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland he faced numerous difficulties. Although born in Scotland, Charles had become estranged from it; his first visit since early childhood was for his Scottish coronation in 1633. To the dismay of the Scots, who had removed many

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At the end of the third day, Charles was removed from the court, which then heard over 30 witnesses against him in his absence over the next two days, and on 26 January condemned him to death. The next day, the king was brought before a public session of the commission, declared guilty, and

1091:, appointments to her household, and the practice of her religion culminated in the king expelling the vast majority of her French attendants in August 1626. Despite Charles's agreement to provide the French with English ships as a condition of marrying Henrietta Maria, in 1627 he launched 3809:, "For Arminianism is the span of a Papist, and if you mark it well, you shall see an Arminian reaching to a Papist, a Papist to a Jesuit, a Jesuit to the Pope, and the other to the King of Spain. And having kindled fire in our neighbours, they now seek to set on flame this kingdom also." 2405:, the common hangman of London, but he refused, at least at first, despite being offered £200 – a considerably large sum for the time. It is possible he relented and undertook the commission after being threatened with death, but others have been named as potential candidates, including 2044:. After nine months of negotiations, the Scots finally arrived at an agreement with the English Parliament: in exchange for £100,000, and the promise of more money in the future, the Scots withdrew from Newcastle and delivered Charles to the parliamentary commissioners in January 1647. 1283:

Against the background of this unrest, Charles faced bankruptcy in mid-1640. The City of London, preoccupied with its own grievances, refused to make any loans to him, as did foreign powers. In this extremity, in July Charles seized silver bullion worth £130,000 held in trust at the

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or the "eleven years' tyranny". Ruling without Parliament was not exceptional, and was supported by precedent. But only Parliament could legally raise taxes, and without it Charles's capacity to acquire funds for his treasury was limited to his customary rights and prerogatives.

2259:, the indictment held him "guilty of all the treasons, murders, rapines, burnings, spoils, desolations, damages and mischiefs to this nation, acted and committed in the said wars, or occasioned thereby." An estimated 300,000 people, or 6% of the population, died during the war. 891:, the Spanish chief minister, and so Charles conducted the ultimately futile negotiations personally. When he returned to London in October, without a bride and to a rapturous and relieved public welcome, he and Buckingham pushed the reluctant James to declare war on Spain. 2284:

sentenced. The judgement read, "For all which treasons and crimes this court doth adjudge that he, the said Charles Stuart, as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy to the good people of this nation, shall be put to death by the severing of his head from his body."

902:, who opposed war on grounds of cost and quickly fell in much the same manner Bacon had. James told Buckingham he was a fool, and presciently warned Charles that he would live to regret the revival of impeachment as a parliamentary tool. An underfunded makeshift army under 2154:

and the army opposed any further talks with someone they viewed as a bloody tyrant and were already taking action to consolidate their power. Hammond was replaced as Governor of the Isle of Wight on 27 November, and placed in the custody of the army the following day. In

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appears to have prompted more members of the Lords to support the king. In an attempt to strengthen his position, Charles generated great antipathy in London, which was already fast falling into lawlessness, when he placed the Tower of London under the command of Colonel

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were tempered by compromise and consensus with his subjects, Charles believed he had no need to compromise or even to explain his actions. He thought he was answerable only to God. "Princes are not bound to give account of their actions," he wrote, "but to God alone".

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that Strafford had threatened to use the Irish army to subdue England was not corroborated, and on 10 April Pym's case collapsed. Pym and his allies immediately launched a bill of attainder, which simply declared Strafford guilty and pronounced the sentence of death.

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Charles continued peace negotiations with the Scots in a bid to gain time before launching a new military campaign. Because of his financial weakness, he was forced to call Parliament into session in an attempt to raise funds for such a venture. Both the English and

1168:, a Member of Parliament whose goods had been confiscated for failing to pay tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the imposition of the tax as a breach of the Petition of Right. When Charles ordered a parliamentary adjournment on 2 March, members held the Speaker, 1488:

The military failure in the First Bishops' War caused a financial and diplomatic crisis for Charles that deepened when his efforts to raise funds from Spain while simultaneously continuing his support for his Palatine relatives led to the public humiliation of the

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on the outskirts of London, the royalist army met resistance from the city militia, and faced with a numerically superior force, Charles ordered a retreat. He overwintered in Oxford, strengthening the city's defences and preparing for the next season's campaign.

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took him by threat of force from Holdenby on 3 June in the name of the New Model Army. By this time, mutual suspicion had developed between Parliament, which favoured army disbandment and presbyterianism, and the New Model Army, which was primarily officered by

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Unfortunately for James, negotiation with Spain proved unpopular with both the public and James's court. The English Parliament was actively hostile towards Spain and Catholicism, and thus, when called by James in 1621, the members hoped for an enforcement of

1643:, which required Parliament to be summoned at least every three years, and permitted the Lord Keeper and 12 peers to summon Parliament if the king failed to do so. The Act was coupled with a subsidy bill, and to secure the latter, Charles grudgingly granted 1485:, Charles regained custody of his Scottish fortresses and secured the dissolution of the Covenanters' interim government, albeit at the decisive concession that both the Scottish Parliament and General Assembly of the Scottish Church were called. 2119:

From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties. In direct contrast to his previous conflict with the Scottish Kirk, on 26 December 1647 he signed a secret treaty with the Scots. Under the agreement, called the

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In his own words, the experience of battle had left Charles "exceedingly and deeply grieved". He regrouped at Oxford, turning down Rupert's suggestion of an immediate attack on London. After a week, he set out for the capital on 3 November,

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and High Commission were abolished. All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by the Tonnage and Poundage Act. The House of Commons also launched bills attacking bishops and episcopacy, but these failed in the Lords.

1379:, the two most powerful courts in the land. The courts became feared for their censorship of opposing religious views and unpopular among the propertied classes for inflicting degrading punishments on gentlemen. For example, in 1637 1756:

was intended to wrest control of the army from the king, but it did not have the support of the Lords, let alone Charles. Instead, the Commons passed the bill as an ordinance, which they claimed did not require royal assent. The

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The botched arrest attempt was politically disastrous for Charles. No English sovereign had ever entered the House of Commons, and his unprecedented invasion of the chamber to arrest its members was considered a grave breach of

426:, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without Parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical 2343:

At about 2:00 p.m., Charles put his head on the block after saying a prayer and signalled the executioner when he was ready by stretching out his hands; he was then beheaded in one clean stroke. According to observer

1981:, which sat until March 1645, was supported by the majority of peers and about a third of the Commons. Charles became disillusioned by the assembly's ineffectiveness, calling it a "mongrel" in private letters to his wife. 1795:

Charles suspected, probably correctly, that some members of the English Parliament had colluded with the invading Scots. On 3 January 1642, Charles directed Parliament to give up five specific members of the Commons—Pym,

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Charles's unprecedented 1642 invasion of the House of Commons' chamber, a grave violation of the liberties of Parliament, and his unsuccessful attempt to arrest five Members of Parliament is commemorated annually at the

1687:, then securing the Scots' favour on a visit from August to November 1641 during which he conceded to the official establishment of presbyterianism in Scotland. But after an attempted royalist coup in Scotland, known as 13872: 1569:

Bolstered by the failure of the English Short Parliament, the Scottish Parliament declared itself capable of governing without the king's consent, and in August 1640 the Covenanter army moved into the English county of

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as James I. Charles was a weak and sickly infant, and while his parents and older siblings left for England in April and early June that year, due to his fragile health, he remained in Scotland with his father's friend

2336:. Charles was separated from spectators by large ranks of soldiers, and his last speech reached only those with him on the scaffold. He blamed his fate on his failure to prevent the execution of his loyal servant 878:

thought Charles little more than an infidel, and the Spanish at first demanded that he convert to Catholicism as a condition of the match. They insisted on toleration of Catholics in England and the repeal of the

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Partly inspired by his visit to the Spanish court in 1623, Charles became a passionate and knowledgeable art collector, amassing one of the finest art collections ever assembled. In Spain, he sat for a sketch by

3822:, who used it to carve a bust of the king, destroyed by fire in 1698; on seeing the painting, Bernini allegedly remarked the sitter was the saddest person he had ever seen and was destined for a violent death. 1766:, an infamous, albeit efficient, career officer. When rumours reached Charles that Parliament intended to impeach his wife for supposedly conspiring with the Irish rebels, he decided to take drastic action. 1048:

had been granted the right for life. In this manner, Parliament could delay approval of the rates until after a full-scale review of customs revenue. The bill made no progress in the House of Lords past its

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and proposed that "the King of England was not a person, but an office whose every occupant was entrusted with a limited power to govern 'by and according to the laws of the land and not otherwise'."

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Fearing for his family's safety in the face of unrest, Charles reluctantly assented to Strafford's attainder on 9 May after consulting his judges and bishops. Strafford was beheaded three days later.

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and a man who had great influence over the prince, travelled incognito to Spain in February 1623 to try to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish match. The trip was an embarrassing failure. The

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theology emphasised clerical authority and the individual's ability to reject or accept salvation, which opponents viewed as heretical and a potential vehicle for the reintroduction of Catholicism.

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stalemated at nightfall, and the armies disengaged. In January 1644, Charles summoned a Parliament at Oxford, which was attended by about 40 peers and 118 members of the Commons; all told, the

2080:, who sought a greater political role. Charles was eager to exploit the widening divisions, and apparently viewed Joyce's actions as an opportunity rather than a threat. He was taken first to 2205:

House of Commons indicted him for treason, however the House of Lords rejected the charge. The idea of trying a king was novel. The Chief Justices of the three common law courts of England—

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be concerned exclusively with domestic affairs, while the members protested that they had the privilege of free speech within the Commons' walls, demanding war with Spain and a Protestant

2911:); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). In Scotland, the Scottish arms were placed in the first and fourth quarters with the English and French arms in the second quarter. 894:

With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned the English Parliament in 1624 to request subsidies for a war. Charles and Buckingham supported the impeachment of the

484:, he fled north from his base at Oxford. Charles surrendered to a Scottish force and after lengthy negotiations between the English and Scottish parliaments he was handed over to the 2428:, so his body was conveyed to Windsor on the night of 7 February. He was buried in private on 9 February 1649 in the Henry VIII vault in the chapel's quire, alongside the coffins of 2267:

and by the traditional laws of England, and that the power wielded by those trying him was only that of force of arms. Charles insisted that the trial was illegal, explaining that,

10793: 2348:, a moan "as I never heard before and desire I may never hear again" rose from the assembled crowd, some of whom then dipped their handkerchiefs in the king's blood as a memento. 2012:

before the winter closed in; the battle ended indecisively. Attempts to negotiate a settlement over the winter, while both sides rearmed and reorganised, were again unsuccessful.

670:. He became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Even so, his public profile remained low in contrast to that of his physically stronger and taller elder brother, 624:, who put him in boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. His speech development was also slow, and he had a stammer for the rest of his life. 1435:. Although it had been written, under Charles's direction, by Scottish bishops, many Scots resisted it, seeing it as a vehicle to introduce Anglicanism to Scotland. On 23 July, 1106:

Charles provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan": a tax levied without parliamentary consent. In November 1627, the test case in the

1040:. Parliament voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000, an insufficient sum for Charles's war plans. Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorisation for royal collection of 1164:

in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. Members of the House of Commons began to voice opposition to Charles's policies in light of the case of

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erupted in Edinburgh upon the first Sunday of the prayer book's usage, and unrest spread throughout the Kirk. The public began to mobilise around a reaffirmation of the

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culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, shortly after his accession, he married

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or chose to stay away. Only 68 (all firm Parliamentarians) attended Charles's trial on charges of high treason and "other high crimes" that began on 20 January 1649 in

2124:", the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles's behalf and restore him to the throne on condition that presbyterianism be established in England for three years. 1095:

to defend the Huguenots at La Rochelle. The action, led by Buckingham, was ultimately unsuccessful. Buckingham's failure to protect the Huguenots—and his retreat from

13882: 2486:("The Iconoclast"), but the response made little headway against the pathos of the royalist book. Anglicans and royalists fashioned an image of martyrdom, and in the 1114:", found that the king had a prerogative right to imprison without trial those who refused to pay the forced loan. Summoned again in March 1628, Parliament adopted a 1023:. Arminian divines had been one of the few sources of support for Charles's proposed Spanish marriage. With King James's support, Montagu produced another pamphlet, 8523: 1175:

Personal rule necessitated peace. Without the means in the foreseeable future to raise funds from Parliament for a European war, or Buckingham's help, Charles made

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under Buckingham's leadership went badly, and the House of Commons began proceedings for the impeachment of the duke. In May 1626, Charles nominated Buckingham as

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ROUS, Francis (1581-1659), of Landrake, Cornw.; later of Brixham, Devon, Eton, Bucks. and Acton, Mdx; in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629

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remain in Spain for a year after any wedding to ensure that England complied with all the treaty's terms. A personal quarrel erupted between Buckingham and the

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Morris, John S. (2007), "Sir Henry Halford, president of the Royal College of Physicians, with a note on his involvement in the exhumation of King Charles I",

2417:. The clean strike, confirmed by an examination of the king's body at Windsor in 1813, suggests that the execution was carried out by an experienced headsman. 1965:. His plan to undermine the city walls failed due to heavy rain, and on the approach of a parliamentary relief force, Charles lifted the siege and withdrew to 957:. Charles told Parliament that he would not relax religious restrictions, but promised to do exactly that in a secret marriage treaty with his brother-in-law 10786: 9699: 1032:

Rather than direct involvement in the European land war, the English Parliament preferred a relatively inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the

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Charles had nine children, five of whom reached adulthood. Two of his sons eventually succeeded as king, and two chidren died at or shortly after birth.

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seized the company's stock of pepper and spices and sold it for £60,000 (far below its market value), promising to refund the money with interest later.

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The war continued indecisively over the next couple of years, and Henrietta Maria returned to Britain for 17 months from February 1643. After Rupert

13777: 13645: 10370: 2806:, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. The authors of his death warrant called him "Charles Stuart, King of England". 2313:

Charles's execution was scheduled for Tuesday, 30 January 1649. Two of his children remained in England under the control of the Parliamentarians:

1443:, whose signatories pledged to uphold the reformed religion of Scotland and reject any innovations not authorised by Kirk and Parliament. When the 1605:. Once again, his supporters fared badly at the polls. Of the 493 members of the Commons returned in November, over 350 were opposed to the king. 769:

and public quickly grew to see as a polarised continental struggle between Catholics and Protestants. In 1620, King Frederick was defeated at the

10779: 2189:, 1649. He let his beard and hair grow long because Parliament had dismissed his barber, and he refused to let anyone else near him with a razor. 2023:, but elsewhere on the field, opposing forces pushed Charles's troops back. Attempting to rally his men, Charles rode forward, but as he did so, 1263:, which, though inefficient, raised an estimated £100,000 a year in the late 1630s. One such monopoly was for soap, pejoratively referred to as " 13827: 1511:

reforms were ignored by Charles, who still retained the support of the House of Lords. Despite the protests of the Earl of Northumberland, the

1473:

in 1639. He did not seek subsidies from the English Parliament to wage war, instead raising an army without parliamentary aid and marching to

12542: 1826: 10405:

Devereaux, Simon (2009), "The historiography of the English state during 'the Long Eighteenth Century': Part I–Decentralized perspectives",

1840:. After sending his wife and eldest daughter to safety abroad in February, he travelled northwards, hoping to seize the military arsenal at 13832: 13241: 3665: 2382: 1256:

for non-payment in 1637–38 provided a platform for popular protest, and the judges found against Hampden only by the narrow margin of 7–5.

659:

Scot, was appointed as a tutor. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics and religion. In 1611, he was made a

3731:, which was used in Great Britain and Ireland throughout Charles's lifetime. However, years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 761:. Frederick's acceptance of the Bohemian crown in defiance of the emperor marked the beginning of the turmoil that would develop into the 674:, whom Charles adored and attempted to emulate. But in early November 1612, Henry died at the age of 18 of what is suspected to have been 13852: 13573: 12848: 12586: 11556: 9297: 8238: 3885: 3063: 2980: 2708:, who offered a more sympathetic view that has not been widely adopted. Sharpe argued that the king was a dynamic man of conscience, but 2503: 2461: 1503: 496:, he forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, the New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was 395:, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became 10307: 8841: 888: 12139: 2466:

Ten days after Charles's execution, on the day of his interment, a memoir purportedly written by him appeared for sale. This book, the

1444: 742: 13178: 12529: 12441: 3796:

The statute forbade grants of monopolies to individuals but Charles circumvented the restriction by granting monopolies to companies.

3840:

In 1813, part of Charles's beard, a piece of neck bone, and a tooth were taken as relics. They were placed back in the tomb in 1888.

1308: 13847: 13162: 12513: 2848: 1874: 1087:

Meanwhile, domestic quarrels between Charles and Henrietta Maria were souring the early years of their marriage. Disputes over her

609: 297: 2740: 13897: 13742: 13093: 3125: 2613: 2337: 2234: 1890:, and Parliament called for volunteers for its militia. The negotiations proved futile, and Charles raised the royal standard in 1542: 1507: 899: 834: 826: 845:. Like his father, Charles considered discussion of his marriage in the Commons impertinent and an infringement of his father's 13757: 13747: 13170: 12638: 12521: 12200: 11549: 2704:, who thought him duplicitous and delusional. In recent decades, most historians have criticised him, the main exception being 2495: 2096:

took place. By November, he determined that it would be in his best interests to escape—perhaps to France, Southern England or

1813: 1355:, organising the internal architecture of English churches to emphasise the sacrament of the altar, and reissuing King James's 825:. The incident set an important precedent as the process of impeachment would later be used against Charles and his supporters 6320: 10583: 10184: 10151: 10131: 10085: 9998: 9870: 9831: 9790: 9760: 9650: 9631: 9519: 9418: 9349: 2437: 2105: 1276:, development for the iron industry. Disafforestation frequently caused riots and disturbances, including those known as the 229: 2975: 1345:. They initiated a series of reforms to promote religious uniformity by restricting non-conformist preachers, insisting the 1145: 1092: 1053:. Although no act of Parliament for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect the duties. 13762: 13752: 13737: 12662: 12220: 9565: 3865: 2024: 1330: 981: 937:

With the failure of the Spanish match, Charles and Buckingham turned their attention to France. On 1 May 1625 Charles was

13907: 13318: 13137: 13113: 12936: 12884: 8510: 3245: 3004: 2869: 2787: 2617: 2487: 1741:

Disputes over the transfer of land ownership from native Catholic to settler Protestant, particularly in relation to the

1562:

since 1632, had emerged as Charles's right-hand man and, together with Archbishop Laud, pursued a policy that he termed "

910: 9182: 13308: 2534: 2511: 2362:

Cromwell was said to have visited Charles's coffin, sighing "Cruel necessity!" as he did so. The story was depicted by

2005: 1914: 1829:. In one stroke Charles destroyed his supporters' efforts to portray him as a defence against innovation and disorder. 1123: 1107: 1073: 849:. In January 1622, James dissolved Parliament, angry at what he perceived as the members' impudence and intransigence. 711: 621: 2159:

on 6 and 7 December, the members of Parliament out of sympathy with the military were arrested or excluded by Colonel

1650: 13887: 13675: 13650: 13604: 13125: 12646: 12473: 10564: 10260: 10218: 10166: 10103: 10016: 9975: 9954: 9931: 9913: 9888: 9849: 9810: 9735: 9681: 9613: 9592: 9540: 9482: 9438: 9379: 1481:, as the king feared the defeat of his forces, whom he believed to be significantly outnumbered by the Scots. In the 970: 818: 2680:. By Charles's death, there were an estimated 1,760 paintings, most of which were sold and dispersed by Parliament. 13867: 13842: 13234: 12952: 12702: 12260: 10726: 9858: 3173: 2992: 2318: 2314: 906:

set off to recover the Palatinate, but it was so poorly provisioned that it never advanced beyond the Dutch coast.

726: 671: 400: 307: 9447:

Donaghan, Barbara (1995), "Halcyon Days and the Literature of the War: England's Military Education before 1642",

3633: 2036:(disguised as a servant) in April 1646. He put himself into the hands of the Scottish presbyterian army besieging 1705: 1402: 312: 13892: 12868: 12841: 12579: 12467: 3607: 3143: 2996: 2538: 1801: 1493:, where the Dutch destroyed a Spanish bullion fleet off the coast of Kent in sight of the impotent English navy. 1371:

so that Puritans could be appointed to them, was dissolved. Laud prosecuted those who opposed his reforms in the

1313: 1211: 652: 2150:

on the Isle of Wight. On 5 December 1648, Parliament voted 129 to 83 to continue negotiating with the king, but

1683:

Charles had made important concessions in England, and temporarily improved his position in Scotland by signing

1639:

with Charles's permission on 21 December. To prevent the king from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the

1416:

traditional rituals from their liturgical practice, Charles insisted that the coronation be conducted using the

961:. Moreover, the treaty loaned to the French seven English naval ships that were used to suppress the Protestant 13837: 13380: 12536: 12461: 12132: 10051: 8519: 2908: 2285: 2139:, and a rebellion in South Wales, were put down by the New Model Army, and with the defeat of the Scots at the 1215: 569: 368: 3203: 2401:

The executioner was masked and disguised, and there is debate over his identity. The commissioners approached

2222: 380:(19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until 13722: 13509: 12434: 12394: 2728: 2421:

execution, the king's head was sewn back onto his body, which was then embalmed and placed in a lead coffin.

1632: 715: 10339:

Burgess, Glenn (1990), "On revisionism: an analysis of early Stuart historiography in the 1970s and 1980s",

10301: 1780: 13787: 13767: 13583: 13578: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13276: 12479: 12085: 11453: 11416: 3111: 3077: 1992:, which were under threat from parliamentary and Scottish Covenanter armies. Charles was victorious at the 1969:. The parliamentary army turned back towards London, and Charles set off in pursuit. The two armies met at 1849: 1425: 1407: 1165: 977:, but without his wife at his side, because she refused to participate in a Protestant religious ceremony. 497: 8851:

Lancashire at War: Cavaliers and Roundheads, 1642-51: a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn

2927: 13862: 13495: 13227: 13197: 13086: 12982: 12726: 12290: 11896: 11178: 9392: 2593: 2562: 2307: 1917:, and Charles sided with Rupert. Lindsey resigned, leaving Charles to assume overall command assisted by 1448: 1421: 1360: 1020: 838: 790: 404: 11886: 11167: 10491:

Lake, Peter (2015), "From Revisionist to Royalist History; or, Was Charles I the First Whig Historian",

1179:

and Spain. The next 11 years, during which Charles ruled England without a Parliament, are known as the

13857: 13812: 13807: 12998: 12990: 12834: 12742: 12734: 12572: 12488: 12310: 12300: 11861: 11835: 11580: 11463: 11141: 11109: 10119: 6395:, p. 288, quoting and agreeing with Gardiner, suspects that it was initiated by Pym's allies only. 3545: 3271: 2758:

23 December 1600 – 27 March 1625: Duke of Albany, Marquess of Ormonde, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch

2410: 2019:

on 14 June 1645, Rupert's horsemen again mounted a successful charge against the flank of Parliament's

1926: 1910: 1730: 1620: 10592: 10560: 9307: 9239: 13792: 13685: 12125: 11976: 11916: 11815: 11572: 11458: 11253: 11198: 10806: 10699: 9192: 2783: 2775: 1993: 1929:

on the way while simultaneously continuing to negotiate with civic and parliamentary delegations. At

1870:

Parliamentarian pamphlet depicting Charles raising the royal standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642

1688: 1119:

Parliament and reasserted his right to collect customs duties without authorisation from Parliament.

758: 589: 573: 408: 392: 243: 627: 13802: 13797: 13782: 13772: 13660: 13524: 13519: 13119: 13046: 12790: 12427: 12380: 11981: 11971: 11780: 11259: 11248: 10954: 10810: 10802: 10717: 10666: 9940: 9694: 3487: 2705: 2657: 2649: 2526: 2345: 2140: 2128: 2074: 2009: 1978: 1482: 1372: 1342: 909:

By 1624, the increasingly ill James was finding it difficult to control Parliament. By the time of

770: 287: 102: 11765: 11745: 686:. As the eldest surviving son of the sovereign, he automatically gained several titles, including 13595: 13340: 13300: 13210: 12686: 12670: 12606: 12555: 12230: 12170: 11951: 11946: 11926: 11901: 11228: 11223: 11208: 11183: 10682: 9963: 3513: 3058:(1638–1705) in 1662. No legitimate liveborn issue, but many acknowledged illegitimate offspring. 2522: 2491: 1974: 1930: 1866: 1700: 1684: 1469:

Charles perceived the unrest in Scotland as a rebellion against his authority, precipitating the

1196: 1069: 805:

laws, a naval campaign against Spain, and a Protestant marriage for the Prince of Wales. James's

666:

Eventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by

505: 489: 302: 11725: 10890: 13912: 13822: 13817: 13680: 13079: 12080: 12020: 11961: 11941: 11931: 11906: 11891: 11407: 11292: 11238: 11213: 11188: 11173: 11045: 10880: 10587: 9491: 3881: 2918: 2701: 2529:. All significant military opposition in Britain and Ireland was extinguished by the forces of 2387: 2297: 2256: 2147: 2077: 1997: 1734: 1590: 1559: 1384: 1222:

in saltire on the obverse. The two sceptres represent the two kingdoms of England and Scotland.

1037: 765:. The conflict, originally confined to Bohemia, spiralled into a wider European war, which the 632: 600: 470: 399:

to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother,

381: 208: 42: 11350: 3769:) and a maiden resemble the king and queen. The dragon of war lies slain under Charles's foot. 2525:". The House of Lords was abolished by the Rump Commons, and executive power was assumed by a 2374: 13670: 13665: 13615: 13552: 13529: 12974: 12900: 12718: 12614: 12410: 12280: 12180: 12065: 12035: 12015: 11936: 11876: 11866: 11856: 11397: 11307: 11287: 11218: 11156: 11146: 11136: 11015: 11010: 10983: 10944: 10939: 10752: 10709: 10690: 9388: 3753:

Rubens, who acted as the Spanish representative during peace negotiations in London, painted

3055: 3043: 2988: 2896: 2873: 2872:

by a plain label Argent of three points. As king, Charles bore the royal arms undifferenced:

2795: 2724: 2441: 2264: 2226: 2001: 1902:. Parliament controlled London, the south-east and East Anglia, as well as the English navy. 1498: 1470: 1396: 1356: 1351: 1260: 1160:

In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the English Parliament, which had been

1111: 1025: 517: 423: 282: 164: 90: 13485: 13325: 11830: 11102: 10854: 10323:

Braddick, Michael (2004), "State Formation and the Historiography of Early Modern England",

2502:

Anglicans held special services on the anniversary of his death. Churches, such as those at

1122:

On 23 August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated. Charles was deeply distressed. According to

1096: 1056: 30: 13732: 13727: 13503: 13395: 13330: 13281: 13271: 13258: 12908: 12892: 12160: 12050: 12040: 12030: 12010: 11999: 11987: 11911: 11840: 11715: 11322: 11312: 11302: 11275: 11193: 11116: 11050: 11005: 10995: 10989: 10978: 10972: 10922: 9669: 9396: 3861: 3857: 3819: 3391: 3191: 2832: 2798:, etc." The style "of France" was only nominal, and was used by every English monarch from 2745: 2712:

thought Charles "the most incompetent monarch of England since Henry VI", a view shared by

2689: 2601: 2325: 2302: 2237: 1845: 1833: 1742: 1672: 1663: 1100: 1061: 1041: 958: 778: 762: 660: 617: 545: 458: 1886:

In mid-1642, both sides began to arm. Charles raised an army using the medieval method of

1523: 1515:(as it came to be known) was dissolved in May 1640, less than a month after it assembled. 949:. He had seen her in Paris while en route to Spain. They met in person on 13 June 1625 in 789:. James, however, had been seeking marriage between Prince Charles and Ferdinand's niece, 8: 13703: 13514: 13370: 13313: 13155: 12876: 12630: 12506: 12070: 12025: 11956: 11402: 11355: 11297: 11233: 11030: 11020: 11000: 10966: 10771: 9549: 8835: 3889: 3365: 3081: 2984: 2554: 2457: 2329: 2214: 2100:, near the Scottish border. He fled Hampton Court on 11 November, and from the shores of 2041: 1958: 1954: 1941: 1887: 1809: 1710: 1575: 1490: 1452: 1326: 1202: 1045: 946: 786: 782: 513: 197: 10201: 10197: 10029: 2247:

Charles (in the dock with his back to the viewer) facing the High Court of Justice, 1649

13426: 13266: 12622: 12190: 12104: 12100: 12075: 11705: 11660: 11439: 11077: 11025: 10949: 10568: 10531: 10504: 10480: 10434: 10391: 10208: 9988: 9944: 9902: 9819: 9472: 9460: 8570: 2945: 2819: 2791: 2277: 2176: 2113: 2097: 2093: 2081: 1970: 1906: 1879: 1841: 1749: 1726: 1474: 1293: 980:

Distrust of Charles's religious policies increased with his support of a controversial

903: 880: 766: 754: 648: 616:

spend most of the rest of his life. In England, Charles was placed under the charge of

553: 462: 415: 180: 2936: 2581: 13655: 13543: 13539: 13472: 13457: 13390: 13385: 11605: 11072: 10885: 10607: 10508: 10484: 10438: 10414: 10395: 10364: 10332: 10269: 10256: 10214: 10180: 10162: 10147: 10127: 10099: 10081: 10012: 9994: 9971: 9950: 9927: 9909: 9884: 9866: 9845: 9827: 9806: 9800: 9786: 9756: 9731: 9677: 9646: 9627: 9609: 9588: 9561: 9536: 9515: 9478: 9434: 9428: 9414: 9375: 9345: 8575: 8557: 3089: 2661: 2653: 2445: 2425: 2391: 2101: 1984:

In 1644, Charles remained in the southern half of England while Rupert rode north to

1946: 1861: 1789: 1758: 1579: 1440: 1115: 974: 954: 846: 842: 822: 477: 419: 292: 266: 10933: 10040: 1662:, and he went on trial for high treason on 22 March 1641. But the key allegation by 476:

From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the

13447: 13442: 13345: 12857: 12595: 12005: 11966: 11825: 11760: 11390: 11380: 11270: 11243: 11095: 10927: 10847: 10840: 10737: 10733: 10616: 10578: 10523: 10496: 10472: 10453: 10426: 10410: 10383: 10344: 10328: 10300: 9748: 9704: 9452: 8565: 8549: 3303: 2888: 2877: 2855: 2550: 2542: 2333: 2156: 2016: 1985: 1935: 1894:

on 22 August 1642. By then, his forces controlled roughly the Midlands, Wales, the

1817: 1583: 1512: 1464: 1318: 938: 750: 691: 687: 585: 581: 466: 427: 119: 9715: 3787:

For comparison, a typical farm labourer could earn 8d a day, or about £10 a year.

13452: 12816: 12148: 11850: 11645: 11385: 11130: 10960: 10912: 10902: 10896: 10761: 10670: 10630: 10518:

Lee, Maurice Jr (1984), "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King after All?",

10464: 10025: 9744: 9690: 9499: 3728: 3571: 2892: 2779: 2697: 2641: 2621: 2530: 2402: 2202: 2164: 2151: 2112:, whom he apparently believed to be sympathetic. But Hammond confined Charles in 2085: 2037: 2029: 1878:

A nineteenth-century painting depicting Charles (centre in blue sash) before the

1763: 1614: 1602: 1598: 1297: 1289: 1207:("Charles, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, of France and of Ireland") 985: 942: 930: 806: 746: 738: 734: 699: 695: 604: 565: 549: 485: 388: 347: 327: 38: 11541: 10603: 2541:. Cromwell forcibly disbanded the Rump Parliament in 1653, thereby establishing 2052: 1658:

Strafford had become the principal target of the Parliamentarians, particularly

1292:, promising its later return at 8% interest to its owners. In August, after the 1044:(two varieties of customs duties) to a year, although previous sovereigns since 647:, as is customary in the case of the English sovereign's second son, and made a 13609: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13375: 13335: 12944: 12494: 12450: 12055: 11600: 11483: 11370: 11327: 11281: 11066: 10659: 10239: 10139: 3853: 3329: 3117: 2669: 2625: 2546: 2468: 2363: 2210: 2198: 2065: 2020: 1966: 1837: 1805: 1722: 1589:

As demands for a parliament grew, Charles took the unusual step of summoning a

1571: 1380: 1277: 1273: 1192: 1176: 1169: 1081: 1004: 895: 821:

was the first since 1459 without the king's official sanction in the form of a

814: 577: 533: 481: 431: 337: 77: 10512: 10442: 10399: 10348: 9708: 2057: 852: 13716: 13462: 11610: 10227: 9984: 9769: 9528: 9358: 8830: 8561: 8553: 3758: 3423: 2884: 2881: 2713: 2482: 2109: 2089: 1989: 1640: 1550: 1388: 1231: 1226: 1180: 1135: 1103:

and furthered the English Parliament's and people's detestation of the duke.

1077: 1050: 857: 810: 794: 683: 493: 396: 9566:"Delaroche masterpiece feared lost in war to go on show at National Gallery" 9503: 9456: 1076:

in a show of support, and had two members who had spoken against Buckingham—

13873:

People executed under the Interregnum (England) for treason against England

13629: 13590: 13437: 13102: 11993: 11670: 11508: 11265: 10476: 9897: 9723: 9601: 9406: 9097: 8579: 8031: 5303: 3806: 3766: 3762: 2720: 2709: 2574: 2549:. Upon his death in 1658, he was briefly succeeded by his ineffective son, 2433: 2406: 2194: 2186: 2160: 2069: 1962: 1895: 1797: 1785: 1775: 1753: 1644: 1546: 1436: 1376: 1268: 1253: 1153: 925: 830: 656: 644: 593: 561: 501: 492:, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the 212: 11770: 10860: 10500: 10430: 10387: 9643:

The King's Revenge; Charles II and the Greatest Manhunt in British History

8845:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25. 3744:

Charles grew to a peak height of 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm).

2692:, "Charles Stuart is a man of contradictions and controversy". Revered by 2476:

for royal policies, and proved an effective piece of royalist propaganda.

2146:

Charles's only recourse was to return to negotiations, which were held at

1721:

Ireland's population was split into three main sociopolitical groups: the

13621: 13490: 13405: 13250: 13038: 13030: 12782: 12774: 12370: 12360: 11750: 11690: 11655: 11513: 11498: 11083: 10073: 2958:

Coat of arms as heir apparent and Prince of Wales used from 1612 to 1625

2693: 2499: 2477: 2414: 2230: 2206: 2181: 2163:, while others stayed away voluntarily. The remaining members formed the 1264: 966: 447: 443: 435: 11730: 6391:, p. 944 assume that Pym was involved with the launch of the bill; 2592:, among others. In England, his commissions included the ceiling of the 13625: 13365: 13143: 13014: 12758: 12678: 12340: 12320: 12240: 11800: 11755: 11700: 11685: 11680: 11625: 11488: 11478: 11468: 11055: 10917: 10539: 10535: 10448:

Holmes, Clive (1980), "The County Community in Stuart Historiography",

2803: 2799: 2665: 2633: 2429: 2136: 1918: 1891: 1478: 1285: 1249: 950: 719: 557: 454: 357: 64: 10421:

Harris, Tim (2015), "Revisiting the Causes of the English Civil War",

9464: 2131:, and as agreed with Charles, the Scots invaded England. Uprisings in 1852:, who refused him entry in April, and Charles was forced to withdraw. 13400: 13350: 13191: 13131: 13006: 12750: 12694: 12330: 12250: 11795: 11790: 11720: 11710: 11675: 11635: 11615: 11503: 11473: 11060: 11035: 3778:

For example, James I ruled without Parliament between 1614 and 1621.

3103: 2716:, who called him "the worst king we have had since the Middle Ages". 2677: 2637: 2589: 2243: 1636: 1399:

and imprisoned indefinitely for publishing anti-episcopal pamphlets.

1392: 1161: 1033: 1019:—believed that people could accept or reject salvation by exercising 1016: 1012: 1008: 1001: 962: 869: 802: 679: 12826: 12564: 11881: 11161: 10527: 2961:

Coat of arms of Charles I used (outside Scotland) from 1625 to 1649

2767:

4 November 1616 – 27 March 1625: Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester

2356: 1338:

and his failure to support the Protestant cause abroad effectively.

13599: 13291: 13185: 13022: 12766: 12654: 12350: 12210: 12117: 11775: 11740: 11735: 11695: 11650: 11630: 11620: 11595: 11493: 11434: 11040: 10865: 10457: 10144:

The Sale of the Late King's Goods: Charles I and His Art Collection

9320: 9318: 9316: 3732: 2904: 2778:

of Charles I as king in England was "Charles, by the Grace of God,

2624:. In 1627 and 1628, Charles purchased the entire collection of the 2609: 2518: 2121: 1832:

Parliament quickly seized London, and Charles fled the capital for

1659: 1563: 1417: 1368: 1364: 1088: 730: 723: 509: 450: 439: 154: 107: 12419: 3038:

Born and died the same day. Buried as "Charles, Prince of Wales".

2673: 2444:, later planned for an elaborate royal mausoleum to be erected in 2143:

in August 1648, the royalists lost any chance of winning the war.

1996:

in late June, but the royalists in the north were defeated at the

1447:

met in November 1638, it condemned the new prayer book, abolished

13698: 13480: 12928: 12045: 11805: 11665: 11640: 11590: 11411: 11317: 10574: 8060: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 3107: 2900: 2862: 2851: 2645: 2629: 1654:

Portrait of Charles in armour, by van Dyck and his workshop, 1638

1346: 1334: 1219: 989: 883:, which Charles knew Parliament would not agree to, and that the 874: 675: 667: 322: 95: 13071: 9496:

The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660

9313: 8834: 488:

in London. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a

13878:

People executed under the Interregnum (England) by decapitation

11921: 11871: 11203: 11151: 10875: 10870: 10292:

A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I

8050: 8048: 8046: 2858: 2605: 2597: 2585: 2332:, where an execution scaffold had been erected in front of the 2306:

Contemporary German print of Charles I's beheading outside the

1899: 1549:(right): two of Charles's most influential advisors during the 1532: 1149: 774: 480:. After his defeat in 1645 at the hands of the Parliamentarian 13219: 10042:

English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc

8961: 6321:"Portrait of Charles I, King of the Great Britain (1600-1649)" 6046: 2764:

6 November 1612 – 27 March 1625: Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay

2600:

and paintings by other artists from the Low Countries such as

1905:

After a few skirmishes, the opposing forces met in earnest at

11845: 11785: 11123: 9753:

Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

6117: 2964:

Coat of arms of Charles I used in Scotland from 1625 to 1649

2865: 1913:

disagreed with the battle strategy of the royalist commander

1259:

Charles also derived money by granting monopolies, despite a

797:

as a possible diplomatic means of achieving peace in Europe.

9261: 8140: 8043: 7945: 7943: 1502:

Parliament in April quickly reached stalemate. The earls of

13355: 10907: 7955: 7676: 6418: 5591: 4554: 2132: 2008:. Returning northwards to his base at Oxford, he fought at 1594: 1432: 1431:, without consulting either the Scottish Parliament or the 10801: 10598: 10520:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

10045:, London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge 8602: 8600: 7326: 7324: 7273: 6466: 5719: 5667: 913:

in March 1625, Charles and Buckingham had already assumed

414:

After his succession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the

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who considered him a saintly martyr, he was condemned by

2116:

and informed Parliament that Charles was in his custody.

2004:, encircling and disarming the parliamentary army of the 1359:, which permitted secular activities on the sabbath. The 1248:

The chief tax Charles imposed was a feudal levy known as

430:. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a 9824:

Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice

9285: 9123: 8633: 8631: 8152: 7688: 7109: 6093: 5827: 5279: 5055: 4846: 4818: 4682: 4586: 4462: 4041: 4039: 403:. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to 9273: 9249: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9151: 9065: 8985: 8973: 8703: 8597: 8479: 8415: 8348:, p. 444; see also a virtually identical quote in 8092: 7380: 7368: 7321: 7297: 7121: 7017: 6953: 6805: 6749: 6737: 5603: 5579: 5567: 5519: 5203: 5115: 5103: 2979:

Charles I's five eldest children, 1637. Left to right:

1635:, was impeached the next day, and consequently fled to 603:, and when she died childless in March 1603, he became 536:

of Charles and his parents, King James and Queen Anne,

16:

King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1625 to 1649

10599:

The Society of King Charles the Martyr (United States)

7161: 6977: 6941: 6929: 6857: 6793: 6657: 6581: 6569: 6478: 6105: 6010: 5998: 5986: 5974: 5962: 5947: 5543: 5423: 5267: 4406: 4322: 4056: 4054: 2913: 1691:, Charles's credibility was significantly undermined. 1477:, on the Scottish border. The army did not engage the 473:

parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall.

9387: 9303: 9235: 8997: 8628: 7987: 7820: 7596: 7309: 7149: 6965: 6257: 6065: 5555: 5343: 5255: 4610: 4598: 4198: 4170: 4106: 4036: 3998: 3996: 3983: 3981: 2770:

27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649: His Majesty The King

1957:

in July 1643, Charles visited the port city and laid

599:

James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen

568:

in Edinburgh on 23 December 1600, he was baptised by

10378:

Cressy, David (2015), "The Blindness of Charles I",

10177:

The White King: Charles I, Traitor, Murderer, Martyr

9198: 9163: 8925: 8897: 8691: 8467: 7760: 7241: 5615: 5459: 5315: 4730: 4694: 4622: 3818:

The picture was originally painted for the sculptor

2424:

The commission refused to allow Charles's burial at

1821:

have flown", and was forced to retire empty-handed.

504:

in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the

10213:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 5291: 4806: 4310: 4222: 4094: 4082: 4051: 3950: 3926: 3852:James V and Margaret Douglas were both children of 2735: 2276:The court, by contrast, challenged the doctrine of 1582:and occupied the city, as well as the neighbouring 1205:

MAG(NAE) BRIT(ANNIAE) FR(ANCIAE) ET HIB(ERNIAE) REX

446:, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported 10545:Russell, Conrad (1990), "The Man Charles Stuart", 10467:(2005), "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity", 9901: 4008: 3993: 3978: 3880:Christian III and Elizabeth were both children of 2553:. Parliament was reinstated, and the monarchy was 1748:In November 1641, the House of Commons passed the 682:). Charles, who turned 12 two weeks later, became 11571: 9949:, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 9689: 9664:, Edinburgh & London: W. & A. K. Johnston 9363:The History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter 6059: 4210: 2084:, at his own suggestion, and then transferred to 580:, the traditional title of the second son of the 13714: 10311:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 906–912. 10274:The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641 10194:The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I, 1637–1649 9904:A History of Britain: The British Wars 1603–1776 9451:, vol. 147, no. 147, pp. 65–100, 8233: 8231: 3938: 3831:The Scots were promised £400,000 in instalments. 2557:to Charles I's eldest son, Charles II, in 1660. 2510:, and Anglican devotional societies such as the 1578:, where they defeated the English forces at the 1152:depicted Charles as a victorious and chivalrous 753:, as their monarch, while Ferdinand was elected 10244:The Image of the King: Charles I and Charles II 3876: 3874: 2955:Coat of arms as Duke of York from 1611 to 1612 2620:, shared his interest and have been dubbed the 2517:With the monarchy overthrown, England became a 2472:(Greek for the "Royal Portrait"), contained an 469:, strengthened the position of the English and 10522:, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 151–163, 10495:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 657–681, 10425:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 615–635, 10382:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 637–656, 10343:, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 609–627, 10283:The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641–1647 10078:Britain's Royal Families: A Complete Genealogy 10061:, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 181–217, 9826:(2nd ed.), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 9587:, London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2064:Parliament held Charles under house arrest at 2000:just a few days later. The king continued his 13903:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 13883:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 13235: 13087: 12842: 12580: 12435: 12133: 11557: 10787: 10471:, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 41–80, 10409:, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 742–764, 9743: 9514:(3rd ed.), Dublin: Gill & McMillon, 9324: 8228: 3757:in 1629–30. The landscape is modelled on the 2127:The royalists rose in May 1648, igniting the 2056:Charles at Carisbrooke Castle, as painted by 1898:and northern England. He set up his court at 1846:rebuffed by the town's Parliamentary governor 1424:in Scotland that was almost identical to the 856:Portrait of Charles as Prince of Wales after 10452:, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 54–73, 10369:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9926:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 9881:The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637–1642 9703:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 3871: 3848: 3846: 3735:, which was the English New Year until 1752. 3029:Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 2761:6 January 1605 – 27 March 1625: Duke of York 2628:, which included work by Titian, Correggio, 1973:, on 20 September. Just as at Edgehill, the 1788:, January 1642; a Victorian re-imagining by 465:to adopt high Anglican practices led to the 453:ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental 11354:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 10549:, Oxford University Press, pp. 185–211 9640: 9401:, vol. III, London: St Catherine Press 8848: 5725: 3727:All dates in this article are given in the 2644:. His collection grew further to encompass 2462:Cultural depictions of Charles I of England 13242: 13228: 13094: 13080: 12849: 12835: 12587: 12573: 12442: 12428: 12140: 12126: 11564: 11550: 11531:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 10794: 10780: 10567: 10327:, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 9697:(October 2008) , "Charles I (1600–1649)", 9621: 9365:, London: Bell, Taylor, Baker, and Collins 8849:Bagley, John Joseph; Lewis, A. S. (1977). 8243:, Official website of the British monarchy 5573: 3805:Their hostility was summarised in 1641 by 3755:Landscape with Saint George and the Dragon 2217:—all opposed the indictment as unlawful. 1938:between the two sides collapsed in April. 1445:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1329:was in the forefront of political debate. 29: 10255:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 10049: 10024: 10006: 9839: 9818: 9798: 9509: 9498:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9117: 8685: 8591: 8569: 8497: 8409: 8158: 8134: 8086: 8066: 8025: 7981: 7949: 7874: 7798: 7554: 7115: 6891: 6755: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6651: 6639: 6623: 6235: 6219: 6151: 6123: 6099: 6087: 5797: 5509: 5489: 5417: 5397: 5365: 5285: 5181: 5161: 5141: 5121: 4892: 4872: 4780: 4724: 4560: 4468: 4372: 4300: 4284: 3843: 3106:(1637–1671) in 1659. Had issue including 2727:, but while James's ambitions concerning 2383:Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers 2229:acted as President of the Court, and the 1949:on horseback in front of his troops, 1644 1733:and also predominantly Catholic; and the 1593:. By the time it met, on 24 September at 996:(1624), a reply to the Catholic pamphlet 9780: 9659: 9490: 9446: 9279: 9157: 9096:Archbishop Laud, quoted by his chaplain 8829: 8709: 8146: 8078: 8054: 5597: 3080:(1626–1650) in 1641. She had one child: 2974: 2739: 2301: 2242: 2180: 2051: 1940: 1873: 1865: 1836:on 10 January, moving two days later to 1779: 1704: 1649: 1401: 1341:In 1633, Charles appointed William Laud 1307: 1225: 1210: 1191: 1144: 1055: 924: 851: 626: 527: 434:, generated antipathy and mistrust from 13778:English pretenders to the French throne 10355:Coward, Barry, and Peter Gaunt (2017), 10253:Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule 9983: 9878: 9857: 9755:(2nd ed.), London: Little, Brown, 9700:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9560: 9548: 9470: 9369: 9357: 9339: 9267: 9255: 9216: 9084: 9051: 9031: 8991: 8979: 8955: 8947: 8919: 8915: 8891: 8879: 8867: 8777: 8737: 8721: 8665: 8649: 8618: 8606: 8485: 8473: 8461: 8453: 8441: 8433: 8421: 8405: 8389: 8385: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8349: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8277: 8265: 8261: 8222: 8214: 8202: 8198: 8174: 8170: 8130: 8114: 8110: 8098: 8005: 7961: 7934: 7926: 7914: 7906: 7890: 7878: 7870: 7858: 7842: 7838: 7814: 7810: 7778: 7750: 7738: 7710: 7682: 7666: 7638: 7614: 7590: 7586: 7566: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7470: 7438: 7410: 7386: 7374: 7362: 7342: 7330: 7303: 7263: 7227: 7215: 7211: 7199: 7195: 7183: 7143: 7127: 7099: 7087: 7079: 7067: 7063: 7043: 7035: 7023: 7007: 6995: 6959: 6875: 6835: 6811: 6787: 6771: 6743: 6727: 6675: 6635: 6615: 6603: 6599: 6543: 6531: 6511: 6499: 6460: 6424: 6404: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6368: 6360: 6348: 6303: 6291: 6247: 6195: 6139: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5956: 5905: 5885: 5865: 5845: 5809: 5793: 5781: 5501: 5477: 5449: 5377: 5361: 5349: 5333: 5273: 5245: 5221: 5197: 5193: 5093: 5073: 5049: 5029: 5025: 5009: 4989: 4957: 4941: 4904: 4864: 4800: 4792: 4776: 4748: 4712: 4656: 4572: 4548: 4520: 4504: 4480: 4444: 4432: 4424: 4388: 4368: 4356: 4340: 4272: 4260: 4240: 4204: 4192: 4164: 4124: 4112: 4076: 4045: 4030: 3968: 3956: 2496:Church of England's liturgical calendar 1909:, on 23 October 1642. Charles's nephew 1685:a final settlement of the Bishops' Wars 1420:rite. In 1637, he ordered the use of a 1218:of Charles I, showing a crown over two 1140: 900:Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex 13715: 10613:Works by or about Charles I of England 10238: 10038: 9939: 9896: 9768: 9722: 9668: 9582: 9405: 9231: 9229: 9188: 9145: 9141: 9113: 9071: 9055: 9035: 9019: 9003: 8931: 8817: 8813: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8781: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8745: 8741: 8725: 8539: 8309: 7854: 7794: 7642: 7634: 7510: 7279: 7267: 7167: 7139: 7011: 6983: 6947: 6935: 6911: 6907: 6895: 6879: 6863: 6847: 6827: 6799: 6767: 6663: 6619: 6587: 6575: 6563: 6547: 6523: 6487: 6444: 6388: 6231: 6203: 6183: 6111: 6040: 5980: 5968: 5925: 5893: 5873: 5853: 5821: 5777: 5757: 5741: 5713: 5709: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5549: 5513: 5453: 5441: 5429: 5381: 5309: 5261: 5249: 5233: 5033: 5013: 4997: 4993: 4977: 4961: 4916: 4836: 4764: 4616: 4456: 4452: 4400: 4376: 4304: 4176: 4148: 3587: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3345: 3235: 3231: 2612:. His close associates, including the 2197:at the end of 1648, and thereafter to 2167:. It was effectively a military coup. 1303: 13828:Peers of Scotland created by James VI 13223: 13075: 12856: 12830: 12594: 12568: 12423: 12121: 11545: 10775: 10298: 10093: 10080:(Revised ed.), London: Pimlico, 10039:Wallis, John Eyre Winstanley (1921), 10011:, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 9962: 9921: 9606:Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy 9600: 9527: 9344:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 9220: 8967: 8943: 8903: 8887: 8863: 8681: 8669: 8653: 8637: 8622: 8457: 8437: 8393: 8345: 8329: 8301: 8281: 8218: 8186: 8118: 8082: 8037: 8021: 8009: 7993: 7977: 7930: 7910: 7894: 7826: 7782: 7754: 7722: 7706: 7654: 7622: 7602: 7574: 7550: 7530: 7506: 7490: 7474: 7458: 7446: 7426: 7414: 7398: 7358: 7315: 7291: 7235: 7155: 7103: 7059: 7003: 6971: 6923: 6851: 6831: 6823: 6559: 6527: 6507: 6472: 6436: 6412: 6364: 6344: 6307: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6215: 6167: 6135: 6071: 6036: 5941: 5921: 5869: 5817: 5773: 5648:, pp. 284–292, 328–345, 351–359. 5641: 5609: 5561: 5537: 5525: 5505: 5485: 5465: 5445: 5413: 5337: 5321: 5312:, pp. 509–536, 541–545, 825–834. 5297: 5229: 5225: 5177: 5157: 5137: 5081: 5061: 4973: 4945: 4912: 4888: 4852: 4824: 4812: 4796: 4752: 4736: 4720: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4672: 4660: 4644: 4628: 4592: 4576: 4536: 4524: 4500: 4488: 4484: 4448: 4428: 4412: 4396: 4364: 4328: 4316: 4296: 4280: 4244: 4188: 4144: 4140: 4128: 4100: 4088: 4072: 4060: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3987: 3972: 3932: 3663: 3653: 3649: 3637: 3631: 3621: 3605: 3595: 3591: 3575: 3569: 3559: 3543: 3533: 3529: 3517: 3511: 3501: 3485: 3475: 3471: 3447: 3437: 3421: 3411: 3407: 3395: 3389: 3379: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3333: 3327: 3317: 3301: 3291: 3287: 3275: 3269: 3259: 3243: 3239: 2480:wrote a Parliamentary rejoinder, the 2328:, where he had been confined, to the 1558:By this stage the Earl of Strafford, 743:defenestrating the Catholic governors 643:In January 1605, Charles was created 438:religious groups such as the English 12147: 10302:"Charles I. (King of England)" 10072: 9783:Martyrdom: A Very Short Introduction 9641:Jordan, Don; Walsh, Michael (2012). 9608:, London: Adam & Charles Black, 9426: 9291: 9243: 9204: 9176: 9129: 9059: 9039: 9015: 8951: 8883: 8697: 8529:from the original on 14 October 2017 7973: 7766: 7734: 7694: 7670: 7618: 7570: 7526: 7502: 7486: 7442: 7346: 7259: 7247: 7231: 7179: 7083: 7055: 7039: 6999: 6783: 6731: 6503: 6456: 6440: 6408: 6287: 6199: 6179: 6163: 6083: 6032: 5937: 5909: 5889: 5849: 5833: 5813: 5769: 5753: 5737: 5637: 5621: 5585: 5481: 5409: 5393: 5209: 5173: 5153: 5133: 5109: 5097: 5077: 5045: 4929: 4908: 4884: 4868: 4840: 4716: 4640: 4604: 4580: 4508: 4392: 4360: 4344: 4276: 4256: 4228: 4216: 4160: 3944: 3920: 3916: 2861:of three points, each bearing three 2752: 1855: 1625: 1007:, the doctrine that God preordained 137:27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649 59:27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649 13833:Peers of England created by James I 12449: 10604:Works by Charles I, King of England 10547:The Causes of the English Civil War 10161:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 10159:Charles I and the People of England 9863:The Causes of the English Civil War 9556:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 9374:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 9304:Cokayne, Gibbs & Doubleday 1913 9236:Cokayne, Gibbs & Doubleday 1913 9226: 3330:James I of England (VI of Scotland) 3005:Descendants of Charles I of England 2887:(for France) and Gules three lions 2488:Convocations of Canterbury and York 1349:be celebrated as prescribed by the 941:to the 15-year-old French princess 694:. In November 1616, he was created 13: 13853:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 13309:History of Christianity in Britain 13058: 12802: 12393: 10357:The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714 10290:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1964), 10281:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1958), 10112: 10068:from the original on 30 April 2018 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2870:he bore the royal arms differenced 2847:As Duke of York, Charles bore the 2512:Society of King Charles the Martyr 2448:, London, but it was never built. 2438:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 2380:Another of Delaroche's paintings, 1694: 1608: 1455:government by elders and deacons. 1124:Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon 1074:Chancellor of Cambridge University 556:, Fife, on 19 November 1600. At a 230:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 14: 13924: 13101: 10565:National Portrait Gallery, London 10554: 10316: 10009:The Scottish Revolution 1637–1644 9413:(3rd ed.), London: Longman, 7537:, pp. 230, 232–234, 237–238. 5928:, pp. 809–813, 825–834, 895. 3221:Ancestors of Charles I of England 2068:in Northamptonshire until Cornet 1156:in an English landscape, 1629–30. 988:, who was in disrepute among the 13697: 13290: 10415:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00591.x 10333:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00074.x 10246:, London: Hodder & Stoughton 10192:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1882), 9968:The Stuart Parliaments 1603–1689 9210: 9135: 9107: 9090: 9077: 9045: 9025: 9009: 8937: 8909: 8873: 8857: 8823: 8807: 8787: 8771: 8751: 8731: 8715: 8675: 8659: 8643: 8612: 8512:Henry VIII's Final Resting Place 8503: 8447: 8427: 8399: 8379: 8355: 8339: 8315: 8287: 8271: 8255: 8208: 8192: 8164: 8124: 8104: 8072: 8015: 7999: 7967: 7920: 7900: 7884: 7864: 7848: 7832: 7804: 7788: 7772: 7744: 7728: 7700: 7660: 7628: 7608: 7580: 7560: 7540: 7516: 7496: 7480: 7464: 7432: 7404: 7352: 7336: 7253: 7221: 7205: 7189: 7173: 7133: 7093: 7073: 7049: 7029: 6989: 6901: 6885: 6869: 6841: 6817: 6777: 6761: 6721: 6669: 6629: 6609: 6593: 6553: 6537: 6517: 6493: 6450: 6430: 6398: 6374: 6354: 6338: 6313: 6297: 6281: 6241: 6225: 6209: 6189: 6173: 6157: 6129: 6077: 6022: 5931: 5915: 5899: 5879: 5859: 5839: 5803: 5787: 5763: 5747: 5731: 5703: 5679: 5651: 5627: 5495: 5471: 5435: 5403: 5387: 5371: 3866:Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus 3834: 3825: 3812: 3799: 3790: 3206:(1640–1701) in 1661. Had issue. 3120:(1658–1718) in 1673. Had issue. 2736:Titles, styles, honours and arms 2373: 2355: 2288:signed Charles's death warrant. 2255:Presaging the modern concept of 2108:, Parliamentary Governor of the 1531: 1522: 1458: 1325:Throughout Charles's reign, the 1129: 1068:A poorly conceived and executed 1036:, hoping for the capture of the 868:Charles and Buckingham, James's 777:and his hereditary lands in the 705: 672:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 401:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 367: 13848:People of the English Civil War 13249: 12485:Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541) 10831:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 10586:at the official website of the 10577:at the official website of the 10034:(10th ed.), London: Putnam 9844:, London: Chatto & Windus, 9372:Charles I: The Personal Monarch 5355: 5327: 5239: 5215: 5187: 5167: 5147: 5127: 5087: 5067: 5039: 5019: 5003: 4983: 4967: 4951: 4935: 4922: 4898: 4878: 4858: 4830: 4786: 4770: 4742: 4706: 4666: 4650: 4634: 4566: 4530: 4514: 4494: 4474: 4438: 4418: 4382: 4350: 4334: 4290: 4266: 4250: 4234: 4182: 4154: 4134: 4118: 4066: 4020: 3781: 3772: 3747: 3738: 3608:Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg 3246:Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox 2539:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2286:Fifty-nine of the commissioners 1784:Charles attempts to arrest the 1769: 1314:Charles I with M. de St Antoine 1230:Charles with paned sleeves, by 969:in September 1625. Charles was 745:. In August 1619, the Bohemian 457:forces successfully during the 255: 13898:Lord high stewards of Scotland 13743:17th-century Scottish monarchs 10828:Monarchs of England until 1603 10359:(5th ed.), pp. 54–97 10299:Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). 9946:The Personal Rule of Charles I 3962: 3910: 3721: 2683: 2514:, were founded in his honour. 2040:, and was taken northwards to 1363:, an organisation that bought 1261:statute forbidding such action 1070:naval expedition against Spain 920: 1: 13758:17th-century English nobility 13748:17th-century English monarchs 11573:Pictish and Scottish monarchs 10210:Charles I and the Popish Plot 10207:Hibbard, Caroline M. (1983), 9805:, Harlow: Pearson Education, 9774:Rubens: the Whitehall Ceiling 9477:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 9433:, Harlow: Pearson Education, 8946:, pp. 167–169; see also 6060:Kishlansky & Morrill 2008 3899: 3761:, and the central figures of 2672:, and self-portraits by both 1714: 1633:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 1234: 1093:an attack on the French coast 861: 749:chose Frederick, who led the 727:Archduke Ferdinand of Austria 716:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 636: 537: 523: 313:Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans 13277:Continuing Anglican movement 10493:Huntington Library Quarterly 10423:Huntington Library Quarterly 10380:Huntington Library Quarterly 9924:In Contempt of All Authority 9840:Robertson, Geoffrey (2005), 9716:UK public library membership 9662:The Heraldry of the Stewarts 9660:Johnston, G. Harvey (1906), 9395:; Doubleday, Arthur (1913), 8542:Postgraduate Medical Journal 8040:, between pages 420 and 421. 3904: 3168:Born and died the same day. 3112:Anne, Queen of Great Britain 3078:William II, Prince of Orange 2291: 2047: 1408:Charles I in Three Positions 998:A New Gag for the New Gospel 516:in 1660, with Charles's son 461:. His attempts to force the 7: 13763:17th-century Scottish peers 13753:17th-century Irish monarchs 13738:16th-century Scottish peers 13676:Anglicanism of the Americas 11438:British monarchs after the 10561:Portraits of King Charles I 10179:, New York: PublicAffairs, 10052:"The Royal Farthing Tokens" 9883:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9865:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9785:, Oxford University Press, 9585:Why was Charles I Executed? 9512:Seventeenth Century Ireland 9510:Gillespie, Raymond (2006), 9430:Charles I: A Political Life 8520:St George's Chapel, Windsor 3212: 2907:flory-counter-flory Gules ( 2876:, I and IV Grandquarterly, 2594:Banqueting House, Whitehall 2563:State Opening of Parliament 2324:He walked under guard from 2308:Banqueting House, Whitehall 1449:episcopal church government 1395:, whipped and mutilated by 1361:Feoffees for Impropriations 1187: 1015:. Anti-Calvinists—known as 813:, was impeached before the 791:Infanta Maria Anna of Spain 783:invaded by a Habsburg force 612:appointed as his guardian. 418:, which sought to curb his 405:Infanta Maria Anna of Spain 10: 13929: 13908:Children of James VI and I 13381:Dissolution of Monasteries 12489:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 10450:Journal of British Studies 10098:, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 10094:Young, Michael B. (1997), 10059:British Numismatic Journal 9474:The Last Days of Charles I 9333: 6325:The State Hermitage Museum 3581: 3546:Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg 3465: 3339: 3272:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 3233: 3002: 2868:. As the Prince of Wales, 2809: 2572: 2455: 2366:in the nineteenth century. 2295: 2174: 2104:made contact with Colonel 2034:from which Charles escaped 1911:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1859: 1773: 1729:, who were descended from 1698: 1621:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1618: 1612: 1462: 1133: 994:A New Gag for an Old Goose 837:. James insisted that the 710:In 1613, Charles's sister 387:Charles was born into the 272: 13694: 13686:Reformed Episcopal Church 13638: 13538: 13471: 13299: 13288: 13257: 13207: 13109: 13056: 12864: 12813: 12800: 12602: 12552: 12457: 12404: 12391: 12155: 12094: 11814: 11579: 11526: 11449: 11433: 11429: 11366: 11349: 11345: 10822: 10818: 10759: 10744: 10731: 10723: 10716: 10706: 10697: 10677: 10664: 10656: 10651: 10624: 10349:10.1017/S0018246X90000013 10270:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica 10175:de Lisle, Leanda (2017), 10050:Weightman, A. E. (1906), 10031:England under the Stuarts 10007:Stevenson, David (1973), 9908:, London: BBC Worldwide, 9799:Quintrell, Brian (1993), 9781:Mitchell, Jolyon (2012), 9776:, Oxford University Press 9676:, London: Penguin Books, 9622:Hunneyball, Paul (2010). 9370:Carlton, Charles (1995), 9325:Louda & Maclagan 1999 7441:, pp. 268–269, 272; 3651: 3643: 3615: 3593: 3589: 3553: 3531: 3523: 3495: 3473: 3469: 3431: 3409: 3401: 3373: 3351: 3347: 3311: 3289: 3281: 3253: 3237: 3174:Henry, Duke of Gloucester 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2849:royal arms of the kingdom 2451: 2185:Charles at his trial, by 2010:Newbury for a second time 1994:battle of Cropredy Bridge 1725:, who were Catholic; the 1296:refused to grant a loan, 1199:of Charles I, inscribed: 1000:, Montagu argued against 945:in front of the doors of 409:Henrietta Maria of France 393:King James VI of Scotland 363: 353: 343: 333: 321: 308:Henry, Duke of Gloucester 265: 244:Henrietta Maria of France 237: 222: 218: 204: 187: 174: 170: 160: 150: 142: 132: 118: 83: 73: 63: 55: 37: 28: 23: 13888:Publicly executed people 13319:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 13211:Dukes of York and Albany 12556:Dukes of York and Albany 9922:Sharp, Buchanan (1980), 9879:Russell, Conrad (1991), 9471:Edwards, Graham (1999), 8970:, pp. 249–250, 278. 8554:10.1136/pgmj.2006.055848 6439:, p. 330; see also 5716:, pp. 680, 758–763. 3714: 3488:Christian III of Denmark 2970: 2584:, and acquired works by 2432:and Henry's third wife, 2170: 2028:royalists, and then the 1844:. To his dismay, he was 1451:by bishops, and adopted 1373:Court of High Commission 1343:Archbishop of Canterbury 917:control of the kingdom. 771:Battle of White Mountain 288:Mary, Princess of Orange 13868:Executed British people 13843:People from Dunfermline 13704:Christianity portal 13646:Converts to Anglicanism 13341:Augustine of Canterbury 12171:Edward the Black Prince 10308:Encyclopædia Britannica 10234:, London: Folio Society 9993:, London: HarperPress, 9728:Politics and the Nation 9492:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson 8853:. Dalesman. p. 15. 8842:Encyclopædia Britannica 8069:, pp. 15, 148–149. 5726:Jordan & Walsh 2012 3514:Frederick II of Denmark 3204:Philip, Duke of Orléans 2842: 2744:Charles, as painted by 2492:King Charles the Martyr 2201:. In January 1649, the 1827:parliamentary privilege 1701:Irish Rebellion of 1641 1038:Spanish treasure fleets 793:, and began to see the 620:, the wife of courtier 544:The second son of King 506:Commonwealth of England 490:constitutional monarchy 200:, Westminster, England 183:, Dunfermline, Scotland 13893:Christian royal saints 13681:Free Church of England 13063: 12807: 12398: 11581:Monarchs of the Picts 10588:Royal Collection Trust 10232:The Trial of Charles I 10157:Cressy, David (2015), 10124:Charles I and Cromwell 9583:Holmes, Clive (2006), 9427:Cust, Richard (2005), 9389:Cokayne, George Edward 9340:Adamson, John (2007), 8240:Charles I (r. 1625–49) 3882:Frederick I of Denmark 3000: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2749: 2702:Samuel Rawson Gardiner 2568: 2388:later events in France 2310: 2298:Execution of Charles I 2274: 2257:command responsibility 2248: 2190: 2094:fruitless negotiations 2061: 1998:battle of Marston Moor 1950: 1883: 1871: 1792: 1718: 1655: 1591:great council of peers 1560:Lord Deputy of Ireland 1412: 1322: 1241: 1223: 1208: 1157: 1099:—spurred Louis XIII's 1065: 973:on 2 February 1626 at 934: 865: 827:the Duke of Buckingham 640: 601:Elizabeth I of England 552:, Charles was born in 541: 13838:Knights of the Garter 13671:Anglican prayer beads 13553:Book of Common Prayer 13510:Lambeth Quadrilateral 13361:Medieval architecture 13282:Personal ordinariates 13138:Richard of Shrewsbury 13062: 12806: 12543:Prince Charles Edward 12411:Principality of Wales 12397: 12201:Edward of Westminster 11816:Monarchs of the Scots 10626:Charles I of England 10501:10.1353/hlq.2015.0037 10431:10.1353/hlq.2015.0025 10388:10.1353/hlq.2015.0031 10251:Reeve, L. J. (1989), 10202:Volume II (1640–1642) 9842:The Tyrannicide Brief 9709:10.1093/ref:odnb/5143 9457:10.1093/past/147.1.65 9018:, pp. 414, 466; 7569:, pp. 303, 305; 7361:, pp. 378, 385; 7198:, pp. 234, 236; 6678:, pp. 183, 229; 5740:, pp. 212, 219; 5644:, pp. 267, 273; 5396:, pp. 130, 193; 3634:Sophia of Mecklenburg 3056:Catherine of Braganza 2978: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2796:Defender of the Faith 2748:between 1637 and 1638 2743: 2725:divine right of kings 2386:, is an allegory for 2305: 2269: 2246: 2193:Charles was moved to 2184: 2055: 2002:campaign in the south 1944: 1877: 1869: 1783: 1708: 1653: 1428:Book of Common Prayer 1405: 1357:Declaration of Sports 1352:Book of Common Prayer 1311: 1229: 1214: 1195: 1148: 1134:Further information: 1059: 928: 855: 835:the Earl of Strafford 737:. The next year, the 630: 618:Elizabeth, Lady Carey 596:and Lord Ardmannoch. 531: 508:was established as a 424:divine right of kings 422:. He believed in the 391:as the second son of 13723:Charles I of England 13504:Thirty-nine Articles 13396:Apostolic succession 13272:Anglican realignment 12161:Edward of Caernarfon 11897:Constantine III (IV) 11862:Constantine II (III) 11408:William III & II 10973:Henry the Young King 10923:Edward the Confessor 10891:Æthelred the Unready 10477:10.1093/pastj/gti027 10198:Volume I (1637–1640) 9802:Charles I: 1625–1640 9564:(24 November 2009), 9550:Hibbert, Christopher 9398:The Complete Peerage 9270:, pp. 531, 534. 9223:, pp. 436, 440. 8886:, pp. 156–157; 8816:, pp. 175–176; 8744:, pp. 166–168; 8408:, pp. 279–280; 8336:, pp. 157, 279. 8280:, pp. 352–353; 8217:, pp. 350–351; 8117:, pp. 132–146; 8113:, pp. 345–346; 8081:, pp. 371–374; 8024:, pp. 435–436; 8008:, pp. 125–126; 7937:, pp. 255, 273. 7913:, pp. 429–430; 7909:, pp. 335–337; 7877:, pp. 118–119; 7753:, pp. 329–330; 7637:, pp. 224–236; 7621:, pp. 429–430; 7509:, pp. 396–397; 7505:, pp. 403–405; 7489:, pp. 404–405; 7473:, pp. 275–278; 7234:, pp. 338–341; 7214:, pp. 237–238; 7182:, pp. 326–327; 7086:, pp. 320–321; 7058:, pp. 321–324; 7002:, pp. 323–324; 6998:, pp. 235–236; 6910:, pp. 416–417; 6826:, pp. 340–341; 6786:, pp. 307–308; 6602:, pp. 225–226; 6510:, pp. 333–334; 6475:, pp. 329, 333. 6459:, pp. 283–287; 6407:, pp. 222–223; 6202:, pp. 265–266; 6182:, pp. 264–265; 6166:, pp. 262–263; 6142:, pp. 147, 150. 6138:, pp. 313–314; 6086:, pp. 185–186; 6039:, pp. 305–307; 6035:, pp. 253–259; 6031:, pp. 211–212; 5892:, pp. 246–247; 5872:, pp. 290–292; 5852:, pp. 230–231; 5848:, pp. 197–199; 5820:, pp. 288–289; 5816:, pp. 224–230; 5812:, pp. 189–197; 5780:, pp. 783–784; 5772:, pp. 223–224; 5692:, pp. 113–115; 5640:, pp. 133–147; 5636:, pp. 174–175; 5508:, pp. 224–227; 5484:, pp. 212–217; 5448:, pp. 215–216; 5416:, pp. 301–302; 5248:, pp. 153–154; 5228:, pp. 187–197; 5224:, pp. 169–171; 5048:, pp. 148–150; 5032:, pp. 109–111; 4992:, pp. 112–113; 4960:, pp. 110–112; 4915:, pp. 175–176; 4907:, pp. 103–104; 4799:, pp. 154–160; 4723:, pp. 138–147; 4487:, pp. 103–105; 3862:James IV of Scotland 3858:Henry VII of England 3820:Gian Lorenzo Bernini 3666:Elizabeth of Denmark 3450:Charles I of England 3392:Mary, Queen of Scots 3082:William III & II 3064:Mary, Princess Royal 2833:Knight of the Garter 2746:Sir Anthony van Dyck 2729:absolute prerogative 2690:John Philipps Kenyon 1945:Charles depicted by 1834:Hampton Court Palace 1743:plantation of Ulster 1709:Charles wearing the 1411:by van Dyck, 1635–36 1141:Parliament prorogued 1101:siege of La Rochelle 1062:Gerrit van Honthorst 1042:tonnage and poundage 959:Louis XIII of France 817:for corruption. The 779:Electoral Palatinate 661:Knight of the Garter 546:James VI of Scotland 13788:Princes of Scotland 13768:Protestant monarchs 13371:English Reformation 13314:Celtic Christianity 13126:Richard Plantagenet 12221:Edward of Middleham 12181:Richard of Bordeaux 11927:Malcolm III Canmore 11356:Union of the Crowns 10465:Kishlansky, Mark A. 10294:, London: Macmillan 10126:, London: Methuen, 9820:Robertson, Geoffrey 9730:, London: Fontana, 9691:Kishlansky, Mark A. 9294:, pp. 252–254. 9132:, pp. 466–474. 9102:Cyprianus Angelicus 9042:, pp. 472–473. 8820:, pp. 177–180. 8784:, pp. 455–459. 8748:, pp. 450–452. 8688:, pp. 208–209. 8396:, pp. 443–444. 8225:, pp. 276–277. 8189:, pp. 440–441. 8149:, pp. 374–376. 8121:, pp. 437–440. 8089:, pp. 15, 149. 8057:, pp. 371–374. 8028:, pp. 143–144. 7964:, pp. 99, 109. 7917:, pp. 253–254. 7817:, pp. 122–124. 7725:, pp. 419–420. 7697:, pp. 435–436. 7685:, pp. 312–314. 7657:, pp. 412–414. 7645:, pp. 101–109. 7625:, pp. 411–413. 7577:, pp. 407–408. 7461:, pp. 388–389. 7429:, pp. 382–386. 7401:, pp. 381–382. 7365:, pp. 195–198. 7294:, pp. 366–367. 7282:, pp. 423–424. 7218:, pp. 181–182. 7186:, pp. 180–181. 7146:, pp. 114–115. 7070:, pp. 113–114. 6926:, pp. 341–342. 6914:, pp. 118–120. 6898:, pp. 118–120. 6882:, pp. 118–120. 6626:, pp. 238–239. 6550:, pp. 127–128. 6534:, pp. 156–157. 6427:, pp. 154–155. 6351:, pp. 151–153. 6278:, pp. 324–325. 6254:, pp. 317–319. 6238:, pp. 212–213. 6222:, pp. 212–213. 6206:, pp. 916–918. 6186:, pp. 914–916. 6170:, pp. 313–315. 6126:, pp. 183–208. 5924:, pp. 44, 66; 5896:, pp. 805–806. 5876:, pp. 797–802. 5856:, pp. 792–794. 5836:, pp. 236–237. 5824:, pp. 788–791. 5800:, pp. 186–187. 5760:, pp. 780–781. 5744:, pp. 774–776. 5676:, pp. 175–176. 5664:, pp. 310–312. 5540:, pp. 312–313. 5516:, pp. 116–120. 5384:, pp. 585–588. 5212:, pp. 121–122. 5112:, pp. 114–115. 5064:, pp. 190–195. 5036:, pp. 170–171. 5000:, pp. 170–171. 4980:, pp. 107–108. 4855:, pp. 170–173. 4827:, pp. 173–174. 4779:, pp. 75, 81; 4767:, pp. 369–370. 4755:, pp. 149–151. 4691:, pp. 54, 114. 4679:, pp. 54, 114. 4595:, pp. 130–131. 3890:Sophia of Pomerania 3886:Anne of Brandenburg 3366:James V of Scotland 2458:English Interregnum 2330:Palace of Whitehall 2265:given to him by God 2042:Newcastle upon Tyne 1959:siege to Gloucester 1927:capturing Brentford 1888:commission of array 1810:Sir Arthur Haselrig 1711:Order of the Garter 1576:Newcastle upon Tyne 1491:Battle of the Downs 1327:English Reformation 1304:Religious conflicts 1272:in the case of the 947:Notre Dame de Paris 787:Spanish Netherlands 512:. The monarchy was 500:, and executed for 205:Cause of death 13863:Dethroned monarchs 13427:King James Version 13267:Anglican Communion 13064: 12808: 12399: 12000:Second Interregnum 11967:William I the Lion 11836:Constantine I (II) 11826:Kenneth I MacAlpin 11440:Acts of Union 1707 11403:James II & VII 11096:Kenneth I MacAlpin 10881:Edgar the Peaceful 10749:Title next held by 10687:Title next held by 10341:Historical Journal 9970:, London: Arnold, 9562:Higgins, Charlotte 9327:, pp. 27, 50. 8954:, p. 157 and 7873:, pp. 84–85; 7477:, pp. 391–392 7449:, pp. 387–388 6463:, pp. 291–295 6443:, p. 282 and 6387:, p. 154 and 5600:, pp. 65–100. 5588:, pp. 97–103. 5512:, pp. 61–62; 4795:, pp. 86–88; 4719:, pp. 50–52; 4715:, pp. 71–75; 4659:, pp. 68–69; 4563:, pp. 16, 21. 4551:, pp. 55, 70. 4395:, pp. 36–38; 4343:, pp. 42–43; 4299:, pp. 87–89; 4283:, pp. 78–82; 4279:, pp. 32–34; 4275:, pp. 34–38; 4191:, pp. 67–68; 4147:, pp. 27–28; 4075:, pp. 18–19; 3856:, the daughter of 3090:James II & VII 3001: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2820:Knight of the Bath 2750: 2614:Duke of Buckingham 2535:Anglo-Scottish War 2440:. The king's son, 2311: 2278:sovereign immunity 2249: 2191: 2177:Trial of Charles I 2114:Carisbrooke Castle 2098:Berwick-upon-Tweed 2062: 1971:Newbury, Berkshire 1951: 1884: 1880:battle of Edgehill 1872: 1793: 1750:Grand Remonstrance 1719: 1656: 1647:in February 1641. 1475:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1471:First Bishops' War 1413: 1323: 1294:East India Company 1242: 1224: 1209: 1158: 1112:Five Knights' Case 1097:Saint-Martin-de-Ré 1066: 992:. In his pamphlet 935: 904:Ernst von Mansfeld 881:English penal laws 866: 767:English Parliament 755:Holy Roman Emperor 739:Bohemians rebelled 649:Knight of the Bath 641: 590:Marquess of Ormond 554:Dunfermline Palace 542: 463:Church of Scotland 416:English Parliament 293:James VII & II 181:Dunfermline Palace 13858:Executed monarchs 13813:Dukes of Rothesay 13808:Dukes of Cornwall 13710: 13709: 13616:Books of Homilies 13458:Anglo-Catholicism 13391:Church of Ireland 13386:Church of England 13217: 13216: 13120:Edward of Norwich 13114:Edmund of Langley 13069: 13068: 12858:Dukes of Rothesay 12824: 12823: 12596:Dukes of Cornwall 12562: 12561: 12474:Alexander Stewart 12417: 12416: 12191:Henry of Monmouth 12115: 12114: 11988:First Interregnum 11539: 11538: 11522: 11521: 11425: 11424: 11341: 11340: 11336: 11335: 10886:Edward the Martyr 10770: 10769: 10707:Succeeded by 10608:Project Gutenberg 10285:, London: Collins 10276:, London: Collins 10186:978-1-6103-9560-1 10152:978-0-3304-2709-8 10146:, Pan Macmillan, 10133:978-0-4131-6270-0 10087:978-0-7126-7448-5 10000:978-0-0072-4750-9 9872:978-0-1982-2141-8 9833:978-0-1410-1014-4 9792:978-0-1916-4244-9 9762:978-0-3168-4820-6 9749:Maclagan, Michael 9714:(Subscription or 9652:978-1-4087-0327-4 9645:. Little, Brown. 9633:978-1-1070-0225-8 9521:978-0-7171-3946-0 9420:978-0-5827-7251-9 9351:978-0-2978-4262-0 9038:, p. xxiii; 8836:"Black Rod" 7513:, pp. 72–73. 6642:, pp. 42–43. 5908:, pp. 9–10; 5612:, pp. 40–46. 5528:, pp. 82 ff. 5492:, pp. 12–13. 5420:, pp. 65–66. 5236:, pp. 65–68. 4964:, pp. 48–49. 4803:, pp. 91–95. 4727:, pp. 21–28. 4607:, pp. 84–86. 4415:, pp. 97–99. 4347:, pp. 34–35. 4331:, pp. 85–87. 4263:, pp. 30–32. 4195:, pp. 49–50. 4167:, pp. 49–50. 4131:, pp. 26–28. 4079:, pp. 21–23. 3711: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3210: 3209: 3182:13 September 1660 2968: 2967: 2753:Titles and styles 2494:was added to the 2426:Westminster Abbey 2392:mocking of Christ 2326:St James's Palace 2235:Solicitor General 2141:Battle of Preston 2102:Southampton Water 2088:and subsequently 2075:congregationalist 1979:Oxford Parliament 1961:, further up the 1947:Wenceslaus Hollar 1862:English Civil War 1856:English Civil War 1790:Charles West Cope 1759:Militia Ordinance 1626:Tensions escalate 1580:Battle of Newburn 1543:Earl of Strafford 1499:Irish parliaments 1483:Treaty of Berwick 1441:National Covenant 1177:peace with France 1116:Petition of Right 975:Westminster Abbey 955:Church of England 933:by van Dyck, 1632 889:Count of Olivares 847:royal prerogative 843:princess of Wales 823:bill of attainder 763:Thirty Years' War 759:imperial election 586:subsidiary titles 478:English Civil War 459:Thirty Years' War 420:royal prerogative 375: 374: 13920: 13793:Princes of Wales 13702: 13701: 13448:Nonjuring schism 13443:Caroline Divines 13294: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13221: 13220: 13158:(1633/1644–1685) 13096: 13089: 13082: 13073: 13072: 13061: 12851: 12844: 12837: 12828: 12827: 12805: 12650:(1460; disputed) 12589: 12582: 12575: 12566: 12565: 12444: 12437: 12430: 12421: 12420: 12386: 12376: 12366: 12356: 12346: 12336: 12326: 12316: 12306: 12296: 12286: 12276: 12266: 12256: 12246: 12236: 12226: 12216: 12206: 12196: 12186: 12176: 12166: 12149:Princes of Wales 12142: 12135: 12128: 12119: 12118: 12108: 12099:also monarch of 11566: 11559: 11552: 11543: 11542: 11431: 11430: 11391:Richard Cromwell 11381:The Protectorate 11371:James I & VI 11347: 11346: 10928:Harold Godwinson 10848:Edward the Elder 10841:Alfred the Great 10825: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10796: 10789: 10782: 10773: 10772: 10738:Duke of Rothesay 10734:Duke of Cornwall 10724:Preceded by 10700:King of Scotland 10660:James I & VI 10657:Preceded by 10647: 10640: 10639:19 November 1600 10622: 10621: 10617:Internet Archive 10579:British monarchy 10571: 10550: 10538: 10511: 10487: 10469:Past and Present 10460: 10441: 10417: 10398: 10374: 10368: 10360: 10351: 10335: 10312: 10304: 10295: 10286: 10277: 10265: 10247: 10235: 10223: 10189: 10171: 10136: 10108: 10090: 10069: 10067: 10056: 10046: 10035: 10026:Trevelyan, G. M. 10021: 10003: 9980: 9959: 9936: 9918: 9907: 9893: 9875: 9854: 9836: 9815: 9795: 9777: 9765: 9740: 9719: 9711: 9686: 9665: 9656: 9637: 9618: 9597: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9557: 9545: 9535:, London: Dent, 9524: 9506: 9487: 9467: 9449:Past and Present 9443: 9423: 9402: 9384: 9366: 9354: 9342:The Noble Revolt 9328: 9322: 9311: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9233: 9224: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9111: 9105: 9094: 9088: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9058:, p. xxii; 9054:, p. xvii; 9049: 9043: 9029: 9023: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8877: 8871: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8846: 8838: 8827: 8821: 8811: 8805: 8791: 8785: 8775: 8769: 8755: 8749: 8735: 8729: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8679: 8673: 8663: 8657: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8626: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8573: 8548:(980): 431–433, 8537: 8536: 8534: 8528: 8517: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8451: 8445: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8403: 8397: 8383: 8377: 8359: 8353: 8343: 8337: 8319: 8313: 8291: 8285: 8275: 8269: 8259: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8235: 8226: 8212: 8206: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8128: 8122: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8019: 8013: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7938: 7924: 7918: 7904: 7898: 7888: 7882: 7868: 7862: 7852: 7846: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7808: 7802: 7792: 7786: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7748: 7742: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7632: 7626: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7584: 7578: 7564: 7558: 7544: 7538: 7520: 7514: 7500: 7494: 7484: 7478: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7356: 7350: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7225: 7219: 7209: 7203: 7193: 7187: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7097: 7091: 7077: 7071: 7053: 7047: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6905: 6899: 6889: 6883: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6845: 6839: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6781: 6775: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6633: 6627: 6613: 6607: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6557: 6551: 6541: 6535: 6521: 6515: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6454: 6448: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6402: 6396: 6378: 6372: 6358: 6352: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6317: 6311: 6301: 6295: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6245: 6239: 6229: 6223: 6213: 6207: 6193: 6187: 6177: 6171: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6044: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5945: 5935: 5929: 5919: 5913: 5903: 5897: 5883: 5877: 5863: 5857: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5807: 5801: 5791: 5785: 5767: 5761: 5751: 5745: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5707: 5701: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5655: 5649: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5499: 5493: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5407: 5401: 5391: 5385: 5380:, pp. 8–9; 5375: 5369: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5243: 5237: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5191: 5185: 5171: 5165: 5151: 5145: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5091: 5085: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5043: 5037: 5023: 5017: 5007: 5001: 4987: 4981: 4971: 4965: 4955: 4949: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4902: 4896: 4882: 4876: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4790: 4784: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4670: 4664: 4654: 4648: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4518: 4512: 4498: 4492: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4442: 4436: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4386: 4380: 4354: 4348: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4294: 4288: 4270: 4264: 4254: 4248: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4158: 4152: 4138: 4132: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3914: 3893: 3878: 3869: 3850: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3816: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3725: 3304:Margaret Douglas 3227: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3183: 3135:8 September 1650 3132: 3131:29 December 1635 3099:6 September 1701 3096: 3073: 3072:24 December 1660 3012: 3011: 2914: 2899:); II Or a lion 2889:passant guardant 2688:In the words of 2545:with himself as 2543:the Protectorate 2527:Council of State 2377: 2359: 2334:Banqueting House 2223:Westminster Hall 2129:Second Civil War 2017:battle of Naseby 1955:captured Bristol 1818:William Lenthall 1731:medieval Normans 1716: 1584:county of Durham 1535: 1526: 1513:Short Parliament 1319:Anthony van Dyck 1239: 1236: 1026:Appello Caesarem 939:married by proxy 863: 839:House of Commons 751:Protestant Union 692:Duke of Rothesay 688:Duke of Cornwall 638: 622:Sir Robert Carey 582:king of Scotland 560:ceremony in the 539: 498:tried, convicted 428:absolute monarch 371: 276: 259: 257: 194: 178:19 November 1600 138: 120:King of Scotland 103:Council of State 33: 21: 20: 13928: 13927: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13918: 13917: 13803:Dukes of Albany 13798:House of Stuart 13783:English princes 13773:Anglican saints 13713: 13712: 13711: 13706: 13696: 13690: 13634: 13605:Liturgical year 13534: 13467: 13453:Oxford Movement 13295: 13286: 13253: 13248: 13218: 13213: 13209:italics denote 13203: 13163:Ernest Augustus 13105: 13100: 13070: 13065: 13059: 13054: 12953:Henry Frederick 12860: 12855: 12825: 12820: 12817:Cornwall Portal 12809: 12803: 12798: 12703:Henry Frederick 12598: 12593: 12563: 12558: 12554:italics denote 12548: 12514:Ernest Augustus 12468:Murdoch Stewart 12453: 12451:Dukes of Albany 12448: 12418: 12413: 12400: 12389: 12379: 12369: 12359: 12349: 12339: 12329: 12319: 12309: 12299: 12289: 12279: 12269: 12261:Henry Frederick 12259: 12249: 12239: 12229: 12219: 12209: 12199: 12189: 12179: 12169: 12159: 12151: 12146: 12116: 12111: 12098: 12090: 11817: 11810: 11766:Constantine (I) 11646:Galam Cennalath 11582: 11575: 11570: 11540: 11535: 11518: 11445: 11421: 11386:Oliver Cromwell 11362: 11337: 11332: 11179:Constantine III 11088: 10913:Harold Harefoot 10903:Edmund Ironside 10814: 10809: and 10800: 10765: 10762:Prince of Wales 10750: 10741: 10736: 10729: 10727:Henry Frederick 10718:British royalty 10712: 10703: 10688: 10685: 10674: 10667:King of England 10662: 10646:30 January 1649 10641: 10635: 10634: 10631:House of Stuart 10627: 10557: 10544: 10528:10.2307/4049286 10517: 10490: 10463: 10447: 10420: 10407:History Compass 10404: 10377: 10362: 10361: 10354: 10338: 10325:History Compass 10322: 10319: 10289: 10280: 10268: 10263: 10250: 10240:Ollard, Richard 10226: 10221: 10206: 10187: 10174: 10169: 10156: 10134: 10120:Ashley, Maurice 10118: 10115: 10113:Further reading 10106: 10088: 10065: 10054: 10019: 10001: 9978: 9964:Smith, David L. 9957: 9934: 9916: 9891: 9873: 9859:Russell, Conrad 9852: 9834: 9813: 9793: 9763: 9738: 9713: 9684: 9653: 9634: 9616: 9602:Howat, G. M. D. 9595: 9574: 9572: 9543: 9522: 9485: 9441: 9421: 9382: 9352: 9336: 9331: 9323: 9314: 9302: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9278: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9234: 9227: 9219:, p. 160; 9215: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9164: 9156: 9152: 9140: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9112: 9108: 9095: 9091: 9082: 9078: 9074:, p. xxii. 9070: 9066: 9050: 9046: 9034:, p. xvi; 9030: 9026: 9014: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8974: 8966: 8962: 8950:, p. 142; 8942: 8938: 8930: 8926: 8918:, p. 145; 8914: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8890:, p. 194; 8882:, p. 141; 8878: 8874: 8862: 8858: 8828: 8824: 8812: 8808: 8800:, p. 177; 8796:, p. 174; 8792: 8788: 8780:, p. 190; 8776: 8772: 8764:, p. 170; 8760:, p. 121; 8756: 8752: 8740:, p. 190; 8736: 8732: 8724:, p. 190; 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684:, p. 445; 8680: 8676: 8668:, p. 189; 8664: 8660: 8652:, p. 188; 8648: 8644: 8636: 8629: 8621:, p. 183; 8617: 8613: 8605: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8460:, p. 445; 8456:, p. 197; 8452: 8448: 8440:, p. 445; 8436:, p. 184; 8432: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8404: 8400: 8392:, p. 183; 8388:, p. 354; 8384: 8380: 8372:, p. 279; 8368:, p. 182; 8364:, p. 354; 8360: 8356: 8344: 8340: 8332:, p. 444; 8328:, p. 179; 8324:, p. 353; 8320: 8316: 8308:, p. 279; 8304:, p. 444; 8300:, p. 178; 8296:, p. 353; 8292: 8288: 8276: 8272: 8264:, p. 352; 8260: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8237: 8236: 8229: 8221:, p. 443; 8213: 8209: 8201:, p. 162; 8197: 8193: 8185: 8181: 8173:, p. 347; 8169: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8137:, pp. 4–6. 8133:, p. 345; 8129: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8085:, p. 437; 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8020: 8016: 8004: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7980:, p. 432; 7976:, p. 452; 7972: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7952:, pp. 4–6. 7948: 7941: 7933:, p. 432; 7925: 7921: 7905: 7901: 7893:, p. 326; 7889: 7885: 7869: 7865: 7857:, p. 237; 7853: 7849: 7841:, p. 336; 7837: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7813:, p. 251; 7809: 7805: 7797:, p. 237; 7793: 7789: 7781:, p. 331; 7777: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7749: 7745: 7737:, p. 437; 7733: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7709:, p. 419; 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7669:, p. 311; 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7633: 7629: 7617:, p. 310; 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7589:, p. 309; 7585: 7581: 7573:, p. 420; 7565: 7561: 7553:, p. 406; 7549:, p. 300; 7545: 7541: 7533:, p. 398; 7529:, p. 408; 7525:, p. 294; 7521: 7517: 7501: 7497: 7485: 7481: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7445:, p. 389; 7437: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7413:, p. 263; 7409: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7357: 7353: 7345:, p. 254; 7341: 7337: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7266:, p. 182; 7262:, p. 352; 7258: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7230:, p. 238; 7226: 7222: 7210: 7206: 7194: 7190: 7178: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7142:, p. 418; 7138: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102:, p. 233; 7098: 7094: 7082:, p. 232; 7078: 7074: 7066:, p. 178; 7062:, p. 343; 7054: 7050: 7042:, p. 320; 7038:, p. 232; 7034: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7010:, p. 160; 7006:, p. 343; 6994: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6906: 6902: 6894:, p. 144; 6890: 6886: 6878:, p. 230; 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850:, p. 135; 6846: 6842: 6834:, p. 127; 6830:, p. 415; 6822: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6782: 6778: 6770:, p. 413; 6766: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6730:, p. 229; 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6638:, p. 183; 6634: 6630: 6622:, p. 133; 6618:, p. 226; 6614: 6610: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562:, p. 335; 6558: 6554: 6546:, p. 156; 6542: 6538: 6530:, p. 334; 6526:, p. 191; 6522: 6518: 6506:, p. 287; 6502:, p. 223; 6498: 6494: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6455: 6451: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411:, p. 282; 6403: 6399: 6383:, p. 222; 6379: 6375: 6367:, p. 328; 6363:, p. 222; 6359: 6355: 6347:, p. 327; 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6306:, p. 220; 6302: 6298: 6290:, p. 276; 6286: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6250:, p. 216; 6246: 6242: 6234:, p. 404; 6230: 6226: 6218:, p. 315; 6214: 6210: 6198:, p. 214; 6194: 6190: 6178: 6174: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6047: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5948: 5940:, p. 251; 5936: 5932: 5920: 5916: 5904: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5864: 5860: 5844: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5808: 5804: 5796:, p. 195; 5792: 5788: 5776:, p. 288; 5768: 5764: 5756:, p. 219; 5752: 5748: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5712:, p. 176; 5708: 5704: 5696:, p. 393; 5688:, p. 176; 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660:, p. 175; 5656: 5652: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5574:Hunneyball 2010 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5504:, p. 190; 5500: 5496: 5488:, p. 286; 5480:, p. 185; 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452:, p. 138; 5444:, p. 167; 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5412:, p. 194; 5408: 5404: 5392: 5388: 5376: 5372: 5364:, p. 191; 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336:, p. 190; 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5244: 5240: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196:, p. 121; 5192: 5188: 5180:, p. 186; 5176:, p. 118; 5172: 5168: 5160:, p. 186; 5156:, p. 118; 5152: 5148: 5140:, p. 185; 5136:, p. 118; 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096:, p. 146; 5092: 5088: 5080:, p. 161; 5076:, p. 146; 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5044: 5040: 5028:, p. 113; 5024: 5020: 5012:, p. 107; 5008: 5004: 4996:, p. 105; 4988: 4984: 4972: 4968: 4956: 4952: 4944:, p. 104; 4940: 4936: 4927: 4923: 4903: 4899: 4891:, p. 175; 4883: 4879: 4867:, p. 101; 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839:, p. 162; 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675:, p. 129; 4671: 4667: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579:, p. 156; 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4519: 4515: 4503:, p. 114; 4499: 4495: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4451:, p. 124; 4443: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4387: 4383: 4379:, pp. 5–6. 4355: 4351: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4271: 4267: 4255: 4251: 4239: 4235: 4231:, pp. 5–9. 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4159: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3979: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3935:, pp. 4–5. 3931: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3888:, Elizabeth by 3884:: Christian by 3879: 3872: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3817: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3729:Julian calendar 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3572:Anne of Denmark 3215: 3181: 3151:5 November 1640 3130: 3115: 3095:14 October 1633 3094: 3071: 3068:4 November 1631 3051:6 February 1685 3007: 2973: 2845: 2812: 2780:King of England 2755: 2738: 2698:Whig historians 2686: 2622:Whitehall Group 2618:Earl of Arundel 2577: 2571: 2531:Oliver Cromwell 2508:Tunbridge Wells 2464: 2454: 2403:Richard Brandon 2399: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2300: 2294: 2203:Rump Parliament 2179: 2173: 2165:Rump Parliament 2152:Oliver Cromwell 2050: 2030:siege of Oxford 1864: 1858: 1850:Sir John Hotham 1814:Lord Mandeville 1812:—and one peer, 1778: 1772: 1764:Thomas Lunsford 1713:, by van Dyck, 1703: 1697: 1695:Irish rebellion 1628: 1623: 1617: 1615:Long Parliament 1611: 1609:Long Parliament 1603:Long Parliament 1599:Treaty of Ripon 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1527: 1467: 1461: 1422:new prayer book 1306: 1298:Lord Cottington 1290:Tower of London 1237: 1190: 1143: 1138: 1132: 986:Richard Montagu 943:Henrietta Maria 931:Henrietta Maria 923: 807:Lord Chancellor 735:king of Bohemia 722:. In 1617, the 718:, and moved to 708: 700:Earl of Chester 696:Prince of Wales 605:King of England 566:Holyrood Palace 550:Anne of Denmark 526: 486:Long Parliament 389:House of Stuart 348:Anne of Denmark 317: 270: 269: 261: 258: 1625) 253: 249: 246: 233: 227: 226:9 February 1649 196: 192: 191:30 January 1649 179: 136: 128: 114: 69:2 February 1626 51: 39:King of England 17: 12: 11: 5: 13926: 13916: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13708: 13707: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13642: 13640: 13639:Related topics 13636: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13619: 13612: 13610:Biblical canon 13607: 13602: 13600:Evening Prayer 13593: 13588: 13587: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13548: 13546: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13500: 13499: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13477: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13322: 13321: 13316: 13305: 13303: 13297: 13296: 13289: 13287: 13285: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13263: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13247: 13246: 13239: 13232: 13224: 13215: 13214: 13208: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13201: 13200:(1986–present) 13195: 13189: 13183: 13175: 13167: 13159: 13153: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13132:Edward of York 13129: 13123: 13117: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13099: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13076: 13067: 13066: 13057: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13050:(2022–present) 13044: 13036: 13028: 13020: 13012: 13004: 12996: 12988: 12980: 12972: 12968:Charles James 12966: 12958: 12950: 12942: 12934: 12926: 12920: 12914: 12906: 12898: 12890: 12882: 12874: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12854: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12831: 12822: 12821: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12794:(2022–present) 12788: 12780: 12772: 12764: 12756: 12748: 12740: 12732: 12724: 12716: 12708: 12700: 12692: 12684: 12676: 12668: 12660: 12652: 12644: 12636: 12628: 12620: 12612: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12592: 12591: 12584: 12577: 12569: 12560: 12559: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12540: 12537:Prince Leopold 12534: 12526: 12518: 12510: 12504: 12501:Charles Stuart 12498: 12492: 12486: 12483: 12477: 12476:(c. 1458–1485) 12471: 12465: 12462:Robert Stewart 12458: 12455: 12454: 12447: 12446: 12439: 12432: 12424: 12415: 12414: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12387: 12384:(2022–present) 12377: 12367: 12357: 12347: 12337: 12327: 12317: 12307: 12297: 12287: 12277: 12267: 12257: 12247: 12237: 12227: 12217: 12207: 12197: 12187: 12177: 12167: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12145: 12144: 12137: 12130: 12122: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11996: 11991: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11822: 11820: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11587: 11585: 11577: 11576: 11569: 11568: 11561: 11554: 11546: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11533: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11443: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11388: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11343: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11282:Edward Balliol 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11142:Constantine II 11139: 11134: 11127: 11120: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11070: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10969: 10964: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10934:Edgar Ætheling 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10823: 10816: 10815: 10799: 10798: 10791: 10784: 10776: 10768: 10767: 10757: 10756: 10748: 10743: 10730: 10725: 10721: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10705: 10695: 10694: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10663: 10658: 10654: 10653: 10652:Regnal titles 10649: 10648: 10628: 10625: 10620: 10619: 10610: 10601: 10596: 10595:at BBC History 10590: 10581: 10572: 10556: 10555:External links 10553: 10552: 10551: 10542: 10515: 10488: 10461: 10458:10.1086/385755 10445: 10418: 10402: 10375: 10352: 10336: 10318: 10317:Historiography 10315: 10314: 10313: 10296: 10287: 10278: 10266: 10261: 10248: 10236: 10230:, ed. (1959), 10228:Lockyer, Roger 10224: 10219: 10204: 10190: 10185: 10172: 10167: 10154: 10140:Brotton, Jerry 10137: 10132: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10091: 10086: 10070: 10047: 10036: 10022: 10017: 10004: 9999: 9985:Starkey, David 9981: 9976: 9960: 9955: 9937: 9932: 9919: 9914: 9894: 9889: 9876: 9871: 9855: 9850: 9837: 9832: 9816: 9811: 9796: 9791: 9778: 9770:Millar, Oliver 9766: 9761: 9741: 9736: 9720: 9687: 9682: 9674:Stuart England 9666: 9657: 9651: 9638: 9632: 9619: 9614: 9598: 9593: 9580: 9558: 9546: 9541: 9533:King Charles I 9529:Gregg, Pauline 9525: 9520: 9507: 9488: 9483: 9468: 9444: 9439: 9424: 9419: 9411:The Stuart Age 9403: 9385: 9380: 9367: 9359:Ashmole, Elias 9355: 9350: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9312: 9296: 9284: 9272: 9260: 9258:, p. 532. 9248: 9246:, p. 252. 9225: 9209: 9207:, p. 286. 9197: 9181: 9179:, p. 252. 9162: 9150: 9148:, p. 198. 9144:, p. 94; 9134: 9122: 9118:Robertson 2005 9116:, p. 93; 9106: 9089: 9087:, p. xvii 9076: 9064: 9062:, p. 466. 9044: 9024: 9008: 8996: 8994:, p. 143. 8984: 8982:, p. 142. 8972: 8960: 8958:, p. 135. 8936: 8924: 8922:, p. 134. 8908: 8896: 8894:, p. 135. 8872: 8870:, p. 133. 8866:, p. 83; 8856: 8833:, ed. (1911). 8831:Chisholm, Hugh 8822: 8806: 8804:, p. 459. 8786: 8770: 8768:, p. 454. 8750: 8730: 8728:, p. 166. 8714: 8702: 8700:, p. 461. 8690: 8686:Robertson 2005 8674: 8672:, p. 445. 8658: 8656:, p. 445. 8642: 8640:, p. 445. 8627: 8625:, p. 445. 8611: 8609:, p. 183. 8596: 8594:, p. 333. 8592:Robertson 2005 8584: 8502: 8500:, p. 201. 8498:Robertson 2005 8490: 8488:, p. 173. 8478: 8466: 8464:, p. 280. 8446: 8444:, p. 280. 8426: 8424:, p. 280. 8414: 8412:, p. 200. 8410:Robertson 2005 8398: 8378: 8376:, p. 126. 8354: 8352:, p. 180. 8338: 8314: 8286: 8284:, p. 443. 8270: 8268:, p. 168. 8254: 8227: 8207: 8205:, p. 267. 8191: 8179: 8177:, p. 146. 8163: 8159:Robertson 2005 8151: 8139: 8135:Robertson 2002 8123: 8103: 8101:, p. 304. 8091: 8087:Robertson 2005 8071: 8067:Robertson 2005 8059: 8042: 8030: 8026:Robertson 2005 8014: 8012:, p. 436. 7998: 7996:, p. 433. 7986: 7984:, p. 137. 7982:Robertson 2005 7966: 7954: 7950:Robertson 2002 7939: 7929:, p. 99; 7919: 7899: 7897:, p. 422. 7883: 7881:, p. 123. 7875:Robertson 2005 7863: 7861:, p. 123. 7847: 7845:, p. 252. 7831: 7829:, p. 429. 7819: 7803: 7801:, p. 118. 7799:Robertson 2005 7787: 7785:, p. 426. 7771: 7769:, p. 442. 7759: 7757:, p. 424. 7743: 7741:, p. 248. 7727: 7715: 7713:, p. 247. 7699: 7687: 7675: 7673:, p. 431. 7659: 7647: 7641:, p. 57; 7627: 7607: 7605:, p. 411. 7595: 7593:, p. 241. 7579: 7559: 7555:Robertson 2005 7539: 7515: 7495: 7479: 7463: 7451: 7431: 7419: 7403: 7391: 7389:, p. 258. 7379: 7377:, p. 257. 7367: 7351: 7335: 7333:, p. 249. 7320: 7318:, p. 368. 7308: 7306:, p. 248. 7296: 7284: 7272: 7270:, p. 422. 7252: 7250:, p. 350. 7240: 7238:, p. 351. 7220: 7204: 7202:, p. 181. 7188: 7172: 7170:, p. 418. 7160: 7158:, p. 344. 7148: 7132: 7130:, p. 114. 7120: 7116:Robertson 2005 7108: 7106:, p. 344. 7092: 7090:, p. 179. 7072: 7048: 7046:, p. 177. 7028: 7026:, p. 113. 7016: 7014:, p. 417. 6988: 6986:, p. 137. 6976: 6974:, p. 129. 6964: 6962:, p. 237. 6952: 6950:, p. 136. 6940: 6938:, p. 200. 6928: 6916: 6900: 6892:Gillespie 2006 6884: 6868: 6866:, p. 414. 6856: 6854:, p. 128. 6840: 6838:, p. 113. 6816: 6814:, p. 112. 6804: 6802:, p. 118. 6792: 6776: 6760: 6756:Gillespie 2006 6748: 6746:, p. 298. 6736: 6734:, p. 306. 6720: 6718:, p. 137. 6716:Gillespie 2006 6708: 6706:, p. 131. 6704:Gillespie 2006 6696: 6694:, p. 130. 6692:Gillespie 2006 6684: 6680:Robertson 2005 6668: 6666:, p. 172. 6656: 6654:, p. 125. 6652:Gillespie 2006 6644: 6640:Robertson 2005 6628: 6624:Stevenson 1973 6608: 6606:, p. 112. 6592: 6590:, p. 130. 6580: 6578:, p. 129. 6568: 6566:, p. 128. 6552: 6536: 6516: 6514:, p. 156. 6492: 6490:, p. 127. 6477: 6465: 6449: 6447:, p. 944. 6429: 6417: 6415:, p. 330. 6397: 6373: 6371:, p. 154. 6353: 6337: 6312: 6310:, p. 326. 6296: 6294:, p. 225. 6280: 6268: 6266:, p. 323. 6256: 6240: 6236:Stevenson 1973 6224: 6220:Stevenson 1973 6208: 6188: 6172: 6156: 6154:, p. 101. 6152:Stevenson 1973 6144: 6128: 6124:Stevenson 1973 6116: 6114:, p. 132. 6104: 6100:Quintrell 1993 6092: 6090:, p. 114. 6088:Quintrell 1993 6076: 6074:, p. 243. 6064: 6045: 6043:, p. 402. 6021: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5983:, p. 402. 5973: 5971:, p. 401. 5961: 5946: 5944:, p. 294. 5930: 5914: 5912:, p. 248. 5898: 5878: 5858: 5838: 5826: 5802: 5798:Trevelyan 1922 5786: 5784:, p. 107. 5762: 5746: 5730: 5718: 5702: 5700:, p. 382. 5678: 5666: 5650: 5626: 5624:, p. 133. 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5566: 5564:, p. 314. 5554: 5552:, p. 906. 5542: 5530: 5518: 5510:Quintrell 1993 5494: 5490:Quintrell 1993 5470: 5458: 5456:, p. 385. 5434: 5432:, p. 385. 5422: 5418:Quintrell 1993 5402: 5398:Quintrell 1993 5386: 5370: 5366:Quintrell 1993 5354: 5342: 5340:, p. 228. 5326: 5324:, p. 220. 5314: 5302: 5290: 5288:, p. 185. 5286:Weightman 1906 5278: 5276:, p. 104. 5266: 5264:, p. 603. 5254: 5238: 5232:, p. 38; 5214: 5202: 5200:, p. 108. 5186: 5182:Quintrell 1993 5166: 5162:Robertson 2005 5146: 5142:Quintrell 1993 5126: 5122:Quintrell 1993 5114: 5102: 5100:, p. 161. 5086: 5084:, p. 195. 5066: 5054: 5052:, p. 111. 5038: 5018: 5016:, p. 168. 5002: 4982: 4976:, p. 38; 4966: 4950: 4948:, p. 176. 4934: 4921: 4919:, p. 104. 4911:, p. 76; 4897: 4893:Quintrell 1993 4887:, p. 75; 4877: 4873:Quintrell 1993 4871:, p. 74; 4857: 4845: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4785: 4781:Quintrell 1993 4769: 4757: 4751:, p. 80; 4741: 4739:, p. 150. 4729: 4725:Quintrell 1993 4705: 4703:, p. 138. 4693: 4681: 4665: 4663:, p. 129. 4649: 4647:, p. 129. 4643:, p. 46; 4633: 4631:, p. 131. 4621: 4619:, p. 153. 4609: 4597: 4585: 4583:, p. 252. 4575:, p. 76; 4565: 4561:Quintrell 1993 4553: 4541: 4539:, p. 126. 4529: 4523:, p. 38; 4513: 4511:, p. 252. 4507:, p. 86; 4493: 4483:, p. 47; 4473: 4471:, p. 130. 4469:Trevelyan 1922 4461: 4455:, p. 92; 4447:, p. 56; 4437: 4431:, p. 99; 4427:, p. 52; 4417: 4405: 4399:, p. 94; 4391:, p. 47; 4381: 4375:, p. 11; 4373:Quintrell 1993 4371:, p. 63; 4367:, p. 90; 4363:, p. 31; 4359:, p. 46; 4349: 4333: 4321: 4309: 4303:, p. 11; 4301:Quintrell 1993 4289: 4285:Quintrell 1993 4265: 4249: 4243:, p. 33; 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4181: 4179:, p. 152. 4169: 4153: 4143:, p. 63; 4133: 4127:, p. 49; 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4065: 4050: 4035: 4029:, p. 16; 4019: 4007: 3992: 3977: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3923:, p. 252. 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3870: 3864:, Margaret by 3854:Margaret Tudor 3842: 3833: 3824: 3811: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3746: 3737: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3118:Mary of Modena 3100: 3097: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2826: 2824:6 January 1605 2811: 2808: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2737: 2734: 2685: 2682: 2626:Duke of Mantua 2573:Main article: 2570: 2567: 2547:Lord Protector 2469:Eikon Basilike 2453: 2450: 2379: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2296:Main article: 2293: 2290: 2211:Oliver St John 2199:Windsor Castle 2175:Main article: 2172: 2169: 2106:Robert Hammond 2066:Holdenby House 2049: 2046: 2021:New Model Army 1986:relieve Newark 1967:Sudeley Castle 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1838:Windsor Castle 1806:William Strode 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1699:Main article: 1696: 1693: 1664:Sir Henry Vane 1627: 1624: 1613:Main article: 1610: 1607: 1572:Northumberland 1540: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1504:Northumberland 1463:Main article: 1460: 1457: 1381:William Prynne 1305: 1302: 1278:Western Rising 1274:Forest of Dean 1203:D(EI) G(RATIA) 1189: 1186: 1170:Sir John Finch 1142: 1139: 1131: 1128: 1082:Sir John Eliot 1005:predestination 984:ecclesiastic, 982:anti-Calvinist 922: 919: 896:Lord Treasurer 815:House of Lords 733:, was elected 707: 704: 578:Duke of Albany 576:, and created 574:Bishop of Ross 534:Simon de Passe 525: 522: 482:New Model Army 432:Roman Catholic 373: 372: 365: 361: 360: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 340: 338:James VI and I 335: 331: 330: 325: 319: 318: 316: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 279: 277: 263: 262: 251: 247: 242: 241: 239: 235: 234: 228: 224: 220: 219: 216: 215: 206: 202: 201: 195:(aged 48) 189: 185: 184: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 122: 116: 115: 113: 112: 100: 87: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 67: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 45: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13925: 13914: 13913:Sons of kings 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13823:Earls of Ross 13821: 13819: 13818:Dukes of York 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13705: 13700: 13693: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13637: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13554: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13505: 13501: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13474: 13470: 13464: 13463:Modern Church 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13428: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13298: 13293: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13245: 13240: 13238: 13233: 13231: 13226: 13225: 13222: 13212: 13206: 13199: 13196: 13193: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13176: 13174: 13172: 13168: 13166: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13145: 13142: 13139: 13136: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13103:Dukes of York 13097: 13092: 13090: 13085: 13083: 13078: 13077: 13074: 13051: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015:Albert Edward 13013: 13011: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12852: 12847: 12845: 12840: 12838: 12833: 12832: 12829: 12819: 12818: 12812: 12795: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12759:Albert Edward 12757: 12755: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12730:(1688–1701/2) 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12597: 12590: 12585: 12583: 12578: 12576: 12571: 12570: 12567: 12557: 12551: 12544: 12541: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12499: 12496: 12493: 12490: 12487: 12484: 12481: 12478: 12475: 12472: 12469: 12466: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12445: 12440: 12438: 12433: 12431: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12412: 12408: 12403: 12396: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12342: 12341:Albert Edward 12338: 12335: 12332: 12328: 12325: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12312: 12308: 12305: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12292: 12288: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12258: 12255: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12228: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12185: 12182: 12178: 12175: 12172: 12168: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12157: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12138: 12136: 12131: 12129: 12124: 12123: 12120: 12106: 12102: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 12001: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11977:Alexander III 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11818:(traditional) 11813: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11611:Galan Erilich 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11583:(traditional) 11578: 11574: 11567: 11562: 11560: 11555: 11553: 11548: 11547: 11544: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11525: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11359: 11357: 11352: 11351: 11348: 11344: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11283: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11257: 11255: 11254:Alexander III 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11132: 11128: 11126: 11125: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11110:Constantine I 11107: 11105: 11104: 11100: 11098: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10821: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10797: 10792: 10790: 10785: 10783: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10747: 10740: 10739: 10735: 10728: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10702: 10701: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10684: 10680: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10661: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10638: 10633: 10632: 10623: 10618: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10548: 10543: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10358: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10321: 10320: 10310: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10293: 10288: 10284: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10262:0-5215-2133-5 10258: 10254: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10220:0-8078-1520-9 10216: 10212: 10211: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10170: 10168:0-1987-0829-7 10164: 10160: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10135: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10116: 10107: 10105:0-3336-0135-1 10101: 10097: 10092: 10089: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10032: 10027: 10023: 10020: 10018:0-7153-6302-6 10014: 10010: 10005: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9977:0-3406-2502-3 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9956:0-3000-5688-5 9952: 9948: 9947: 9942: 9941:Sharpe, Kevin 9938: 9935: 9933:0-5200-3681-6 9929: 9925: 9920: 9917: 9915:0-5635-3747-7 9911: 9906: 9905: 9899: 9898:Schama, Simon 9895: 9892: 9890:0-1982-0588-0 9886: 9882: 9877: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9851:0-7011-7602-4 9847: 9843: 9838: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9812:0-5820-0354-7 9808: 9804: 9803: 9797: 9794: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9737:0-0063-3339-7 9733: 9729: 9725: 9724:Loades, D. M. 9721: 9717: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9695:Morrill, John 9692: 9688: 9685: 9683:0-7139-1087-9 9679: 9675: 9671: 9670:Kenyon, J. P. 9667: 9663: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9625: 9620: 9617: 9615:0-7136-1450-1 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9594:1-8528-5282-8 9590: 9586: 9581: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9542:0-4600-4437-0 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9484:0-7509-2079-3 9480: 9476: 9475: 9469: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9445: 9442: 9440:0-5820-7034-1 9436: 9432: 9431: 9425: 9422: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9407:Coward, Barry 9404: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9393:Gibbs, Vicary 9390: 9386: 9383: 9381:0-4151-2141-8 9377: 9373: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9347: 9343: 9338: 9337: 9326: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9309: 9305: 9300: 9293: 9288: 9282:, p. 18. 9281: 9280:Johnston 1906 9276: 9269: 9264: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9206: 9201: 9194: 9190: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9160:, p. 83. 9159: 9158:Gardiner 1906 9154: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9131: 9126: 9120:, p. 32. 9119: 9115: 9110: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9086: 9080: 9073: 9068: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9028: 9022:, p. 93. 9021: 9017: 9012: 9006:, p. 93. 9005: 9000: 8993: 8988: 8981: 8976: 8969: 8964: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8933: 8928: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8906:, p. 83. 8905: 8900: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8876: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8852: 8844: 8843: 8837: 8832: 8826: 8819: 8815: 8810: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8712:, p. 99. 8711: 8710:Mitchell 2012 8706: 8699: 8694: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8655: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8608: 8603: 8601: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8525: 8521: 8514: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8494: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8470: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8358: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8312:, p. 93. 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8242: 8241: 8234: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8161:, p. 15. 8160: 8155: 8148: 8147:Gardiner 1906 8143: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8100: 8095: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8079:Gardiner 1906 8075: 8068: 8063: 8056: 8055:Gardiner 1906 8051: 8049: 8047: 8039: 8034: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7828: 7823: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7800: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7724: 7719: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7684: 7679: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7557:, p. 67. 7556: 7552: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7493:, p. 396 7492: 7488: 7483: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7417:, p. 382 7416: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7395: 7388: 7383: 7376: 7371: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7349:, p. 371 7348: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7249: 7244: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7118:, p. 62. 7117: 7112: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6790:, p. 19. 6789: 6785: 6780: 6774:, p. 43. 6773: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6682:, p. 42. 6681: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6277: 6272: 6265: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6102:, p. 46. 6101: 6096: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6019:, p. 17. 6018: 6013: 6007:, p. 15. 6006: 6001: 5995:, p. 14. 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5959:, p. 11. 5958: 5953: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5891: 5888:, p. 9; 5887: 5882: 5875: 5871: 5868:, p. 9; 5867: 5862: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5728:, p. 58. 5727: 5722: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5598:Donaghan 1995 5594: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5468:, p. 97. 5467: 5462: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5400:, p. 64. 5399: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5368:, p. 62. 5367: 5363: 5358: 5352:, p. 18. 5351: 5346: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5300:, p. 40. 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5252:, p. xv. 5251: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5184:, p. 43. 5183: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5164:, p. 35. 5163: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5144:, p. 43. 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5124:, p. 42. 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4932:, p. 77. 4931: 4925: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4895:, p. 40. 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4875:, p. 39. 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4843:, p. 67. 4842: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4815:, p. 35. 4814: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4783:, p. 29. 4782: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4527:, p. 80. 4526: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4491:, p. 31. 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4459:, p. 65. 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4435:, p. 64. 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4319:, p. 84. 4318: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4287:, p. 11. 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4259:, p. 4; 4258: 4253: 4247:, p. 68. 4246: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4207:, p. 31. 4206: 4201: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4163:, p. 5; 4162: 4157: 4151:, p. 79. 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4115:, p. 24. 4114: 4109: 4103:, p. 47. 4102: 4097: 4091:, p. 29. 4090: 4085: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4063:, p. 22. 4062: 4057: 4055: 4048:, p. 16. 4047: 4042: 4040: 4033:, p. 22. 4032: 4028: 4023: 4017:, p. 13. 4016: 4011: 4005:, p. 12. 4004: 3999: 3997: 3990:, p. 11. 3989: 3984: 3982: 3974: 3971:, p. 3; 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3919:, p. 2; 3918: 3913: 3909: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3860:: James V by 3859: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3837: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:Thames Valley 3756: 3750: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3424:Mary of Guise 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3148:17 March 1637 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2882:fleurs-de-lis 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2838: 2837:24 April 1611 2834: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774:The official 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2742: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2714:Ronald Hutton 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:van Honthorst 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2483:Eikonoklastes 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2411:William Hulet 2408: 2404: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2365: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227:John Bradshaw 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:Pride's Purge 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2135:, Essex, and 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2110:Isle of Wight 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2092:, while more 2091: 2090:Hampton Court 2087: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2025:Lord Carnwath 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2006:Earl of Essex 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1931:Turnham Green 1928: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Denzil Holles 1799: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641:Triennial Act 1638: 1634: 1622: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1551:Personal Rule 1548: 1544: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1465:Bishops' Wars 1459:Bishops' Wars 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:John Bastwick 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1269:royal forests 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1233: 1232:Daniel Mytens 1228: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1182: 1181:Personal Rule 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1136:Personal Rule 1130:Personal rule 1127: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078:Dudley Digges 1075: 1071: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1051:first reading 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 932: 927: 918: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 877: 876: 871: 859: 858:Daniel Mytens 854: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 829:, Archbishop 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811:Francis Bacon 808: 804: 798: 796: 795:Spanish match 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 725: 721: 717: 713: 706:Heir apparent 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:heir apparent 681: 678:(or possibly 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 653:Thomas Murray 650: 646: 634: 629: 625: 623: 619: 613: 611: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:David Lindsay 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 535: 532:Engraving by 530: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494:Isle of Wight 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 467:Bishops' Wars 464: 460: 456: 452: 449: 445: 442:and Scottish 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:heir apparent 394: 390: 385: 383: 382:his execution 379: 370: 366: 362: 359: 356: 352: 349: 346: 342: 339: 336: 332: 329: 326: 324: 320: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 278: 275: 274: 268: 264: 245: 240: 236: 231: 225: 221: 217: 214: 210: 207: 203: 199: 190: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 166: 163: 159: 156: 153: 149: 145: 141: 135: 131: 126: 121: 117: 110: 109: 104: 101: 98: 97: 92: 89: 88: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 13630:Broad church 13628: / 13624: / 13614: 13598: / 13591:Anglican Use 13551: 13502: 13432: 13425: 13177: 13169: 13161: 13149: 13049: 13041: 13033: 13025: 13017: 13009: 13001: 12993: 12985: 12977: 12969: 12963: 12960: 12955: 12947: 12939: 12931: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12903: 12895: 12887: 12879: 12871: 12815: 12793: 12785: 12777: 12769: 12761: 12753: 12745: 12737: 12729: 12721: 12713: 12710: 12705: 12697: 12689: 12681: 12673: 12665: 12657: 12649: 12641: 12633: 12625: 12617: 12609: 12528: 12520: 12512: 12507:James Stuart 12500: 12495:James Stuart 12480:John Stewart 12406: 12383: 12373: 12363: 12353: 12343: 12333: 12323: 12313: 12303: 12293: 12283: 12273: 12270: 12263: 12253: 12243: 12233: 12223: 12213: 12203: 12193: 12183: 12173: 12163: 12060: 11998: 11986: 11972:Alexander II 11671:Gartnait III 11530: 11509:Elizabeth II 11437: 11375: 11353: 11280: 11258: 11249:Alexander II 11166: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11108: 11101: 11094: 11076: 11065: 10988: 10971: 10959: 10932: 10895: 10853: 10846: 10839: 10760: 10753:Charles (II) 10751: 10745: 10732: 10698: 10689: 10683:Commonwealth 10678: 10665: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10546: 10519: 10492: 10468: 10449: 10422: 10406: 10379: 10356: 10340: 10324: 10306: 10291: 10282: 10273: 10252: 10243: 10231: 10209: 10193: 10176: 10158: 10143: 10123: 10095: 10077: 10074:Weir, Alison 10058: 10041: 10030: 10008: 9989: 9967: 9945: 9923: 9903: 9880: 9862: 9841: 9823: 9801: 9782: 9773: 9752: 9727: 9698: 9673: 9661: 9642: 9623: 9605: 9584: 9573:, retrieved 9570:The Guardian 9569: 9553: 9532: 9511: 9495: 9473: 9448: 9429: 9410: 9397: 9371: 9362: 9341: 9299: 9287: 9275: 9268:Ashmole 1715 9263: 9256:Ashmole 1715 9251: 9217:Edwards 1999 9212: 9200: 9184: 9153: 9137: 9125: 9109: 9101: 9098:Peter Heylin 9092: 9085:Carlton 1995 9079: 9067: 9052:Carlton 1995 9047: 9032:Carlton 1995 9027: 9011: 8999: 8992:Carlton 1995 8987: 8980:Carlton 1995 8975: 8963: 8956:Hibbert 1968 8948:Carlton 1995 8939: 8934:, p. 6. 8927: 8920:Hibbert 1968 8916:Carlton 1995 8911: 8899: 8892:Hibbert 1968 8880:Carlton 1995 8875: 8868:Hibbert 1968 8859: 8850: 8840: 8825: 8809: 8789: 8778:Edwards 1999 8773: 8753: 8738:Edwards 1999 8733: 8722:Edwards 1999 8717: 8705: 8693: 8677: 8666:Edwards 1999 8661: 8650:Edwards 1999 8645: 8619:Edwards 1999 8614: 8607:Edwards 1999 8587: 8545: 8541: 8531:, retrieved 8511: 8505: 8493: 8486:Edwards 1999 8481: 8474:Higgins 2009 8469: 8462:Hibbert 1968 8454:Edwards 1999 8449: 8442:Hibbert 1968 8434:Edwards 1999 8429: 8422:Hibbert 1968 8417: 8406:Hibbert 1968 8401: 8390:Edwards 1999 8386:Carlton 1995 8381: 8374:Starkey 2006 8370:Hibbert 1968 8366:Edwards 1999 8362:Carlton 1995 8357: 8350:Edwards 1999 8341: 8334:Hibbert 1968 8326:Edwards 1999 8322:Carlton 1995 8317: 8306:Hibbert 1968 8298:Edwards 1999 8294:Carlton 1995 8289: 8278:Carlton 1995 8273: 8266:Edwards 1999 8262:Carlton 1995 8257: 8245:, retrieved 8239: 8223:Hibbert 1968 8215:Carlton 1995 8210: 8203:Hibbert 1968 8199:Edwards 1999 8194: 8182: 8175:Edwards 1999 8171:Carlton 1995 8166: 8154: 8142: 8131:Carlton 1995 8126: 8115:Edwards 1999 8111:Carlton 1995 8106: 8099:Carlton 1995 8094: 8074: 8062: 8033: 8017: 8006:Edwards 1999 8001: 7989: 7969: 7962:Edwards 1999 7957: 7935:Hibbert 1968 7927:Edwards 1999 7922: 7915:Hibbert 1968 7907:Carlton 1995 7902: 7891:Carlton 1995 7886: 7879:Starkey 2006 7871:Edwards 1999 7866: 7859:Starkey 2006 7850: 7843:Hibbert 1968 7839:Carlton 1995 7834: 7822: 7815:Starkey 2006 7811:Hibbert 1968 7806: 7790: 7779:Carlton 1995 7774: 7762: 7751:Carlton 1995 7746: 7739:Hibbert 1968 7730: 7718: 7711:Hibbert 1968 7702: 7690: 7683:Carlton 1995 7678: 7667:Carlton 1995 7662: 7650: 7639:Edwards 1999 7630: 7615:Carlton 1995 7610: 7598: 7591:Hibbert 1968 7587:Carlton 1995 7582: 7567:Carlton 1995 7562: 7547:Carlton 1995 7542: 7535:Hibbert 1968 7523:Carlton 1995 7518: 7498: 7482: 7471:Carlton 1995 7466: 7454: 7439:Carlton 1995 7434: 7422: 7411:Carlton 1995 7406: 7394: 7387:Carlton 1995 7382: 7375:Carlton 1995 7370: 7363:Hibbert 1968 7354: 7343:Carlton 1995 7338: 7331:Carlton 1995 7311: 7304:Carlton 1995 7299: 7287: 7275: 7264:Hibbert 1968 7255: 7243: 7228:Carlton 1995 7223: 7216:Hibbert 1968 7212:Carlton 1995 7207: 7200:Hibbert 1968 7196:Carlton 1995 7191: 7184:Hibbert 1968 7175: 7163: 7151: 7144:Starkey 2006 7135: 7128:Starkey 2006 7123: 7111: 7100:Carlton 1995 7095: 7088:Hibbert 1968 7080:Carlton 1995 7075: 7068:Starkey 2006 7064:Hibbert 1968 7051: 7044:Hibbert 1968 7036:Carlton 1995 7031: 7024:Starkey 2006 7019: 7008:Hibbert 1968 6996:Carlton 1995 6991: 6979: 6967: 6960:Carlton 1995 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6903: 6887: 6876:Carlton 1995 6871: 6859: 6843: 6836:Starkey 2006 6819: 6812:Starkey 2006 6807: 6795: 6788:Russell 1990 6779: 6772:Russell 1990 6763: 6758:, p. 3. 6751: 6744:Russell 1991 6739: 6728:Carlton 1995 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6676:Carlton 1995 6671: 6659: 6647: 6636:Carlton 1995 6631: 6616:Carlton 1995 6611: 6604:Starkey 2006 6600:Carlton 1995 6595: 6583: 6571: 6555: 6544:Hibbert 1968 6539: 6532:Hibbert 1968 6519: 6512:Hibbert 1968 6500:Carlton 1995 6495: 6468: 6461:Russell 1991 6452: 6432: 6425:Hibbert 1968 6420: 6405:Carlton 1995 6400: 6393:Russell 1991 6385:Hibbert 1968 6381:Carlton 1995 6376: 6369:Hibbert 1968 6361:Carlton 1995 6356: 6349:Hibbert 1968 6340: 6330:11 September 6328:. Retrieved 6324: 6315: 6304:Carlton 1995 6299: 6292:Russell 1991 6283: 6271: 6259: 6248:Carlton 1995 6243: 6227: 6211: 6196:Carlton 1995 6191: 6175: 6159: 6147: 6140:Hibbert 1968 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6079: 6067: 6029:Carlton 1995 6024: 6017:Adamson 2007 6012: 6005:Adamson 2007 6000: 5993:Adamson 2007 5988: 5976: 5964: 5957:Adamson 2007 5933: 5917: 5906:Adamson 2007 5901: 5886:Adamson 2007 5881: 5866:Adamson 2007 5861: 5846:Carlton 1995 5841: 5829: 5810:Carlton 1995 5805: 5794:Carlton 1995 5789: 5782:Starkey 2006 5765: 5749: 5733: 5721: 5705: 5681: 5669: 5653: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5521: 5502:Carlton 1995 5497: 5478:Carlton 1995 5473: 5461: 5450:Hibbert 1968 5437: 5425: 5405: 5389: 5378:Adamson 2007 5373: 5362:Carlton 1995 5357: 5350:Edwards 1999 5345: 5334:Carlton 1995 5329: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5274:Starkey 2006 5269: 5257: 5246:Carlton 1995 5241: 5222:Carlton 1995 5217: 5205: 5198:Hibbert 1968 5194:Carlton 1995 5189: 5169: 5149: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5094:Carlton 1995 5089: 5074:Carlton 1995 5069: 5057: 5050:Hibbert 1968 5041: 5030:Hibbert 1968 5026:Carlton 1995 5021: 5010:Carlton 1995 5005: 4990:Carlton 1995 4985: 4969: 4958:Carlton 1995 4953: 4942:Carlton 1995 4937: 4924: 4905:Carlton 1995 4900: 4880: 4865:Carlton 1995 4860: 4848: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4801:Hibbert 1968 4793:Carlton 1995 4788: 4777:Carlton 1995 4772: 4760: 4749:Carlton 1995 4744: 4732: 4713:Carlton 1995 4708: 4696: 4684: 4668: 4657:Carlton 1995 4652: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4573:Carlton 1995 4568: 4556: 4549:Carlton 1995 4544: 4532: 4521:Carlton 1995 4516: 4505:Hibbert 1968 4496: 4481:Carlton 1995 4476: 4464: 4445:Carlton 1995 4440: 4433:Hibbert 1968 4425:Carlton 1995 4420: 4408: 4403:, p. 6. 4389:Carlton 1995 4384: 4369:Hibbert 1968 4357:Carlton 1995 4352: 4341:Carlton 1995 4336: 4324: 4312: 4307:, p. 5. 4292: 4273:Carlton 1995 4268: 4261:Hibbert 1968 4252: 4241:Carlton 1995 4236: 4224: 4219:, p. 8. 4212: 4205:Carlton 1995 4200: 4193:Hibbert 1968 4184: 4172: 4165:Hibbert 1968 4156: 4136: 4125:Hibbert 1968 4120: 4113:Hibbert 1968 4108: 4096: 4084: 4077:Hibbert 1968 4068: 4046:Carlton 1995 4031:Hibbert 1968 4022: 4010: 3975:, p. 9. 3969:Carlton 1995 3964: 3959:, p. 2. 3957:Carlton 1995 3952: 3947:, p. 2. 3940: 3928: 3912: 3836: 3827: 3814: 3807:Francis Rous 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3767:patron saint 3763:Saint George 3754: 3749: 3740: 3723: 3449: 3199:30 June 1670 3196:16 June 1644 3165:29 June 1639 3162:29 June 1639 3154:Died young. 3138:Died young. 3116:Married (2) 3102:Married (1) 3008: 2909:for Scotland 2846: 2836: 2828: 2823: 2815: 2773: 2721:William Laud 2718: 2710:Barry Coward 2706:Kevin Sharpe 2687: 2578: 2575:Caroline era 2559: 2523:Commonwealth 2516: 2481: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2434:Jane Seymour 2423: 2419: 2407:George Joyce 2400: 2381: 2346:Philip Henry 2342: 2323: 2312: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2261: 2254: 2250: 2219: 2195:Hurst Castle 2192: 2187:Edward Bower 2161:Thomas Pride 2145: 2126: 2118: 2078:Independents 2070:George Joyce 2063: 2014: 1983: 1963:river Severn 1952: 1923: 1915:Lord Lindsey 1904: 1896:West Country 1885: 1831: 1823: 1798:John Hampden 1794: 1786:Five Members 1776:Five Members 1770:Five members 1754:Militia Bill 1747: 1739: 1723:Gaelic Irish 1720: 1689:the Incident 1682: 1678: 1673:Protestation 1669: 1657: 1645:royal assent 1629: 1588: 1568: 1557: 1547:William Laud 1495: 1487: 1468: 1453:presbyterian 1427: 1414: 1406: 1385:Henry Burton 1377:Star Chamber 1350: 1340: 1324: 1312: 1282: 1258: 1254:John Hampden 1247: 1243: 1200: 1174: 1159: 1154:Saint George 1121: 1108:King's Bench 1105: 1086: 1067: 1060:Portrait by 1031: 1024: 997: 993: 979: 936: 914: 908: 893: 884: 873: 867: 831:William Laud 799: 709: 665: 657:presbyterian 645:Duke of York 642: 633:Robert Peake 631:Portrait by 614: 598: 594:Earl of Ross 562:Chapel Royal 543: 502:high treason 475: 413: 386: 377: 376: 271: 213:decapitation 193:(1649-01-30) 146:18 June 1633 106: 94: 18: 13733:1649 deaths 13728:1600 births 13661:Monasticism 13496:Holy Spirit 13406:Elizabeth I 13251:Anglicanism 13194:(1920–1936) 13188:(1892–1910) 13181:(1784–1827) 13173:(1760–1767) 13165:(1716–1728) 13152:(1605–1625) 13146:(1494–1509) 13140:(1474–1483) 13134:(1460–1461) 13128:(1415–1460) 13122:(1402–1415) 13116:(1385–1402) 13042:(1952–2022) 13034:(1910–1936) 13026:(1901–1910) 13018:(1841–1901) 13010:(1762–1820) 13002:(1727–1751) 12994:(1714–1727) 12986:(1688–1689) 12978:(1630–1649) 12964:(1612–1625) 12956:(1594–1612) 12948:(1566–1567) 12940:(1540–1541) 12932:(1512–1513) 12924:(1509–1510) 12918:(1507–1508) 12912:(1473–1488) 12904:(1452–1460) 12896:(1430–1437) 12880:(1402–1406) 12872:(1398–1402) 12786:(1952–2022) 12778:(1910–1936) 12770:(1901–1910) 12762:(1841–1901) 12754:(1762–1820) 12746:(1727–1751) 12738:(1714–1727) 12722:(1630–1649) 12714:(1612–1625) 12706:(1603–1612) 12698:(1537–1547) 12682:(1502–1509) 12674:(1486–1502) 12666:(1483–1484) 12658:(1470–1483) 12642:(1453–1471) 12634:(1421–1422) 12626:(1399–1413) 12618:(1376–1377) 12610:(1337–1376) 12545:(1884–1919) 12539:(1881–1884) 12532:(1784–1827) 12524:(1760–1767) 12516:(1716–1728) 12509:(1660–1685) 12503:(1603–1625) 12491:(1565–1567) 12482:(1485–1536) 12470:(1420–1425) 12464:(1398–1420) 12374:(1958–2022) 12364:(1910–1936) 12354:(1901–1910) 12344:(1841–1901) 12334:(1762–1820) 12324:(1751–1760) 12314:(1728–1751) 12304:(1714–1727) 12284:(1641–1649) 12274:(1616–1625) 12264:(1610–1612) 12254:(1537–1547) 12244:(1504–1509) 12234:(1489–1502) 12224:(1483–1484) 12214:(1471–1483) 12204:(1454–1471) 12194:(1399–1413) 12184:(1376–1377) 12174:(1343–1376) 12164:(1301–1307) 11952:Alexander I 11902:Kenneth III 11853:(uncertain) 11751:Talorgan II 11716:Nechtan III 11691:Gartnait IV 11656:Gartnait II 11514:Charles III 11499:Edward VIII 11229:Alexander I 11209:Malcolm III 11184:Kenneth III 11084:Elizabeth I 11046:Richard III 9745:Louda, Jiří 9189:Wallis 1921 9146:Sharpe 1992 9142:Kenyon 1978 9114:Kenyon 1978 9072:Coward 2003 9056:Coward 2003 9036:Coward 2003 9020:Kenyon 1978 9004:Kenyon 1978 8932:Millar 1958 8818:Kenyon 1978 8814:Holmes 2006 8802:Loades 1974 8798:Kenyon 1978 8794:Holmes 2006 8782:Loades 1974 8766:Loades 1974 8762:Kenyon 1978 8758:Holmes 2006 8746:Loades 1974 8742:Kenyon 1978 8726:Kenyon 1978 8310:Holmes 2006 7855:Coward 2003 7795:Coward 2003 7643:Holmes 2006 7635:Coward 2003 7511:Holmes 2006 7280:Loades 1974 7268:Loades 1974 7168:Loades 1974 7140:Loades 1974 7012:Loades 1974 6984:Kenyon 1978 6948:Kenyon 1978 6936:Coward 2003 6912:Schama 2001 6908:Loades 1974 6896:Schama 2001 6880:Schama 2001 6864:Loades 1974 6848:Kenyon 1978 6828:Loades 1974 6800:Schama 2001 6768:Loades 1974 6664:Coward 2003 6620:Kenyon 1978 6588:Kenyon 1978 6576:Kenyon 1978 6564:Kenyon 1978 6548:Kenyon 1978 6524:Coward 2003 6488:Kenyon 1978 6445:Sharpe 1992 6389:Sharpe 1992 6232:Loades 1974 6204:Sharpe 1992 6184:Sharpe 1992 6112:Sharpe 1992 6041:Loades 1974 5981:Loades 1974 5969:Loades 1974 5926:Sharpe 1992 5894:Sharpe 1992 5874:Sharpe 1992 5854:Sharpe 1992 5822:Sharpe 1992 5778:Sharpe 1992 5758:Sharpe 1992 5742:Sharpe 1992 5714:Sharpe 1992 5710:Coward 2003 5698:Sharpe 1992 5694:Loades 1974 5690:Kenyon 1978 5686:Coward 2003 5674:Coward 2003 5662:Sharpe 1992 5658:Coward 2003 5646:Sharpe 1992 5634:Coward 2003 5550:Sharpe 1992 5514:Sharpe 1992 5454:Loades 1974 5442:Coward 2003 5430:Loades 1974 5382:Sharpe 1992 5310:Sharpe 1992 5262:Sharpe 1992 5250:Sharpe 1992 5234:Sharpe 1992 5034:Sharpe 1992 5014:Sharpe 1992 4998:Sharpe 1992 4994:Kenyon 1978 4978:Kenyon 1978 4962:Sharpe 1992 4917:Kenyon 1978 4837:Coward 2003 4765:Loades 1974 4617:Coward 2003 4457:Schama 2001 4453:Kenyon 1978 4401:Sharpe 1992 4377:Sharpe 1992 4305:Sharpe 1992 4177:Coward 2003 4149:Kenyon 1978 3765:(England's 3178:8 July 1640 3048:29 May 1630 3035:13 May 1629 3032:13 May 1629 2897:for England 2852:differenced 2719:Archbishop 2694:high Tories 2684:Assessments 2500:High church 2478:John Milton 2415:Hugh Peters 2233:was led by 2231:prosecution 2207:Henry Rolle 2058:Eugène Lami 1936:Peace talks 1735:New English 1727:Old English 1545:(left) and 1479:Covenanters 1265:popish soap 1238: 1631 967:La Rochelle 921:Early reign 819:impeachment 584:, with the 448:high church 444:Covenanters 151:Predecessor 74:Predecessor 13717:Categories 13515:Sacraments 13366:Henry VIII 13326:Æthelberht 13259:Communions 12081:William II 12066:Charles II 12021:Robert III 11962:Malcolm IV 11942:Donald III 11932:Donald III 11907:Malcolm II 11892:Kenneth II 11801:Bridei VII 11756:Drest VIII 11701:Bridei III 11686:Talorgan I 11681:Talorc III 11661:Nechtan II 11626:Gartnait I 11489:Edward VII 11479:William IV 11469:George III 11398:Charles II 11293:Robert III 11239:Malcolm IV 11214:Donald III 11189:Malcolm II 11174:Kenneth II 11056:Henry VIII 11016:Richard II 11011:Edward III 10945:William II 10918:Harthacnut 10766:1616–1625 10742:1612–1625 10710:Charles II 10704:1625–1649 10691:Charles II 10675:1625–1649 9718:required.) 9575:22 October 9306:, p. 9238:, p. 9221:Gregg 1981 9191:, p. 9083:Quoted in 8968:Gregg 1981 8944:Gregg 1981 8904:Gregg 1981 8888:Gregg 1981 8864:Gregg 1981 8682:Gregg 1981 8670:Gregg 1981 8654:Gregg 1981 8638:Gregg 1981 8623:Gregg 1981 8533:13 October 8458:Gregg 1981 8438:Gregg 1981 8394:Gregg 1981 8346:Gregg 1981 8330:Gregg 1981 8302:Gregg 1981 8282:Gregg 1981 8219:Gregg 1981 8187:Gregg 1981 8119:Gregg 1981 8083:Gregg 1981 8038:Gregg 1981 8022:Gregg 1981 8010:Gregg 1981 7994:Gregg 1981 7978:Gregg 1981 7931:Gregg 1981 7911:Gregg 1981 7895:Gregg 1981 7827:Gregg 1981 7783:Gregg 1981 7755:Gregg 1981 7723:Gregg 1981 7707:Gregg 1981 7655:Gregg 1981 7623:Gregg 1981 7603:Gregg 1981 7575:Gregg 1981 7551:Gregg 1981 7531:Gregg 1981 7507:Gregg 1981 7491:Gregg 1981 7475:Gregg 1981 7459:Gregg 1981 7447:Gregg 1981 7427:Gregg 1981 7415:Gregg 1981 7399:Gregg 1981 7359:Gregg 1981 7316:Gregg 1981 7292:Gregg 1981 7236:Gregg 1981 7156:Gregg 1981 7104:Gregg 1981 7060:Gregg 1981 7004:Gregg 1981 6972:Smith 1999 6924:Gregg 1981 6852:Smith 1999 6832:Smith 1999 6824:Gregg 1981 6560:Gregg 1981 6528:Gregg 1981 6508:Gregg 1981 6473:Gregg 1981 6437:Gregg 1981 6413:Gregg 1981 6365:Gregg 1981 6345:Gregg 1981 6308:Gregg 1981 6276:Gregg 1981 6264:Gregg 1981 6252:Gregg 1981 6216:Gregg 1981 6168:Gregg 1981 6136:Gregg 1981 6072:Gregg 1981 6037:Gregg 1981 5942:Gregg 1981 5922:Howat 1974 5870:Gregg 1981 5818:Gregg 1981 5774:Gregg 1981 5642:Gregg 1981 5610:Howat 1974 5562:Gregg 1981 5538:Gregg 1981 5526:Sharp 1980 5506:Gregg 1981 5486:Gregg 1981 5466:Young 1997 5446:Gregg 1981 5414:Gregg 1981 5338:Gregg 1981 5322:Gregg 1981 5298:Gregg 1981 5230:Howat 1974 5226:Gregg 1981 5178:Gregg 1981 5158:Gregg 1981 5138:Gregg 1981 5082:Gregg 1981 5062:Gregg 1981 4974:Howat 1974 4946:Gregg 1981 4928:Quoted in 4913:Gregg 1981 4889:Gregg 1981 4853:Gregg 1981 4825:Gregg 1981 4813:Howat 1974 4797:Gregg 1981 4753:Gregg 1981 4737:Gregg 1981 4721:Gregg 1981 4701:Gregg 1981 4689:Smith 1999 4677:Smith 1999 4673:Gregg 1981 4661:Gregg 1981 4645:Gregg 1981 4629:Gregg 1981 4593:Gregg 1981 4577:Gregg 1981 4537:Gregg 1981 4525:Gregg 1981 4501:Gregg 1981 4489:Howat 1974 4485:Gregg 1981 4449:Gregg 1981 4429:Gregg 1981 4413:Gregg 1981 4397:Gregg 1981 4365:Gregg 1981 4329:Gregg 1981 4317:Gregg 1981 4297:Gregg 1981 4281:Gregg 1981 4245:Gregg 1981 4189:Gregg 1981 4145:Howat 1974 4141:Gregg 1981 4129:Howat 1974 4101:Gregg 1981 4089:Gregg 1981 4073:Gregg 1981 4061:Gregg 1981 4027:Gregg 1981 4015:Gregg 1981 4003:Gregg 1981 3988:Gregg 1981 3973:Gregg 1981 3933:Gregg 1981 3900:References 3186:No issue. 3044:Charles II 3003:See also: 2804:George III 2800:Edward III 2700:, such as 2666:Tintoretto 2634:Caravaggio 2456:See also: 2442:Charles II 2430:Henry VIII 2215:John Wilde 2137:Cumberland 2122:Engagement 1919:Lord Forth 1892:Nottingham 1619:See also: 1250:ship money 1166:John Rolle 951:Canterbury 720:Heidelberg 610:Lord Fyvie 558:Protestant 524:Early life 518:Charles II 455:Protestant 358:Protestant 283:Charles II 165:Charles II 143:Coronation 91:Charles II 65:Coronation 13520:Eucharist 13433:Charles I 13401:Edward VI 13351:Hygeberht 13179:Frederick 12999:Frederick 12885:Alexander 12743:Frederick 12530:Frederick 12311:Frederick 12071:James VII 12061:Charles I 12036:James III 12016:Robert II 11937:Duncan II 11867:Malcolm I 11857:Donald II 11796:Ciniod II 11791:Bridei VI 11771:Óengus II 11721:Drest VII 11711:Bridei IV 11676:Bridei II 11636:Talorc II 11616:Drest III 11601:Nechtan I 11504:George VI 11474:George IV 11464:George II 11376:Charles I 11358:from 1603 11308:James III 11288:Robert II 11244:William I 11219:Duncan II 11147:Malcolm I 11137:Donald II 11061:Edward VI 11051:Henry VII 11036:Edward IV 11006:Edward II 10996:Henry III 10979:Richard I 10940:William I 10861:Æthelstan 10593:Charles I 10584:Charles I 10575:Charles I 10509:159530910 10485:162382682 10439:147299268 10396:159801678 10096:Charles I 9751:(1999) , 9554:Charles I 9504:13527275M 9292:Weir 1996 9244:Weir 1996 9205:Weir 1996 9177:Weir 1996 9130:Cust 2005 9060:Cust 2005 9040:Cust 2005 9016:Cust 2005 8952:Cust 2005 8884:Cust 2005 8698:Cust 2005 8562:0032-5473 7974:Cust 2005 7767:Cust 2005 7735:Cust 2005 7695:Cust 2005 7671:Cust 2005 7619:Cust 2005 7571:Cust 2005 7527:Cust 2005 7503:Cust 2005 7487:Cust 2005 7443:Cust 2005 7347:Cust 2005 7260:Cust 2005 7248:Cust 2005 7232:Cust 2005 7180:Cust 2005 7084:Cust 2005 7056:Cust 2005 7040:Cust 2005 7000:Cust 2005 6784:Cust 2005 6732:Cust 2005 6504:Cust 2005 6457:Cust 2005 6441:Cust 2005 6409:Cust 2005 6288:Cust 2005 6200:Cust 2005 6180:Cust 2005 6164:Cust 2005 6084:Cust 2005 6033:Cust 2005 5938:Cust 2005 5910:Cust 2005 5890:Cust 2005 5850:Cust 2005 5834:Cust 2005 5814:Cust 2005 5770:Cust 2005 5754:Cust 2005 5738:Cust 2005 5638:Cust 2005 5622:Cust 2005 5586:Cust 2005 5482:Cust 2005 5410:Cust 2005 5394:Cust 2005 5210:Cust 2005 5174:Cust 2005 5154:Cust 2005 5134:Cust 2005 5110:Cust 2005 5098:Cust 2005 5078:Cust 2005 5046:Cust 2005 4930:Cust 2005 4909:Cust 2005 4885:Cust 2005 4869:Cust 2005 4841:Cust 2005 4717:Cust 2005 4641:Cust 2005 4605:Cust 2005 4581:Weir 1996 4509:Weir 1996 4393:Cust 2005 4361:Cust 2005 4345:Cust 2005 4277:Cust 2005 4257:Cust 2005 4229:Cust 2005 4217:Cust 2005 4161:Cust 2005 3945:Cust 2005 3921:Weir 1996 3917:Cust 2005 3905:Citations 3192:Henrietta 3159:Catherine 3126:Elizabeth 3104:Anne Hyde 2993:Elizabeth 2903:within a 2874:Quarterly 2678:Rembrandt 2638:del Sarto 2590:Correggio 2582:Velázquez 2446:Hyde Park 2364:Delaroche 2338:Strafford 2315:Elizabeth 2292:Execution 2238:John Cook 2082:Newmarket 2048:Captivity 1637:The Hague 1508:Strafford 1393:pilloried 1369:advowsons 1365:benefices 1162:prorogued 1034:New World 1021:free will 1017:Arminians 1013:damnation 1009:salvation 1002:Calvinist 963:Huguenots 911:his death 870:favourite 803:recusancy 785:from the 712:Elizabeth 680:porphyria 520:as king. 384:in 1649. 378:Charles I 364:Signature 298:Elizabeth 232:, England 209:Execution 198:Whitehall 161:Successor 84:Successor 24:Charles I 13656:Ministry 13651:Heraldry 13473:Theology 13346:Paulinus 12407:See also 12056:James VI 12041:James IV 12031:James II 12011:David II 12006:Robert I 11982:Margaret 11912:Duncan I 11831:Donald I 11776:Drest IX 11746:Alpín II 11741:Ciniod I 11736:Bridei V 11731:Óengus I 11696:Drest VI 11651:Bridei I 11631:Cailtram 11621:Drest IV 11606:Drest II 11596:Talorc I 11494:George V 11484:Victoria 11459:George I 11328:James VI 11313:James IV 11303:James II 11276:David II 11271:Robert I 11260:Margaret 11194:Duncan I 11103:Donald I 11041:Edward V 11031:Henry VI 11021:Henry IV 11001:Edward I 10967:Henry II 10866:Edmund I 10855:Ælfweard 10813:monarchs 10807:Scottish 10540:in JSTOR 10365:citation 10272:(1955), 10242:(1979), 10142:(2007), 10122:(1987), 10076:(1996), 10063:archived 10028:(1922), 9990:Monarchy 9987:(2006), 9966:(1999), 9943:(1992), 9900:(2001), 9861:(1990), 9822:(2002), 9772:(1958), 9726:(1974), 9672:(1978), 9604:(1974), 9552:(1968), 9531:(1981), 9494:(1906), 9409:(2003), 9361:(1715), 8580:17551078 8524:archived 8247:20 April 3733:25 March 3213:Ancestry 3202:Married 3076:Married 3054:Married 2905:tressure 2863:torteaux 2784:Scotland 2670:Veronese 2654:Leonardo 2642:Mantegna 2616:and the 2610:van Dyck 2555:restored 2537:and the 2519:republic 2504:Falmouth 2490:of 1660 2474:apologia 2390:and the 2086:Oatlands 1907:Edgehill 1660:John Pym 1564:Thorough 1426:English 1418:Anglican 1397:cropping 1375:and the 1331:Arminian 1220:sceptres 1216:Farthing 1201:CAROLUS 1197:Sixpence 1188:Finances 1089:jointure 1046:Henry VI 990:Puritans 915:de facto 731:Catholic 724:Habsburg 714:married 514:restored 510:republic 471:Scottish 451:Anglican 440:Puritans 436:Reformed 354:Religion 155:James VI 108:de facto 13596:Morning 13544:worship 13540:Liturgy 13481:Trinity 13421:James I 13376:Cranmer 13301:History 13150:Charles 13047:William 13039:Charles 12975:Charles 12961:Charles 12922:Arthur 12791:William 12783:Charles 12719:Charles 12711:Charles 12647:Richard 12615:Richard 12381:William 12371:Charles 12281:Charles 12271:Charles 12105:Ireland 12101:England 12076:Mary II 12046:James V 12026:James I 11957:David I 11917:Macbeth 11851:Eochaid 11806:Drest X 11726:Alpín I 11666:Cinioch 11641:Drest V 11591:Drest I 11412:Mary II 11318:James V 11298:James I 11234:David I 11199:Macbeth 11131:Eochaid 11026:Henry V 10961:Matilda 10955:Stephen 10950:Henry I 10811:British 10805:, 10803:English 10671:Ireland 10615:at the 10563:at the 10536:4049286 9626:. 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