530:(NLRB), who sent a representative of theirs to Charleston on November 8 to investigate the matter. That same day, Stanfield was attacked by four individuals while at the union's offices, and while the NLRB representative and others positively identified the four assailants to police officers who arrested them, the police declined to file charges against the men and released them. Ultimately, the NLRB ruled in favor of the union and ordered the company to pay workers at the Charleston plant $ 120,000 in backpay that was owed to them. Several days later, on November 15, a group of about 1,000 strikers gathered at the plant in a massive demonstration, following which ATC agreed to issue the backpay. Despite rumors that this would bring an end to the strike, the FTA decided to keep the strike ongoing at the three ATC plants until all of the workers' grievances were addressed. As a result, the strike continued past the fall and into winter, during which time Charleston experienced unusually extreme weather phenomena, including
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had been guaranteed during the war. The following month, the NWLB also ordered ATC to pay their workers some wages that had been withheld by the company from
December 1944 to October 1945. However, company executives ignored the order and Harold F. McGinnis, the manager of the Cigar Factory, also refused to honor the local union's contract. On October 1, McGinnis fired a black male employee after his white female supervisor accused him of "taking familiarities" with some of the female employees in the plant, a move that many Local 15 members saw as racially charged. With the firing and the failure to honor their contract, tensions increased dramatically between the company and the union, and on October 3, Local 15 president Reuel Stanfield organized a
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the company's public image and there were concerns that the NLRB would become involved. As a result, in the last week of March, the company agreed to certain concessions that were readily accepted by the union. These concessions included a pay raise of 8 cents per hour and an agreement to ease racial barriers to certain skilled positions within the factory. By this point, there were few strikers left actively picketing the factory, and while the concessions fell short of the workers' initial demands, they returned to work on April 1, bringing an end to the strike.
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246:, maintaining solidarity along different racial lines was seen as crucial to winning the strike, and the local union began to hold integrated meetings, something they had not previously done. Additionally, the strikers were able to garner support from a wide array of sources in Charleston, including among African American activists and white
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agreements to ease the racial barriers that barred many
African Americans from higher-paying positions in the company. By this point, the number of strikers, which had been around 1,000 at the beginning of the strike, had diminished significantly, and the union quickly accepted the deal, with the strike ending on April 1.
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1945, the company reneged on its agreement and refused to negotiate with the union. Additionally, the company was slow in issuing backpay to workers that they had earned during the war. This, coupled with the firing of an
African American worker in a move viewed by many employees as racially charged, led to a series of
642:, the latter of which drawing inspiration from the Cigar Factory strike. However, the strike would prove to be one of the last major biracial movements in the city. According to Frazier, Powers, and Wentworth, "The divisions between working-class Southerners of both races increased under the pressures of
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stated that, "In the 1940s south, the Cigar
Factory strike was revolutionary in its illustration of the power of a unified voice". A 2016 book by historians Herb Frazier, Bernard Edward Powers Jr., and Marjory Wentworth echoes these same sentiments, stating that the strike was "far ahead of its time"
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and segregationist sentiments eroded support for Local 15 among many of the white workers, who organized their own local union. By the 1960s, due to changes in the tobacco industry, the plant experienced massive layoffs. It was closed permanently in 1973. The strike is also notable as the place where
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and Clark
Foreman helped to establish the Emergency Committee to Aid Families of American Tobacco Company Strikers, and a permanent local chapter of the SCHW was founded in Charleston. Ultimately, these efforts were able to attract a large base of support for the strike among both black civil rights
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after the fired employee was not given his job back. In light of these events, on
October 5, McGinnis met with Stanfield to discuss the workers' grievances. However, during the meeting, McGinnis offered no firm plans on how to handle their grievances, and following the meeting, the company's process
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of approximately $ 1 million. At its peak of production, the plant was creating 1.5 million cigars per day. The plant attracted many
African American workers as it offered some of the highest wages available to them in the city, though they had to contend with both the physically demanding nature of
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15. The union agreed to not conduct any strike action for the duration of the conflict, and in turn the company agreed to institute pay raises after the war was over. By that time, the factory was employing about 1,400 employees, a majority
African American. However, after the war's end in September
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For much of the strike, McGinnis and management at the Cigar
Factory refused to meet with union leaders or negotiate, and as a result the strike continued for several months. However, by March 1946, the company was willing to negotiate an end to the labor dispute, as the strike and boycott had hurt
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and snow. However, the strike persisted thanks in large part to support from many local activists and organizations. Labor and civil rights activists Karl and
Frances Rogers Korstad, who had had experience in organized labor in the tobacco industry, traveled to Charleston early on in the strike and
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from the excess profits tax. With World War II over, the Cigar Factory employed about 1,400 workers, of whom about 900 were black women, and roughly 1,000 were Local 15 members. On September 24, 1945, Local 15 members voted to approve a new contract that called for increased wages and backpay that
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against ATC products. On October 25, several days after the Charleston workers went on strike, workers at the ATC plant in Trenton also joined the Philadelphia and Charleston workers in a solidarity strike. The following day, on October 26, Local 15 held its first integrated meeting at the Morris
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that mandated the company to issue backpay on November 8, the union decided to remain on strike until all of their demands were met. As a result, the strike continued until March of the following year when the company finally agreed to some concessions, including an 8 cent per hour raise and
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later that year. Seeger is generally regarded as popularizing the song, with the name "We Shall Overcome", which became a major anthem in the civil rights movement. The 2013 historical marker at the Cigar Factory gives information regarding the singing of the song during the strike.
592:, had become a serious threat to Local 15's influence. Additionally, by the 1960s, the factory was experiencing the negative effects of changes in the tobacco industry related to increased competition from foreign companies and a requirement from the federal government to add
435:, and while the company did not institute immediate pay raises, they did agree to raise workers' pay after the war was over. Under the terms of the agreement, black workers would receive a pay raise from 25 cents per hour to 40 cents per hour, while white workers who were
351:. However, in 1897, due to poor business, the plant began to accept African American workers to certain positions that had previously been off-limits. The plant closed shortly thereafter, and an effort to revive the plant two years later with a workforce that included
450:, the ATC experienced significant growth and record profits, with their workforce at the Cigar Factory expanding to almost 2,000 employees. Additionally, following the war's conclusion in 1945, the company received roughly $ 1.3 million in
754:'s Lowcountry Digital History Initiative state that the strikers received an 8 cents per hour raise. However, a 2016 book by historians Herb Frazier, Bernard Edward Powers Jr., and Marjory Wentworth gives the raise as 15 cents per hour.
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Street Baptist Church. Prior to this, the local had often held separate meetings for its black and white members, but strike leaders felt that maintaining solidarity among the union members was crucial to winning their demands.
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678:, a striker and longtime employee of the factory, would sing a modified version of this gospel song, which became known as "We Will Overcome", to signify the end of picketing for the day. According to a 2016 article in
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The October 22 strike action at the Cigar Factory involved a walkout of about 1,000 workers, a majority of whom were black women. The workers' demands included a 25 cent per hour raise, the issuance of backpay, and a
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at all three of these ATC plants, and on October 15, workers at the Philadelphia plant became the first to go on strike. Workers at the Charleston plant would go on strike as well one week later, on October 22.
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Some historians note that the strike was significant in bringing together black and white individuals towards a common goal, a rarity in the Southern United States at the time. In an article on the strike, the
307:, sought to encourage increased industrial development in the city. At the time, Charleston was the economic center of the state, but was not developing as rapidly as some other major cities in the
459:. Over the next two days, about one hundred workers participated, remaining idle by their workstations to protest the company, and on October 4, about 900 African American employees performed a
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that would begin several years after the strike ended, and in Charleston during this time there was a surge in political activity among African Americans, such as with the formation of the
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stating that "the Cigar Factory strike was revolutionary in its illustration of the power of a unified voice". However, this coalition would not be sustained in the following years, as
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to their products. As a result, in 1966, the Cigar Factory laid off 900 workers, and in 1973, the factory closed permanently, having operated continuously for about 70 years. In 1980,
684:, Simmons's performances would be "he first widely acknowledged performance of the modern song". In 1947, two members of Local 15, Anna Lee Bonneau and Evelyn Risher, traveled to the
502:. During these pickets, the strikers faced harassment from police officers and segregationists, and on several occasions there were physical confrontations between the strikers and
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374:. Like the cotton mill before it, this plant hired both black and white people, with black workers performing separate tasks from the white workers, such as creating
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was added outside the building that gave information on the strike, and the following year, the property was purchased by a private company that converted it into a
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against ATC products. In addition to demands regarding pay and protections against racial discrimination, the strikers also pushed for the Cigar Factory to become a
171:, United States. The strike commenced on October 22, 1945, and ended on April 1 of the following year, with the strikers winning some concessions from the company.
634:. Other sources view the strike as part of a long history of organized labor activity among African Americans in Charleston, including activities among organized
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in the city's Hampstead neighborhood, which would eventually become known as the Charleston Cotton Mills. This five-story building, which was constructed in the
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in 1947 severely hurt the FTA, which had several ties to communist organizations and individuals, and as a result, Local 15 became associated instead with the
612:. In 2016, the cigar factory and the strike were the subject of a historical fiction novel written by Michele Moore and published by Story River Books.
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319:. In 1882, as part of this push for industry in South Carolina, the Charleston Manufacturing Company began operations at a newly built
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for uniting black and white economic interests. Many of the individuals who were involved in the strike would later be active in the
423:(FTA), with the local union at the Cigar Factory becoming FTA-CIO Local 15. On September 1, 1944, they voted to approve their first
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588:(TWIU) Local 257, which competed with Local 15 for influence at the plant. By the mid-1950s, Local 257, which was considered a
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Because of ATC's refusal to issue backpay in spite of orders from the federal government, the union filed a complaint with the
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584:(DPO) of the CIO. Around this same time, many white workers at the factory abandoned DPO Local 15 and joined the white-only
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for issuing backpay was slow. This was not an issue that was unique to the Cigar Factory, as workers at other ATC plants in
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Workers received backpay, a pay raise of 8 cents per hour, and agreements to ease the racial barriers to skilled positions
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factory. By 1912, the company purchased the plant outright, and it would eventually become known locally simply as the
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427:, and leaders of Local 15 began to negotiate with ATC management. The union agreed to abide by a guideline set by the
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were established outside of the factory, with strikers carrying placards that stated their demands and singing
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419:(CIO). The UCAPAWA changed its name shortly after the Charleston workers organized with it, becoming the
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began using the facility as for classroom space, and that same year, the building was added to the
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The strike is noted by historians as one of the few examples of a united biracial coalition in the
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that the company had brought in to keep the plant operating. Additionally, the union launched a
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working in different positions and for different pay. During World War II, workers at the plant
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These figures are given in a 2014 online report about the strike published by the
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The plant remained dormant for several years until the property was leased to the
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662:" traces its origins back to the 1800s, when it was used as a work song sung by
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Company refusing to issue backpay or institute pay raises; racial discrimination
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states that workers were making 45 cents per hour at the time of the strike.
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Frazier, Herb; Powers, Bernard Edward Jr.; Wentworth, Marjory (2016).
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under the supervision of experienced workers from cotton mills in the
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United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America
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titled "I'll Overcome Someday". During the Cigar Factory strike,
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with the Charleston workers, and the national union instituted a
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182:(ATC). The company had been operating the plant since 1903 as a
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Cigar Factory / “We Shall Overcome”, Historical Marker Database
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the modern version of the gospel hymn and civil rights anthem "
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Labour disputes and strikes in the aftermath of World War II
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Manufacturing industry labor disputes in the United States
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366:(ATC), which converted the plant from a cotton mill to a
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We Are Charleston: Tragedy and Triumph at Mother Emanuel
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During the late 1800s, influential business leaders and
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Distributive, Processing, and Office Workers of America
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African-American history in Charleston, South Carolina
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and anti-integration rhetoric that was soon to come".
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1434:"October 22, 1945 – Tobacco Company Cigar Factor
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421:Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers
200:Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers
1397:"Charleston's Cigar Factory Strike, 1945-1946"
242:While a majority of the people on strike were
666:, and in 1901 a version was published by the
335:. When it first opened, the plant only hired
1177:"The Inspiring Force Of 'We Shall Overcome'"
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522:helped to organize support for the strikers.
36:(5 months, 1 week and 3 days)
696:, who sang it for activist and folk singer
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329:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
403:, workers at the plant organized under a
157:1945–1946 Charleston Cigar Factory strike
73:Protections against racial discrimination
26:1945–1946 Charleston Cigar Factory strike
1307:Greene, Robert II (September 21, 2022).
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1370:"Way Back Wednesday: The Cigar Factory"
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1543:History of Charleston, South Carolina
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537:Southern Conference for Human Welfare
178:, a production facility owned by the
1558:Events in Charleston, South Carolina
1538:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1329:from the original on October 4, 2022
1266:from the original on October 6, 2022
1143:Frazier, Powers & Wentworth 2016
1131:Frazier, Powers & Wentworth 2016
1095:Frazier, Powers & Wentworth 2016
1074:Frazier, Powers & Wentworth 2016
990:Frazier, Powers & Wentworth 2016
965:Frazier, Powers & Wentworth 2016
794:Frazier, Powers & Wentworth 2016
775:Frazier, Powers & Wentworth 2016
750:and a 2014 project published by the
602:National Register of Historic Places
417:Congress of Industrial Organizations
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204:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1252:Graham, David A. (April 14, 2016).
1189:from the original on August 8, 2022
586:Tobacco Workers International Union
394:
18:Labor dispute in South Carolina, US
13:
1513:1940s strikes in the United States
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1348:Preservation Society of Charleston
1294:from the original on June 29, 2022
1057:Preservation Society of Charleston
748:Preservation Society of Charleston
623:Preservation Society of Charleston
594:tobacco packaging warning messages
535:used their connections to get the
264:Preservation Society of Charleston
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1355:from the original on May 17, 2022
1284:"Overcoming at the Cigar Factory"
443:would be paid 65 cents per hour.
1548:Labor disputes in South Carolina
1432:Jones, Mark (October 22, 2020).
1368:Ricke, Temple (March 25, 2020).
34:October 22, 1945 – April 1, 1946
1508:1946 labor disputes and strikes
1498:1945 labor disputes and strikes
1254:"Who Owns 'We Shall Overcome'?"
740:
640:1969 Charleston hospital strike
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598:Johnson & Wales University
528:National Labor Relations Board
252:National Labor Relations Board
76:Pay raise of 25 cents per hour
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1202:Evans, Anna (February 2016).
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174:The strike took place at the
632:Progressive Democratic Party
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7:
711:US Strike wave of 1945–1946
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664:slaves in the United States
446:During the war, despite an
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1309:"A Nation Within a Nation"
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311:, and much of the state's
305:Charleston, South Carolina
221:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
169:Charleston, South Carolina
46:Charleston, South Carolina
1395:Waugh, Dwana (May 2014).
572:The Cigar Factory in 2010
564:Fate of the Cigar Factory
163:involving workers at the
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1523:American Tobacco Company
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429:National War Labor Board
364:American Tobacco Company
292:An 1882 illustration of
180:American Tobacco Company
143:American Tobacco Company
1448:Evening Post Industries
616:Historical significance
275:" was first performed.
1503:1946 in South Carolina
1493:1945 in South Carolina
1343:"Cigar Factory Strike"
686:Highlander Folk School
672:Charles Albert Tindley
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518:Civil rights activist
387:the work and constant
349:Northern United States
317:Upstate South Carolina
309:Southern United States
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262:at the time, with the
260:Southern United States
1405:College of Charleston
752:College of Charleston
731:College of Charleston
628:civil rights movement
610:mixed-use development
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399:In the 1940s, during
389:racial discrimination
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1533:Cigar makers strikes
1443:The Post and Courier
1204:"Factory Connection"
690:Monteagle, Tennessee
544:activists and white
541:Virginia Foster Durr
520:Virginia Foster Durr
485:Course of the strike
415:affiliated with the
331:and overlooking the
1288:Charleston Magazine
1208:Charleston Magazine
1175:(August 28, 2013).
777:, pp. 114–115.
650:"We Shall Overcome"
576:The passage of the
474:Trenton, New Jersey
225:Trenton, New Jersey
206:, becoming FTA-CIO
184:racially segregated
1235:W Publishing Group
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448:excess profits tax
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229:solidarity strikes
1244:978-0-7180-4149-6
660:We Shall Overcome
606:historical marker
478:solidarity strike
391:from management.
337:African Americans
284:The Cigar Factory
273:We Shall Overcome
192:African Americans
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325:Victorian style
294:the cotton mill
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1333:December 2,
1298:December 2,
1270:December 2,
1218:January 19,
1193:December 2,
1173:Adams, Noah
1155:Graham 2016
1119:Greene 2022
1030:Greene 2015
698:Pete Seeger
656:gospel song
492:closed shop
441:supervisors
413:labor union
405:local union
376:cigar boxes
357:Sea Islands
353:black women
321:cotton mill
244:black women
237:closed shop
112:Resulted in
69:closed shop
1487:Categories
1314:The Nation
1107:Evans 2016
1009:Adams 2013
948:Waugh 2014
827:Ricke 2020
762:References
500:spirituals
437:machinists
279:Background
198:under the
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670:minister
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559:Aftermath
341:custodial
196:unionized
94:Picketing
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1528:Boycotts
1452:Archived
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301:boosters
217:walkouts
137:Local 15
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1165:Sources
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120:Parties
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717:Notes
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208:Local
188:white
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