475:
674:
644:
2991:
4420:
548:
5565:
5504:
59:
960:
3213:. In practice, prerogative powers are exercised only on the prime minister's advice – the prime minister, and not the sovereign, has control. The monarch holds a weekly audience with the prime minister; no records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential. The monarch may express his or her views, but, as a constitutional ruler, must ultimately accept the decisions of the prime minister and Cabinet, who by definition enjoy the confidence of the House of Commons. In Bagehot's words: "the sovereign has, under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights – the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn."
5217:
5067:. While still able to serve, the Duke of Sussex and Duke of York no longer carry out royal duties. With the accession of Charles III and planned overseas trips in 2023, it was decided to expand the list of those eligible to serve as counsellors of state. On 14 November 2022, the King sent a message to both Houses of Parliament, formally asking for a change in the law that would allow Princess Anne and Prince Edward to be added to the list of counsellors of state. The next day, a bill to that end was introduced in Parliament and it received royal assent on 6 December, coming into force on 7 December.
5553:
573:
4316:
832:
4257:. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James's decisions to maintain a large standing army, appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and imprison
78:
4879:
5616:
5628:
862:
5228:
5692:
2889:
800:
5664:
5678:
2922:
3578:
4534:
4654:
2935:
2904:
4152:
4022:. William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades. William died in 1214 and was succeeded by his son
5650:
4354:
3715:
3273:, by convention they do so only on the recommendation of the prime minister. It is therefore the prime minister who controls the composition of the government. In practice, the prime minister will request a member of the government resign in preference to advising the monarch to dismiss them; such ministers are euphemistically described as "leaving the government".
4624:" in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics. The position is purely ceremonial, and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government. Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are informally known as
3183:
4994:, including the United Kingdom, had agreed to abolish the male-preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting, 28 October 2011. They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic – a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701. However, since the monarch is also the
4712:, to help him regain his throne. Diarmait and his Anglo-Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again. De Clare married Diarmait's daughter, and when Diarmait died in 1171, de Clare became King of Leinster. Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom, so he took advantage of the
4381:, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719. The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union. Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to Sir
5398:
ruled against the plaintiffs, finding that the Queen's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative. The Home
Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals, which in the applicable four cases has
5180:
on personal income. Parliamentary grants to the sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure. Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy, including security and potential income not claimed by the state, such as profits from the duchies of
Lancaster and
4774:
remained within the Union. In 1927, the United
Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, while the monarch's style for the next twenty years became "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of
3220:
The royal prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers, regulate the civil service, issue passports, declare war, make peace, direct the actions of the military, and negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic
5097:
paid for the upkeep of the royal residences, and an annual Royal Travel Grant-in-Aid paid for travel. The Civil List covered most expenses, including those for staffing, state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment. Its size was fixed by
Parliament every 10 years; any money saved was
5023:
allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated. When a regency is necessary, the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent, unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated. Special provisions were
5113:
The Crown Estate is one of the largest property portfolios in the United
Kingdom, with holdings of £15.6 billion in 2022. It is held in trust, and cannot be sold or owned by the sovereign in a private capacity. In modern times, the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have
4807:
poll showed that 68% of
British people felt positively about the monarchy. The newspaper speculated that some of this may have been a reaction to the Queen's death, and said it showed dissatisfaction is higher among young people; 47% of people aged between 18 and 24 wanted the monarchy to continue,
3216:
Although the royal prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise, it is limited. Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to
Parliament. For example, the sovereign cannot impose and collect new taxes; such an
4294:
would inherit the Crown. Mary II died childless in 1694, leaving
William III & II as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his
3613:
was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of
England, though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities. The 11th century saw England become more stable, despite a number of wars with the Danes, which resulted in a Danish monarchy
3253:
The sovereign has the power to appoint the prime minister. In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions, the monarch appoints the individual who commands the support of the House of
Commons, usually the leader of a party or coalition that has a majority in that House. The prime minister
4642:
3444:
The sovereign is deemed the "fount of justice"; although the monarch does not personally rule in judicial cases, judicial functions are performed in his or her name. For instance, prosecutions are brought on the sovereign's behalf, and courts derive their authority from the Crown. The common law
3280:
where no party or coalition holds a majority, the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support, though it would usually be the leader of the largest party. Since 1945, there have only been three hung parliaments. The first followed the
3773:
between England and France. His campaigns conquered much French territory, but by 1374, all the gains had been lost. Edward's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament, which came to be divided into two Houses; he died in 1377, leaving the Crown to his 10-year-old grandson
5387:
is used; for example, Queen Victoria is not known as "Victoria I", and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England. The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when
4289:
affirmed parliamentary supremacy and declared that the English people held certain rights, including freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary's sister
3526:
There are more than 160 laws granting express immunity to the sovereign or their property in various respects. For example, the sovereign is exempt from anti-discrimination legislation and other workers' rights, health and safety, or pensions laws, as well as numerous taxes, and environmental
3333:
in the chamber of the House of Lords, outlining the Government's legislative agenda. Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins, and formally concludes the session. Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of
10476:
3469:, grants knighthoods and awards other honours. Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the prime minister, some honours are within the personal gift of the sovereign and are not granted on ministerial advice. The sovereign alone appoints members of the
4998:, the laws which restrict the throne to Protestants remain. The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms.
3898:, who was declared king and co-ruler. He pursued disastrous wars in France and she attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism (burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process). Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half-sister
3381:
gave Wilson a small majority. The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss the prime minister, but in practice, the prime minister's term nowadays comes to an end only by electoral defeat, death, or resignation. The last monarch to remove the prime minister was
4832:. Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch, on the advice of the prime minister, who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission. The Crown's role in the Church of England is titular; the most senior clergyman, the
4041:
Alexander III's death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis. Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir. Edward chose Alexander's three-year-old Norwegian granddaughter,
8848:
A commentary on the treatises entered into between his Britannic majesty, and his most faithful majesty ... his catholic majesty ... and ... the king of the Netherlands ... for the purpose of preventing their subjects from engaging in any illicit traffic in
3859:, daughter of King Edward IV and a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king,
4097:, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles.
4619:
At first, every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as
4463:, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament.
5543:. It is flown only from buildings, vessels and vehicles in which the sovereign is present. The Royal Standard is never flown at half-mast because there is always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly.
4945:, normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; indeed, the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning.
3978:. There was an elective element to early Scottish kings and this practice lingered for much longer in Scotland. For example, the first Stewart monarch, Robert II, was selected from among eligible royal males at Linlithgow in 1370 by the
4568:
The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British" for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom,
3373:, if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position, the monarch could refuse and would do so under three conditions. When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974,
5283:. Although replaced as the monarch's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837, St James's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial royal residence. For example, foreign ambassadors are accredited to the
10782:
3449:
allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the government), but not lawsuits against the monarch personally. The sovereign exercises the "prerogative of mercy", which is used to
4889:
The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes such as the
4074:, the English again invaded in 1332. During the next four years, Balliol was crowned, deposed, restored, deposed, restored, and deposed until he eventually settled in England, and David remained king for the next 35 years.
3982:
of the Scottish Parliament. However, as a result of this elective element, the rival dynastic lines clashed, often violently. From 942 to 1005, seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle. In 1005,
3797:. Henry V's own reign, which began in 1413, was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years' War in France. Although he was victorious, his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son
4054:
to be king. Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal and tried to exert influence over Scotland. In 1295, when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England, Edward I invaded. During the first ten years of the ensuing
4600:; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request. Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession, and the Crown went to his brother,
3217:
action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament. According to a parliamentary report, "The Crown cannot invent new prerogative powers", and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation.
4273:
to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than
4120:, was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542, and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six-day-old daughter,
3808:, as well as his own ineffectual leadership, led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York, so-called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was
3258:" that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. The sovereign also has the power to dismiss the prime minister, but the last time this power was exercised was in 1834, when
5114:
exceeded the Sovereign Grant. For example, the Crown Estate produced £312.7 million in the financial year 2021–22, whereas the Sovereign Grant for the monarch was £86.3 million during the same period.
4812:
survey of roughly 1,700 UK people found that 64% thought that the country should continue to have a monarchy, though that was lower than the 67% in September 2022 around the time of Queen Elizabeth II's death.
4333:
After Anne's accession, the problem of succession re-emerged. The Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia's family as the next heirs, passed the
5328:
is "Charles the third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". The title
268:, which are performed in a non-partisan manner. The UK Government has called the monarchy "a unique soft power and diplomatic asset". The Crown also occupies a unique cultural role, serving as an unofficial
4238:. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing, and he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest, and to a popular desire to restore the monarchy. In 1660, the
5417:
is "Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ". The supporters are
4808:
compared to 86% aged 65 and over. In May 2022, before the Queen's death, the newspaper reported that polling showed 33% of those aged between 18 and 24 wanted the monarchy to continue. In January 2023, a
3433:. However, as devolution is more limited in Wales, in Welsh matters the monarch acts on the advice of the prime minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The sovereign can veto any law passed by the
15320:
14990:
5450:: "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it"). In Scotland, the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland, II England, and III Ireland. The mottoes are "
4770:, a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth. The Irish Free State was renamed Ireland in 1937, and in 1949 declared itself a republic, left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy.
5399:
been the English ordinal. The prime minister confirmed this practice but noted that "neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors". Future monarchs will apply this policy.
3668:
The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility. Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons, including the future monarchs
5001:
Though Catholics are prohibited from succeeding and are deemed "naturally dead" for succession purposes, the disqualification does not extend to the individual's legitimate Protestant descendants.
4066:
Robert's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328. However, only one year later, Robert died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son,
3935:
In Scotland, as in England, monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman Empire from Great Britain in the early fifth century. The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the
4845:
9950:
4245:
Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother,
5931:
5751:
Charles the third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith
426:
as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fourteen other independent sovereign states that share the same person as their monarch are called
10032:
9752:
3209:. The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent, exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament, often through the prime minister or
4797:
maintained polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70–80% of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy. In September 2022, shortly after the death of Elizabeth II,
4561:
gave complete self-government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the
8333:
3816:, led the Yorkists to victory in 1461, overthrowing Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. Edward IV was constantly at odds with the Lancastrians and his own councillors after his marriage to
5102:, which was initially set at 15% of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate and increased to 25% in March 2017. The programme of overseas visits by the monarch is determined by the
7573:
4937:
as first required by the Bill of Rights, and an oath that they will "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union. The monarch is usually
14736:
4183:, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the power to impose taxes. He provoked opposition by
3778:. Like many of his predecessors, Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands. In 1399, while he was campaigning in Ireland, his cousin
4179:
under one monarch – James I & VI became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604 – they remained two separate kingdoms. James I & VI's successor,
4604:. George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II, making morale-boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and areas bombed by
3402:(the monarch's approval) is required. In theory, assent can either be granted (making the bill law) or withheld (vetoing the bill), but since 1708 assent has always been granted.
6161:
13890:
916:
901:
4006:
With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son,
3266:; since then, prime ministers have only left office upon their resignation, which they are expected to offer to the monarch upon losing their majority in the House of Commons.
15135:
13941:
8274:
5977:
1666:
4906:; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession. The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of
3680:. Upon Henry's death, his eldest surviving legitimate son Richard succeeded to the throne; Richard was absent from England for most of his reign, for he left to fight in the
7617:
4139:, who was widely suspected of Darnley's murder. The nobility rebelled against the queen, forcing her to abdicate. She fled to England, and the Crown went to her infant son
327:
began the process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. In the 16th century, English and Scottish monarchs played a central role in what became the religious
10957:
2813:
1837:
1823:
3894:
as his heiress. Jane's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married
13962:
2475:
981:
9815:
9790:
4101:
continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power.
8600:
1789:
8734:
9772:
9636:
2977:
2853:
1676:
1127:
4482:
was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world's foremost powers. In recognition of
14280:
13214:
9820:
3886:, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half-sister
3695:
for "Great Charter") to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility. Soon afterwards, further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
13972:
9848:
8624:
7799:
2537:
1102:
7752:
5564:
4112:
In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII. His forces met with disaster at
14729:
6204:
3622:, was crucial in terms of both political and social change. The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo-Saxon period, while the
3172:
2493:
2075:
1117:
257:
3832:. Afterwards he captured Margaret of Anjou, eventually sending her into exile, but not before killing Henry VI while he was held prisoner in the Tower. The
430:. Although the monarch is shared, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national
14640:
11679:
7505:
7458:
7411:
7364:
7251:
7205:
6759:
6052:
The phrase 'Crown in Parliament' is used to describe the British legislature, which consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
4680:
to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship. The Pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the
3987:
ascended the throne having killed many rivals. He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition, and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson,
967:
8370:
4034:, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing
14005:
13897:
10339:
10304:
10294:
4953:
2575:
2339:
754:
3793:. For most of his reign, Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son, the future
14275:
10797:
10349:
9870:
7849:
6383:
1106:
995:
759:
7329:
5920:
5764:
10697:
10012:
9805:
4234:(effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son
2550:
2546:
1697:
5184:
Estimates of Queen Elizabeth II's wealth varied, depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation were included.
4307:, next in line to the throne after his sister-in-law Anne. Soon after the passage of the Act, William III & II died, leaving the Crown to Anne.
3687:
John's reign was marked by conflict with the barons, particularly over the limits of royal power. In 1215, the barons coerced the king into issuing
14722:
14118:
13885:
10299:
9860:
1816:
869:
8044:
3967:
to the Scots). The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries, as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed.
13756:
10289:
9717:
3080:
2802:
1671:
1112:
513:
6438:
3711:. The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels, but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265.
13322:
10585:
10396:
9912:
8325:
5715:
3342:
2037:
1122:
8301:
6410:
5388:
Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen's use of "Elizabeth II", on the grounds that there had never been an "Elizabeth I" in Scotland. In
4396:, witnessed the end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated. During the long reign of his grandson,
15470:
11268:
10361:
10007:
9785:
9496:
5035:
During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom, the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to
4987:
3282:
3068:. Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown, such as Crown Appointments, even if personally performed by the monarch, such as the
3033:
and their portrait in government buildings. The Sovereign is further both mentioned in and the subject of songs, loyal toasts, and salutes. "
2778:
2480:
1860:
1376:
1296:
712:
7583:
431:
15230:
15195:
14360:
14021:
13701:
12262:
12090:
12005:
11744:
11421:
11221:
10692:
10471:
10075:
3378:
3053:
2970:
2833:
2528:
2455:
2424:
1381:
1291:
8983:
7819:
7671:
4187:
from 1629 to 1640, unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies (many of which were offensive to the Scottish
3048:
The monarch takes little direct part in government. The authority to use the sovereign's formal powers is almost all delegated, either by
13903:
10637:
10448:
4982:, under which sons inherit before daughters, and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same sex. The British prime minister,
4759:
4409:
4127:
Mary, a Roman Catholic, reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland. As a result of the efforts of reformers such as
3844:. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by
2798:
2585:
2207:
1132:
733:
384:
4852:, but otherwise plays no part in its governance, and exerts no powers over it. The sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished
4451:, the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister,
3750:. He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland. However, gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor,
3718:
Norman possessions in the 12th century, including England (1066–1485, not always in personal union with Normandy), Normandy (911–1204),
3325:
and dissolve Parliament. Each parliamentary session begins with the sovereign's summons. The new parliamentary session is marked by the
14648:
14123:
10647:
10590:
10122:
10065:
9337:
6167:
4849:
4521:. George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the
2750:
2013:
1061:
523:
8956:
8505:
8396:
4222:, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the
3309:(the third-largest party) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II. The third occurred shortly thereafter, in
15450:
14389:
13746:
13726:
10986:
9880:
9616:
9465:
4995:
4303:, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William's nearest Protestant relations, the family of
4253:
arose; the "Petitioners", who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the "Abhorrers", who opposed exclusion, became the
3536:
2725:
2710:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
882:
236:
undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. Although formally the monarch has authority over the
8681:
8280:
7597:
5552:
4459:. In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost. The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne. During William IV's reign, the
4171:'s older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the "
3205:
That part of the government's executive authority which remains theoretically and nominally vested in the sovereign is known as the
13937:
12159:
10632:
10491:
10443:
8479:
5725:
5508:
4214:
The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649, the overthrow of the English monarchy, and the establishment of the
3782:
seized power. Richard was deposed, imprisoned, and eventually murdered, probably by starvation, and Henry became king as Henry IV.
2695:
2690:
2159:
1737:
1142:
63:
8191:
7630:
528:
15445:
14613:
14480:
13873:
12477:
10213:
10022:
9853:
8763:
8446:
5814:
5705:
4787:
grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the royal family (for instance, immediately following the death of
3438:
3313:, when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election, though the party remained in power as a minority government.
3200:
2963:
2521:
2188:
2101:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
604:
458:
222:
4478:, which only permitted succession in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end. The
434:
for each realm. Although the term is rarely used today, the fifteen Commonwealth realms are, with respect to their monarch, in
15105:
14459:
14451:
14270:
13995:
13761:
11749:
10974:
10548:
10277:
10245:
10085:
10070:
10060:
9885:
9875:
9865:
9838:
6537:
6074:
6013:
4709:
3088:
2990:
2730:
2715:
2628:
2593:
2570:
2498:
2069:
2051:
1151:
1054:
906:
853:
5248:. It is the site of most state banquets, investitures, royal christenings and other ceremonies. Another official residence is
5039:, chosen from the monarch's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession. The present counsellors of state are:
4163:
Elizabeth I's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch
3754:, who also faced conflict with the nobility. In 1311, Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of
2950:
15240:
13947:
13607:
12529:
12084:
11532:
10667:
10240:
9203:
9115:
8123:
7108:
6498:
5169:
4922:
4736:
4689:
4047:
2913:
2843:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2680:
2598:
2488:
1996:
911:
844:
12494:
5264:
in Edinburgh. The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year, and when visiting Scotland on state occasions.
3878:
Wales – which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion – was annexed to England under the
15350:
15155:
14805:
14010:
13403:
13348:
11714:
10534:
10356:
10017:
9990:
5536:
5076:
4452:
3310:
3298:
3107:
2763:
2650:
2640:
2603:
2563:
2533:
2508:
2470:
2232:
2152:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
974:
707:
265:
8582:
8221:
7545:
5121:, a property portfolio valued at £383 million in 2011, are held in trust. The revenues of the Duchy form part of the
4948:
When an individual ascends the throne, it is expected they will reign until death. The only voluntary abdication, that of
4419:
4342:, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade. The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the
3322:
14656:
14014:
13878:
12982:
11587:
10707:
10652:
10595:
10514:
10458:
10426:
10260:
9945:
9710:
8742:
6027:
4784:
4491:
4136:
3867:
produced only one surviving child, a daughter, led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and establish the
3127:
2740:
2705:
2700:
2660:
2645:
2635:
2618:
2613:
2608:
1885:
951:
673:
643:
614:
474:
4596:, even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcees. Accordingly, Edward announced his intention to
14413:
14397:
14345:
13315:
12987:
10682:
10662:
10605:
10570:
10218:
10186:
10150:
9450:
9432:
8922:
7772:
5414:
5408:
5150:
3357:
2999:
2720:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2623:
2212:
942:
777:
484:
418:, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the Empire to an end.
241:
5889:
Debrett's Correct Form: An Inclusive Guide to Everything from Drafting Wedding Invitations to Addressing an Archbishop
5615:
3863:, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope, and the fact that his marriage to
15376:
15270:
15265:
14405:
13952:
13786:
13691:
13539:
13534:
12252:
11401:
11261:
10677:
10575:
10230:
10223:
10090:
10055:
10040:
9940:
9532:
9288:
9225:
9152:
9093:
9027:
8882:
8451:
8172:
7303:
4938:
4873:
3719:
3561:
3346:
3138:
2580:
2138:
1747:
1742:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1095:
1004:
931:
518:
8632:
7805:
5799:
5098:
carried forward to the next 10-year period. From 2012, the Civil List and Grants-in-Aid were replaced with a single
4338:, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland. The Parliament of England retaliated with the
14421:
14128:
14108:
14053:
14048:
13914:
13850:
13832:
13544:
13519:
12797:
11417:
10762:
10314:
10272:
10196:
10191:
10095:
9973:
9651:
9552:
9460:
8904:
7758:
5239:
5060:
5029:
4973:
4869:
4250:
3879:
3786:
2164:
1964:
1959:
1690:
785:
665:
599:
580:
253:
245:
237:
155:
17:
6210:
5190:
magazine estimated her wealth at US$ 450 million in 2010, but no official figure was available. In 1993, the
4046:. On her way to Scotland in 1290, however, Margaret died at sea, and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between
15381:
14825:
14688:
14474:
14150:
13646:
13514:
12195:
11739:
11299:
10825:
10642:
10580:
10506:
10201:
10050:
9997:
9960:
9925:
9899:
9800:
8802:
7079:
5346:
3930:
3915:
3547:
3338:
2848:
1091:
1073:
1040:
8709:
6752:
6281:
4135:, in 1565. After Lord Darnley's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the
3171:
The sovereign's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions, such as granting
15397:
13369:
12774:
10772:
10560:
10486:
10381:
10334:
10170:
10130:
9920:
9703:
9330:
8020:
7974:
5898:
5730:
5325:
5319:
5302:. The palaces belong to the Crown; they are held in trust for future rulers and cannot be sold by the monarch.
4708:
kingdom. Diarmait asked Henry II for help, gaining a group of Anglo-Norman aristocrats and adventurers, led by
4506:
4143:, who was brought up as a Protestant. Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I.
3646:
3462:
3210:
3123:
3115:
2384:
2097:
2065:
1929:
1727:
1707:
635:
466:
214:
8656:
7876:
5081:
Until 1760, the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues, which included the profits of the
3341:
temporarily removed the sovereign's authority to dissolve Parliament, however, this power was restored by the
15335:
15005:
14512:
14365:
14138:
13509:
13308:
12611:
11214:
10981:
10787:
10717:
10687:
10657:
10622:
10524:
10496:
10414:
10322:
10206:
9985:
9735:
6524:
4056:
3111:
2926:
2173:
1934:
681:
7855:
6389:
5627:
15460:
15260:
15220:
15120:
15046:
14940:
13820:
13686:
13265:
12247:
12235:
11754:
11649:
11615:
11391:
11370:
11254:
11100:
11024:
10996:
10942:
10745:
10735:
10672:
10627:
10600:
10453:
10438:
10135:
10110:
10045:
9935:
9362:
7335:
6472:
5503:
5048:
4762:. The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 when what is now the
4320:
4304:
4291:
2908:
2768:
2352:
2251:
2181:
2168:
2144:
1975:
1970:
443:
58:
6416:
4581:, and so forth; one person reigning in multiple distinct sovereign states, in a relationship likened to a
3152:, of which the sovereign is the titular head, has its own legislative, judicial, and executive structures.
15455:
15235:
14935:
14623:
14073:
14043:
13844:
13776:
13706:
13559:
13128:
13042:
12937:
12852:
12769:
12267:
12139:
11994:
11431:
10991:
10969:
10937:
10932:
10914:
10855:
10777:
10767:
10702:
10565:
10529:
10327:
10105:
9744:
9671:
5797:
5788:
The sovereign is, however, entitled to comment on drafts of laws that would directly affect the monarchy
5204:
5052:
4562:
4558:
4275:
3503:
from criminal prosecution or arrest, as well as from civil actions, and their property is not subject to
3326:
3099:
3073:
3026:
2818:
2378:
2237:
2044:
1078:
1009:
686:
547:
399:
8423:
5341:" to King Henry VIII in 1521, rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the
5202:, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (the equivalent of about £36 million today). The
4739:. The Pope's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid, so Henry summoned a meeting of the
3963:
is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland (known as Scotia to writers in Latin, or
3552:"King of England" and "Queen of England" redirect here. For the current king of the United Kingdom, see
3350:
3179:
identified the monarchy in 1867 as the "dignified part" rather than the "efficient part" of government.
272:
for British interests and values abroad, increasing tourism at home, and promoting charities throughout
15366:
15315:
15310:
15285:
15255:
15140:
15051:
14315:
13625:
13275:
13190:
12779:
12677:
11635:
11493:
11051:
10952:
10792:
9372:
7100:
5463:
5390:
4717:
4405:
4393:
4204:
4132:
3520:
3446:
3414:
2939:
2257:
1906:
1850:
1702:
1068:
1019:
375:
from succession to the throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the
348:
13638:
12967:
6985:
4494:, due in part to Victoria's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of
3653:. Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power, but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda's son
3494:
15345:
15290:
15250:
15205:
15200:
15180:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15145:
15130:
15125:
15110:
15100:
15067:
14900:
14088:
14078:
13919:
13600:
13245:
12932:
12867:
12857:
12842:
12177:
12124:
12034:
11568:
11187:
10947:
10752:
10725:
10235:
10115:
9626:
9367:
9323:
8354:
6447:
5720:
5484:: "No-one provokes me with impunity"); the supporters are the unicorn and lion, who support both the
5441:
5252:, the largest occupied castle in the world, which is used principally at weekends, Easter and during
4597:
4374:
4027:
3992:
3926:
3735:
3619:
3434:
3156:
3119:
2788:
2783:
2242:
2225:
2202:
2122:
2111:
1855:
1811:
988:
13067:
9511:
7997:
7952:
7937:
7922:
7726:
6101:
4933:. Upon their accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths: the
4230:, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself
3991:, instead of a cousin, as had been usual. In 1040, Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of
3906:
and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World.
3812:, who was at odds with the Queen. Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son,
15371:
15330:
15305:
15295:
15280:
15275:
15225:
15190:
15175:
14683:
14632:
14113:
14036:
14031:
13990:
13814:
13808:
13751:
13736:
13343:
12687:
12667:
12632:
12585:
12539:
11891:
11707:
11629:
11578:
11085:
10615:
10255:
10002:
9621:
9470:
9354:
5595:
5419:
5330:
5044:
4882:
4833:
4788:
4621:
4401:
4347:
4328:
4043:
4023:
3849:
3642:
3572:
3445:
holds that the sovereign "can do no wrong", and so cannot be prosecuted for criminal offences. The
3222:
2461:
2193:
1732:
959:
587:
559:
423:
376:
126:
34:
30:
11548:
7699:
4693:
4116:; the king, many senior noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor,
3649:. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of disorder known as
3221:
laws of the United Kingdom; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The sovereign is the
15325:
15245:
15215:
14930:
14890:
14790:
14579:
14520:
14285:
14143:
13696:
13681:
13656:
13574:
12565:
12257:
12240:
12230:
12205:
12049:
11775:
11411:
11380:
11375:
11319:
11230:
11143:
10964:
10899:
10610:
10267:
9666:
9081:
6312:
5864:
5524:
5475:
5261:
4921:(the death of a sovereign), their heir immediately and automatically succeeds (hence the phrase "
4755:
4578:
4542:
4467:
4215:
4105:
was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king:
3996:
3731:
3658:
3422:
3302:
2828:
2085:
2056:
1990:
1865:
891:
407:
368:
344:
288:
202:
9491:
3758:; however, military victories helped him regain control in 1322. Edward was deposed by his wife
14910:
14905:
14571:
14544:
14488:
14443:
14335:
14093:
14000:
13285:
13200:
13047:
12759:
12692:
12560:
12509:
12441:
12341:
12331:
12129:
12064:
11871:
11800:
11655:
11513:
11080:
10145:
9537:
8989:
7825:
5887:
5520:
5342:
5284:
5216:
5103:
4895:
4495:
4386:
4300:
4086:
3944:
3676:, but nevertheless managed to expand his kingdom, forming what is retrospectively known as the
3330:
3306:
3069:
2390:
1769:
1047:
627:
352:
8872:
4131:, a Protestant ascendancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin,
394:, which covered a quarter of the world's land area at its greatest extent in 1921. The title
15185:
15115:
15036:
14985:
14980:
14955:
14810:
14775:
14678:
14595:
14536:
14504:
13741:
13651:
13528:
13494:
13442:
13270:
13250:
13230:
13093:
13057:
13012:
12957:
12749:
12744:
12519:
12466:
12291:
12200:
12169:
12109:
12059:
11841:
11831:
11625:
11619:
11583:
11538:
11397:
11309:
11235:
11075:
11031:
10894:
10480:
9103:
7293:
6256:
5697:
5485:
5338:
5268:
4934:
4740:
4697:
4574:
4358:
4270:
4219:
4102:
4078:
3825:
3820:, with a brief return to power for Henry VI. Edward IV prevailed, winning back the throne at
3809:
3770:
3708:
3673:
3630:
3478:
3270:
3142:
3103:
3057:
2893:
2773:
2361:
2277:
1722:
312:
12421:
8846:
5025:
3699:. The war abruptly ended when John died in 1216, leaving the Crown to his nine-year-old son
3334:
Commons. If not dissolved sooner, Parliaments are automatically dissolved after five years.
390:
Beginning in the 16th century, the monarch was the nominal head of what came to be the vast
15015:
14960:
14920:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14855:
14850:
14840:
14835:
14815:
14795:
14785:
14780:
14770:
14133:
13838:
13781:
13593:
13430:
13255:
13174:
13138:
13088:
12947:
12872:
12657:
12534:
12326:
12101:
12079:
12074:
12039:
11981:
11597:
11593:
11472:
11365:
11095:
11036:
11001:
10889:
10862:
10373:
9590:
9015:
8962:
8402:
6035:
5469:
5280:
5064:
5036:
4930:
4758:, the Act of Union merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the
4685:
4335:
4180:
4121:
4098:
4067:
3845:
3700:
3696:
3474:
3370:
2117:
2107:
1843:
1648:
1643:
594:
332:
233:
210:
206:
14714:
7182:
3155:
Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or
8:
15340:
15150:
15041:
15010:
14975:
14965:
14950:
14895:
14860:
14845:
14830:
14820:
14800:
14496:
14381:
14229:
14083:
14026:
13856:
13676:
13671:
13413:
13280:
13225:
13062:
13052:
13037:
13027:
12992:
12922:
12837:
12807:
12754:
12471:
12225:
12220:
12119:
12114:
11881:
11836:
11795:
11700:
11682:
in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.
11645:
11639:
11497:
11359:
11349:
11295:
11172:
11090:
11068:
11063:
11046:
11041:
11019:
10909:
10867:
9570:
6307:
Brock, Michael (September 2004; online edition, January 2008). "William IV (1765–1837)".
5926:
5364:
to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers. The monarch chooses his or her
5276:
5014:
4961:
4918:
4891:
4763:
4732:
4721:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4447:
and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined, and by the time of his successor,
4286:
4285:, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The
4282:
4246:
4223:
4172:
4094:
4019:
4007:
3922:
3864:
3817:
3798:
3662:
3654:
3615:
3470:
3430:
3418:
3187:
3042:
2503:
2310:
2080:
2019:
1924:
1919:
1880:
1829:
609:
496:
364:
360:
340:
328:
320:
296:
284:
5181:
Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, is £334 million a year.
5145:
is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch's eldest son. The
4716:
and invaded, forcing de Clare and the other Anglo-Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the
4684:
into line with Rome, despite this process already being underway in Ireland by 1155. An
4315:
3461:", the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom. The Crown creates all
15081:
15000:
14945:
14925:
14915:
14885:
13957:
13909:
13711:
13666:
13661:
13629:
13524:
13437:
13179:
13002:
12997:
12962:
12942:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12882:
12877:
12822:
12729:
12575:
12446:
12336:
12316:
12272:
12215:
12210:
12187:
12154:
12144:
12134:
12016:
11572:
11478:
11441:
11339:
11329:
11277:
11167:
11123:
10904:
10882:
10877:
10845:
10757:
9930:
9661:
9445:
8549:
8199:
8095:
7700:"Why Prince Harry's Unsparing Attacks Did Little to Dent the Royal Family's Popularity"
7295:
The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand
7169:
7161:
7134:
6287:
6069:
6008:
5798:
Select Committee on Soft Power and the UK's Influence, House of Lords (14 March 2014).
5710:
5118:
4991:
4899:
4841:
4837:
4625:
4570:
4475:
4413:
4378:
4362:
4343:
4266:
4239:
3895:
3794:
3790:
3759:
3755:
3634:
3568:
3374:
3092:
2334:
2270:
2217:
2060:
1784:
1014:
793:
506:
439:
427:
380:
292:
194:
38:
8769:
8456:
5090:
4592:, who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American
4423:
The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 under
15465:
14995:
14235:
14211:
14155:
13967:
13425:
13420:
13391:
13205:
13195:
13158:
13032:
13017:
12892:
12862:
12832:
12827:
12802:
12739:
12734:
12724:
12595:
12544:
12431:
12426:
12149:
11785:
11770:
11609:
11523:
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11182:
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10730:
9595:
9585:
9560:
9501:
9284:
9221:
9199:
9148:
9111:
9089:
9023:
8878:
8592:
8168:
7299:
7173:
7117:
Corbett, P.E. (1940), "The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law",
7104:
7056:
6064:
5894:
5591:
5583:
5425:
5357:
5303:
5299:
5288:
5245:
5220:
5177:
5158:
5142:
5056:
4942:
4926:
4907:
4903:
4857:
4829:
4613:
4549:. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the
4208:
3868:
3856:
3833:
3805:
3779:
3747:
3743:
3723:
3704:
3641:(his only surviving child) as his heir. Following Henry's death in 1135, his nephew,
3504:
3294:
3238:
3206:
3149:
3034:
2247:
1899:
1895:
1890:
745:
724:
698:
572:
139:
11246:
8162:
7672:"Britain may look united in grief – but polling shows a growing generational divide"
6360:
5952:
5531:, a separate version is used (right), in which the Arms of Scotland take precedence.
13771:
13549:
13504:
13461:
13408:
13381:
13221:
13185:
13103:
12927:
12697:
12642:
12605:
12580:
12570:
12504:
12456:
12386:
12381:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12356:
12351:
12044:
11790:
11528:
11487:
11483:
11387:
11177:
11160:
11155:
11138:
11118:
10924:
9777:
9646:
9516:
8587:
7510:
7463:
7416:
7369:
7256:
7210:
7153:
7126:
6337:
5904:
5493:
5395:
5361:
5253:
5191:
5146:
5129:, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British
4957:
4878:
4822:
4771:
4767:
4522:
4514:
4487:
4431:
From 1811 to 1820, George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be
4235:
4207:. In 1642, the conflict between the king and Parliament reached its climax and the
4200:
4060:
4015:
3970:
Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly; instead, the custom of
3960:
3821:
3602:
3410:
3164:
3160:
2558:
2446:
2438:
2417:
2401:
2003:
1954:
1804:
1794:
764:
694:
415:
411:
395:
269:
7529:
7482:
7435:
7388:
7275:
7229:
6504:
3175:. This role has been recognised since the 19th century. The constitutional writer
3022:
and government authority – their profile, for instance, appears on
15300:
14970:
14587:
14305:
14247:
14241:
14223:
14184:
13569:
13476:
13454:
13386:
13098:
12847:
12817:
12812:
12672:
12662:
12627:
12617:
12600:
12436:
12391:
12306:
12024:
11999:
11846:
11659:
11552:
11517:
11427:
10850:
10740:
10431:
10391:
9600:
9575:
9440:
9315:
8555:
8249:
7704:
7578:
5683:
5603:
5599:
5516:
5497:
5435:
5307:
5272:
5257:
5231:
5126:
5099:
5086:
4853:
4793:
4518:
4460:
4440:
4227:
4089:, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406,
4082:
4035:
3964:
3855:
King Henry VII then neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying
3746:, was far more successful in maintaining royal power and was responsible for the
3638:
3586:
3582:
3515:, however, as distinct from the sovereign, can be the subject of proceedings for
3458:
3277:
3242:
3234:
3182:
3038:
3023:
2329:
2127:
1774:
1756:
1032:
655:
501:
372:
336:
300:
7183:
High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998
5839:
5430:" (French: "God and my Right"). Surrounding the shield is a representation of a
77:
14552:
14470:
14310:
14217:
14178:
14103:
14098:
13554:
13499:
13466:
13398:
13376:
13240:
13022:
13007:
12972:
12712:
12707:
12590:
12524:
12396:
12054:
12029:
11934:
11851:
11805:
11562:
11558:
11542:
11507:
11447:
10463:
10344:
10282:
9843:
9726:
9580:
9565:
9392:
9264:
9140:
9049:
9037:
8560:
8556:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
8227:
7514:
7467:
7420:
7260:
7214:
5655:
5587:
5540:
5457:
5377:
5295:
5249:
5162:
5134:
5107:
4911:
4826:
4593:
4582:
4554:
4546:
4471:
4382:
4369:
with the British monarchy from 1714 to 1837. (Orange; borders shown 1814–1866.)
4366:
4339:
4262:
4231:
4176:
4156:
4071:
3975:
3940:
3891:
3836:, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son
3727:
3677:
3500:
3482:
3387:
3360:
3263:
3176:
3084:
2875:
2395:
2090:
1983:
1979:
823:
435:
391:
190:
149:
144:
9180:
9176:
9162:
9129:
9125:
9061:
7499:
7452:
7405:
7245:
7199:
6039:
5353:
revoked the grant, but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use.
5275:
were the main residences of the English monarch until Henry VIII acquired the
4159:
became the first monarch to rule over England, Scotland, and Ireland together.
3974:
was followed, where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the
3297:
did not have a majority, they were the largest party. The second followed the
15439:
14751:
13802:
12887:
12652:
12647:
12069:
11927:
11886:
11866:
10519:
10080:
9978:
9968:
9767:
9762:
9641:
9187:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2008 (subscription required).
9172:
9136:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2008 (subscription required).
8596:
7373:
7194:
6891:
Royal Arms, Styles, and Titles of Great Britain: Westminster, 20 October 1604
6003:
5384:
5350:
5195:
5040:
4983:
4979:
4479:
4258:
4188:
4184:
4113:
4031:
3979:
3955:(who would later give their name to Scotland), of the Irish petty kingdom of
3903:
3623:
3557:
3286:
3255:
3065:
3030:
3015:
874:
831:
741:
308:
280:
273:
261:
198:
121:
12416:
9682:
9235:
7778:
7647:
7358:
5227:
3914:"Queen of Scots" and "Queen of Scotland" redirect here. For other uses, see
3801:
on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule.
410:. Also in this period, the monarchy in Ireland eventually became limited to
343:. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican
14702:
14528:
14195:
13826:
13766:
13564:
13471:
13449:
12977:
12499:
12461:
12361:
11944:
10386:
9757:
9656:
9542:
9506:
9417:
9242:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2008 (subscription required).
9169:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2008 (subscription required).
9068:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 April 2008 (subscription required).
8939:
7676:
7551:
7092:
6477:
5094:
5089:
agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the
5082:
5020:
5010:
4799:
4605:
4051:
4038:
recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas.
3399:
3290:
3230:
2431:
2134:
1912:
839:
720:
316:
226:
9695:
6231:
5333:" is held by the king personally, and is not vested in the British Crown.
4373:
In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son,
3956:
3610:
13616:
13209:
12718:
12514:
12406:
12401:
12321:
11912:
11896:
11407:
11315:
10872:
10802:
9631:
9455:
9422:
9407:
9276:
9213:
9191:
8146:
7899:
7626:
5512:
5365:
5122:
5093:, and this arrangement persisted until 2012. An annual Property Services
4949:
4589:
4565:, which has been likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries".
4490:
in 1876. However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the
4483:
4456:
4444:
4400:, thirteen of Britain's American colonies were lost when they formed the
4196:
3899:
3872:
3841:
3688:
3650:
3553:
3508:
3377:
granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition. The
3019:
2320:
1779:
936:
887:
815:
649:
566:
491:
324:
218:
87:
8045:"Princess Beatrice 'to become counsellor of state' for King Charles III"
6704:
5677:
4925:"), and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an
4050:. A court was set up and after two years of deliberation, it pronounced
3254:
takes office by attending the monarch in a private audience, and after "
15414:
1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.
13300:
12764:
12702:
12621:
11861:
11826:
9397:
9387:
9377:
9130:
Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c. 1130–1176)"
8326:"Revealed: Queen's private estate invested millions of pounds offshore"
8069:
7603:
7453:"Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c.1130–1176)"
7165:
5669:
5579:
5447:
5373:
5334:
5234:, in Edinburgh, Scotland, is the monarch's official Scottish residence.
5173:
5125:, and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants. The
4728:
4713:
4502:
4448:
4424:
4408:, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow. The
4397:
4350:, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement.
4319:
England and Scotland were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain under
4296:
4254:
4168:
4011:
3984:
3860:
3829:
3775:
3763:
3383:
3259:
3226:
2412:
2197:
1762:
339:. Beginning in 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a
7138:
5765:"Revealed: Queen lobbied for change in law to hide her private wealth"
4533:
3597:
raids and settlement in the ninth century, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of
3577:
3293:
resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilson's
861:
15210:
14330:
14325:
14320:
13123:
13113:
12682:
11989:
11876:
11305:
11150:
11058:
9475:
9412:
9382:
5369:
5154:
5130:
4673:
4601:
4436:
4432:
4128:
3883:
3813:
3751:
3669:
3527:
inspectors cannot enter the sovereign's property without permission.
3512:
3365:
3316:
3061:
3003:
2406:
2024:
1939:
799:
419:
398:
was added to the British monarch's titles between 1876 and 1948. The
249:
37:. For the other countries that share the same person as monarch, see
7157:
6527:, volume 8(1): "Constitutional Law and Human Rights", paragraph 382
6163:
PASC Publishes Government Defence of its Sweeping Prerogative Powers
5663:
5356:
The sovereign is known as "His Majesty" or "Her Majesty". The form "
4435:, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling. His son, the future
3645:, claimed the throne and took power with the support of most of the
14190:
13260:
13143:
13133:
12952:
12451:
11723:
11604:
11468:
11281:
11011:
9402:
8529:"£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate'",
7130:
6732:
5528:
5198:, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank,
4701:
4550:
4510:
4278:) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland.
4192:
4164:
4140:
4106:
3988:
3971:
3837:
3681:
3406:
2921:
2367:
2292:
2287:
1873:
403:
7013:
6966:
6954:
6942:
6906:
6568:
4653:
3369:
newspaper, asserted a constitutional convention: according to the
13153:
13108:
13083:
12637:
12346:
11964:
11917:
11856:
11780:
11734:
11355:
11345:
10837:
8909:
8826:
6119:
5279:. Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698, leading to a shift to
5138:
4641:
4117:
3609:, and assumed the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons". His grandson
3049:
2903:
2373:
1715:
356:
114:
64:
Royal coats of arms used in Scotland (right) and elsewhere (left)
9248:
The Impossible Office? The History of the British Prime Minister
9177:"Edward VIII (later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor) (1894–1972)"
6556:
4151:
4077:
David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew
13235:
13148:
12411:
12311:
11954:
11810:
11437:
11335:
11325:
11133:
9060:
Brock, Michael (September 2004; online edition, January 2008).
5439:
5431:
5208:
estimated Elizabeth II's personal wealth at £350 million.
5199:
5194:
said estimates of £100 million were "grossly overstated".
5186:
4809:
4804:
4705:
4696:, who had become High King of Ireland in early 1166 and exiled
4090:
4000:
3887:
3684:. He was killed whilst besieging a castle; John succeeded him.
3606:
3598:
3594:
3466:
3451:
3429:. In Scottish matters, the sovereign acts on the advice of the
3426:
3398:
Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law,
2808:
2008:
406:
of the Empire into separate, self-governing countries within a
319:
of the English kingdom. The Anglo-Normans also established the
13585:
8164:
The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 (Change of Percentage) Order 2017
8070:"Princess Anne and Prince Edward to become stand-ins for King"
6809:
4353:
3269:
While the sovereign also appoints and may dismiss every other
3002:, the monarch (exclusively referred to in legislation as "the
11692:
11110:
6538:"Revealed: Queen's sweeping immunity from more than 160 laws"
5489:
5481:
4836:, is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide
4346:, under which England and Scotland were united into a single
4299:, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the
3952:
3948:
3936:
3692:
2934:
1947:
304:
9161:
Ives, E. W. (September 2004; online edition, January 2008).
6286:, Political Science Resources, 11 March 2008, archived from
5978:"Citizenship ceremonies: guidance notes (English and Welsh)"
5157:, as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as
4070:. On the pretext of restoring John Balliol's rightful heir,
3804:
The unpopularity of Henry VI's counsellors and his consort,
3714:
2814:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
14865:
14744:
13118:
11959:
11949:
11939:
11922:
5223:, in London, England, is the monarch's principal residence.
4517:" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the
3637:. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter
3556:. For the current queen consort of the United Kingdom, see
3516:
3413:
as to the government of the UK. The sovereign appoints the
3037:" (or, alternatively, "God Save the Queen") is the British
2865:
2298:
371:, further curtailed the power of the monarchy and excluded
244:"—this power may only be used according to laws enacted in
8988:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from
7854:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from
7804:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from
7757:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from
7144:
Scott, F.R. (January 1944), "The End of Dominion Status",
6758:. Research Briefing. House of Commons Library. p. 8.
6209:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from
5310:
in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the royal family.
5032:(her husband) could act as regent in these circumstances.
4588:
George V's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of
4470:
was made during the long reign of William IV's successor,
7037:
7025:
7001:
6930:
6894:
6873:
6861:
6849:
6837:
6781:
6692:
6664:
6652:
6628:
5535:
The monarch's official flag in the United Kingdom is the
4647:
Henry II took the Lordship of Ireland in the 12th century
3131:
3076:, depend upon decisions made elsewhere. In formal terms:
2870:
311:. The process was completed in the 13th century when the
9307:
9074:
She-Wolves: the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth
6640:
5291:. It is also used by other members of the royal family.
5260:. The sovereign's official residence in Scotland is the
4956:. The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was
1128:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
14281:
Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership
8192:"Our Annual Report 2021/22 | Our Annual Report 2021/22"
6769:
6616:
6604:
6592:
6580:
6436:
6283:
Results and analysis: General election, 10 October 1974
5153:, is not owned by the sovereign personally and is held
4952:, had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament,
4093:
had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son
3785:
Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of
3045:
are made to the Sovereign and their lawful successors.
9086:
The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy
8783:
6503:, The UK Honours System, 30 April 2007, archived from
6181:
5515:
in the United Kingdom. The design (left) features the
4146:
3999:. The following year, after killing Macbeth's stepson
3657:
would succeed him. Henry accordingly became the first
29:"British sovereign" redirects here. For the coin, see
11276:
7824:, Church of Scotland official website, archived from
6918:
6415:, Office of Public Sector Information, archived from
6137:
4659:
Henry VIII raised it to a kingdom in the 16th century
4259:
Church of England clerics who challenged his policies
3890:
to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating
3769:
Edward III claimed the French Crown, setting off the
1118:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
15417:
2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.
14641:
A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture
8619:
8617:
6318:
6081:
5645:
5349:. After Henry broke from the Roman Catholic Church,
4902:. The rules of succession may only be changed by an
3871:(the Anglican Church) and divorce his wife to marry
3248:
252:. In practice the monarch's role, including that of
10824:
8583:"The Queen net worth — Sunday Times Rich List 2020"
7844:
7842:
6315:. Retrieved 10 October 2008 (subscription required)
5383:If only one monarch has used a particular name, no
5287:, and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the
5168:The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as
4967:
4261:. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the
4249:. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the
3707:led the barons in another rebellion, beginning the
9345:
8704:
8702:
8303:Royal Finances: Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster
8279:, Duchy of Lancaster, 18 July 2011, archived from
7498:
7451:
7404:
7357:
7244:
7198:
7179:R v Foreign Secretary; Ex parte Indian Association
5919:
5886:
5117:Like the Crown Estate, the land and assets of the
4085:. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor,
3317:Summons, prorogation and dissolution of Parliament
1107:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
170:
8651:
8649:
8614:
3995:, who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan's son
3018:. The monarch's image is used to signify British
1698:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
279:The British monarchy traces its origins from the
15437:
15420:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.
9281:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy
7839:
7629:, 14–16 December 2007, p. 9, archived from
5570:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland
5244:The sovereign's official residence in London is
4954:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
4608:. In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title
4018:, the longest-reigning King of Scots before the
3605:secured Wessex, achieved dominance over western
3405:The sovereign has a similar relationship to the
14276:Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards
13757:Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces
9080:
8699:
7939:Union with Scotland Act 1706 (c.11), Article II
7574:"Polls reveal big rise in support for monarchy"
7019:
6972:
6960:
6948:
6912:
6831:
6815:
6738:
6710:
6682:
6574:
6562:
6065:"Constitutional Reform Act 2005: Section 3"
5815:"Queen was Britain's ultimate brand ambassador"
4778:
4310:
9145:The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England
8674:
8646:
7777:, The Archbishop of Canterbury, archived from
6437:Durkin, Mary; Gay, Oonagh (21 December 2005),
6102:"The royal prerogative and ministerial advice"
5884:
5716:Involvement of the British monarchy in slavery
4003:, Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III.
3848:, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the
3343:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
1123:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
14730:
14119:The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health
13601:
13316:
11708:
11262:
9711:
9687:
9331:
8874:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy
8542:
7954:Union with England Act 1707 (c.7), Article II
7550:, Britannia Internet Magazine, archived from
6385:Brief overview – Government of Wales Act 2006
6108:. House of Commons Library Research Briefing.
5256:, an annual race meeting that is part of the
4988:2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
4844:and he or she holds the power to appoint the
3190:curtailed the sovereign's governmental power.
2971:
217:. The monarch since 8 September 2022 is King
209:. The term may also refer to the role of the
9020:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens
7509:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7462:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7415:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7368:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7255:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7209:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7061:, Government of Nova Scotia, 11 October 2001
5921:"Our picture of Her Majesty will never fade"
5423:
4840:. The monarch takes an oath to preserve the
4557:were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The
3882:. Henry VIII's son and successor, the young
2994:Ministerial folder with the monarch's emblem
2529:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2456:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2425:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
256:, is limited to functions such as bestowing
13904:Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
11680:Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence
9725:
8428:, Official web site of the British Monarchy
8306:, Official web site of the British Monarchy
8247:
6388:, Welsh Assembly Government, archived from
6362:UK Politics: Dewar appointed First Minister
5763:Pegg, David; Evans, Rob (7 February 2021).
5473:
5461:
5451:
5360:" appears in international treaties and on
4760:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
4410:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3393:
1133:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
438:. The monarch is also head of state of the
385:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
14737:
14723:
14649:Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World
13608:
13594:
13323:
13309:
11715:
11701:
11269:
11255:
9718:
9704:
9338:
9324:
8833:. Official web site of the British Monarch
8506:"Tax Report Leaves Queen's Wealth in Dark"
8128:, Official website of the British Monarchy
8025:, Official website of the British Monarchy
8022:Queen and Government: Counsellors of State
7881:, Official website of the British Monarchy
7334:, Commonwealth Secretariat, archived from
6518:
6446:, House of Commons Library, archived from
5578:When the monarch is not in residence, the
5368:, not necessarily his or her first name –
4612:, although remaining head of state of the
4389:, although the title was not then in use.
3629:William was succeeded by two of his sons:
3437:, if it is deemed unconstitutional by the
3114:, which is technically a committee of the
2978:
2964:
2076:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
2014:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
291:, which consolidated into the kingdoms of
14391:Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role
13747:Supreme Governor of the Church of England
9259:. Clarendon Law. Oxford University Press.
8765:A brief history of Historic Royal Palaces
8552:inflation figures are based on data from
5762:
4996:Supreme Governor of the Church of England
4960:, who fled into exile in 1688 during the
4175:". Although England and Scotland were in
4124:. Once again, a regency was established.
4026:. Alexander II, as well as his successor
3601:emerged as the dominant English kingdom.
3537:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
3454:convicted offenders or reduce sentences.
3141:, which by constitution and statute have
1452:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
307:also gradually came under the control of
248:and within constraints of convention and
13330:
9218:The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy
8951:
8949:
8768:, Historic Royal Palaces, archived from
8739:Official website of the British Monarchy
8714:Official website of the British Monarchy
8686:Official website of the British Monarchy
8661:Official website of the British Monarchy
8629:Official website of the British Monarchy
8276:Accounts, Annual Reports and Investments
7990:
7901:Girls Equal in British throne succession
7449:
7402:
7287:
7285:
7181:(1982). QB 892 at 928; as referenced in
6753:"The coronation: history and ceremonial"
6750:
6099:
5800:Persuasion and Power in the Modern World
5726:List of leaders of dependent territories
5502:
5226:
5215:
4877:
4532:
4418:
4352:
4314:
4150:
3713:
3576:
3495:Sovereign immunity § United Kingdom
3181:
3137:Judicial power is vested in the various
2989:
189:, is the form of government used by the
14745:Heads of state and government of Europe
14481:Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After
14452:Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story
14124:The Prince's School of Traditional Arts
9263:
9254:
9240:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9212:
9190:
9185:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9167:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9134:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9126:"Mac Murchada, Diarmait (c. 1110–1171)"
9066:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9048:
9036:
8536:
8503:
8477:
8391:
8389:
8323:
7924:Act of Settlement 1700(c.2), Article II
7547:Can the Windsors survive Diana's death?
7506:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7459:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7412:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7365:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7252:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7242:
7206:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7193:
7116:
6309:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6199:
6187:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6143:
6087:
5706:Family tree of the British royal family
4010:. David was succeeded by his grandsons
3439:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
3321:The sovereign has the power to summon,
3201:Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom
14:
15438:
14460:The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana
13762:Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)
11750:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
9245:
9196:The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II
9139:
9102:
9071:
9014:
8870:
8844:
8789:
8710:"Royal Residences: St. James's Palace"
8186:
8184:
8118:
8116:
7697:
7324:
7322:
7043:
7031:
7007:
6936:
6924:
6900:
6879:
6867:
6855:
6843:
6827:
6799:
6787:
6726:
6722:
6698:
6686:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6324:
5172:, and since 1993 the monarch has paid
4980:male-preference cognatic primogeniture
4710:Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
4631:
4513:, changed "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "
4474:. As a woman, Victoria could not rule
4265:invited James II & VII's daughter
3789:; hence, his dynasty was known as the
2499:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
449:
14718:
13589:
13304:
11980:
11696:
11250:
10823:
9699:
9686:
9319:
8961:, The Royal Household, archived from
8946:
8824:
8741:, The Royal Household, archived from
8631:, The Royal Household, archived from
8603:from the original on 10 November 2020
8553:
7669:
7571:
7543:
7355:
7291:
7282:
7146:American Journal of International Law
7143:
7091:
6765:from the original on 11 October 2022.
6166:, UK Parliament, 2002, archived from
5917:
5885:Montague-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1979).
4923:The king is dead, long live the king!
4885:, heir apparent to the British throne
4737:Supreme Head of the Church of England
3959:in Argyll and the southern Hebrides.
3488:
3351:feature of the parliamentary calendar
3329:, during which the monarch reads the
3126:and other Crown Servants such as the
2844:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2489:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
422:and his successors adopted the title
15471:Heads of state of the United Kingdom
13349:Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom
9275:
8386:
8336:from the original on 5 November 2017
8042:
7774:Roles and Responsibilities: Overview
7670:Smith, Matthew (16 September 2022).
7496:
6803:
6775:
6470:
6430:
6149:
5934:from the original on 10 January 2022
5558:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
5077:Finances of the British royal family
4509:in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch,
4453:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
4385:, who is often considered the first
4242:and Charles II returned to Britain.
3909:
3409:governments of Scotland, Wales, and
3194:
2564:British National (Overseas) passport
2509:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2471:British Overseas Territories citizen
1965:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1861:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
8929:, 15 April 1953, vol. 514, col. 199
8324:Osborne, Hilary (5 November 2017),
8181:
8113:
8043:Ward, Victoria (9 September 2022),
7698:Serhan, Yasmeen (10 January 2023).
7319:
7097:The High Court and the Constitution
6751:Tarrance, David (18 October 2022).
6100:Torrance, David (24 October 2023).
6032:The Monarchy Today: Queen and State
5812:
5024:made for Queen Elizabeth II by the
4785:republicanism in the United Kingdom
4147:Personal union and republican phase
3541:
3349:was unaffected, which is a regular
3289:was appointed prime minister after
1558:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
615:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
367:, and its Scottish counterpart the
24:
14415:Charles R: The Making of a Monarch
14399:Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work
11745:List of current sovereign monarchs
8913:, 3 March 1953, vol. 512, col. 251
8504:Darnton, John (12 February 1993),
8455:. 30 December 2012. Archived from
7544:Seely, Robert (5 September 1997),
7403:Flanagan, M. T. (September 2004).
7243:Matthew, H.C.G. (September 2004).
6530:
6473:"Mystery lifted on Queen's powers"
5893:. London: Futura. pp. 13–14.
5539:, which depicts the Royal Arms in
5519:in the first and fourth quarters,
5415:coat of arms of the United Kingdom
5409:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom
5149:, which includes artworks and the
4733:had broken with the Church of Rome
4541:During the twentieth century, the
4528:
4525:, an independent nation, in 1922.
4505:, became the first monarch of the
3939:north of the Forth and Clyde, the
3824:and killing the Lancastrian heir,
3000:Constitution of the United Kingdom
25:
15482:
15321:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
14991:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
14407:Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute
13540:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
13535:Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
9299:
8401:, Royal Household, archived from
7976:Baby destined to become a monarch
7649:Poll respondents back UK monarchy
7356:Sayer, Jane E. (September 2004).
7119:University of Toronto Law Journal
7103:: Federation Press. p. 314.
4874:Coronation of the British monarch
4816:
4276:James II & VII's Catholic son
4059:, Scotland had no monarch, until
3562:Queen of England (disambiguation)
3249:Appointment of the prime minister
3139:judiciaries of the United Kingdom
3118:. They have the direction of the
1743:Greater London Authority Act 1999
299:by the 10th century. England was
15451:Government of the United Kingdom
14423:Charles III: The Coronation Year
14129:King Charles III Charitable Fund
13915:2022 State Opening of Parliament
13851:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh
13833:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
13702:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
13545:Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
13520:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
12263:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
11418:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
9461:Head of the British Armed Forces
8976:
8932:
8916:
8898:
8877:. Scarecrow Press. p. 392.
8864:
8825:Berry, Ciara (15 January 2016).
8818:
8795:
8756:
8727:
8575:
8522:
8497:
8478:Serafin, Tatiana (7 July 2010).
8471:
8439:
8416:
8347:
8317:
8294:
8267:
8241:
8214:
8155:
8148:Royal funding changes become law
8139:
8088:
8062:
7298:. Federation Press. p. 41.
5813:Hay, George (9 September 2022).
5690:
5676:
5662:
5648:
5626:
5621:Union Flag of the United Kingdom
5614:
5563:
5551:
5345:, particularly for his book the
5240:List of British royal residences
5085:(the royal property portfolio).
5061:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh
5030:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
4974:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
4968:Restrictions by sex and religion
4910:(1630–1714), a granddaughter of
4870:Succession to the British throne
4690:Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid
4652:
4640:
4281:James's overthrow, known as the
4167:, who was the great-grandson of
4048:13 rival claimants to the throne
3880:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
3787:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
3098:Executive power is exercised by
2933:
2920:
2902:
2887:
958:
860:
830:
798:
672:
642:
571:
546:
473:
402:recognised the evolution of the
351:. Following the installation of
254:Head of the British Armed Forces
215:UK's broader political structure
76:
57:
14689:Prince Charles stream tree frog
13615:
13515:Duke of Clarence and St Andrews
11740:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
10826:Countries of the United Kingdom
9926:Countries of the United Kingdom
8096:"Counsellors of State Act 2022"
8036:
8013:
7967:
7915:
7892:
7869:
7792:
7754:Queen and the Church of England
7745:
7719:
7691:
7663:
7565:
7537:
7490:
7443:
7396:
7349:
7236:
7187:
7085:
7072:
7049:
6978:
6885:
6821:
6793:
6744:
6716:
6676:
6491:
6471:Dyer, Clare (21 October 2003),
6464:
6403:
6376:
6353:
6330:
6301:
6274:
6249:
6224:
6193:
6112:
6093:
6057:
6020:
5996:
5970:
5945:
5380:did not use their first names.
5347:Defence of the Seven Sacraments
4672:In 1155 the only English Pope,
4201:organised rebellion in Scotland
4063:declared himself king in 1306.
3931:Government in medieval Scotland
3916:Scottish queen (disambiguation)
3548:History of the English monarchy
3339:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2849:United Nations Security Council
529:Other constitutional principles
15446:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
14006:State and official visits made
11722:
9921:Counties of the United Kingdom
9347:Monarchy in the United Kingdom
8807:, Archontology, 18 August 2007
8398:The Royal Residences: Overview
8226:, Crown Estate, archived from
8125:Royal Finances: The Civil List
7572:Grice, Andrew (9 April 2002),
7497:Ives, E. W. (September 2004).
5911:
5878:
5857:
5832:
5806:
5791:
5782:
5756:
5743:
5731:Politics of the United Kingdom
5492:, from which fly the flags of
5456:" (an abbreviated form of the
5320:Style of the British sovereign
4686:all-island kingship of Ireland
4507:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
3724:parts of Africa around Tripoli
3283:February 1974 general election
3241:and ambassadors, and receives
3083:is exercised by the King, the
2385:British Indian Ocean Territory
1930:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1728:English votes for English laws
1708:Council of Nations and Regions
467:Politics of the United Kingdom
335:, and the English king became
185:, commonly referred to as the
183:monarchy of the United Kingdom
13:
1:
14139:Turquoise Mountain Foundation
14109:The Prince's Countryside Fund
13510:Duke of Clarence and Avondale
9283:(Revised ed.). Pimlico.
9147:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
9044:. Cambridge University Press.
9007:
8682:"The Palace of Holyroodhouse"
7082:, 2003 CanLII 41404 (ON S.C.)
7020:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6973:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6961:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6949:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6913:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6832:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6816:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6739:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6711:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6683:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6575:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6563:Cannon & Griffiths (1988)
6232:"State Opening of Parliament"
6004:"Crown Appointments Act 1661"
5211:
4863:
4057:Wars of Scottish Independence
4030:, attempted to take over the
3661:and the first monarch of the
2504:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1935:Scottish statutory instrument
1510:Scottish Parliament elections
996:Justices of the Supreme Court
221:, who ascended the throne on
14232:(official, Northern Ireland)
14151:The Prince's May Day Network
13821:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
11755:List of monarchy referendums
10693:Universal basic income (UBI)
8480:"The World's Richest Royals"
8248:Emma.Goodey (29 June 2022).
7801:Queen and Church of Scotland
7652:, BBC News, 28 December 2007
7530:UK public library membership
7483:UK public library membership
7436:UK public library membership
7389:UK public library membership
7276:UK public library membership
7230:UK public library membership
5918:Aslet, Clive (21 May 2014),
5049:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
4779:Modern status and popularity
4754:In 1800, as a result of the
4455:, and appointed a Tory, Sir
4311:After the 1707 Acts of Union
4305:Sophia, Electress of Hanover
3943:in the south, including the
3499:The sovereign is personally
3363:, writing pseudonymously to
2769:politics of Northern Ireland
1971:Government of Wales Act 1998
1103:UK Parliament constituencies
444:British Overseas Territories
242:His/Her Majesty's Government
7:
14361:Royal address to the nation
14074:Mutton Renaissance Campaign
14044:State Opening of Parliament
13845:Prince Andrew, Duke of York
13560:Duke of Kent and Strathearn
10698:Water supply and sanitation
10397:Weapons of mass destruction
10382:His Majesty's Naval Service
9088:. Oxford University Press.
9084:; Griffiths, Ralph (1988).
9040:(2001). Smith, Paul (ed.).
8250:"Financial reports 2021–22"
8151:, BBC News, 18 October 2011
7904:, BBC News, 28 October 2011
7058:Statute of Westminster 1931
6342:, BBC News, 24 January 2006
5641:
5205:Sunday Times Rich List 2020
5070:
5053:Prince Andrew, Duke of York
4718:major Irish kings and lords
4688:had been created in 854 by
4563:Statute of Westminster 1931
4559:Balfour Declaration of 1926
3345:. The sovereign's power of
3327:State Opening of Parliament
3074:State Opening of Parliament
2379:British Antarctic Territory
1703:Legislative consent motions
845:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
400:Balfour Declaration of 1926
10:
15487:
13626:King of the United Kingdom
10793:Stereotypes of the British
9056:. Oxford University Press.
7292:Boyce, Peter John (2008).
7101:Annandale, New South Wales
6525:Halsbury's Laws of England
5840:"Charities and Patronages"
5594:, whereas in Scotland the
5464:In my defens God me defend
5406:
5391:MacCormick v Lord Advocate
5317:
5237:
5074:
5008:
5004:
4971:
4867:
4720:to recognise him as their
4665:
4537:The British Empire in 1921
4466:The final transition to a
4406:American Revolutionary War
4326:
4205:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
4195:). His attempt to enforce
4133:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
3920:
3913:
3703:. Later in Henry's reign,
3566:
3551:
3545:
3534:
3530:
3492:
3465:, appoints members of the
3447:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
3415:First Minister of Scotland
3379:resulting general election
3361:Sir Alan "Tommy" Lascelles
3198:
2819:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
349:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
28:
15410:
15390:
15359:
15091:
15080:
15060:
15029:
14761:
14750:
14697:
14671:
14622:
14606:
14563:
14433:
14374:
14353:
14344:
14298:
14261:
14204:
14171:
14164:
14089:Business in the Community
14064:
13983:
13938:Proclamation of accession
13928:
13920:2022 royal tour of Canada
13866:
13795:
13725:
13637:
13623:
13487:
13357:
13336:
13167:
13076:
12790:
12553:
12487:
12299:
12290:
12186:
12168:
12100:
12015:
11973:
11905:
11819:
11763:
11730:
11674:Annexed by Canada in 1949
11669:
11461:
11288:
11208:
11109:
11010:
10958:First Minister and deputy
10923:
10836:
10832:
10819:
10815:
10716:
10556:
10547:
10505:
10422:
10413:
10372:
10313:
10182:
10178:
10169:
10031:
9959:
9911:
9907:
9898:
9831:
9743:
9734:
9693:
9688:Links to related articles
9609:
9551:
9525:
9484:
9431:
9353:
8735:"Ambassadors credentials"
8533:, p. 1, 11 June 1971
6713:, pp. 194, 265, 309.
6412:Northern Ireland Act 1998
5721:Law in the United Kingdom
5442:Honi soit qui mal y pense
5434:bearing the motto of the
5337:first granted the title "
5294:Other residences include
4743:to change his title from
4692:. His last successor was
4185:ruling without Parliament
3927:List of Scottish monarchs
3736:Principality of Tarragona
3720:southern Italy and Sicily
3620:William, Duke of Normandy
3435:Northern Ireland Assembly
3425:on the nomination of the
3417:on the nomination of the
3299:May 2010 general election
3237:), and accredits British
3120:Armed Forces of the Crown
2894:United Kingdom portal
2784:Northern Ireland Protocol
2123:Non-metropolitan District
1812:Northern Ireland Act 1998
1062:Monetary Policy Committee
514:Parliamentary sovereignty
414:. In the years after the
165:
132:
120:
110:
105:
101:
97:
84:
75:
70:
56:
48:
14684:Prince Charles Mountains
14633:The Old Man of Lochnagar
13815:William, Prince of Wales
13777:King's Official Birthday
13752:Head of the Armed Forces
13737:Head of the Commonwealth
13344:List of British monarchs
11892:Self-proclaimed monarchy
10586:Environmental inequality
9672:King's Official Birthday
9471:Head of the Commonwealth
9246:Seldon, Anthony (2021).
9234:Sayers, Jane E. (2004).
9163:"Henry VIII (1491–1547)"
9124:Flanagan, M. T. (2004).
9110:. Cavendish Publishing.
9062:"William IV (1765–1837)"
9042:The English Constitution
8425:Royal Finances: Taxation
8196:www.thecrownestate.co.uk
7979:, ITV News, 22 July 2013
7450:Flanagan, M. T. (2004).
7331:Head of the Commonwealth
6206:Queen and Prime Minister
5736:
5633:Royal Banner of Scotland
5596:Royal Banner of Scotland
5468:") and the motto of the
5420:the Lion and the Unicorn
5331:Head of the Commonwealth
5324:The present sovereign's
5313:
5045:William, Prince of Wales
4883:William, Prince of Wales
4834:Archbishop of Canterbury
4789:Diana, Princess of Wales
4766:won independence as the
4622:Head of the Commonwealth
4486:, Victoria was declared
4439:, ruled in his stead as
4402:United States of America
4348:Kingdom of Great Britain
4329:List of British monarchs
3850:Battle of Bosworth Field
3614:for one generation. The
3573:List of English monarchs
3394:Other royal prerogatives
3358:King's Private Secretary
3305:(the largest party) and
3223:Head of the Armed Forces
3100:His Majesty's Government
2462:Turks and Caicos Islands
1733:Greater London Authority
883:Leader of the Opposition
588:William, Prince of Wales
457:This article is part of
424:Head of the Commonwealth
377:Kingdom of Great Britain
301:conquered by the Normans
127:William, Prince of Wales
35:List of British monarchs
31:Sovereign (British coin)
15196:Holy See (Vatican City)
14866:Holy See (Vatican City)
14366:Royal Christmas Message
14271:List of awards received
14144:Youth Business Scotland
14094:Children & the Arts
13867:Life as Prince of Wales
13575:Duke of York and Albany
12160:Vatican City (Holy See)
9667:Royal Christmas Message
9312:of the British monarchy
9181:"George VI (1895–1952)"
8845:Thorpe, Robert (1819).
8804:Royal Styles: 1521–1553
8554:Clark, Gregory (2017).
8167:. UK Parliament. 2017.
7534:(Subscription required)
7487:(Subscription required)
7440:(Subscription required)
7393:(Subscription required)
6365:, BBC News, 17 May 1999
6313:Oxford University Press
6077:, 2005 c. 4 (s. 3)
5802:(Report). HL Paper 150.
5476:Nemo me impune lacessit
5462:
5452:
5440:
5402:
5262:Palace of Holyroodhouse
4756:Irish Rebellion of 1798
4543:Commonwealth of Nations
4484:British rule over India
4468:constitutional monarchy
4216:Commonwealth of England
3732:Principality of Antioch
3659:Angevin king of England
3423:First Minister of Wales
3091:acting together as the
2208:Community council areas
2086:Non-metropolitan county
1866:Law of Northern Ireland
408:Commonwealth of Nations
369:Claim of Right Act 1689
345:Commonwealth of England
289:early medieval Scotland
15136:Bosnia and Herzegovina
14806:Bosnia and Herzegovina
14489:Willi und die Windzors
14336:Waitrose Duchy Organic
14079:The Prince's Charities
14001:Operation Menai Bridge
12442:Islands of Refreshment
11872:Legitimacy (political)
10472:Science and technology
9538:Speech from the throne
9255:Tomkins, Adam (2003).
9108:Understanding Statutes
9072:Castor, Helen (2010).
9054:Ministers of the Crown
8871:Panton, James (2011).
7515:10.1093/ref:odnb/12955
7468:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697
7421:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697
7261:10.1093/ref:odnb/33370
7215:10.1093/ref:odnb/31061
5532:
5474:
5424:
5343:Protestant Reformation
5235:
5224:
5104:Royal Visits Committee
4896:Act of Settlement 1701
4886:
4846:Lord High Commissioner
4538:
4428:
4387:British prime minister
4370:
4324:
4301:Act of Settlement 1701
4160:
3945:Kingdom of Strathclyde
3902:. England returned to
3739:
3626:continued to develop.
3590:
3560:. For other uses, see
3457:The sovereign is the "
3331:speech from the throne
3191:
3188:Bill of Rights of 1689
2995:
2547:Diplomatic missions of
2391:British Virgin Islands
359:as co-monarchs in the
234:their immediate family
93:since 8 September 2022
14679:Prince Charles Island
14596:The Windsors: Endgame
14572:Her Royal Highness..?
14532:(2016–2020 TV series)
14316:Highgrove House Shops
14114:The King's Foundation
14022:State visits received
14011:2023 visits to France
13742:Defender of the Faith
13692:Saint Kitts and Nevis
12253:Saint Kitts and Nevis
11842:Criticism of monarchy
11832:Abolition of monarchy
11398:Saint Kitts and Nevis
10449:Free trade agreements
9466:Defender of the Faith
9236:"Adrian IV (d. 1159)"
8943:, 2008 edition, p. 43
8923:Royal Style and Title
8716:, The Royal Household
8688:, The Royal Household
8663:, The Royal Household
8051:, The Daily Telegraph
8002:, Ministry of Justice
7821:Queen, State and Kirk
7728:British Monarchy Poll
6440:The Royal Prerogative
6075:The National Archives
6028:"Queen in Parliament"
6014:The National Archives
5698:United Kingdom portal
5506:
5339:Defender of the Faith
5269:Palace of Westminster
5230:
5219:
4935:Accession Declaration
4881:
4821:The sovereign is the
4735:and declared himself
4698:Diarmait Mac Murchada
4694:Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair
4536:
4422:
4356:
4318:
4295:supporters, known as
4271:William III of Orange
4240:monarchy was restored
4154:
3826:Edward of Westminster
3810:Richard, Duke of York
3726:(1146–1158), and the
3717:
3580:
3479:Royal Victorian Order
3271:Minister of the Crown
3245:from foreign states.
3185:
3143:judicial independence
2993:
2789:British–Irish Council
2774:Good Friday Agreement
2586:Free trade agreements
2551:in the United Kingdom
2362:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2278:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1838:deputy First Minister
1723:Governance of England
734:Deputy Prime Minister
383:joined to create the
347:, which followed the
313:Principality of Wales
303:in 1066, after which
15360:Partially recognised
15030:Partially recognised
14226:(official, Scotland)
14134:Royal Drawing School
13839:Anne, Princess Royal
13331:British royal titles
12085:United Arab Emirates
11366:Realm of New Zealand
10798:World Heritage Sites
10591:Environmental issues
10295:Female party leaders
9936:Overseas territories
7406:"Dermot MacMurrough"
7374:10.1093/ref:odnb/173
6830:, pp. 407–409;
6802:, pp. 400–407;
6741:, pp. 1–12, 35.
6725:, pp. 636–647;
6036:The British Monarchy
5875:. National Archives.
5865:Regency Act 1937, c.
5470:Order of the Thistle
5326:full style and title
5065:Anne, Princess Royal
5037:counsellors of state
5028:, which stated that
4336:Act of Security 1704
3756:baronial "ordainers"
3475:Order of the Thistle
3371:Lascelles Principles
3157:Statutory Instrument
2353:Overseas Territories
2118:Metropolitan Borough
1844:Emma Little-Pengelly
1785:Combined authorities
1143:UK general elections
610:Counsellors of State
524:Separation of powers
333:Scottish Reformation
240:—which is known as "
207:British Constitution
201:, with their powers
15461:Commonwealth realms
15391:Unrecognised states
15061:Unrecognised states
14614:Jonathan Yeo (2024)
14497:Whatever Love Means
14354:Televised addresses
14230:Hillsborough Castle
14084:British Asian Trust
14027:Trooping the Colour
13857:Mountbatten-Windsor
13647:Antigua and Barbuda
13630:Commonwealth realms
13281:Trinidad and Tobago
13168:Commonwealth realms
13053:United Baltic Duchy
12196:Antigua and Barbuda
12188:Commonwealth realms
11882:Order of succession
11646:Trinidad and Tobago
11296:Antigua and Barbuda
11278:Commonwealth realms
9571:Hillsborough Castle
8992:on 28 December 2009
8772:on 18 December 2007
8625:"Buckingham Palace"
8230:on 3 September 2011
8202:on 28 December 2022
7080:O'Donohue v. Canada
7078:Justice Rouleau in
7046:, pp. 314–333.
7034:, pp. 305–306.
7022:, pp. 530–550.
7010:, pp. 677–680.
6975:, pp. 460–469.
6963:, pp. 447–448.
6951:, pp. 439–440.
6939:, pp. 242–245.
6915:, pp. 393–400.
6903:, pp. 214–231.
6882:, pp. 567–575.
6870:, pp. 552–565.
6858:, pp. 549–552.
6846:, pp. 409–412.
6834:, pp. 187, 196
6790:, pp. 390–395.
6778:, pp. 164–177.
6701:, pp. 179–189.
6673:, pp. 133–165.
6661:, pp. 118–130.
6637:, pp. 595–597.
6577:, pp. 102–127.
5927:The Daily Telegraph
5523:in the second, and
5438:of the same name; "
5285:Court of St James's
5277:Palace of Whitehall
5015:Counsellor of State
4992:Commonwealth realms
4986:, announced at the
4962:Glorious Revolution
4919:demise of the Crown
4892:Bill of Rights 1689
4764:Republic of Ireland
4678:Henry II of England
4668:Monarchy of Ireland
4632:Monarchy in Ireland
4626:Commonwealth realms
4492:republican movement
4412:was created by the
4287:Bill of Rights 1689
4283:Glorious Revolution
4247:James, Duke of York
4224:Battle of Worcester
4218:. Charles I's son,
4173:Union of the Crowns
4020:Union of the Crowns
3923:Kingdom of Scotland
3865:Catherine of Aragon
3818:Elizabeth Woodville
3663:Plantagenet dynasty
3616:conquest of England
3519:and contract since
3471:Order of the Garter
3431:Scottish Government
3419:Scottish Parliament
3043:Oaths of allegiance
2576:UK–CD Customs Union
2340:UK-CD Customs Union
2311:Bailiwick of Jersey
2098:Unitary authorities
2081:Metropolitan county
2066:Ceremonial counties
2020:Act of Senedd Cymru
1925:Scottish Parliament
1881:Scottish devolution
450:Constitutional role
428:Commonwealth realms
379:, and in 1801, the
365:Bill of Rights 1689
361:Glorious Revolution
329:English Reformation
321:Lordship of Ireland
285:Anglo-Saxon England
15456:Westminster system
15296:Russian Federation
14966:Russian Federation
14172:As Prince of Wales
13910:black spider memos
13787:Royal Family Order
13525:Duke of Cumberland
13438:Duke of Gloucester
10492:Telecommunications
10444:Economic geography
10300:Political scandals
9931:Crown Dependencies
9662:Duchy of Lancaster
9446:King-in-Parliament
9104:Crabbe, V.C.R.A.C.
9076:. Faber and Faber.
8965:on 5 November 2015
8550:Retail Price Index
8510:The New York Times
8459:on 17 October 2015
8359:, Royal Collection
8283:on 12 October 2011
8076:. 14 November 2022
7808:on 2 December 2010
7761:on 2 December 2010
7197:(September 2004).
6987:Sir Robert Walpole
6806:, pp. 185–198
6729:, pp. 190–211
6689:, pp. 168–176
6649:, pp. 96–115.
6500:Orders of Chivalry
6392:on 26 October 2011
6290:on 14 October 2020
6202:, pp. 59–60;
6070:legislation.gov.uk
6042:on 18 January 2008
6009:legislation.gov.uk
5711:King-in-Parliament
5533:
5267:Historically, the
5236:
5225:
5119:Duchy of Lancaster
4978:Succession was by
4900:Acts of Union 1707
4887:
4842:Church of Scotland
4838:Anglican Communion
4676:, authorised King
4539:
4429:
4414:Acts of Union 1800
4392:The next monarch,
4379:Elector of Hanover
4371:
4363:Kingdom of Hanover
4344:Acts of Union 1707
4325:
4251:line of succession
4161:
3791:House of Lancaster
3771:Hundred Years' War
3742:The next monarch,
3740:
3709:Second Barons' War
3591:
3569:Kingdom of England
3489:Sovereign immunity
3467:orders of chivalry
3375:Queen Elizabeth II
3239:High commissioners
3192:
3145:of the Government.
3102:, which comprises
3093:King-in-Parliament
2998:In the uncodified
2996:
2335:Common Travel Area
2271:Crown Dependencies
2238:Preserved counties
2218:Shires of Scotland
794:King-in-Parliament
440:Crown Dependencies
381:Kingdom of Ireland
195:hereditary monarch
122:Heir apparent
51:the United Kingdom
39:Commonwealth realm
33:. For a list, see
15433:
15432:
15427:
15426:
15406:
15405:
15092:UN members
15076:
15075:
14762:UN members
14712:
14711:
14667:
14666:
14299:Business ventures
14257:
14256:
14236:Sandringham House
14212:Buckingham Palace
13968:Coronation quiche
13583:
13582:
13426:Duke of Edinburgh
13421:Duke of Cambridge
13298:
13297:
13294:
13293:
12983:Piedmont-Sardinia
12735:Sip Song Chau Tai
12545:Thirteen Colonies
12286:
12285:
11690:
11689:
11244:
11243:
11204:
11203:
11200:
11199:
11196:
11195:
10811:
10810:
10543:
10542:
10409:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10290:Political parties
10214:Foreign relations
10165:
10164:
10161:
10160:
9894:
9893:
9871:Mass surveillance
9849:Foreign relations
9782:Second World War
9680:
9679:
9627:Scottish monarchs
9596:Sandringham House
9591:St James's Palace
9586:Kensington Palace
9561:Buckingham Palace
9451:King-on-the-Bench
9220:. HarperCollins.
9205:978-0-471-28330-0
9198:. HarperCollins.
9173:Matthew, H. C. G.
9117:978-1-859-41138-4
8905:Royal Titles Bill
8375:, Royal Household
7528:(Subscription or
7481:(Subscription or
7434:(Subscription or
7387:(Subscription or
7274:(Subscription or
7228:(Subscription or
7195:Matthew, H. C. G.
7110:978-1-86287-691-0
6625:, pp. 79–93.
6613:, pp. 77–78.
6601:, pp. 54–74.
6589:, pp. 30–46.
6565:, pp. 13–17.
6507:on 19 August 2007
6170:on 4 January 2004
5953:"National Anthem"
5873:legislation.co.uk
5592:Sandringham House
5584:Buckingham Palace
5527:in the third. In
5426:Dieu et mon droit
5358:Britannic Majesty
5304:Sandringham House
5300:Kensington Palace
5289:Accession Council
5281:St James's Palace
5246:Buckingham Palace
5221:Buckingham Palace
5178:capital gains tax
5159:Buckingham Palace
5143:Duchy of Cornwall
5057:Princess Beatrice
4943:Westminster Abbey
4931:St James's Palace
4927:Accession Council
4908:Sophia of Hanover
4904:Act of Parliament
4858:Church of Ireland
4830:Church of England
4614:Dominion of India
4545:evolved from the
4209:English Civil War
3910:Scottish monarchy
3869:Church of England
3857:Elizabeth of York
3834:Wars of the Roses
3806:Margaret of Anjou
3780:Henry Bolingbroke
3748:conquest of Wales
3744:Edward Longshanks
3705:Simon de Montfort
3697:First Barons' War
3307:Liberal Democrats
3243:heads of missions
3207:royal prerogative
3195:Royal prerogative
3150:Church of England
3124:the Civil Service
3081:Legislative power
3035:God Save the King
2988:
2987:
2779:UK–Ireland border
2571:Visa requirements
2522:Foreign relations
2476:Visa requirements
2450:
2441:
2434:
2258:Historic counties
2145:Historic counties
1891:Scotland Act 1998
1113:Political parties
1010:England and Wales
943:King-on-the-Bench
875:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
510:
179:
178:
140:Buckingham Palace
16:(Redirected from
15478:
15089:
15088:
14759:
14758:
14739:
14732:
14725:
14716:
14715:
14580:King Charles III
14521:King Charles III
14516:(2009 TV serial)
14351:
14350:
14169:
14168:
13973:Scottish service
13772:Duke of Normandy
13687:Papua New Guinea
13610:
13603:
13596:
13587:
13586:
13550:Duke of Hereford
13505:Duke of Clarence
13462:Duke of Rothesay
13409:Duke of Cornwall
13325:
13318:
13311:
13302:
13301:
13222:Irish Free State
12988:Poland–Lithuania
12297:
12296:
12248:Papua New Guinea
11978:
11977:
11717:
11710:
11703:
11694:
11693:
11683:
11675:
11388:Papua New Guinea
11271:
11264:
11257:
11248:
11247:
11224:
11217:
10925:Northern Ireland
10834:
10833:
10821:
10820:
10817:
10816:
10554:
10553:
10467:
10420:
10419:
10278:House of Commons
10246:Local government
10180:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10086:Renewable energy
10071:hydroelectricity
9909:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9741:
9740:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9697:
9696:
9684:
9683:
9652:Monarchy records
9647:Royal collection
9622:English monarchs
9517:Grace and favour
9340:
9333:
9326:
9317:
9316:
9311:
9310:
9308:Official website
9294:
9272:
9260:
9251:
9231:
9209:
9158:
9121:
9099:
9077:
9057:
9045:
9033:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8953:
8944:
8936:
8930:
8920:
8914:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8842:
8840:
8838:
8831:The Royal Family
8822:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8799:
8793:
8787:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8777:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8706:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8657:"Windsor Castle"
8653:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8635:on 27 March 2010
8621:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8588:The Sunday Times
8579:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8447:"Royal finances"
8443:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8393:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8372:Royal Collection
8367:
8366:
8364:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8254:The Royal Family
8245:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8198:. Archived from
8188:
8179:
8178:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8143:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8120:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8100:National Archive
8092:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8081:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8007:
7999:Regency Act 1953
7994:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7919:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7846:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7828:on 17 April 2009
7816:
7815:
7813:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7781:on 3 August 2008
7769:
7768:
7766:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7733:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7635:
7624:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7582:, archived from
7569:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7554:on 10 April 2011
7541:
7535:
7533:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7502:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7455:
7447:
7441:
7439:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7408:
7400:
7394:
7392:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7361:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7326:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7289:
7280:
7279:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7248:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7202:
7191:
7185:
7176:
7141:
7114:
7099:(5th ed.).
7089:
7083:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6757:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6452:
6445:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6334:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6213:on 14 April 2010
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6158:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6047:
6038:. Archived from
6024:
6018:
6017:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5923:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5905:Internet Archive
5903:– via the
5892:
5882:
5876:
5868:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5844:The Royal Family
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5760:
5754:
5747:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5630:
5618:
5567:
5555:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5445:
5429:
5422:; the motto is "
5396:Court of Session
5192:Lord Chamberlain
5147:Royal Collection
5026:Regency Act 1953
4958:James VII and II
4850:General Assembly
4848:to the Church's
4823:supreme governor
4803:reported that a
4772:Northern Ireland
4768:Irish Free State
4741:Irish Parliament
4656:
4644:
4610:Emperor of India
4523:Irish Free State
4501:Victoria's son,
4488:Empress of India
4269:and her husband
4203:and ignited the
4191:and the English
4137:Earl of Bothwell
4061:Robert the Bruce
4016:William the Lion
3961:Kenneth MacAlpin
3603:Alfred the Great
3542:English monarchy
3411:Northern Ireland
3386:, who dismissed
3165:Royal commission
3161:Order in Council
3106:, primarily the
3089:House of Commons
2980:
2973:
2966:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2914:Northern Ireland
2907:
2906:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2829:The Commonwealth
2458:
2447:Tristan da Cunha
2445:
2439:Ascension Island
2437:
2429:
2427:
2418:Pitcairn Islands
2402:Falkland Islands
2364:
2301:
2153:Northern Ireland
1955:Welsh devolution
1830:Michelle O'Neill
1805:Northern Ireland
1795:Cornwall Council
1611:Senedd elections
1055:Deputy governors
1020:Northern Ireland
982:Deputy President
962:
864:
854:House of Commons
834:
802:
695:Starmer ministry
676:
646:
575:
550:
504:
477:
454:
453:
416:Second World War
412:Northern Ireland
396:Emperor of India
341:single sovereign
270:brand ambassador
232:The monarch and
187:British monarchy
175:
172:
90:
80:
61:
52:
46:
45:
21:
18:King of Scotland
15486:
15485:
15481:
15480:
15479:
15477:
15476:
15475:
15436:
15435:
15434:
15429:
15428:
15423:
15402:
15386:
15377:Northern Cyprus
15355:
15271:North Macedonia
15093:
15083:
15072:
15056:
15047:Northern Cyprus
15025:
14941:North Macedonia
14763:
14753:
14746:
14743:
14713:
14708:
14693:
14663:
14618:
14602:
14559:
14435:
14429:
14370:
14340:
14306:Duchy Home Farm
14294:
14290:Military Awards
14263:
14253:
14248:Craigowan Lodge
14242:Balmoral Castle
14224:Holyrood Palace
14200:
14185:Highgrove House
14160:
14066:
14060:
13996:Prime ministers
13979:
13930:
13924:
13862:
13791:
13728:
13721:
13707:Solomon Islands
13633:
13619:
13614:
13584:
13579:
13570:Duke of Windsor
13483:
13387:Prince of Wales
13353:
13332:
13329:
13299:
13290:
13215:princely states
13163:
13099:Kingdom of Fiji
13072:
12818:Austria-Hungary
12786:
12549:
12483:
12282:
12268:Solomon Islands
12182:
12164:
12096:
12011:
11969:
11901:
11847:Democratization
11815:
11759:
11726:
11721:
11691:
11686:
11678:
11673:
11665:
11457:
11428:Solomon Islands
11284:
11275:
11245:
11240:
11227:
11220:
11213:
11192:
11105:
11006:
10919:
10828:
10807:
10712:
10668:Public holidays
10648:Life expectancy
10539:
10501:
10481:London Exchange
10477:Stock exchanges
10465:
10464:Pound sterling
10432:Bank of England
10401:
10392:Royal Air Force
10368:
10309:
10241:Law enforcement
10157:
10066:hydraulic frac.
10027:
10008:Lakes and lochs
9955:
9951:Former colonies
9890:
9886:Women's history
9861:Law enforcement
9827:
9773:First World War
9730:
9724:
9689:
9681:
9676:
9605:
9601:Balmoral Castle
9576:Holyrood Palace
9547:
9521:
9492:Crown copyright
9480:
9441:King-in-Council
9427:
9349:
9344:
9306:
9305:
9302:
9297:
9291:
9265:Waldron, Jeremy
9228:
9206:
9155:
9141:Fraser, Antonia
9118:
9096:
9050:Brazier, Rodney
9038:Bagehot, Walter
9030:
9010:
9005:
9004:
8995:
8993:
8982:
8981:
8977:
8968:
8966:
8955:
8954:
8947:
8937:
8933:
8921:
8917:
8903:
8899:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8869:
8865:
8855:
8853:
8836:
8834:
8823:
8819:
8810:
8808:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8788:
8784:
8775:
8773:
8762:
8761:
8757:
8748:
8746:
8745:on 9 March 2009
8733:
8732:
8728:
8719:
8717:
8708:
8707:
8700:
8691:
8689:
8680:
8679:
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8666:
8664:
8655:
8654:
8647:
8638:
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8615:
8606:
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8581:
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8564:
8547:
8543:
8528:
8527:
8523:
8514:
8512:
8502:
8498:
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8476:
8472:
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8445:
8444:
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8431:
8429:
8422:
8421:
8417:
8408:
8406:
8395:
8394:
8387:
8378:
8376:
8369:
8368:
8362:
8360:
8353:
8352:
8348:
8339:
8337:
8322:
8318:
8309:
8307:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8286:
8284:
8273:
8272:
8268:
8258:
8256:
8246:
8242:
8233:
8231:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8205:
8203:
8190:
8189:
8182:
8175:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8145:
8144:
8140:
8131:
8129:
8122:
8121:
8114:
8104:
8102:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8079:
8077:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8054:
8052:
8041:
8037:
8028:
8026:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8005:
8003:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7982:
7980:
7973:
7972:
7968:
7959:
7957:
7951:
7944:
7942:
7936:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7916:
7907:
7905:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7884:
7882:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7861:
7859:
7848:
7847:
7840:
7831:
7829:
7818:
7811:
7809:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7784:
7782:
7771:
7764:
7762:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7710:
7708:
7696:
7692:
7682:
7680:
7668:
7664:
7655:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7622:
7619:Monarchy Survey
7616:
7609:
7607:
7596:
7589:
7587:
7586:on 12 June 2008
7579:The Independent
7570:
7566:
7557:
7555:
7542:
7538:
7527:
7519:
7517:
7495:
7491:
7480:
7472:
7470:
7448:
7444:
7433:
7425:
7423:
7401:
7397:
7386:
7378:
7376:
7354:
7350:
7341:
7339:
7328:
7327:
7320:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7290:
7283:
7273:
7265:
7263:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7219:
7217:
7192:
7188:
7158:10.2307/2192530
7111:
7090:
7086:
7077:
7073:
7064:
7062:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7042:
7038:
7030:
7026:
7018:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6993:
6991:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6971:
6967:
6959:
6955:
6947:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6899:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6810:
6798:
6794:
6786:
6782:
6774:
6770:
6762:
6755:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6721:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6685:, p. 295;
6681:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6645:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6621:
6617:
6609:
6605:
6597:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6573:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6545:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6523:
6519:
6510:
6508:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6483:
6481:
6469:
6465:
6456:
6454:
6453:on 25 June 2008
6450:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6422:
6420:
6419:on 30 July 2020
6409:
6408:
6404:
6395:
6393:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6368:
6366:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6345:
6343:
6336:
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6331:
6323:
6319:
6306:
6302:
6293:
6291:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6240:
6238:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6216:
6214:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6173:
6171:
6160:
6159:
6150:
6142:
6138:
6128:
6126:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6098:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6045:
6043:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5937:
5935:
5916:
5912:
5901:
5883:
5879:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5811:
5807:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5761:
5757:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5696:
5691:
5689:
5684:Politics portal
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5622:
5619:
5604:Balmoral Castle
5600:Holyrood Palace
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5559:
5556:
5517:arms of England
5436:Chivalric order
5411:
5405:
5394:, the Scottish
5322:
5316:
5308:Balmoral Castle
5306:in Norfolk and
5273:Tower of London
5258:social calendar
5242:
5232:Holyrood Palace
5214:
5170:value-added tax
5127:Paradise Papers
5100:Sovereign Grant
5087:King George III
5079:
5073:
5017:
5009:Main articles:
5007:
4976:
4970:
4876:
4868:Main articles:
4866:
4854:Church in Wales
4819:
4794:The Independent
4781:
4749:King of Ireland
4745:Lord of Ireland
4670:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4634:
4531:
4529:Shared monarchy
4519:First World War
4461:Reform Act 1832
4331:
4313:
4228:Oliver Cromwell
4149:
4083:House of Stuart
4036:Treaty of Perth
3933:
3919:
3912:
3896:Philip of Spain
3766:, became king.
3587:Norman Conquest
3583:Bayeux Tapestry
3575:
3565:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3497:
3491:
3459:fount of honour
3396:
3319:
3301:, in which the
3278:hung parliament
3251:
3235:Royal Air Force
3203:
3197:
3132:Secret Services
3060:or officers of
3039:national anthem
3024:Bank of England
2984:
2955:
2951:Other countries
2946:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2901:
2888:
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2411:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2372:
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2344:
2330:British Islands
2326:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2280:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2243:Principal areas
2229:
2222:
2185:
2178:
2156:
2149:
2048:
2040:
2030:
2029:
1973:
1962:
1960:1997 referendum
1951:
1944:
1893:
1886:1997 referendum
1877:
1870:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1775:London Assembly
1770:Mayoral cabinet
1757:Mayor of London
1745:
1738:1998 referendum
1719:
1712:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1605:
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1560:
1554:
1552:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1098:
1084:
1083:
1065:
1035:
1033:Bank of England
1025:
1024:
1001:
947:
939:
934:
924:
923:
902:59th Parliament
898:
895:
886:
873:
849:
843:
819:
804:
797:
780:
770:
769:
751:
749:
737:
728:
716:
702:
690:
661:
656:King-in-Council
652:
630:
620:
619:
591:
544:
534:
533:
502:Treaty of Union
487:
452:
432:title and style
373:Roman Catholics
337:King of Ireland
169:
161:
92:
86:
66:
50:
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15484:
15474:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15431:
15430:
15425:
15424:
15422:
15421:
15418:
15415:
15411:
15408:
15407:
15404:
15403:
15401:
15400:
15394:
15392:
15388:
15387:
15385:
15384:
15379:
15374:
15369:
15363:
15361:
15357:
15356:
15354:
15353:
15351:United Kingdom
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15188:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15158:
15156:Czech Republic
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15097:
15095:
15086:
15078:
15077:
15074:
15073:
15071:
15070:
15064:
15062:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15033:
15031:
15027:
15026:
15024:
15023:
15021:United Kingdom
15018:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14848:
14843:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14826:Czech Republic
14823:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14767:
14765:
14756:
14748:
14747:
14742:
14741:
14734:
14727:
14719:
14710:
14709:
14707:
14706:
14703:← Elizabeth II
14698:
14695:
14694:
14692:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14675:
14673:
14669:
14668:
14665:
14664:
14662:
14661:
14657:Climate Change
14653:
14645:
14637:
14628:
14626:
14620:
14619:
14617:
14616:
14610:
14608:
14604:
14603:
14601:
14600:
14592:
14584:
14576:
14567:
14565:
14561:
14560:
14558:
14557:
14549:
14541:
14533:
14525:
14517:
14509:
14501:
14493:
14485:
14477:
14467:Spitting Image
14464:
14456:
14448:
14439:
14437:
14436:and television
14431:
14430:
14428:
14427:
14419:
14411:
14403:
14395:
14387:
14378:
14376:
14372:
14371:
14369:
14368:
14363:
14357:
14355:
14348:
14342:
14341:
14339:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14311:Dumfries House
14308:
14302:
14300:
14296:
14295:
14293:
14292:
14283:
14278:
14273:
14267:
14265:
14259:
14258:
14255:
14254:
14252:
14251:
14245:
14239:
14233:
14227:
14221:
14218:Windsor Castle
14215:
14208:
14206:
14202:
14201:
14199:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14182:
14179:Clarence House
14175:
14173:
14166:
14162:
14161:
14159:
14158:
14156:Prince's Trust
14153:
14148:
14147:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14104:iwill Campaign
14101:
14099:In Kind Direct
14096:
14091:
14086:
14076:
14070:
14068:
14062:
14061:
14059:
14058:
14057:
14056:
14051:
14041:
14040:
14039:
14034:
14024:
14019:
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13714:
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13632:(2022–present)
13624:
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13605:
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13590:
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13580:
13578:
13577:
13572:
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13555:Duke of Kendal
13552:
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13500:Duke of Albany
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12985:
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12973:Ottoman Empire
12970:
12965:
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12955:
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12945:
12940:
12935:
12933:Kartli-Kakheti
12930:
12925:
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12342:Central Africa
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12314:
12309:
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12275:
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11992:
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11935:Prince regnant
11932:
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11894:
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11869:
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11859:
11854:
11852:Decolonization
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11823:
11821:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11806:Personal union
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11776:Constitutional
11773:
11767:
11765:
11761:
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11758:
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11491:
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11463:
11459:
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11448:United Kingdom
11445:
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11395:
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11378:
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11163:
11153:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11144:First Minister
11141:
11136:
11126:
11121:
11115:
11113:
11107:
11106:
11104:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
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11073:
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11071:
11061:
11056:
11055:
11054:
11052:First Minister
11049:
11044:
11034:
11029:
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11027:
11016:
11014:
11008:
11007:
11005:
11004:
10999:
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10809:
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10755:
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10695:
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10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10557:
10551:
10545:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10537:
10535:Rail transport
10532:
10527:
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10511:
10509:
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10502:
10500:
10499:
10494:
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10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
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10369:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10357:Prime Minister
10354:
10353:
10352:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10319:
10317:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10307:
10305:Shadow Cabinet
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10286:
10285:
10283:House of Lords
10280:
10270:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10258:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10227:
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9913:Administrative
9902:
9896:
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9891:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
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9770:
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9755:
9749:
9747:
9738:
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9731:
9729: articles
9727:United Kingdom
9723:
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9715:
9708:
9700:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9669:
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9611:
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9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9581:Clarence House
9578:
9573:
9568:
9566:Windsor Castle
9563:
9557:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9514:
9512:King's printer
9509:
9504:
9502:King's Consent
9499:
9494:
9488:
9486:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9437:
9435:
9433:Constitutional
9429:
9428:
9426:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9359:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9343:
9342:
9335:
9328:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9301:
9300:External links
9298:
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9273:
9261:
9252:
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9232:
9226:
9210:
9204:
9188:
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9143:, ed. (1975).
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8985:Royal Standard
8975:
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8863:
8817:
8794:
8792:, p. 180.
8782:
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8574:
8561:MeasuringWorth
8541:
8537:Pimlott (2001)
8521:
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8470:
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8385:
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8061:
8035:
8012:
7989:
7966:
7914:
7891:
7868:
7858:on 31 May 2015
7838:
7791:
7744:
7718:
7690:
7662:
7636:on 11 May 2011
7564:
7536:
7489:
7442:
7395:
7348:
7338:on 6 July 2010
7318:
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7281:
7235:
7186:
7131:10.2307/824318
7125:(2): 348–359,
7109:
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7012:
7000:
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6953:
6941:
6929:
6927:, p. 232.
6917:
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6884:
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6848:
6836:
6820:
6818:, p. 170.
6808:
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6544:. 14 July 2022
6529:
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6300:
6273:
6248:
6223:
6200:Waldron (1990)
6192:
6190:, p. 312.
6188:Brazier (1997)
6180:
6148:
6144:Bagehot (2001)
6136:
6111:
6092:
6088:Bagehot (2001)
6080:
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5659:
5656:History portal
5643:
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5609:
5608:
5588:Windsor Castle
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5546:
5545:
5537:Royal Standard
5407:Main article:
5404:
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5318:Main article:
5315:
5312:
5296:Clarence House
5250:Windsor Castle
5238:Main article:
5213:
5210:
5163:Windsor Castle
5135:Cayman Islands
5108:Cabinet Office
5075:Main article:
5072:
5069:
5006:
5003:
4969:
4966:
4929:that meets at
4912:James I and VI
4865:
4862:
4818:
4817:Religious role
4815:
4783:In the 1990s,
4780:
4777:
4727:By 1542, King
4700:, the King of
4658:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4594:Wallis Simpson
4583:personal union
4555:Crown Colonies
4547:British Empire
4530:
4527:
4383:Robert Walpole
4367:personal union
4340:Alien Act 1705
4312:
4309:
4263:Immortal Seven
4232:Lord Protector
4177:personal union
4157:James VI and I
4148:
4145:
4072:Edward Balliol
4014:, and then by
3976:House of Alpin
3911:
3908:
3892:Lady Jane Grey
3728:Crusader state
3678:Angevin Empire
3546:Main article:
3543:
3540:
3535:Main article:
3532:
3529:
3493:Main article:
3490:
3487:
3483:Order of Merit
3395:
3392:
3388:Lord Melbourne
3318:
3315:
3264:Lord Melbourne
3250:
3247:
3199:Main article:
3196:
3193:
3177:Walter Bagehot
3169:
3168:
3153:
3146:
3135:
3108:prime minister
3096:
3085:House of Lords
3006:", and styled
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2799:European Union
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2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:Civil parishes
2210:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2135:Civil parishes
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:London Borough
2125:
2120:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:Greater London
2088:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2038:Administration
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1991:First Minister
1987:
1984:Wales Act 2017
1980:Wales Act 2014
1968:
1957:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1907:First Minister
1903:
1888:
1883:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1824:First Minister
1820:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1659:UK referendums
1657:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:1910 (Jan–Feb)
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:1801 co-option
1148:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:United Kingdom
1000:
999:
989:The Lord Hodge
986:
985:
972:
971:
956:
955:
935:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
920:
919:
909:
904:
897:
896:
878:
877:
858:
857:
848:
847:
828:
827:
824:House of Lords
813:
812:
790:
789:
781:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
762:
757:
739:
738:
718:
717:
708:Prime Minister
692:
691:
670:
669:
640:
639:
631:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
585:
584:
564:
563:
545:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
499:
497:Bill of Rights
494:
488:
483:
482:
479:
478:
470:
469:
463:
462:
451:
448:
436:personal union
392:British Empire
281:petty kingdoms
266:prime minister
229:, his mother.
197:reigns as the
191:United Kingdom
177:
176:
167:
163:
162:
160:
159:
156:Various others
152:
150:Windsor Castle
147:
145:Clarence House
142:
136:
134:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
82:
81:
73:
72:
68:
67:
62:
54:
53:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15483:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15443:
15441:
15419:
15416:
15413:
15412:
15409:
15399:
15396:
15395:
15393:
15389:
15383:
15382:South Ossetia
15380:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15364:
15362:
15358:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15231:Liechtenstein
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15096:
15094:and observers
15090:
15087:
15085:
15079:
15069:
15066:
15065:
15063:
15059:
15053:
15052:South Ossetia
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15034:
15032:
15028:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14901:Liechtenstein
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14768:
14766:
14764:and observers
14760:
14757:
14755:
14749:
14740:
14735:
14733:
14728:
14726:
14721:
14720:
14717:
14705:
14704:
14700:
14699:
14696:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14676:
14674:
14670:
14659:
14658:
14654:
14651:
14650:
14646:
14643:
14642:
14638:
14635:
14634:
14630:
14629:
14627:
14625:
14621:
14615:
14612:
14611:
14609:
14605:
14598:
14597:
14593:
14590:
14589:
14585:
14582:
14581:
14577:
14574:
14573:
14569:
14568:
14566:
14562:
14555:
14554:
14550:
14547:
14546:
14542:
14539:
14538:
14534:
14531:
14530:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14518:
14515:
14514:
14510:
14507:
14506:
14502:
14499:
14498:
14494:
14491:
14490:
14486:
14483:
14482:
14478:
14476:
14472:
14468:
14465:
14462:
14461:
14457:
14454:
14453:
14449:
14446:
14445:
14441:
14440:
14438:
14432:
14426:
14424:
14420:
14418:
14416:
14412:
14410:
14408:
14404:
14402:
14400:
14396:
14394:
14392:
14388:
14386:
14384:
14380:
14379:
14377:
14375:Documentaries
14373:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14358:
14356:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14343:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14303:
14301:
14297:
14291:
14289:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14268:
14266:
14260:
14249:
14246:
14243:
14240:
14237:
14234:
14231:
14228:
14225:
14222:
14219:
14216:
14213:
14210:
14209:
14207:
14203:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14186:
14183:
14180:
14177:
14176:
14174:
14170:
14167:
14163:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14081:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14071:
14069:
14067:and campaigns
14063:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14046:
14045:
14042:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14029:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14016:
14012:
14009:
14008:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13986:
13982:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13950:
13949:
13946:
13943:
13939:
13936:
13935:
13933:
13929:Accession and
13927:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13905:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13892:
13889:
13888:
13887:
13886:First wedding
13884:
13880:
13877:
13876:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13869:
13865:
13858:
13855:
13852:
13849:
13846:
13843:
13840:
13837:
13834:
13831:
13828:
13825:
13823:(younger son)
13822:
13819:
13816:
13813:
13811:(former wife)
13810:
13809:Diana Spencer
13807:
13804:
13803:Camilla Shand
13801:
13800:
13798:
13794:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13734:
13732:
13730:
13724:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13644:
13642:
13640:
13636:
13631:
13627:
13622:
13618:
13611:
13606:
13604:
13599:
13597:
13592:
13591:
13588:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13530:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13486:
13478:
13475:
13474:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13456:
13453:
13452:
13451:
13448:
13444:
13441:
13440:
13439:
13436:
13432:
13429:
13428:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13415:
13412:
13411:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13393:
13390:
13389:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13371:
13368:
13367:
13366:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13356:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13339:
13338:
13335:
13326:
13321:
13319:
13314:
13312:
13307:
13306:
13303:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13223:
13220:
13217:
13216:
13211:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13172:
13170:
13166:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13094:Easter Island
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13075:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12795:
12793:
12789:
12782:
12781:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12720:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12633:Jabal Shammar
12631:
12629:
12626:
12623:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12613:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12552:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12492:
12490:
12486:
12480:
12479:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
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12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12289:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12193:
12191:
12189:
12185:
12179:
12176:
12175:
12173:
12171:
12167:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12125:Liechtenstein
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12103:
12099:
12093:
12092:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12018:
12014:
12008:
12007:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11987:
11985:
11983:
11979:
11976:
11972:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11929:
11928:Queen regnant
11926:
11925:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11904:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11887:Republicanism
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11867:Head of state
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11824:
11822:
11818:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11801:Non-sovereign
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11762:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11729:
11725:
11718:
11713:
11711:
11706:
11704:
11699:
11698:
11695:
11681:
11677:
11672:
11671:
11668:
11661:
11657:
11654:
11651:
11647:
11644:
11641:
11637:
11634:
11631:
11627:
11624:
11621:
11617:
11614:
11611:
11607:
11606:
11602:
11599:
11595:
11592:
11589:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11574:
11570:
11567:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11554:
11550:
11547:
11544:
11540:
11537:
11534:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11519:
11515:
11512:
11509:
11505:
11502:
11499:
11495:
11492:
11489:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11474:
11470:
11467:
11466:
11464:
11460:
11453:
11449:
11446:
11443:
11439:
11436:
11433:
11429:
11426:
11423:
11419:
11416:
11413:
11409:
11406:
11403:
11399:
11396:
11393:
11389:
11386:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11364:
11361:
11357:
11354:
11351:
11347:
11344:
11341:
11337:
11334:
11331:
11327:
11324:
11321:
11317:
11314:
11311:
11307:
11304:
11301:
11297:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11287:
11283:
11279:
11272:
11267:
11265:
11260:
11258:
11253:
11252:
11249:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11212:
11211:
11207:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11131:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11116:
11114:
11112:
11108:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11070:
11067:
11066:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11026:
11023:
11022:
11021:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10945:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10928:
10926:
10922:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10848:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10747:
10744:
10743:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10719:
10715:
10709:
10708:Welfare state
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10653:Mental health
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10596:Ethnic groups
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10546:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10520:Bus transport
10518:
10516:
10515:Air transport
10513:
10512:
10510:
10508:
10504:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10482:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10462:
10460:
10459:Manufacturing
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10425:
10424:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10412:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10371:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10355:
10351:
10348:
10347:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10335:Civil service
10333:
10329:
10326:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10318:
10316:
10312:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10262:
10261:republicanism
10259:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10181:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10168:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10081:North Sea oil
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9987:
9984:
9980:
9979:Great Britain
9977:
9975:
9972:
9971:
9970:
9969:British Isles
9967:
9966:
9964:
9962:
9958:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9897:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9855:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9830:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9768:Edwardian era
9766:
9764:
9763:Victorian era
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9733:
9728:
9721:
9716:
9714:
9709:
9707:
9702:
9701:
9698:
9692:
9685:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9642:HMY Britannia
9640:
9638:
9637:King's flight
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9608:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9497:Royal warrant
9495:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9483:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9434:
9430:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9341:
9336:
9334:
9329:
9327:
9322:
9321:
9318:
9309:
9304:
9303:
9292:
9290:0-7126-7448-9
9286:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9253:
9249:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9227:0-00-255494-1
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9154:0-297-76911-1
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9095:0-19-822786-8
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9070:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9029:1-84119-096-9
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9012:
8991:
8987:
8986:
8979:
8964:
8960:
8959:
8952:
8950:
8942:
8941:
8935:
8928:
8924:
8919:
8912:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8886:
8884:9780810874978
8880:
8876:
8875:
8867:
8851:
8850:
8832:
8828:
8821:
8806:
8805:
8798:
8791:
8790:Fraser (1975)
8786:
8771:
8767:
8766:
8759:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8730:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8703:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8662:
8658:
8652:
8650:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8618:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8578:
8563:
8562:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8539:, p. 401
8538:
8532:
8525:
8511:
8507:
8500:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8458:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8442:
8427:
8426:
8419:
8405:on 1 May 2011
8404:
8400:
8399:
8392:
8390:
8374:
8373:
8358:
8357:
8350:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8305:
8304:
8297:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8270:
8255:
8251:
8244:
8229:
8225:
8224:
8217:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8187:
8185:
8176:
8174:9780111156957
8170:
8166:
8165:
8158:
8150:
8149:
8142:
8127:
8126:
8119:
8117:
8101:
8097:
8091:
8075:
8071:
8065:
8050:
8049:The Telegraph
8046:
8039:
8024:
8023:
8016:
8001:
8000:
7993:
7978:
7977:
7970:
7956:
7955:
7941:
7940:
7926:
7925:
7918:
7903:
7902:
7895:
7880:
7879:
7872:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7845:
7843:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7807:
7803:
7802:
7795:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7748:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7694:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7666:
7651:
7650:
7632:
7628:
7621:
7620:
7605:
7601:
7600:
7599:Monarchy poll
7585:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7568:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7540:
7531:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7501:
7493:
7484:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7454:
7446:
7437:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7407:
7399:
7390:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7360:
7352:
7337:
7333:
7332:
7325:
7323:
7307:
7305:9781862877009
7301:
7297:
7296:
7288:
7286:
7277:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7247:
7239:
7231:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7201:
7200:"Edward VIII"
7196:
7190:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7093:Zines, Leslie
7088:
7081:
7075:
7060:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7044:Fraser (1975)
7040:
7033:
7032:Fraser (1975)
7028:
7021:
7016:
7009:
7008:Ashley (1998)
7004:
6989:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6969:
6962:
6957:
6950:
6945:
6938:
6937:Fraser (1975)
6933:
6926:
6925:Fraser (1975)
6921:
6914:
6909:
6902:
6901:Fraser (1975)
6897:
6888:
6881:
6880:Ashley (1998)
6876:
6869:
6868:Ashley (1998)
6864:
6857:
6856:Ashley (1998)
6852:
6845:
6844:Ashley (1998)
6840:
6833:
6829:
6828:Ashley (1998)
6824:
6817:
6812:
6805:
6801:
6800:Ashley (1998)
6796:
6789:
6788:Ashley (1998)
6784:
6777:
6772:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6735:
6728:
6727:Fraser (1975)
6724:
6723:Ashley (1998)
6719:
6712:
6707:
6700:
6699:Fraser (1975)
6695:
6688:
6687:Fraser (1975)
6684:
6679:
6672:
6671:Fraser (1975)
6667:
6660:
6659:Fraser (1975)
6655:
6648:
6647:Fraser (1975)
6643:
6636:
6635:Ashley (1998)
6631:
6624:
6623:Fraser (1975)
6619:
6612:
6611:Fraser (1975)
6607:
6600:
6599:Fraser (1975)
6595:
6588:
6587:Fraser (1975)
6583:
6576:
6571:
6564:
6559:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6526:
6521:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6494:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6467:
6449:
6442:
6441:
6433:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6406:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6379:
6364:
6363:
6356:
6341:
6340:
6333:
6327:, p. 17.
6326:
6325:Crabbe (1994)
6321:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6277:
6262:
6261:UK Parliament
6258:
6257:"Prorogation"
6252:
6237:
6236:UK Parliament
6233:
6227:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6146:, p. 75.
6145:
6140:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6107:
6106:UK Parliament
6103:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6053:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5984:. 11 May 2023
5983:
5979:
5973:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5933:
5929:
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5922:
5914:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5881:
5874:
5870:
5860:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5801:
5794:
5785:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5688:
5685:
5679:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5660:
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5646:
5629:
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5611:
5607:
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5566:
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5554:
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5514:
5510:
5505:
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5499:
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5491:
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5478:
5477:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5459:
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5437:
5433:
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5427:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5351:Pope Paul III
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5292:
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5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5259:
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5251:
5247:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5218:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5196:Jock Colville
5193:
5189:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5041:Queen Camilla
5038:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4984:David Cameron
4981:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4796:
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4790:
4786:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4655:
4643:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
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4580:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
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4548:
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4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4480:Victorian era
4477:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4441:Prince Regent
4438:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4317:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4189:Presbyterians
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4114:Flodden Field
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:Western Isles
4029:
4028:Alexander III
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3980:Three Estates
3977:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3904:Protestantism
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3762:and his son,
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3734:. Not shown:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3722:(1030–1263),
3721:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3624:feudal system
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3558:Queen Camilla
3555:
3549:
3538:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:Conservatives
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:Harold Wilson
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:kissing hands
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:Privy Council
3208:
3202:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3167:or otherwise.
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:Privy Council
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:King's Speech
3067:
3066:public bodies
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:British coins
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:head of state
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
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2884:
2877:
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2864:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2834:member states
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:United States
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
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2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:Visa policies
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
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2328:
2327:
2322:
2319:
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2312:
2309:
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2300:
2296:
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2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
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2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Council areas
2201:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2163:
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2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
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2087:
2084:
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2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:Eluned Morgan
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
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1471:
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1368:
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1323:
1320:
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1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
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1283:
1280:
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1275:
1273:
1270:
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1240:
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1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
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1200:
1198:
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1190:
1188:
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1160:
1158:
1155:
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1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:Andrew Bailey
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
993:
992:
991:
990:
984:
983:
979:
978:
977:
976:
975:The Lord Reed
970:
969:
965:
964:
963:
961:
954:
953:
952:Supreme Court
949:
948:
946:
944:
938:
933:
928:
927:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
893:
889:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
872:
871:
867:
866:
865:
863:
856:
855:
851:
850:
846:
842:
841:
837:
836:
835:
833:
826:
825:
821:
820:
818:
817:
811:
810:
806:
805:
803:
801:
795:
788:
787:
786:UK Parliament
783:
782:
779:
774:
773:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
747:
743:
742:Angela Rayner
736:
735:
731:
730:
729:
726:
722:
714:
710:
709:
705:
704:
703:
700:
696:
688:
684:
683:
679:
678:
677:
675:
668:
667:
666:HM Government
663:
662:
660:
659:
657:
651:
647:
645:
638:
637:
636:Privy Council
633:
632:
629:
624:
623:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
590:
589:
583:
582:
581:Heir apparent
578:
577:
576:
574:
569:
568:
561:
557:
556:
552:
551:
549:
543:
538:
537:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
508:
507:Acts of Union
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
486:
481:
480:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
464:
460:
456:
455:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:. Meanwhile,
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:Anglo-Normans
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
274:civil society
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:head of state
196:
192:
188:
184:
174:
168:
164:
158:
157:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
83:
79:
74:
69:
65:
60:
55:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
15398:Transnistria
15068:Transnistria
15020:
14701:
14655:
14647:
14639:
14631:
14624:Bibliography
14594:
14586:
14578:
14570:
14551:
14543:
14535:
14529:The Windsors
14527:
14519:
14511:
14503:
14495:
14487:
14479:
14466:
14458:
14450:
14444:Chorus Girls
14442:
14422:
14414:
14406:
14398:
14390:
14383:Royal Family
14382:
14287:
14262:Awards given
14196:Llwynywermod
13902:
13827:Elizabeth II
13767:Lord of Mann
13716:
13565:Duke of Ross
13495:Queen Mother
13472:Duke of York
13450:Duke of Kent
13364:
13340:
13271:South Africa
13266:Sierra Leone
13213:
13043:Two Sicilies
12978:Papal States
12778:
12717:
12610:
12476:
12277:
12236:Cook Islands
12089:
12075:Saudi Arabia
12004:
11626:South Africa
11616:Sierra Leone
11603:
11579:Newfoundland
11451:
11371:Cook Islands
11086:Homelessness
10900:Homelessness
10683:Social class
10663:Prostitution
10606:Homelessness
10387:British Army
10250:
10219:Human rights
10207:By-elections
10187:Constitution
9758:Georgian era
9657:Crown Estate
9543:Royal Maundy
9507:Royal assent
9456:King's peace
9418:Elizabeth II
9346:
9280:
9277:Weir, Alison
9271:. Routledge.
9268:
9256:
9247:
9239:
9217:
9214:Pimlott, Ben
9195:
9192:Pimlott, Ben
9184:
9166:
9144:
9133:
9107:
9085:
9082:Cannon, John
9073:
9065:
9053:
9041:
9022:. Robinson.
9019:
9016:Ashley, Mike
8994:, retrieved
8990:the original
8984:
8978:
8967:, retrieved
8963:the original
8957:
8938:
8934:
8926:
8918:
8908:
8900:
8888:. Retrieved
8873:
8866:
8854:. Retrieved
8847:
8835:. Retrieved
8830:
8820:
8809:, retrieved
8803:
8797:
8785:
8774:, retrieved
8770:the original
8764:
8758:
8747:, retrieved
8743:the original
8738:
8729:
8718:, retrieved
8713:
8690:, retrieved
8685:
8676:
8665:, retrieved
8660:
8637:, retrieved
8633:the original
8628:
8605:, retrieved
8586:
8577:
8565:. Retrieved
8559:
8544:
8530:
8524:
8513:, retrieved
8509:
8499:
8487:. Retrieved
8483:
8473:
8461:. Retrieved
8457:the original
8450:
8441:
8430:, retrieved
8424:
8418:
8407:, retrieved
8403:the original
8397:
8377:, retrieved
8371:
8361:, retrieved
8355:
8349:
8338:, retrieved
8330:The Guardian
8329:
8319:
8308:, retrieved
8302:
8296:
8285:, retrieved
8281:the original
8275:
8269:
8257:. Retrieved
8253:
8243:
8232:, retrieved
8228:the original
8222:
8216:
8204:. Retrieved
8200:the original
8195:
8163:
8157:
8147:
8141:
8130:, retrieved
8124:
8103:. Retrieved
8099:
8090:
8078:. Retrieved
8073:
8064:
8055:11 September
8053:, retrieved
8048:
8038:
8027:, retrieved
8021:
8015:
8004:, retrieved
7998:
7992:
7981:, retrieved
7975:
7969:
7958:, retrieved
7953:
7943:, retrieved
7938:
7928:, retrieved
7923:
7917:
7906:, retrieved
7900:
7894:
7883:, retrieved
7877:
7871:
7860:, retrieved
7856:the original
7850:
7830:, retrieved
7826:the original
7820:
7810:, retrieved
7806:the original
7800:
7794:
7783:, retrieved
7779:the original
7773:
7763:, retrieved
7759:the original
7753:
7747:
7736:, retrieved
7727:
7721:
7709:. Retrieved
7703:
7693:
7681:. Retrieved
7677:The Guardian
7675:
7665:
7654:, retrieved
7648:
7638:, retrieved
7631:the original
7618:
7608:, retrieved
7606:, April 2006
7598:
7588:, retrieved
7584:the original
7577:
7567:
7556:, retrieved
7552:the original
7546:
7539:
7518:. Retrieved
7504:
7500:"Henry VIII"
7492:
7471:. Retrieved
7457:
7445:
7424:. Retrieved
7410:
7398:
7377:. Retrieved
7363:
7351:
7342:26 September
7340:, retrieved
7336:the original
7330:
7309:. Retrieved
7294:
7264:. Retrieved
7250:
7238:
7218:. Retrieved
7204:
7189:
7178:
7152:(1): 34–49,
7149:
7145:
7122:
7118:
7096:
7087:
7074:
7063:, retrieved
7057:
7051:
7039:
7027:
7015:
7003:
6992:, retrieved
6986:
6980:
6968:
6956:
6944:
6932:
6920:
6908:
6896:
6887:
6875:
6863:
6851:
6839:
6823:
6811:
6795:
6783:
6771:
6746:
6734:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6678:
6666:
6654:
6642:
6630:
6618:
6606:
6594:
6582:
6570:
6558:
6546:. Retrieved
6542:The Guardian
6541:
6532:
6520:
6509:, retrieved
6505:the original
6499:
6493:
6482:, retrieved
6478:The Guardian
6476:
6466:
6455:, retrieved
6448:the original
6439:
6432:
6421:, retrieved
6417:the original
6411:
6405:
6394:, retrieved
6390:the original
6384:
6378:
6367:, retrieved
6361:
6355:
6344:, retrieved
6339:Royal Assent
6338:
6332:
6320:
6308:
6303:
6292:, retrieved
6288:the original
6282:
6276:
6264:. Retrieved
6260:
6251:
6239:. Retrieved
6235:
6226:
6215:, retrieved
6211:the original
6205:
6195:
6183:
6172:, retrieved
6168:the original
6162:
6139:
6127:. Retrieved
6123:
6114:
6105:
6095:
6090:, p. 9.
6083:
6068:
6059:
6051:
6044:. Retrieved
6040:the original
6031:
6022:
6016:. 1661 c. 6.
6007:
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5981:
5972:
5960:. Retrieved
5956:
5947:
5936:, retrieved
5925:
5913:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5859:
5847:. Retrieved
5843:
5834:
5822:. Retrieved
5818:
5808:
5793:
5784:
5774:11 September
5772:. Retrieved
5769:The Guardian
5768:
5758:
5750:
5749:Full style:
5745:
5598:is flown at
5582:is flown at
5577:
5534:
5509:coat of arms
5412:
5389:
5382:
5355:
5323:
5293:
5266:
5243:
5203:
5185:
5183:
5167:
5151:Crown Jewels
5116:
5112:
5095:grant-in-aid
5083:Crown Estate
5080:
5034:
5021:Regency Acts
5018:
5011:Regency Acts
5000:
4990:that all 16
4977:
4947:
4916:
4888:
4820:
4800:The Guardian
4798:
4792:
4791:). However,
4782:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4726:
4682:Irish church
4671:
4618:
4609:
4606:Nazi Germany
4587:
4567:
4540:
4500:
4465:
4430:
4391:
4372:
4332:
4280:
4244:
4213:
4162:
4126:
4111:
4076:
4065:
4052:John Balliol
4040:
4024:Alexander II
4005:
3969:
3934:
3877:
3854:
3840:and brother
3803:
3784:
3768:
3741:
3738:(1129–1173).
3686:
3667:
3628:
3592:
3585:depicts the
3525:
3498:
3456:
3443:
3404:
3400:royal assent
3397:
3364:
3356:In 1950 the
3355:
3336:
3320:
3295:Labour Party
3291:Edward Heath
3275:
3268:
3252:
3231:British Army
3219:
3215:
3204:
3186:The English
3170:
3047:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2726:South Africa
2711:Saudi Arabia
2432:Saint Helena
2224:
2194:Subdivisions
2180:
2165:Subdivisions
2151:
2057:Subdivisions
2043:
1989:
1946:
1913:John Swinney
1905:
1872:
1836:
1822:
1803:
1790:Metro mayors
1755:
1714:
1658:
1654:
1610:
1606:
1557:
1553:
1509:
1505:
1451:
1447:
1141:
1137:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
957:
950:
940:
881:
868:
859:
852:
840:Lord Speaker
838:
829:
822:
814:
808:
807:
791:
784:
740:
732:
721:Keir Starmer
719:
706:
693:
680:
671:
664:
653:
648:
641:
634:
595:Royal family
586:
579:
570:
565:
554:
553:
541:
485:Constitution
389:
317:client state
278:
231:
227:Elizabeth II
211:royal family
186:
182:
180:
154:
85:
43:
26:
15336:Switzerland
15266:Netherlands
15006:Switzerland
14936:Netherlands
14591:(2019/2021)
14540:(2016–2023)
14524:(2017 film)
14508:(2006 film)
14264:and created
13874:Investiture
13817:(elder son)
13697:Saint Lucia
13682:New Zealand
13657:The Bahamas
13617:Charles III
13210:British Raj
13182:(Sri Lanka)
13068:Württemberg
12780:South Yemen
12668:Maguindanao
12561:Afghanistan
12322:Barotseland
12258:Saint Lucia
12231:New Zealand
12140:Netherlands
11913:Chhatrapati
11897:Sovereignty
11837:Aristocracy
11408:Saint Lucia
11376:New Zealand
11173:Health care
11081:Health care
10987:Health care
10895:Health care
10803:Anglosphere
10678:Social care
10633:Immigration
10576:Drug policy
10340:Departments
10268:Nationality
10041:Agriculture
9974:terminology
9941:City status
9812:Since 1979
9632:Royal train
9423:Charles III
9408:Edward VIII
8852:. p. 1
8827:"Passports"
8607:11 November
8259:28 December
8234:1 September
8206:28 December
8080:15 November
7711:24 February
7683:28 November
7656:30 November
7640:30 November
7627:Populus Ltd
7359:"Adrian IV"
7246:"George VI"
6804:Weir (1996)
6776:Weir (1996)
6266:23 December
6241:23 December
6129:23 December
6120:"Audiences"
6046:19 February
5988:23 December
5962:23 December
5541:banner form
5513:Charles III
5366:regnal name
5254:Royal Ascot
5123:Privy Purse
5110:committee.
4950:Edward VIII
4827:established
4731:of England
4590:Edward VIII
4579:New Zealand
4496:her husband
4457:Robert Peel
4445:the Regency
4226:. In 1653,
4197:Anglicanism
3900:Elizabeth I
3873:Anne Boleyn
3846:Henry Tudor
3842:Richard III
3689:Magna Carta
3651:the Anarchy
3618:in 1066 by
3554:Charles III
3509:foreclosure
3347:prorogation
3159:such as an
3064:, or other
3020:sovereignty
3012:Her Majesty
2696:New Zealand
2691:Netherlands
2581:Visa policy
2559:UK passport
2321:Isle of Man
2248:Communities
2198:Sheriffdoms
2016:(1999–2011)
1780:London Plan
1096:referendums
937:Charles III
917:List of MPs
888:Rishi Sunak
816:Charles III
778:Legislature
755:Departments
650:Charles III
605:Prerogative
567:Charles III
555:The Monarch
519:Rule of law
492:Magna Carta
353:William III
325:Magna Carta
219:Charles III
213:within the
193:by which a
115:His Majesty
88:Charles III
15440:Categories
15301:San Marino
15261:Montenegro
15241:Luxembourg
15221:Kazakhstan
15121:Azerbaijan
15084:government
14971:San Marino
14931:Montenegro
14911:Luxembourg
14891:Kazakhstan
14791:Azerbaijan
14545:The Prince
14475:2020–2021)
14346:Depictions
14220:(official)
14214:(official)
14181:(official)
14165:Residences
13963:guest list
13948:Coronation
13931:coronation
13891:guest list
13727:Titles and
13628:and other
13276:Tanganyika
13191:The Gambia
13119:Niuē-Fekai
13058:Yugoslavia
12958:Montenegro
12765:Upper Yafa
12760:Upper Asir
12397:Madagascar
12130:Luxembourg
11862:Government
11827:Abdication
11796:Hereditary
11724:Monarchies
11636:Tanganyika
11494:The Gambia
11139:Government
11047:Government
11042:Parliament
10758:Literature
10638:Innovation
10571:Demography
10466:(currency)
10315:Government
10273:Parliament
10197:Devolution
10192:Corruption
10127:Materials
10061:geothermal
9745:Chronology
9553:Residences
9533:Coronation
9526:Ceremonial
9398:Edward VII
9388:William IV
9378:George III
9257:Public Law
9008:References
8958:Union Jack
8890:31 October
8856:30 October
8837:30 October
8811:10 October
8489:13 January
8409:9 December
8379:9 December
8340:9 November
8105:7 December
7983:7 November
7908:28 October
7878:Coronation
7604:Ipsos MORI
7532:required.)
7485:required.)
7473:14 October
7438:required.)
7391:required.)
7311:31 October
7278:required.)
7232:required.)
6994:14 October
6457:10 October
6423:10 October
6369:10 October
6294:10 October
6174:10 October
5938:30 October
5900:0708815006
5670:Law portal
5580:Union Flag
5486:escutcheon
5448:Old French
5374:Edward VII
5335:Pope Leo X
5212:Residences
5174:income tax
5131:tax havens
5091:Civil List
4972:See also:
4864:Succession
4729:Henry VIII
4714:papal bull
4666:See also:
4503:Edward VII
4449:William IV
4425:George III
4404:after the
4398:George III
4359:Electorate
4327:See also:
4321:Queen Anne
4255:Tory Party
4220:Charles II
4169:Henry VIII
4087:Robert III
4012:Malcolm IV
3985:Malcolm II
3947:, and the
3921:See also:
3861:Henry VIII
3830:Tewkesbury
3776:Richard II
3764:Edward III
3631:William II
3593:Following
3567:See also:
3421:, and the
3384:William IV
3262:dismissed
3260:William IV
3233:, and the
3227:Royal Navy
3128:Diplomatic
3054:convention
2413:Montserrat
2004:Government
1920:Government
1763:Sadiq Khan
1691:Devolution
1382:1974 (Oct)
1377:1974 (Feb)
1297:1910 (Dec)
1069:Currencies
907:Opposition
600:Succession
262:appointing
246:Parliament
238:government
133:Residences
15236:Lithuania
14906:Lithuania
14607:Portraits
14537:The Crown
14513:The Queen
14505:The Queen
14471:1984–1996
14331:Poundbury
14326:Nansledan
14321:Knockroon
14250:(private)
14244:(private)
14238:(private)
14187:(private)
14065:Charities
13991:Household
13942:attendees
13853:(brother)
13847:(brother)
13652:Australia
13341:See also:
13246:Mauritius
13139:Rarotonga
13124:Nuku Hiva
13114:Mangareva
13089:Bora Bora
12968:Neuchâtel
12938:Lithuania
12843:Catalonia
12730:Sri Lanka
12683:Manchukuo
12658:Kurdistan
12612:Indonesia
12535:Talamanca
12495:Araucanía
12478:and other
12457:Wassoulou
12201:Australia
11877:Oligarchy
11569:Mauritius
11306:Australia
11282:dominions
11168:Education
11124:Geography
11076:Education
11032:Geography
10982:Education
10953:Executive
10938:Geography
10890:Education
10863:Geography
10643:Languages
10581:Education
10507:Transport
10345:Ministers
10231:Judiciary
10202:Elections
10142:Wildlife
10051:biodiesel
10033:Resources
10023:Volcanoes
10013:Mountains
9998:Coastline
9900:Geography
9854:1814–1919
9816:political
9801:political
9753:Formation
9476:The Crown
9413:George VI
9383:George IV
9373:George II
8940:Debrett's
8597:0140-0460
8531:The Times
8463:20 August
8287:18 August
8006:9 October
7851:Accession
7785:9 October
7174:147122057
6396:30 August
5453:In Defens
5370:George VI
5362:passports
4674:Adrian IV
4602:George VI
4575:Australia
4551:Dominions
4498:in 1861.
4443:. During
4437:George IV
4433:porphyria
4394:George II
4297:Jacobites
4181:Charles I
4129:John Knox
4103:James III
4079:Robert II
3957:Dál Riata
3884:Edward VI
3814:Edward IV
3752:Edward II
3701:Henry III
3670:Richard I
3665:in 1154.
3611:Æthelstan
3513:The Crown
3505:execution
3390:in 1834.
3366:The Times
3311:June 2017
3104:ministers
3062:the Crown
3058:ministers
3014:) is the
3004:Sovereign
2731:Palestine
2716:Singapore
2629:Hong Kong
2594:Australia
2494:UK-OT JMC
2407:Gibraltar
2174:Districts
2108:Districts
2025:Welsh law
1940:Scots law
1851:Executive
1092:Elections
1074:Banknotes
968:President
932:Judiciary
760:Ministers
628:Executive
542:The Crown
420:George VI
404:Dominions
315:became a
250:precedent
225:of Queen
223:the death
203:regulated
71:Incumbent
15466:Kingdoms
15367:Abkhazia
15316:Slovenia
15311:Slovakia
15286:Portugal
15141:Bulgaria
15082:Heads of
15037:Abkhazia
14986:Slovenia
14981:Slovakia
14956:Portugal
14811:Bulgaria
14754:of state
14191:Birkhall
13859:(family)
13841:(sister)
13835:(father)
13829:(mother)
13488:Inactive
13392:Princess
13382:Princess
13261:Rhodesia
13256:Pakistan
13175:Barbados
13144:Rimatara
13134:Rapa Iti
13063:Valencia
13038:Tavolara
13028:Scotland
12993:Portugal
12953:Moldavia
12838:Bulgaria
12833:Brittany
12808:Asturias
12688:Mongolia
12678:Maldives
12540:Trinidad
12530:Suriname
12488:Americas
12472:Zimbabwe
12467:Zanzibar
12452:Wituland
12427:Ngazidja
12422:Ndzuwani
12357:Ethiopia
12080:Thailand
12060:Malaysia
12040:Cambodia
11990:Eswatini
11786:Elective
11771:Absolute
11660:monarchy
11650:monarchy
11640:monarchy
11630:monarchy
11620:monarchy
11610:monarchy
11605:Rhodesia
11598:monarchy
11594:Pakistan
11588:monarchy
11573:monarchy
11563:monarchy
11553:monarchy
11543:monarchy
11533:monarchy
11518:monarchy
11508:monarchy
11498:monarchy
11488:monarchy
11473:monarchy
11469:Barbados
11452:monarchy
11442:monarchy
11432:monarchy
11422:monarchy
11412:monarchy
11402:monarchy
11392:monarchy
11360:monarchy
11350:monarchy
11340:monarchy
11330:monarchy
11320:monarchy
11310:monarchy
11300:monarchy
11231:Category
11183:Religion
11129:Politics
11096:Religion
11037:Politics
11025:timeline
11012:Scotland
10997:Religion
10948:Assembly
10943:Politics
10910:Religion
10868:Politics
10856:timeline
10773:Religion
10753:Identity
10616:Scotland
10561:Cannabis
10487:Taxation
10374:Military
10256:monarchs
10251:Monarchy
10171:Politics
10131:forestry
10111:Scottish
10102:Fishing
9961:Physical
9881:Taxation
9876:Military
9866:Maritime
9839:Economic
9832:By topic
9797:Postwar
9791:military
9786:civilian
9778:Interwar
9403:George V
9393:Victoria
9368:George I
9355:Monarchs
9279:(1996).
9267:(1990).
9216:(2001).
9194:(1998).
9175:(2004).
9106:(1994).
9052:(1997).
9018:(1998).
8776:20 April
8601:archived
8452:Republic
8363:30 March
8334:archived
8074:BBC News
7738:22 April
7734:, YouGov
7610:6 August
7590:20 April
7558:20 April
7520:20 April
7426:20 April
7379:20 April
7266:20 April
7220:20 April
7095:(2008).
7065:20 April
6760:Archived
6346:27 April
6124:royal.uk
5957:royal.uk
5932:archived
5642:See also
5529:Scotland
5521:Scotland
5494:Scotland
5378:Victoria
5271:and the
5155:in trust
5071:Finances
4898:and the
4775:India".
4722:overlord
4702:Leinster
4598:abdicate
4511:George V
4472:Victoria
4375:George I
4323:in 1707.
4193:Puritans
4165:James VI
4155:In 1603
4141:James VI
4107:James IV
4099:James II
4068:David II
4044:Margaret
3989:Duncan I
3972:tanistry
3838:Edward V
3799:Henry VI
3760:Isabella
3682:Crusades
3655:Henry II
3589:of 1066.
3481:and the
3463:peerages
3407:devolved
3323:prorogue
3110:and the
3087:and the
3072:and the
3029:and all
2927:Scotland
2756:Zimbabwe
2746:Portugal
2736:Pakistan
2681:Malaysia
2599:Barbados
2368:Anguilla
2293:Alderney
2288:Guernsey
2182:Scotland
2169:Counties
1976:2006 Act
1900:2016 Act
1896:2012 Act
1874:Scotland
1856:Assembly
1817:2006 Act
1748:2007 Act
1041:Governor
1015:Scotland
765:Agencies
459:a series
442:and the
297:Scotland
49:King of
15346:Ukraine
15291:Romania
15251:Moldova
15211:Ireland
15206:Iceland
15201:Hungary
15186:Germany
15181:Georgia
15171:Finland
15166:Estonia
15161:Denmark
15146:Croatia
15131:Belgium
15126:Belarus
15116:Austria
15111:Armenia
15106:Andorra
15101:Albania
15016:Ukraine
14961:Romania
14921:Moldova
14881:Ireland
14876:Iceland
14871:Hungary
14856:Germany
14851:Georgia
14841:Finland
14836:Estonia
14831:Denmark
14816:Croatia
14801:Belgium
14796:Belarus
14786:Austria
14781:Armenia
14776:Andorra
14771:Albania
14672:Eponyms
14553:Spencer
14205:As King
13958:Concert
13879:Coronet
13729:honours
13677:Jamaica
13672:Grenada
13529:Duchess
13477:Duchess
13455:Duchess
13443:Duchess
13431:Duchess
13414:Duchess
13251:Nigeria
13226:Ireland
13154:Tahuata
13129:Raiatea
13109:Huahine
13084:Abemama
13077:Oceania
13048:Tuscany
13003:Romania
12998:Prussia
12963:Navarre
12943:Majorca
12923:Ireland
12918:Imereti
12913:Iceland
12908:Hungary
12903:Hanover
12898:Granada
12888:Germany
12883:Georgia
12878:Galicia
12868:Finland
12858:Corsica
12853:Cilicia
12823:Bavaria
12813:Austria
12798:Albania
12770:Vietnam
12713:Sarawak
12703:Qu'aiti
12638:Kathiri
12601:Dapitan
12576:Bukhara
12525:Miskito
12447:Tunisia
12437:Shilluk
12347:Dahomey
12337:Burundi
12327:Bagirmi
12307:Adamawa
12226:Jamaica
12221:Grenada
12206:Bahamas
12170:Oceania
12120:Denmark
12115:Belgium
12110:Andorra
12025:Bahrain
12000:Morocco
11995:Lesotho
11974:Current
11965:Pharaoh
11918:Emperor
11857:Dynasty
11811:Regency
11791:Federal
11781:Diarchy
11735:Monarch
11584:Nigeria
11529:Ireland
11356:Jamaica
11346:Grenada
11316:Bahamas
11289:Current
11215:Outline
11188:Symbols
11178:Culture
11161:tourism
11156:Economy
11119:History
11101:Symbols
11091:Culture
11069:tourism
11064:Economy
11020:History
11002:Symbols
10992:Culture
10975:tourism
10970:Economy
10933:History
10915:Symbols
10905:Culture
10883:tourism
10878:Economy
10846:History
10838:England
10788:Theatre
10783:Symbols
10741:Cuisine
10718:Culture
10688:Suicide
10658:Poverty
10623:Housing
10611:England
10549:Society
10525:Driving
10497:Tourism
10415:Economy
10323:Cabinet
10123:Hunting
10106:English
10003:Geology
9986:Climate
9736:History
9617:History
9610:Related
9269:The Law
8996:18 June
8927:Hansard
8910:Hansard
8749:14 July
8720:14 July
8692:14 July
8667:14 July
8639:14 July
8515:18 June
8432:18 June
8310:18 June
8132:18 June
8029:18 June
7812:18 June
7765:18 June
7166:2192530
6548:14 July
6217:18 June
5849:4 April
5824:4 April
5819:Reuters
5525:Ireland
5498:England
5385:ordinal
5139:Bermuda
5133:of the
5005:Regency
4939:crowned
4825:of the
4515:Windsor
4476:Hanover
4365:was in
4236:Richard
4211:began.
4199:led to
4118:James V
4095:James I
4091:regents
4081:of the
4008:David I
3997:Malcolm
3993:Macbeth
3941:Britons
3795:Henry V
3730:of the
3643:Stephen
3639:Matilda
3635:Henry I
3633:, then
3531:History
3173:honours
3112:Cabinet
3050:statute
2909:England
2803:history
2764:Ireland
2651:Germany
2641:Denmark
2604:Belgium
2538:history
2374:Bermuda
2233:History
2189:History
2160:History
2061:Regions
2052:History
2045:England
1716:England
1202:1832–33
870:Speaker
682:Cabinet
357:Mary II
293:England
258:honours
205:by the
166:Website
106:Details
15372:Kosovo
15341:Turkey
15331:Sweden
15306:Serbia
15281:Poland
15276:Norway
15256:Monaco
15226:Latvia
15191:Greece
15176:France
15151:Cyprus
15042:Kosovo
15011:Turkey
15001:Sweden
14976:Serbia
14951:Poland
14946:Norway
14926:Monaco
14896:Latvia
14861:Greece
14846:France
14821:Cyprus
14660:(2023)
14652:(2010)
14644:(1989)
14636:(1980)
14599:(2021)
14583:(2014)
14575:(1981)
14556:(2021)
14548:(2021)
14500:(2005)
14492:(1996)
14484:(1992)
14463:(1982)
14455:(1982)
14447:(1981)
14425:(2023)
14417:(2023)
14409:(2016)
14401:(2007)
14393:(1994)
14385:(1969)
13805:(wife)
13796:Family
13712:Tuvalu
13667:Canada
13662:Belize
13639:Realms
13377:Prince
13358:Titles
13286:Uganda
13236:Malawi
13201:Guyana
13180:Ceylon
13159:Tahiti
13149:Rurutu
13104:Hawaii
13033:Serbia
13018:Saxony
13008:Russia
12893:Greece
12873:France
12863:Cyprus
12848:Crimea
12828:Bosnia
12803:Aragon
12791:Europe
12755:Taiwan
12725:Sikkim
12708:Ryukyu
12693:Najran
12591:Chehab
12571:Bengal
12520:Mexico
12505:Brazil
12432:Rwanda
12412:Maravi
12312:Ankole
12300:Africa
12292:Former
12273:Tuvalu
12216:Canada
12211:Belize
12155:Sweden
12145:Norway
12135:Monaco
12102:Europe
12055:Kuwait
12050:Jordan
12035:Brunei
12030:Bhutan
11982:Africa
11955:Sultan
11906:Titles
11820:Topics
11656:Uganda
11549:Malawi
11514:Guyana
11479:Ceylon
11462:Former
11438:Tuvalu
11336:Canada
11326:Belize
11236:Portal
11134:Senedd
10851:social
10736:Cinema
10731:Anthem
10673:Racism
10628:Hunger
10601:Health
10454:Income
10439:Budget
10136:mining
10076:marine
10046:Energy
10018:Rivers
9991:change
9844:Empire
9821:social
9806:social
9287:
9224:
9202:
9151:
9114:
9092:
9026:
8881:
8849:slaves
8595:
8484:Forbes
8171:
7960:14 May
7945:14 May
7930:14 May
7885:14 May
7862:14 May
7832:10 May
7526:
7479:
7432:
7385:
7302:
7272:
7226:
7172:
7164:
7139:824318
7137:
7107:
5982:GOV.UK
5897:
5867:
5490:lances
5432:Garter
5200:Coutts
5187:Forbes
5141:. The
5063:; and
4894:, the
4810:YouGov
4805:YouGov
4706:vassal
4571:Canada
4361:later
4001:Lulach
3953:Scotti
3929:, and
3888:Mary I
3822:Barnet
3647:barons
3607:Mercia
3599:Wessex
3595:Viking
3501:immune
3477:, the
3473:, the
3452:pardon
3427:Senedd
3229:, the
3052:or by
2809:Brexit
2741:Poland
2706:Russia
2701:Norway
2661:Israel
2646:France
2636:Cyprus
2619:Canada
2614:Brunei
2609:Belize
2009:Senedd
363:, the
15326:Spain
15246:Malta
15216:Italy
14996:Spain
14916:Malta
14886:Italy
14752:Heads
14588:Diana
14564:Plays
14015:Kenya
13984:Reign
13953:Medal
13782:Flags
13370:Queen
13241:Malta
13231:Kenya
13206:India
13196:Ghana
13023:Savoy
13013:Samos
12928:Italy
12775:Yemen
12750:Tibet
12745:Syria
12698:Nepal
12673:Mahra
12653:Kumul
12648:Korea
12643:Khiva
12622:Qajar
12606:Hejaz
12596:China
12581:Burma
12510:Haiti
12500:Aztec
12417:Mwali
12407:Maore
12387:Libya
12382:Kongo
12377:Kaffa
12372:Gumma
12367:Gomma
12362:Ghana
12352:Egypt
12332:Bornu
12317:Aussa
12178:Tonga
12150:Spain
12070:Qatar
12045:Japan
11559:Malta
11539:Kenya
11524:India
11504:Ghana
11222:Index
11111:Wales
10778:Sport
10768:Music
10763:Media
10703:Waste
10566:Crime
10530:Roads
10427:Banks
10151:flora
10146:fauna
10116:Welsh
10091:solar
9946:Towns
9485:Legal
8969:9 May
8567:7 May
7732:(PDF)
7634:(PDF)
7623:(PDF)
7170:S2CID
7162:JSTOR
7135:JSTOR
6990:, BBC
6763:(PDF)
6756:(PDF)
6511:9 May
6484:9 May
6451:(PDF)
6444:(PDF)
5863:e.g.
5737:Notes
5482:Latin
5458:Scots
5314:Style
4917:Upon
3949:Gaels
3937:Picts
3828:, at
3693:Latin
3285:when
3276:In a
3225:(the
3056:, to
3027:notes
2940:Wales
2721:Spain
2686:Malta
2676:Kenya
2671:Japan
2666:Italy
2656:India
2624:China
2226:Wales
1948:Wales
1079:Coins
305:Wales
171:royal
111:Style
14434:Film
14286:The
14054:2024
14049:2023
14037:2024
14032:2023
13365:King
13186:Fiji
12740:Sulu
12719:Shan
12663:Laos
12628:Iraq
12618:Iran
12586:Cebu
12566:Asir
12554:Asia
12515:Inca
12462:Yeke
12402:Mali
12392:Luba
12241:Niue
12091:list
12065:Oman
12017:Asia
12006:list
11960:Shah
11950:Tsar
11945:khan
11940:Raja
11923:King
11764:Type
11484:Fiji
11381:Niue
11280:and
10746:Wine
10362:list
10350:list
10328:list
10224:LGBT
10096:wind
10056:coal
9363:Anne
9285:ISBN
9222:ISBN
9200:ISBN
9179:and
9149:ISBN
9128:and
9112:ISBN
9090:ISBN
9024:ISBN
8998:2010
8971:2011
8892:2018
8879:ISBN
8858:2018
8839:2018
8813:2008
8778:2008
8751:2009
8722:2009
8694:2009
8669:2009
8641:2009
8609:2020
8593:ISSN
8569:2024
8517:2010
8491:2011
8465:2015
8434:2010
8411:2009
8381:2009
8365:2012
8356:FAQs
8342:2020
8312:2010
8289:2011
8261:2022
8236:2011
8223:FAQs
8208:2022
8169:ISBN
8134:2010
8107:2022
8082:2022
8057:2022
8031:2010
8008:2008
7985:2013
7962:2010
7947:2010
7932:2010
7910:2011
7887:2009
7864:2009
7834:2009
7814:2010
7787:2008
7767:2010
7740:2023
7713:2023
7705:Time
7685:2022
7658:2011
7642:2011
7612:2016
7592:2008
7560:2008
7522:2008
7475:2008
7428:2008
7381:2008
7344:2008
7313:2018
7300:ISBN
7268:2008
7222:2008
7105:ISBN
7067:2008
6996:2008
6550:2022
6513:2008
6486:2008
6459:2008
6425:2008
6398:2011
6371:2008
6348:2008
6296:2008
6268:2023
6243:2023
6219:2010
6176:2008
6131:2023
6048:2008
5990:2023
5964:2023
5940:2018
5895:ISBN
5851:2023
5826:2023
5776:2022
5602:and
5590:and
5507:The
5496:and
5488:and
5472:, "'
5446:". (
5413:The
5403:Arms
5376:and
5298:and
5176:and
5161:and
5137:and
5106:, a
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4872:and
4704:, a
4553:and
4357:The
4292:Anne
4267:Mary
4122:Mary
3965:Alba
3674:John
3672:and
3581:The
3571:and
3521:1947
3517:tort
3337:The
3148:The
3130:and
2866:NATO
2299:Sark
2252:list
2139:list
2112:list
2102:list
2070:list
1677:2016
1672:2011
1667:1975
1649:Next
1644:2021
1639:2016
1634:2011
1629:2007
1624:2003
1619:1999
1601:Next
1596:2022
1591:2017
1586:2016
1581:2011
1576:2007
1571:2003
1566:1998
1548:Next
1543:2021
1538:2016
1533:2011
1528:2007
1523:2003
1518:1999
1500:2019
1495:2014
1490:2009
1485:2004
1480:1999
1475:1994
1470:1989
1465:1984
1460:1979
1442:2024
1437:2019
1432:2017
1427:2015
1422:2010
1417:2005
1412:2001
1407:1997
1402:1992
1397:1987
1392:1983
1387:1979
1372:1970
1367:1966
1362:1964
1357:1959
1352:1955
1347:1951
1342:1950
1337:1945
1332:1935
1327:1931
1322:1929
1317:1924
1312:1923
1307:1922
1302:1918
1287:1906
1282:1900
1277:1895
1272:1892
1267:1886
1262:1885
1257:1880
1252:1874
1247:1868
1242:1865
1237:1859
1232:1857
1227:1852
1222:1847
1217:1841
1212:1837
1207:1835
1197:1831
1192:1830
1187:1826
1182:1820
1177:1818
1172:1812
1167:1807
1162:1806
1157:1802
1094:and
809:King
713:list
687:list
560:list
355:and
331:and
295:and
287:and
264:the
260:and
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14288:Sun
12948:Man
11151:Law
11059:Law
10965:Law
10873:Law
10726:Art
10236:Law
8548:UK
7511:doi
7464:doi
7417:doi
7370:doi
7257:doi
7211:doi
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5511:of
5480:" (
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