1359:
147:, which would have required an official written order signed by himself, but no such order is mentioned by contemporary sources. This has led many historians to conclude that the relationship between Constantine and Minervina was informal and to assume her to have been an unofficial lover. However, Minervina might have already been dead by 307. A widowed Constantine would need no divorce.
29:
150:
Literary sources refer to
Minervina as a concubine, but a panegyric stated that Constantine was married around the year 290. Barnes, Woods and the PLRE view the panegyric as proof that she was married to Constantine, while Pohlsander considers the possibility of the panegyrist not being entirely
139:, the daughter of the emperor Maximian. This marriage has caused modern historians to question his relationship to Minervina and Crispus. If Minervina were his legitimate wife, Constantine would have needed to secure a
162:
came under the protection of his father will probably ever be known. The offspring of an illegitimate affair could have caused dynastical problems and would likely be dismissed, but
1396:
1211:
466:
1287:
1253:
1095:
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248:
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988:
1425:
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963:
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983:
459:
1171:
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1085:
953:
785:
770:
1033:
626:
367:
1206:
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994:
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182:
1038:
452:
178:
1124:
1113:
973:
745:
730:
363:
144:
39:
193:, in turn may have had to put aside Minervina in order to secure an alliance with the same man.
1308:
837:
647:
359:
181:. Constantine's father later had to divorce her for political reasons, specifically, to marry
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1119:
1050:
907:
519:
217:
209:
202:
198:
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110:
94:
69:
1338:
indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
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1201:
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601:
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125:
327:
8:
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559:
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724:
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341:
77:
54:
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28:
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50:
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579:
529:
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355:
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1303:
1248:
1238:
938:
902:
862:
857:
755:
672:
386:
642:
554:
225:
170:. This can be seen as evidence of a loving and public relationship between
589:
436:
419:
397:
Pohlsander, Hans A. (1984). "Crispus: Brilliant Career and Tragic End".
177:
The story of
Minervina is quite similar to that of Constantine's mother
810:
484:
410:
221:
113:
281:
279:
867:
514:
132:
117:
1023:
948:
831:
697:
682:
276:
186:
978:
912:
882:
765:
750:
569:
236:
232:
228:
213:
163:
159:
140:
98:
82:
1358:
872:
718:
136:
131:
When
Constantine wanted to strengthen his bonds with the other
189:, in order to secure his alliance with his new father-in-law.
775:
494:
174:
and
Minervina, which gave him a reason to protect her son.
167:
266:
264:
261:
291:
239:
154:
Neither the true nature of the relationship between
143:before marrying Fausta according to canon 8 of the
387:Pohlsander, Hans, "Constantine I (306 – 337 A.D.)"
303:
474:
354:
285:
1407:
109:Constantine served as a hostage in the court of
1390:
1365:This ancient Roman biographical article is a
460:
1334:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
329:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
231:of that time, who probably started teaching
93:was either the first wife or a concubine of
372:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
332:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1397:
1383:
467:
453:
396:
270:
120:, thus securing the loyalty of his father
27:
435:
399:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
369:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
1408:
325:
297:
205:chose to follow his father's example.
448:
417:
309:
1353:
420:"On the Death of the Empress Fausta"
249:Christianization of the Roman Empire
97:, and the mother of his eldest son
13:
16:Wife or concubine of Constantine I
14:
1442:
1357:
220:even entrusted his education to
286:Jones, Martindale & Morris
1:
1342:incidates an empress regnant.
338:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670
319:
158:and Minervina nor the reason
1369:. You can help Knowledge by
1172:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
254:
166:was raised by his father in
7:
1416:4th-century Roman empresses
326:Barnes, Timothy D. (1982).
242:
224:, among the most important
10:
1447:
1431:Ancient Roman people stubs
1352:
1329:
1296:
1207:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
925:
846:
794:
708:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
681:
625:
483:
183:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
76:
65:
61:
45:
38:
33:Imaginary portrait (1587)
26:
21:
391:De Imperatoribus Romanis
201:as his son, and perhaps
1125:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
731:Flavia Julia Constantia
145:First Council of Nicaea
135:, in 307 AD he married
104:
648:Marcia Otacilia Severa
1426:Constantine the Great
1421:Constantinian dynasty
1212:Theodora Palaiologina
1182:Anna Komnene Angelina
1120:Catherine of Bulgaria
1051:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
520:Agrippina the Younger
418:Woods, David (1998).
208:Whatever the reason,
111:Eastern Roman Emperor
1283:Sophia of Montferrat
1202:Anna of Hohenstaufen
1061:Theophano Martinakia
969:Theodora of Khazaria
602:Julia Cornelia Paula
565:Faustina the Younger
126:Western Roman Empire
1261:Keratsa of Bulgaria
1244:Helena Kantakouzene
1224:Irene of Montferrat
1187:Philippa of Armenia
1167:Margaret of Hungary
1019:Theophano of Athens
838:Julius Nepos's wife
653:Herennia Etruscilla
476:Roman and Byzantine
288:, pp. 602–603.
122:Constantius Chlorus
49:306–307 (alongside
1288:Maria of Trebizond
1254:Irene Palaiologina
1234:Irene of Brunswick
1192:Maria of Courtenay
1152:Bertha of Sulzbach
560:Faustina the Elder
535:Statilia Messalina
437:10.1093/gr/45.1.70
185:, the daughter of
1378:
1377:
1347:
1346:
1316:Byzantine emperor
1145:Dobrodeia of Kiev
921:
920:
725:Valeria Maximilla
663:Cornelia Salonina
617:Sallustia Orbiana
424:Greece & Rome
300:, pp. 42–43.
88:
87:
55:Valeria Maximilla
1438:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1361:
1354:
1266:Irene Gattilusio
1177:Eudokia Angelina
1157:Maria of Antioch
1140:Irene of Hungary
1076:Zoe Karbonopsina
1056:Eudokia Ingerina
929:Byzantine Empire
792:
791:
637:Caecilia Paulina
595:Fulvia Plautilla
585:Manlia Scantilla
575:Bruttia Crispina
510:Milonia Caesonia
469:
462:
455:
446:
445:
441:
439:
414:
383:
351:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
283:
274:
268:
197:did not dismiss
124:, Caesar of the
31:
19:
18:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1325:
1292:
1229:Rita of Armenia
1217:Anna of Hungary
1197:Irene Laskarina
1162:Agnes of France
1130:Maria of Alania
1081:Helena Lekapene
931:
928:
917:
850:
842:
826:Marcia Euphemia
821:Licinia Eudoxia
798:
790:
781:Aelia Flaccilla
703:Galeria Valeria
685:
677:
658:Cornelia Supera
629:
621:
550:Pompeia Plotina
545:Domitia Longina
540:Galeria Fundana
525:Claudia Octavia
500:Livia Orestilla
487:
479:
473:
380:
360:J.R. Martindale
348:
322:
317:
316:
308:
304:
296:
292:
284:
277:
271:Pohlsander 1984
269:
262:
257:
245:
107:
51:Galeria Valeria
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
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1401:
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1379:
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1362:
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1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:Anna of Moscow
1268:
1263:
1258:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1137:
1135:Irene Doukaina
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Eudokia Baïana
1068:
1066:Zoe Zaoutzaina
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Maria of Amnia
1006:
998:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
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922:
919:
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910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
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875:
870:
865:
860:
854:
852:
848:Eastern Empire
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
828:
823:
818:
816:Galla Placidia
813:
808:
802:
800:
796:Western Empire
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
721:
716:
710:
705:
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695:
689:
687:
679:
678:
676:
675:
670:
668:Ulpia Severina
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
633:
631:
623:
622:
620:
619:
614:
612:Annia Faustina
609:
607:Aquilia Severa
604:
599:
587:
582:
580:Flavia Titiana
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
530:Poppaea Sabina
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Lollia Paulina
502:
497:
491:
489:
488:27 BC – AD 235
481:
480:
472:
471:
464:
457:
449:
443:
442:
415:
394:
384:
378:
352:
346:
321:
318:
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290:
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259:
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244:
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106:
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63:
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59:
58:
47:
43:
42:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1427:
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1395:
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1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1322:
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1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:Roman emperor
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:Helena Dragaš
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:Irene Asanina
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Anna of Savoy
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1208:
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1203:
1200:
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1193:
1190:
1188:
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1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
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1111:
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1015:
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1010:
1007:
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999:
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992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Fabia Eudokia
937:
936:
934:
930:
924:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Ino Anastasia
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:Aelia Eudocia
861:
859:
858:Aelia Eudoxia
856:
855:
853:
849:
845:
839:
836:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
797:
793:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Marina Severa
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:
722:
720:
717:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
684:
680:
674:
673:Magnia Urbica
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
632:
628:
624:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
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596:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
450:
447:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
405:(1): 79–106.
404:
400:
395:
392:
388:
385:
381:
379:0-521-07233-6
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
356:Jones, A.H.M.
353:
349:
347:0-674-28066-0
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
324:
323:
312:, p. 85.
311:
306:
299:
294:
287:
282:
280:
273:, p. 80.
272:
267:
265:
260:
250:
247:
246:
240:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
216:at his side.
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
102:
100:
96:
95:Constantine I
92:
84:
81:
79:
75:
71:
70:Constantine I
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
40:Roman empress
37:
30:
25:
20:
1371:expanding it
1364:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1274:
1252:
1215:
1143:
1112:
1105:
1043:
1001:
993:
830:
723:
712:
643:Tranquillina
593:
555:Vibia Sabina
430:(1): 70–86.
427:
423:
402:
398:
390:
368:
328:
305:
293:
235:before 317.
207:
176:
153:
149:
130:
108:
90:
89:
53:306–307 and
1336:underlining
908:Constantina
590:Julia Domna
298:Barnes 1982
218:Constantine
210:Constantine
203:Constantine
199:Constantine
195:Constantius
191:Constantine
172:Constantine
156:Constantine
1410:Categories
1039:Euphrosyne
811:Thermantia
771:Constantia
485:Principate
320:References
310:Woods 1998
222:Lactantius
151:truthful.
114:Diocletian
72:(disputed)
1091:Theophano
1029:Theodosia
1004:of Athens
959:Anastasia
868:Pulcheria
713:Minervina
515:Messalina
478:empresses
364:J. Morris
255:Citations
226:Christian
133:Tetrarchs
118:Nicomedia
91:Minervina
22:Minervina
1321:Augustae
1297:See also
1114:Theodora
1096:Theodora
1086:Theodora
1045:Theodora
1024:Prokopia
1014:Theodote
949:Gregoria
932:610–1453
927:Eastern/
893:Theodora
888:Euphemia
832:Placidia
741:Faustina
698:Eutropia
683:Dominate
366:(1971).
243:See also
229:teachers
187:Maximian
57:306–307)
1332:Italics
989:Eudokia
979:Tzitzak
964:Eudokia
944:Martina
913:Leontia
883:Zenonis
878:Ariadne
851:395–610
799:395–480
766:Domnica
761:Justina
751:Charito
736:Eusebia
686:284–610
630:235–285
570:Lucilla
411:4435872
237:Crispus
233:Crispus
214:Crispus
164:Crispus
160:Crispus
141:divorce
99:Crispus
83:Crispus
1101:Helena
1034:Thekla
954:Fausta
898:Sophia
873:Verina
746:Helena
719:Fausta
693:Prisca
627:Crisis
409:
376:
362:&
344:
179:Helena
137:Fausta
66:Spouse
46:Tenure
1002:Irene
984:Maria
974:Maria
806:Maria
786:Galla
776:Laeta
495:Livia
407:JSTOR
393:site.
212:kept
78:Issue
1367:stub
1340:bold
1309:list
1273:(w.
1251:(w.
1214:(w.
1142:(w.
995:Anna
592:(w.
374:ISBN
342:ISBN
168:Gaul
105:Life
1107:Zoë
715:(?)
639:(?)
432:doi
334:doi
116:in
1412::
428:45
426:.
422:.
403:33
401:.
389:,
358:;
340:.
278:^
263:^
128:.
101:.
1398:e
1391:t
1384:v
1373:.
1279:)
1257:)
1220:)
1148:)
598:)
468:e
461:t
454:v
440:.
434::
413:.
382:.
350:.
336::
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