2781:
2707:
824:
2815:
1620:
1172:
2291:
1092:
2803:
2172:
702:
1793:
2454:
2734:
3427:(2010), p. xvi. "Violence swept the South all year. Vigilantes in Clarksdale firebombed the home of Aaron Henry, the head of Mississippi's NAACP. After a gas bomb went off in a church in Itta Bena, Mississippi, mobs threw bottles and rocks at activists spilling onto the streets. Vigilantes shot into the home of college professors helping the movement in Jackson. A civil rights worker traveling from Itta Bena to Jackson was shot in the neck and shoulder. A bomb destroyed a two-family home in Jackson. Whites in the North Carolina town of Goldsboro ran down demonstrators in a car and threw bottles and rocks. Whites in Pine Bluff, in Arkansas, attacked civil rights workers with ammonia and bottles. Someone shot into the home of an NAACP board member in Saint Augustine. When nine activists prayed in a country courthouse in Somerville, Tennessee, police allowed hoodlums into the building to beat them up."
2769:
2692:
1180:
2722:
1218:
2677:
1675:, were also adamant that the speech not be censored. The dispute continued until minutes before the speeches were scheduled to begin. Under threat of public denouncement by the religious leaders, and under pressure from the rest of his coalition, Lewis agreed to omit the 'inflammatory' passages. Many activists from SNCC, CORE, and SCLC were angry at what they considered censorship of Lewis's speech. In the end, Lewis added a qualified endorsement of Kennedy's civil rights legislation, saying: "It is true that we support the administration's Civil Rights Bill. We support it with great reservation, however." Even after toning down his speech, Lewis called for activists to "get in and stay in the streets of every city, every village and hamlet of this nation until true freedom comes".
2655:
2746:
2072:
1679:
1456:
4902:(1986), pp. 282–283. "With the program only minutes away, the leadership arrived at the Lincoln Memorial with the controversy over Lewis's text still unresolved. Rustin promised O'Boyle that the necessary changes would be made, and the cardinal agreed to appear on the platform and deliver the invocation, so long as he was handed a copy of the revised Lewis text at least ten minutes before the SNCC chairman's appearance. O'Boyle told Rustin that if it were unsatisfactory, or if Lewis delivered the original draft, he and other religious leaders would get up and leave."
2214:, William Thomas notes: "Over five hundred cameramen, technicians, and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event. More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last Presidential inauguration. One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument, to give dramatic vistas of the marchers". The major networks broadcast some of the March live, though they interspersed footage of interviews with politicians. Subsequent broadcasts focused heavily on the "I have a dream" portion of King's speech.
4152:(2010), p. 28. "The army's plan, in the event of a civil disturbance, was to roar 320 miles north into Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland and then send soldiers to the Mall by helicopter to battle the violence. The soldiers would break the mob into wedges, isolate and subdue the most violent elements, and protect the peaceable protestors. ... The soldiers at Fort Bragg were part of Operation Steep Hill, a joint battle plan of the White House, the Justice Department, the Pentagon, and the Washington Metropolitan Police."
1037:, where state troopers once used fire hoses and dogs to put down their demonstrations. It was peaceful in the Birmingham park as the marchers waited for the buses. The police, now part of a moderate city power structure, directed traffic around the square and did not interfere with the gathering ... An old man commented on the 20-hour ride, which was bound to be less than comfortable: "You forget we Negroes have been riding buses all our lives. We don't have the money to fly in airplanes."
4103:(2002), p. 150. "In coordination with the Kennedy administration, the police department proposed to keep on duty all police officers on August 28 and to commission firefighters and the police reserve as temporary officers. In addition, they decided to mobilize 2,000 National Guardsmen preemptively. Likewise, the Kennedy administration planned to turn out every Capitol, White House, and Park Police officer and arranged to supplement the 1,000 soldiers in the area with 3,000 additional men."
1019:
persuaded New York's MTA to run extra subway trains after midnight on August 28, and the New York City bus terminal was busy throughout the night with peak crowds. A total of 450 buses left New York City from Harlem. Maryland police reported that "by 8:00 a.m., 100 buses an hour were streaming through the
Baltimore Harbor Tunnel." The United Automobile Workers financed bus transportation for 5,000 of its rank-and-file members, providing the largest single contingent from any organization.
3522:(2010), p. 17. "By going to the old Communists and socialists, Arnowitz later recalled, Rustin hoped to 'outflank Kennedy's labor connections' and King's moderate, nonviolent SCLC. If Rustin went to Kennedy's backers, they would report to the president. Later, in fact, when United Auto Workers joined the march effort, UAW people fed inside intelligence to the White House. In the earliest planning stages, in 1962, it was better to steer clear of Kennedy's financial and political network."
12479:
2837:
3414:(2002), p. 142. "In 1963, however, the March on Washington was but one aspect of a national explosion of actions against racial discrimination that many criticized as being outside traditional politics. ... In the South after 1960, the widespread adoption of direct action—purposeful defiance of segregation laws and injunctions against demonstrations—inspired activists and attracted new attention from the media, the federal government, and white segregationists."
3898:(1986), p. 278. "Throughout the mid-July Senate hearings on the civil rights bill, segregationist spokesmen such as Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett repeatedly made wild accusations that the civil rights movement was a Communist conspiracy, allegations that were reported under headlines such as BARNETT CHARGES KENNEDYS ASSIST RED RACIAL PLOT. Several senators asked the FBI and Justice Department to respond to these claims, and on July 25, Attorney General
1302:
1289:
1893:
4354:(2002), p. 165. "In the midst of one of these meetings, the leaders were disturbed to learn the marchers had begun their spontaneous march. Breaking off their meeting, they rushed to Constitution Avenue, already filled with marchers. There, anxious aides cleared a space so the ten leaders could link arms as though they were at the head of the crowd. Then the photographers and filmmakers shot pictures of the leaders 'leading the march' (fig. 25)."
1659:
organizers could not countenance Lewis's explicit opposition to
Kennedy's civil rights bill. That night, O'Boyle and other members of the Catholic delegation began preparing a statement announcing their withdrawal from the March. Reuther convinced them to wait and called Rustin; Rustin informed Lewis at 2 A.M. on the day of the march that his speech was unacceptable to key coalition members. (Rustin also reportedly contacted
820:(CORE), who wanted to conduct direct actions against the Department of Justice, endorsed the protest before they were informed that civil disobedience would not be allowed. Finalized plans for the March were announced in a press conference on July 2. President Kennedy spoke favorably of the March on July 17, saying that organizers planned a peaceful assembly and had cooperated with the Washington, D.C., police.
698:, stating in their original plan that "integration in the fields of education, housing, transportation and public accommodations will be of limited extent and duration so long as fundamental economic inequality along racial lines persists." As they negotiated with other leaders, they expanded their stated objectives to "Jobs and Freedom", to acknowledge the agenda of groups that focused more on civil rights.
52:
8980:
2851:
4222:(2010), p. 101. "During that training, Julius Hobson emphasized the dangers posed by the FBI. Agent provocateurs would spread all over the Mall, looking for opportunities to start fights, Hobson said. The major task of the volunteer security guards, then, was to spot those agents and alert someone before any fights started. No one knew it at the time, but Hobson was a paid informant for the FBI.
2636:
economic justice. They contend that many of the March's primary goals—including housing, integrated education, and widespread employment at living wages—have not been accomplished. They further argued that although legal advances were made, black people still live in concentrated areas of poverty ("ghettoes"), where they receive inferior education and suffer from widespread unemployment.
2180:
5574:(2002), p. 153. "Segregationists and black nationalists launched scathing criticisms of the Kennedy administration for its support. For rabid segregationist Representative W.J. Bryan Dorn, a Democrat from South Carolina, the absurdity was that 'for the first time in the history of our Nation ... the Federal government has itself encouraged a "march on Washington."'"
1104:, and brought in 3,000 outside soldiers to join the 1,000 already stationed in the area. These additional soldiers were flown in on helicopters from bases in Virginia and North Carolina. The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs. All of the forces involved were prepared to implement a coordinated conflict strategy named "Operation Steep Hill".
421:, who built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations that came together under the banner of "jobs and freedom." Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000, but the most widely cited estimate is 250,000 people. Observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black. The march was one of the largest
1143:. He believed the Lincoln Memorial would be less threatening to Congress and the occasion would be appropriate underneath the gaze of President Abraham Lincoln's statue. The committee, notably Rustin, agreed to move the site on the condition that Reuther pay for a $ 19,000 (equivalent to $ 172,500 in 2021) sound system so that everyone on the
773:. Wilkins and Young initially objected to Rustin as a leader for the march, worried that he would attract the wrong attention because he was a homosexual, a former Communist, and a draft resister. They eventually accepted Rustin as deputy organizer, on the condition that Randolph act as lead organizer and manage any political fallout.
1590:
he did not. Wilkins said: "Regardless of the fact that in his later years Dr. Du Bois chose another path, it is incontrovertible that at the dawn of the twentieth century his was the voice that was calling you to gather here today in this cause. If you want to read something that applies to 1963 go back and get a volume of
622:, along with a large group of cultural leaders, to a meeting in New York to discuss race relations. However, the meeting became antagonistic, as black delegates felt that Kennedy did not have an adequate understanding of the race problem in the nation. The public failure of the meeting, which came to be known as the
1111:, liquor sales were banned in Washington D.C. Hospitals stockpiled blood plasma and cancelled elective surgeries. Major League Baseball cancelled two games between the Minnesota Twins and the last place Washington Senators although the venue, D.C. Stadium, was nearly four miles from the Lincoln Memorial rally site.
1963:, criticized the choice of mostly white performers and the lack of group participation in the singing. Dylan himself said he felt uncomfortable as a white man serving as a public image for the Civil Rights Movement. After the March on Washington, he performed at few other immediately politicized events.
3475:(2010), pp. 120–121. "In the TV interview, Baldwin was ashen, disoriented. He had had no idea, before now, just how aloof the Kennedys appeared. He thought the administration's caution came from ruthless political calculation. But now it seemed that the pampered sons of old Joe Kennedy just had no idea—
2225:
organized a press conference for the benefit of foreign journalists, and also created a documentary film of the event for distribution to embassies abroad. Commented
Michael Thelwell of SNCC: "So it happened that Negro students from the South, some of whom still had unhealed bruises from the electric
2075:
Kennedy meets with march leaders. Left to Right – Willard Wirtz, Matthew Ahmann, Martin Luther King Jr., John Lewis, Rabbi
Joachin Prinz, Eugene Carson Blake, A. Philip Randolph, President John F. Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Walter Reuther, Whitney Young, Floyd McKissick, Roy Wilkins (not
2561:
On August 28, 2021, a march calling for voting rights and statehood for
Washington D.C. was held in Washington D.C on the 58th anniversary of the March on Washington. Though the numbers in the march permit revealed that 100,000 people were expected to attend, it was estimated that only 50,000 people
2368:
The symbolism of the March has been contested since before it even took place. In the years following the March, movement radicals increasingly subscribed to
Malcolm X's narrative of the March as a co-optation by the white establishment. However, some black nationalist intellectuals did not see that
2151:
During the meeting, Reuther described to
Kennedy how he was framing the civil rights issue to business leaders in Detroit, saying, "Look, you can't escape the problem. And there are two ways of resolving it; either by reason or riots." Reuther continued, "Now the civil war that this is gonna trigger
1589:
the previous night, where he had been living in exile; the crowd observed a moment of silence in his memory. Wilkins had initially refused to announce the news because he despised Du Bois for becoming a
Communist—but insisted on making the announcement when he realized that Randolph would make it if
1009:
received a message saying its headquarters would be bombed unless it printed a message calling the president a "Nigger Lover". Five airplanes were grounded on the morning of August 28 due to bomb threats. A man in Kansas City telephoned the FBI to say he would put a hole between King's eyes; the FBI
2396:
Liberals and conservatives tended to embrace the March, but focused mostly on King's "I Have a Dream" speech and the legislative successes of 1964 and 1965. The mass media identified King's speech as a highlight of the event and focused on this oration to the exclusion of other aspects. For several
2348:
I saw people laughing and listening and standing very close to one another, almost in an embrace. Children of every size, pregnant women, elderly people who seemed tired but happy to be there, clothing that made me know that they struggled to make it day to day, made me know they worked in farms or
2343:
Marcher
Beverly Alston thought that the day had its greatest impact within the movement: "Culturally, there has been tremendous progress over the past forty years. Black awareness and self-determination has soared. Politically, I just don't think we've made enough progress." Fifteen-year-old Ericka
1615:
and other SNCC activists contributed to the revision. It still complained that the
Administration had not done enough to protect southern black people and civil rights workers from physical violence by whites in the Deep South. Deleted from his original speech at the insistence of more conservative
1262:
Marchers were not supposed to create their own signs, though this rule was not completely enforced by marshals. Most of the demonstrators did carry pre-made signs, available in piles at the Washington Monument. The UAW provided thousands of signs that, among other things, read: "There Is No Halfway
898:
The march was not universally supported among civil rights activists. Some, including Rustin (who assembled 4,000 volunteer marshals from New York), were concerned that it might turn violent, which could undermine pending legislation and damage the international image of the movement. The march was
2307:
Richard Brown, then a white graduate student at Harvard University, recalls that the March fostered direct actions for economic progress: "Henry Armstrong and I compared notes. I realized the Congress of Racial Equality might help black employment in Boston by urging businesses to hire contractors
2303:
reported that the event "provided dramatic proof that the sometimes quiet and always dangerous work we did in the Deep South had had a profound national impact. The spectacle of a quarter of a million supporters and activists gave me an assurance that the work I was in the process of dedicating my
2298:
Many participants said they felt the March was a historic and life-changing experience. Nan Grogan Orrock, a student at Mary Washington College, said: "You couldn't help but get swept up in the feeling of the March. It was an incredible experience of this mass of humanity with one mind moving down
2281:
rejected an invitation to attend, writing: "You are committing the worst possible mistake in promoting this March. You should know that criminal, fanatical, and communistic elements, as well as crackpots, will move in to take every advantage of this mob. You certainly will have no influence on any
2080:
After the March, the speakers travelled to the White House for a brief discussion of proposed civil rights legislation with President Kennedy. As the leaders approached The White House, the media reported that Reuther said to King, "Everything was perfect, just perfect." Kennedy had watched King's
1761:
American democracy is on trial in the eyes of the world ... We cannot successfully preach democracy in the world unless we first practice democracy at home. American democracy will lack the moral credentials and be both unequal to and unworthy of leading the forces of freedom against the forces of
602:
That year violent confrontations broke out in the South: in Cambridge, Maryland; Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Goldsboro, North Carolina; Somerville, Tennessee; Saint Augustine, Florida; and across Mississippi. In most cases, white people attacked nonviolent demonstrators seeking civil rights. Many people
2635:
launched a series of reports around the theme of "The Unfinished March". These reports analyze the goals of the original march and assess how much progress has been made. They echo the message of Randolph and Rustin that civil rights cannot transform people's quality of life unless accompanied by
1748:
A. Philip Randolph spoke first, promising: "we shall return again and again to Washington in ever growing numbers until total freedom is ours." Randolph also closed the event along with Bayard Rustin. Rustin followed King's speech by slowly reading the list of demands. The two concluded by urging
1642:
The revolution is a serious one. Mr. Kennedy is trying to take the revolution out of the streets and put it into the courts. Listen, Mr. Kennedy. Listen, Mr. Congressman. Listen, fellow citizens. The black masses are on the march for jobs and freedom, and we must say to the politicians that there
1572:
Although one of the officially stated purposes of the march was to support the civil rights bill introduced by the Kennedy Administration, several of the speakers criticized the proposed law as insufficient. Two government agents stood by in a position to cut power to the microphone if necessary.
890:
in interstate travel. Rustin was a long-time associate of both Randolph and Dr. King. With Randolph concentrating on building the march's political coalition, Rustin built and led the team of two hundred activists and organizers who publicized the march and recruited the marchers, coordinated the
2246:
Although the mass media generally declared the March successful because of its high turnout, organizers were not confident that it would create change. Randolph and Rustin abandoned their belief in the effectiveness of marching on Washington. King maintained faith that action in Washington could
1658:
Lewis' speech was distributed to fellow organizers the evening before the march; Reuther, O'Boyle, and others thought it was too divisive and militant. O'Boyle objected most strenuously to a part of the speech that called for immediate action and disavowed "patience." The government and moderate
1118:
negotiated some security issues with the government, gaining approval for private marshals with the understanding that these would not be able to act against outside agitators. The FBI and Justice Department refused to provide preventive guards for buses traveling through the South to reach D.C.
1070:
The people are lots better up here than they are down South. They treat you much nicer. Why, when I was out there at the march a white man stepped on my foot, and he said, "Excuse me," and I said "Certainly!" That's the first time that has ever happened to me. I believe that was the first time a
2269:
speech, criticized the march, describing it as "a picnic" and "a circus". He said the civil rights leaders had diluted the original purpose of the march, which had been to show the strength and anger of black people, by allowing white people and organizations to help plan and participate in the
1787:
In my view, by that time, there was, on the one hand, nothing to prevent—the March had already been co-opted—and, on the other, no way of stopping the people from descending on Washington. What struck me most horribly was that virtually no one in power (including some blacks or Negroes who were
1187:
The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs. As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans, the march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance. Dominant expectations ran from
1150:
Rustin pushed hard for the expensive sound system, maintaining that "We cannot maintain order where people cannot hear." The system was obtained and set up at the Lincoln Memorial, but was sabotaged on the day before the March. Its operators were unable to repair it. Fauntroy contacted Attorney
1812:
In light of the role of Negro women in the struggle for freedom and especially in light of the extra burden they have carried because of the castration of our Negro men in this culture, it is incredible that no woman should appear as a speaker at the historic March on Washington Meeting at the
1018:
Thousands traveled by road, rail, and air to Washington, D.C., on Wednesday, August 28. Marchers from Boston traveled overnight and arrived in Washington at 7am after an eight-hour trip, but others took much longer bus rides from cities such as Milwaukee, Little Rock, and St. Louis. Organizers
669:
began planning the march in December 1961. They envisioned two days of protest, including sit-ins and lobbying followed by a mass rally at the Lincoln Memorial. They wanted to focus on joblessness and to call for a public works program that would employ black people. In early 1963 they called
975:
The Kennedy Administration cooperated with the organizers in planning the March, and one member of the Justice Department was assigned as a full-time liaison. Chicago and New York City (as well as some corporations) agreed to designate August 28 as "Freedom Day" and give workers the day off.
3634:(2010), p. 22. "That plan—the elder statesman as director, the controversial organizer as the details man—broke the tension. Randolph got his deputy, but Wilkins warned Randolph that he was responsible for any controversy. He had to take the heat. And he had to control his protogé."
1002:. They promoted the march by selling buttons, featuring two hands shaking, the words "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom", a union bug, and the date August 28, 1963. By August 2, they had distributed 42,000 of the buttons. Their goal was a crowd of at least 100,000 people.
2184:
971:
Although in years past, Randolph had supported "Negro only" marches, partly to reduce the impression that the civil rights movement was dominated by white communists, organizers in 1963 agreed that white and black people marching side by side would create a more powerful image.
2270:
march. One SNCC staffer commented during the march, "He's denouncing us as clowns, but he's right there with the clown show." But the membership of SNCC, increasingly frustrated with the tactics of the NAACP and other moderate groups, gradually embraced Malcolm X's position.
2182:
2359:
Some people discussed racism becoming less explicit after the March. Reverend Abraham Woods of Birmingham commented: "Everything has changed. And when you look at it, nothing has changed. Racism is under the surface, and an incident that could scratch it, can bring it out."
2187:
2186:
2181:
918:(SCLC) believed it could raise both civil rights and economic issues to national attention beyond the Kennedy bill. CORE and SNCC believed the march could challenge and condemn the Kennedy administration's inaction and lack of support for civil rights for African Americans.
2618:
On August 26, 2023, a march was held in Washington D.C on the 60th anniversary of the March on Washington. Organizers include Martin Luther King III, his wife and Drum Major Institute president Arndrea Waters King, daughter Yolanda and National Action Network leader Rev.
1808:, no women gave a speech at the March. Male organizers attributed this omission to the "difficulty of finding a single woman to speak without causing serious problems vis-Ă -vis other women and women's groups". Hedgeman read a statement at an August 16 meeting, charging:
2188:
2152:
is not gonna be fought at Gettysburg. It's gonna to be fought in your backyard, in your plant, where your kids are growing up." The March was considered a "triumph of managed protest" and Kennedy felt it was a victory for him as well—bolstering the chances for his
3919:(2010), p. 57. "The FBI attempted to exploit fears about violence and Communist infiltration of the civil rights movement—fears that were partly the result of J. Edgar Hoover's long campaign against the movement. FBI agents made last minute-calls to celebrities.
2189:
807:
On June 22, the organizers met with President Kennedy, who warned against creating "an atmosphere of intimidation" by bringing a large crowd to Washington. The civil rights activists insisted on holding the march. Wilkins pushed for the organizers to rule out
2780:
1213:
came together as black power organizations and emphasized the importance of the African-American freedom struggle. The march included black political parties; and William Worthy was one of many who led college students during the freedom struggle era.
1314:
Representatives from each of the sponsoring organizations addressed the crowd from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial. Speakers (dubbed "The Big Ten") included The Big Six; three religious leaders (Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish); and labor leader
891:
buses and trains, provided the marshals, and set up and administered all of the logistic details of a mass march in the nation's capital. During the days leading up to the march, these 200 volunteers used the ballroom of Washington DC radio station
10119:
2185:
1049:
Contrary to the mythology, the early moments of the March—getting there—was no picnic. People were afraid. We didn't know what we would meet. There was no precedent. Sitting across from me was a black preacher with a white collar. He was an
3095:"Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and Mathew Ahmann, Executive Director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice, in a Crowd"
2085:, Kennedy "felt that he would be booed at the March, and also didn't want to meet with organizers before the March because he didn't want a list of demands. He arranged a 5 p.m. meeting at the White House with the 10 leaders on the 28th."
1833:
was on the program and had been asked to give a two-minute speech, when she arrived at the stage her chair with her name on it had been removed, and the event marshal took her microphone away after she said "hello". Richardson, along with
1159:, demanding that the government fix the system. Fauntroy reportedly told them: "We have a couple hundred thousand people coming. Do you want a fight here tomorrow after all we've done?" The system was successfully rebuilt overnight by the
3695:
2706:
2355:. Openness and nothing on guard—I saw that in everybody. I was so happy to see that in the white people that they could listen and take in and respect and believe in the words of a black person. I had never seen anything like that.
2814:
1099:
The Washington, D.C., police forces were mobilized to full capacity for the march, including reserve officers and deputized firefighters. A total of 5,900 police officers were on duty. The government mustered 2,000 men from the
1770:, who was standing near the platform while Reuther delivered his remarks, he overheard two black women talking. One asked, "Who is that white man?" The other replied, "Don't you know him? That's the white Martin Luther King."
1032:
The 260 demonstrators, of all ages, carried picnic baskets, water jugs, Bibles and a major weapon—their willingness to march, sing and pray in protest against discrimination. They gathered early this morning in Birmingham's
681:
On May 15, 1963, without securing the cooperation of the NAACP or the Urban League, Randolph announced an "October Emancipation March on Washington for Jobs". He reached out to union leaders, winning the support of the UAW's
1564:
Rustin read the March's official demands for the crowd's approval, and Randolph led the crowd in a pledge to continue working for the March's goals. The program was closed with a benediction by Morehouse College president
983:(FBI) produced numerous reports suggesting the same. In the days before August 28, the FBI called celebrity backers to inform them of the organizers' communist connections and advising them to withdraw their support. When
1194:, reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King Jr. about widespread foreboding that "it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting."
5624:
2461:
The 1963 March also spurred anniversary marches that occur every five years, with the 20th and 25th being some of the most well known. The 20th Anniversary theme was "We Still have a Dream ... Jobs*Peace*Freedom."
9280:
2319:. I came out of respect for what my people are doing, not because I believe it will do any good. I thought it would do some good in the beginning. But when the march started to get all the official approval from
489:
and many poor whites, excluding them from the political system. The whites imposed social, economic, and political repression against black people into the 1960s, under a system of legal discrimination known as
1782:
was prevented from speaking at the March because his comments would be too inflammatory. Baldwin later commented on the irony of the "terrifying and profound" requests that he prevent the March from happening:
1054:
preacher. We talked. Every now and then, people on the bus sang 'Oh Freedom' and 'We Shall Overcome,' but for the most part there wasn't a whole bunch of singing. We were secretly praying that nothing violent
1270:
staged a counter-protest and were quickly dispersed by police. The rest of Washington was quiet during the March. Most non-participating workers stayed home. Jailers allowed inmates to watch the March on TV.
551:
Randolph and Rustin continued to organize around the idea of a mass march on Washington. They envisioned several large marches during the 1940s, but all were called off (despite criticism from Rustin). Their
678:; he gathered support from radical organizers who could be trusted not to report their plans to the Kennedy administration. The unionists offered tentative support for a march that would be focused on jobs.
607:. Others argued that the civil rights movement should remain nationwide in scope, rather than focus its energies on the nation's capital and federal government. There was a widespread perception that the
1263:
House on the Road to Freedom," "Equal Rights and Jobs NOW," "UAW Supports Freedom March," "in Freedom we are Born, in Freedom we must Live," and "Before we'll be a Slave, we'll be Buried in our Grave."
1244:. Demonstrators were met at the monument by the speakers and musicians. Women leaders were asked to march down Independence Avenue, while the male leaders marched on Pennsylvania Avenue with the media.
11851:
11846:
2513:, the organizers explained that the virtual component of the rally was organized to enable participation by people unable to travel to Washington D.C. or safely participate in the in-person event. The
3925:
that many of the march's leaders are Communists? Do you know that Communists and other leftists could create chaos at the march? Do you know that it's not too late to pull out of the march? Stay away!
2802:
11858:
804:. Together, the Big Six plus four became known as the "Big Ten." John Lewis later recalled, "Somehow, some way, we worked well together. The six of us, plus the four. We became like brothers."
11599:
5241:
1209:. With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps, the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier. Students from the
823:
2183:
1619:
1236:
Although Randolph and Rustin had originally planned to fill the streets of Washington, D.C., the final route of the March covered only half of the National Mall. The march began at the
11863:
2397:
decades, King took center stage in narratives about the March. More recently, historians and commentators have acknowledged the role played by Bayard Rustin in organizing the event.
505:
During the 20th century, civil rights organizers began to develop ideas for a march on Washington, DC, to seek justice. Earlier efforts to organize such a demonstration included the
2423:
Soon after the speakers ended their meetings with Congress to go join the March, both houses passed legislation to create a dispute arbitration board for striking railroad workers.
1845:
Early plans for the March would have included an "Unemployed Worker" as one of the speakers. This position was eliminated, furthering criticism of the March's middle-class bias.
1762:
tyranny unless we take bold, affirmative, adequate steps to bridge the moral gap between American democracy's noble promises and its ugly practices in the field of civil rights.
1171:
11534:
910:
March organizers disagreed about the purpose of the march. The NAACP and Urban League saw it as a gesture of support for the civil rights bill that had been introduced by the
2733:
2745:
2445:—its undivided support since Reconstruction among the segregated Southern states—and went on to capture a high proportion of votes from black people from the Republicans.
2171:
498:. Black people suffered discrimination from private businesses as well, and most were prevented from voting, sometimes through violent means. Twenty-one states prohibited
5736:
2222:
979:
To avoid being perceived as radical, organizers rejected support from Communist groups. However, some politicians claimed that the March was Communist-inspired, and the
634:
on national television and radio, announcing that he would begin to push for civil rights legislation. That night (early morning of June 12, 1963), Mississippi activist
6047:
1540:). The Eva Jessye Choir sang, and Rabbi Uri Miller (president of the Synagogue Council of America) offered a prayer. He was followed by National Urban League director
754:
592:
2721:
2497:. An online tie-in event was also planned, called the 2020 Virtual March on Washington. It was held August 27 and 28, the latter being the anniversary of the iconic "
101:
8733:
7013:
3247:
310:
261:
5826:
3163:
2019:
were among the black celebrities attending. There were also quite a few white and Latino celebrities who attended or helped fund the March in support of the cause:
9660:
3906:, aided by another FBI leak, revealed that Jack O'Dell had continued to frequent SCLC's New York office even after his 'permanent' resignation four weeks earlier."
356:
8713:
4601:
2290:
6020:
2401:
4430:
1091:
12384:
12379:
11928:
10660:
10517:
10266:
9637:
8757:
2654:
1259:
without them. The leaders met the March at Constitution Avenue, where they linked arms at the head of a crowd in order to be photographed 'leading the march'.
470:
466:
6414:
3224:
12191:
12063:
10648:
8511:
3479:—about race in America. The secret meeting was immediately leaked to the press. Within weeks, the velocity of the civil rights movement would lead President
2308:
like Armstrong. He agreed to help start a list of reliable contractors that CORE could promote. It was a modest effort—but it moved in the right direction."
474:
2453:
10176:
6676:
6443:
3564:
3483:
to give the most aggressive presidential address in history on race, which was quickly followed with the most comprehensive legislation in modern history.
1127:. Jerry Bruno, President Kennedy's advance man, was positioned to cut the power to the public address system in the event of any incendiary rally speech.
10365:
8805:
8653:
2226:
cattle prods which Southern police used to break up demonstrations, were recorded for the screens of the world portraying 'American Democracy at Work.'"
2063:
was part of the planning committee and was also scheduled to perform but had to drop out at the last minute due to commitments to her TV variety series.
701:
6070:
2768:
2676:
485:(in 1877) and imposed many restrictions on people of color in the South. At the turn of the century, Southern states passed constitutions and laws that
10758:
10428:
8965:
5882:
5854:
2691:
1708:" speech, which was carried live by TV stations and subsequently considered the most impressive moment of the march. In it, King called for an end to
1233:, 10 chartered airliners, and uncounted cars converged on Washington. All regularly scheduled planes, trains, and buses were also filled to capacity.
599:
put aside their differences and came together for the march. Many whites and black people also came together in the urgency for change in the nation.
12524:
11347:
10482:
6469:
776:
About two months before the march, the Big Six broadened their organizing coalition by bringing on board four white men who supported their efforts:
5792:
3455:
12514:
11841:
10413:
9016:
5438:
5414:
3677:
1611:
for the inadequacies of the Civil Rights Act of 1963. Other leaders insisted that the speech be changed to be less antagonistic to the government.
217:
12389:
11629:
10241:
10005:
7264:
7150:
6570:
4698:
2639:
Dedrick Muhammad of the NAACP writes that racial inequality of income and homeownership have increased since 1963 and worsened during the recent
1506:
5266:
2502:
12458:
12433:
10355:
10345:
9697:
9181:
9048:
8810:
5995:
3902:
released a carefully worded statement to the effect that no civil rights leaders were 'Communists or Communist-controlled'. That same day, the
987:
produced a lengthy report on August 23 suggesting that Communists had failed to appreciably infiltrate the civil rights movement, FBI Director
626:, underscored the divide between the needs of Black America and the understanding of Washington politicians. But the meeting also provoked the
5346:"[Civil rights leaders meet with President John F. Kennedy in the oval office of the White House after the March on Washington, D.C.]"
1792:
1022:
One reporter, Fred Powledge, accompanied African Americans who boarded six buses in Birmingham, Alabama, for the 750-mile trip to Washington.
12443:
12438:
11370:
10818:
10291:
9643:
8718:
7051:
6970:
2437:
The cooperation of a Democratic administration with the issue of civil rights marked a pivotal moment in voter alignment within the U.S. The
603:
wanted to march on Washington, but disagreed over how the march should be conducted. Some called for a complete shutdown of the city through
291:
12534:
12159:
11995:
11704:
11694:
11352:
11342:
10350:
2485:, one of the original organizers of the 1963 march, announced that it would commemorate it by organizing another rally on the steps of the
1179:
548:
and banned discriminatory hiring in the defense industry, leading to improvements for many defense workers. Randolph called off the March.
343:
2311:
Other participants, more sympathetic to Malcolm X and the black nationalists, expressed ambivalence. One marcher from New York explained:
1821:, the new widow of Medgar Evers, could speak during the "Tribute to Women". However, Evers was unavailable, having missed her flight, and
12201:
11973:
9958:
8688:
8683:
8471:
8453:
7185:
7089:
4681:
2864:
2373:
would assure "full integration" based upon the existing power structures and persisting racist culture of daily life in America. Former
961:
Enforcement of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution by reducing congressional representation from States that disenfranchise citizens;
12421:
11365:
11360:
10377:
10340:
10325:
7234:
6931:
4175:
3133:
2907:
718:
2210:
Media attention gave the march national exposure, carrying the organizers' speeches and offering their own commentary. In his section
1123:, an FBI informant who served on the March's security force, told the team to be on the lookout for FBI infiltrators who might act as
12080:
11584:
10693:
10360:
10335:
9727:
8790:
7341:
7038:
2930:
Yet by the end of the year the company was promoting its Great March to Washington album, featuring 'I Have A Dream' in its entirety.
2109:
1713:
1386:
813:
738:
526:
486:
276:
271:
5374:
2299:
the street. It was like being part of a glacier. You could feel the sense of collective will and effort in the air." SNCC organizer
1788:
somewhere next door to power) was able, even remotely, to accept the depth, the dimension, the passion, and the faith of the people.
1636:
In good conscience, we cannot support wholeheartedly the administration's civil rights bill, for it is too little and too late. ...
1447:
Closing remarks were made by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, March Organizers, leading with The Pledge and a list of demands.
12428:
12058:
11579:
10801:
10440:
10271:
10219:
10168:
8825:
8780:
8448:
7331:
7259:
6860:
2331:
Spellman, and they started setting limits on how we had to march peacefully, I knew that the march was going to be a mockery, that
2247:
work, but determined that future marchers would need to call greater attention to economic injustice. In 1967–1968, he organized a
1866:
1476:
915:
746:
596:
17:
4403:
3588:
12519:
12394:
12354:
12196:
12100:
12029:
11634:
10403:
10296:
9833:
9600:
9085:
8739:
7122:
6722:
3817:
995:
launched a prominent public attack on the March as Communist, and singled out Rustin in particular as a Communist and a gay man.
929:
12453:
12448:
12416:
12186:
12090:
12053:
12000:
11834:
7100:
2510:
1728:
shouted from the crowd, "Tell them about the dream, Martin!", and King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised
639:
525:, Randolph called for 100,000 black workers to march on Washington, in protest of discriminatory hiring during World War II by
6457:
1217:
12411:
12369:
12181:
10729:
10595:
10590:
10475:
10229:
8476:
6591:
6281:
6247:
6098:
5384:
4925:
4798:
4652:
3173:
3134:"50th Anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Panel Discussion at the Black Archives of Mid-America"
2494:
545:
6166:
4738:(1986), p. 283. "Two Kennedy aides stood ready to 'pull the plug' on the public address system in case anything went amiss."
1062:
Hazel Mangle Rivers, who had paid $ 8 for her ticket—"one-tenth of her husband's weekly salary"—was quoted in the August 29
1005:
As the march was being planned, activists across the country received bomb threats at their homes and in their offices. The
12359:
12344:
12208:
12117:
12112:
12046:
10507:
9009:
8862:
7326:
7274:
7220:
6617:
5634:
2426:
The March is credited with propelling the U.S. government into action on civil rights, creating political momentum for the
2374:
1870:
1479:
1059:
Other bus rides featured racial tension, as black activists criticized liberal white participants as fair-weather friends.
210:
12334:
12171:
12141:
11923:
11502:
10714:
10418:
10145:
10018:
8840:
7269:
7205:
6563:
6487:
2506:
1822:
1498:
1490:
1328:
1076:
514:
5932:
2946:
12324:
12218:
12134:
11978:
11759:
11559:
10710:
10688:
10408:
10057:
9992:
9857:
7279:
7254:
7239:
6963:
6631:
6394:
6350:
6335:
6317:
6263:
6229:
5717:
5225:
4257:
4024:
3653:
3287:
1210:
883:
1443:
12. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. – SCLC. His "I Have a Dream" speech has become celebrated for its vision and eloquence.
231:
12504:
12471:
10861:
10512:
9872:
9622:
8785:
8658:
7127:
6904:
6492:
6298:
6209:
6195:
5542:
4844:
4133:
1323:
gave a speech during the preliminary offerings, but women were limited in the official program to a "tribute" led by
1160:
967:
Authority for the Attorney General to institute injunctive suits when constitutional rights of citizens are violated.
4860:
2400:
The March was an early example of social movements conducting mass rallies in Washington, D.C., and was followed by
12399:
12364:
12349:
12107:
11709:
10953:
10923:
10739:
10468:
10185:
9133:
8820:
8562:
7163:
7028:
6915:
6411:
4556:
3216:
2438:
2199:
2175:
Leaders of the March on Washington speak to the news media after meeting with President Kennedy at the White House.
1108:
643:
2349:
offices or even nearby for the government. I didn't see teenagers alone; I saw groups of teenagers with teachers.
1305:
12529:
12406:
12329:
12124:
11968:
11699:
11564:
11269:
10908:
10317:
10236:
9094:
9002:
8847:
8835:
7311:
7249:
5098:
2370:
980:
530:
203:
4456:
12176:
12070:
11985:
11589:
6556:
6437:
1953:
611:
had not lived up to its promises in the 1960 election, and King described Kennedy's race policy as "tokenism".
534:
12213:
12146:
12129:
12075:
12024:
11963:
11868:
11829:
11769:
11569:
10958:
10938:
10745:
10724:
10088:
9213:
8857:
8800:
8599:
6936:
6909:
6727:
6526:
2470:
1664:
627:
608:
553:
256:
5855:"NAACP plans virtual march on Washington on anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech"
5479:
630:
to take action on the civil rights of African Americans. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy gave a notable
12036:
12012:
12007:
11990:
11958:
11901:
11014:
10963:
10796:
10445:
10256:
10251:
9611:
8984:
8950:
8852:
8708:
8693:
8317:
7837:
7361:
7157:
7064:
6953:
5625:"March On Washington Was Day To Remember – And Relive; The Bus, Henry Armstrong – And The Work Left Undone"
2856:
2550:
2408:
1757:
Walter Reuther urged Americans to pressure their politicians to act to address racial injustices. He said,
1101:
789:
721:, an umbrella group to coordinate funds and messaging. This coalition of leaders, who became known as the "
675:
506:
6466:
4717:
1732:
on the theme of "I have a dream". Over time it has been hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric, added to the
12301:
12293:
12236:
12151:
11639:
11544:
11400:
11382:
11284:
10943:
10913:
10638:
10558:
10537:
10382:
10276:
10031:
9882:
9253:
9152:
8752:
8486:
8247:
7244:
7210:
7190:
7069:
6948:
6655:
5907:
4564:
4534:
4526:
3818:"Getting to the March on Washington, August 28, 1963 – The Road to Civil Rights – Highway History – FHWA"
3018:
2274:
2145:
1733:
1709:
1292:
1051:
934:
874:
Mobilization and logistics were administered by Rustin, a civil rights veteran and organizer of the 1947
817:
770:
730:
623:
473:, and African American men were elevated to the status of citizens and granted full voting rights by the
441:
403:
286:
6532:
4626:
2071:
12319:
12256:
12246:
11796:
11554:
11514:
10871:
10565:
10224:
9124:
8830:
8698:
8668:
7652:
7407:
7296:
7226:
6692:
5218:
Positively 4th Street: The Lives and Times of Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Mimi Baez Farina and Richard Farina
4972:
2266:
2230:
1721:
1042:
2381:
posited that full integration was "not possible within the present framework of the American system".
12228:
12041:
11873:
11434:
10933:
10771:
10578:
10434:
10246:
9862:
9296:
9288:
9277:
8496:
8327:
8297:
8232:
7717:
7356:
7336:
7306:
7215:
7144:
7117:
7083:
6826:
6607:
6153:
5933:"Everything To Know About The Commitment March On Washington: Speakers, Schedule, Route Map And More"
4987:
2632:
2248:
2159:
Allowing civil rights leaders to engage in conversation with Kennedy may be considered an example of
1927:
1717:
1624:
1396:
875:
781:
584:
445:
330:
320:
246:
186:
142:
10372:
6483:
3008:
386:, on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of
11918:
11482:
11395:
11039:
10828:
10643:
10583:
10573:
10499:
10398:
9979:
9617:
9261:
8397:
8357:
7882:
7787:
7195:
7139:
7132:
7105:
7045:
6926:
6836:
6760:
5886:
4378:
2979:
2427:
2390:
2153:
2117:
1647:
1202:
801:
651:
580:
437:
325:
315:
281:
266:
182:
2493:, would join civil rights leaders and the families of black men and women who died as a result of
12251:
11801:
11455:
11424:
11204:
11144:
11009:
10752:
10423:
10120:
Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King
9746:
9487:
8867:
8747:
8162:
7932:
7597:
7577:
7492:
7447:
7018:
6975:
6958:
6796:
6765:
6717:
6638:
5310:
4337:
2623:. Tens of thousands of people gathered for a five-hour program that featured dozens of speakers.
2571:
2563:
2203:
2160:
1592:
945:
932:(the Supreme Court had ruled that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional in 1954, in
812:
and described this proposal as the "perfect compromise". King and Young agreed. Leaders from the
557:
1934:, as a poor white man, was not personally or primarily to blame for the murder of Medgar Evers.
1010:
did not respond. Roy Wilkins was threatened with assassination if he did not leave the country.
12509:
12166:
11896:
11134:
10928:
10918:
10856:
10666:
10605:
10286:
9757:
9378:
9354:
9245:
9205:
9025:
8202:
7937:
7922:
7917:
7792:
7647:
7487:
7432:
6997:
6847:
6770:
6741:
6703:
2942:
2490:
2101:
1945:
1923:
1682:
1608:
1561:
1368:
1350:
1346:
1248:
1079:, claiming it had unfairly targeted civil rights activists and that it had been too lenient on
840:
742:
561:
495:
422:
391:
176:
5958:
5229:
4249:
4243:
4125:
4119:
12241:
11754:
11619:
11574:
11390:
11109:
11074:
10893:
10876:
10683:
10600:
10390:
10129:
9996:
9394:
9386:
9194:
9171:
9114:
8795:
8332:
8147:
7777:
7682:
7662:
7632:
7321:
7316:
7058:
7023:
6921:
6885:
6579:
6291:
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
5534:
5528:
5432:
5188:
5119:
5041:
4788:
3696:"In March on Washington, white activists were largely overlooked but strategically essential"
3189:
3137:
3098:
3064:
2917:
2875:
2595:
2229:
Some media figures, especially conservative ones, criticized the march. Syndicated columnist
2194:
2097:
1882:
1737:
1463:
The actual order of events differed slightly from the official printed program. Noted singer
1136:
887:
762:
576:
537:
457:
227:
43:
6149:
2389:
held radical views that only revolution could transform American society to bring about the
12483:
11891:
11654:
11465:
11417:
11289:
11179:
11084:
10851:
10841:
10813:
10678:
10532:
9161:
8815:
8703:
8501:
8382:
8287:
8097:
7727:
6880:
6612:
3252:
2842:
2567:
1937:
1931:
1805:
1678:
1455:
631:
541:
499:
251:
195:
1119:
William Johnson recruited more than 1,000 police officers to serve on this private force.
638:
was murdered in his own driveway, further escalating national tension around the issue of
8:
12266:
11624:
11539:
11019:
10808:
10698:
10628:
10309:
10261:
10066:
9838:
9716:
9229:
8578:
8539:
8087:
8047:
7997:
7907:
7867:
7842:
7797:
7602:
7557:
7402:
7382:
7351:
7346:
7289:
7200:
6990:
6943:
6893:
6854:
6426:
6075:
5859:
5831:
3700:
2382:
2316:
2121:
1869:". This was not Marian Anderson's first appearance at the Lincoln Memorial. In 1939, the
1628:
1521:
1375:
1267:
1252:
1237:
1124:
984:
860:
785:
766:
722:
695:
430:
148:
63:
12271:
5754:
5710:
Revolutionaries to Race Leaders: Black Power and the Making of African American Politics
12339:
12276:
12019:
11477:
11244:
11224:
11129:
11054:
10881:
10786:
10776:
10764:
10655:
10552:
10527:
9937:
9907:
9848:
9707:
9543:
9338:
9269:
9076:
9058:
8900:
8663:
8647:
8640:
8619:
8611:
8605:
8568:
8402:
8312:
8292:
8217:
8197:
8187:
8167:
8082:
7967:
7912:
7857:
7762:
7542:
7457:
7111:
7095:
7075:
6841:
6806:
6733:
6219:
5755:"LibGuides: March on Washington – 50th Anniversary (1963–2013): 50th Anniversary Stamp"
4914:
4294:
3671:
3136:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. August 7, 2013. Archived from
2591:
2125:
1672:
1486:
1361:
1024:
836:
832:
809:
662:
604:
510:
482:
478:
418:
407:
5415:"Television News and the Civil Rights Struggle: The Views in Virginia and Mississippi"
3821:
1345:; Farmer wrote that the protests would not stop "until the dogs stop biting us in the
1201:
declared that the capital was suffering "its worst case of invasion jitters since the
1175:
Close up of some leaders of the March on Washington walking along Constitution Avenue.
796:, executive director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice; and
11786:
11507:
11169:
11139:
10734:
10491:
9824:
9797:
9653:
9479:
9410:
8763:
8678:
8673:
8633:
8506:
8277:
8262:
8227:
8007:
7927:
7872:
7657:
6816:
6811:
6683:
6669:
6662:
6623:
6514:
6478:
6390:
6375:
6346:
6331:
6313:
6305:
6294:
6277:
6259:
6243:
6225:
6205:
6191:
5713:
5538:
5483:
5380:
5221:
5075:
4921:
4840:
4834:
4794:
4263:
4253:
4129:
4030:
4020:
3899:
3705:
3659:
3649:
3283:
3276:
3169:
2954:
2870:
2431:
2259:
1971:
The event featured many prominent celebrities in addition to singers on the program.
1941:
1911:
1878:
1874:
1830:
1514:
1152:
1034:
710:
706:
671:
647:
615:
462:
350:
6548:
5996:"'We are not going to stop': Thousands gather for annual March on for Voting Rights"
4017:
American vanguard : the United Auto Workers during the Reuther years, 1935–1970
1247:
The start of the March was delayed because its leaders were meeting with members of
11942:
11913:
11908:
11806:
11774:
11747:
11472:
11089:
11059:
11049:
11044:
10611:
9559:
9142:
8945:
8930:
8920:
8890:
8626:
8573:
8422:
8407:
8372:
8237:
8182:
8172:
8067:
7942:
7877:
7752:
7667:
7627:
7617:
7607:
7592:
7587:
7562:
7452:
6831:
6746:
6709:
6520:
6454:
5629:
5067:
4483:
4408:
2486:
2393:
and power that was needed to end the historical facts of exclusion and inequality.
2386:
2278:
2277:
criticized the government for cooperating with the civil rights activists. Senator
2218:
2137:
2082:
1767:
1582:
1472:
1256:
1241:
1140:
395:
387:
383:
93:
57:
2566:'s earlier estimate. Among the speakers were Martin Luther King III, his wife and
2136:
of the NAACP and (not visible shown in the image to the right) Secretary of Labor
583:
across the United States. 1963 marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the
11937:
11764:
11674:
11669:
11600:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
11450:
11405:
11259:
11249:
11229:
11214:
11114:
10989:
10979:
10618:
10281:
10133:
9927:
9917:
9808:
9439:
9221:
8940:
8925:
8910:
8723:
8352:
8342:
8302:
8282:
8242:
8117:
8107:
8072:
8032:
8017:
7952:
7817:
7767:
7697:
7582:
7532:
7517:
7507:
7502:
7482:
7467:
7462:
7437:
7377:
7301:
6899:
6870:
6865:
6821:
6801:
6780:
6752:
6473:
6461:
6418:
6370:
The March on Washington: Jobs, Freedom, and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights
6328:
The March on Washington: Jobs, Freedom, and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights
5419:
3560:
3480:
2786:
2760:
2713:
2668:
2664:
2640:
2607:
2603:
2141:
2040:
2032:
2012:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1862:
1854:
1826:
1725:
1671:?) But Lewis did not want to change the speech. Other members of SNCC, including
1553:
1533:
1468:
1464:
1406:
1334:
1320:
1205:." The jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in
1183:
Leaders arrived late and linked arms in front of marchers on Constitution Avenue.
1115:
1080:
988:
911:
904:
864:
588:
569:
5883:"Tens of thousands march on Washington in 'Get Your Knee Off Our Necks' protest"
5345:
4682:"Civil Rights Leader Gloria Richardson Reflects on the 1963 March on Washington"
12374:
11779:
11742:
11732:
11492:
11487:
11429:
11264:
11194:
11124:
11119:
10623:
10547:
10301:
10075:
9813:
9627:
9567:
9463:
9067:
8979:
8960:
8544:
8392:
8377:
8307:
8257:
8222:
8207:
8192:
8152:
8132:
8122:
8077:
8062:
8042:
7812:
7782:
7772:
7742:
7732:
7642:
7612:
7412:
7033:
6985:
6875:
6099:"Thousands march to mark the 60th anniversary of MLK's 'I Have a Dream' speech"
6048:"Thousands expected to March On For Washington and Voting Rights this Saturday"
4239:
3646:
Nobody turn me around : a people's history of the 1963 march on Washington
3046:
2850:
2660:
2599:
2538:
2498:
2129:
2056:
1980:
1858:
1705:
1699:
1686:
1651:
1529:
1392:
1316:
1190:
1156:
992:
964:
A Fair Labor Standards Act broadened to include employment areas then excluded;
868:
777:
683:
670:
publicly for "a massive March on Washington for jobs". They received help from
556:, held at the Lincoln Memorial on May 17, 1957, featured key leaders including
426:
399:
302:
172:
5304:
1704:
The speech given by SCLC president King, who spoke last, became known as the "
827:
Leaders of the march in front of the statue of Abraham Lincoln: (sitting L-R)
12498:
11332:
11314:
11304:
11274:
11219:
11174:
11159:
11104:
11094:
11079:
11029:
11024:
10994:
10791:
10719:
10542:
10092:
10022:
9777:
9535:
9511:
9503:
9471:
8955:
8885:
8728:
8594:
8417:
8347:
8252:
8102:
8037:
8022:
8012:
7972:
7897:
7887:
7847:
7832:
7722:
7712:
7672:
7622:
7497:
7422:
7392:
6448:
6215:
5827:"Civil rights leaders plan August demonstration on steps of Lincoln Memorial"
5487:
4267:
3709:
3663:
2958:
2912:
2756:
2752:
2579:
2542:
2526:
2457:
50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
2412:
2113:
2093:
2089:
2048:
1984:
1779:
1566:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1437:
1423:
1416:
1324:
1195:
1144:
1120:
879:
852:
848:
828:
797:
793:
758:
666:
619:
522:
491:
414:
154:
116:
103:
4034:
1930:", a provocative and not completely popular choice because it asserted that
11644:
11412:
11337:
11309:
11294:
11279:
11234:
11209:
11189:
11099:
11069:
11064:
11034:
10984:
10836:
10522:
10110:
10079:
10053:
9983:
9737:
9632:
9575:
9551:
9527:
9370:
9346:
8915:
8895:
8412:
8367:
8362:
8322:
8157:
8137:
8092:
8027:
7962:
7947:
7862:
7852:
7807:
7757:
7747:
7737:
7707:
7702:
7692:
7677:
7637:
7572:
7552:
7547:
7527:
7522:
7512:
7472:
7427:
7397:
6775:
6286:
5480:"The chronicle. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1961-1966, September 02, 1963, Image 4"
4302:
4293:
3769:"Nobody Turn Me Around": A People's History of the 1963 March on Washington
3013:
2881:
2821:
2698:
2587:
2583:
2530:
2466:
2378:
2060:
2024:
1996:
1960:
1818:
1612:
1607:
of SNCC was the youngest speaker at the event. He planned to criticize the
1537:
1494:
1338:
952:
726:
691:
635:
517:, president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the
4404:"The White Man Whose 'March on Washington' Speech You Should Remember Too"
433:, was the most integral and highest-ranking white organizer of the march.
11664:
11649:
11497:
11460:
11299:
11254:
11239:
11004:
10999:
10846:
10330:
10149:
10101:
9648:
9455:
9418:
9362:
8994:
8935:
8905:
8527:
8491:
8432:
8427:
8387:
8337:
8272:
8267:
8177:
8127:
8057:
8052:
7992:
7977:
7827:
7822:
7687:
7567:
7537:
7477:
7442:
6698:
6431:
6310:
Africana: the Encyclopedia of the African and African American experience
6167:
50 Years After the March On Washington: The Economic Impacts on Education
5213:
4955:
The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation
4307:
Freedom on my Mind: African Americans and the New Century, 2000 – Present
3165:
Nobody Turn Me Around: A People's History of the 1963 March on Washington
3121:
The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation
2790:
2683:
2620:
2575:
2534:
2442:
2300:
2133:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2004:
2000:
1842:, was escorted away from the podium before Martin Luther King Jr. spoke.
1646:... We will march through the South, through the heart of Dixie, the way
1549:
1430:
1400:
1206:
844:
750:
687:
565:
518:
4820:
1740:
with an inscription on the spot where King stood to deliver the speech.
1489:, followed by a tribute to "Negro Women Fighters for Freedom", in which
1251:. To the leaders' surprise, the assembled group began to march from the
1075:
Some participants who arrived early held an all-night vigil outside the
921:
Despite their disagreements, the group came together on a set of goals:
11199:
11184:
11154:
11149:
10898:
10866:
10705:
10673:
10044:
9519:
9495:
9447:
9402:
8554:
8212:
8142:
8112:
7982:
7957:
7902:
7802:
7417:
7387:
6135:
Freddie Allen, "Upcoming Washington March should again focus on jobs",
5376:
The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement
3248:"An important goal of the 1963 March on Washington remains unfulfilled"
3004:
2582:. Other speakers at the event included Democratic U.S. Representatives
2105:
2016:
1915:
1839:
1835:
1797:
1729:
1604:
1525:
1510:
1502:
1382:
856:
734:
591:. Leaders represented major civil rights organizations. Members of The
138:
11535:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
6202:
Marching on Washington: The Forging of an American Political Tradition
3355:
3278:
The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower
1892:
941:
A program of public works, including job training, for the unemployed;
717:
In June 1963, leaders from several different organizations formed the
11813:
11659:
11164:
10948:
10886:
10781:
10137:
8532:
8002:
7987:
6024:
5524:
4718:"9 things about Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech, March on Washington"
2546:
2522:
2518:
2262:
1919:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1873:
refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in
1342:
958:
Withholding Federal funds from programs that tolerate discrimination;
900:
533:
to correct that. Faced with a mass march scheduled for July 1, 1941,
51:
10460:
6274:
Nobody Turn Me Around: A People's History of the March on Washington
1829:
had addressed the crowd before the official program began. Although
1412:
7. Rabbi Uri Miller -- President of the Synagogue Council of America
12286:
12281:
11791:
7892:
5999:
5306:
August 28, 1963: March on Washington – www.NBCUniversalArchives.com
4653:"Kennedy White House had jitters ahead of 1963 March on Washington"
4605:
3094:
2008:
1660:
1319:. None of the official speeches was by a woman. Dancer and actress
998:
Organizers worked out of a building at West 130th St. and Lenox in
11550:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
6071:"King Family Returning for March on Washington's 60th Anniversary"
5759:
Guides By Subject – LibGuides at Prince George's Community College
2884:– an American leader and activist during the Civil Rights Movement
2351:
White people standing in wonder. Their eyes were open, they were
2221:
translated the speeches and rebroadcast them in 36 languages. The
1221:
Nearly 250,000 people marched, including 60,000 white participants
10903:
10009:
9767:
8481:
4298:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
2202:. King's speech has been redacted from this video because of the
1667:. Rustin asked, "How could you do this? Do you know what Sherman
1378:– United Presbyterian Church and the National Council of Churches
6256:
Freedom: A Photographic History of the African American Struggle
1885:, Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open-air concert on
1135:
The organizers originally planned to hold the march outside the
11737:
9037:
8549:
6021:"Thousands expected for protests, rallies on the National Mall"
5042:"Meet the 1963 March on Washington Organizers | BillMoyers.com"
1949:
1886:
1341:'s speech because Farmer had been arrested during a protest in
1066:. Rivers said that she was impressed by Washington's civility:
999:
765:. King in particular had become well known for his role in the
705:
Leaders of the March on Washington meeting with Vice President
6188:
Like a Mighty Stream: The March on Washington, August 28, 1963
4176:"Behind March On Washington's 'Sunny Reputation,' A Deep Fear"
3801:
2556:
1825:
spoke briefly (less than 200 words) in place of her. Earlier,
1749:
attendees to take various actions in support of the struggle.
11549:
7284:
6508:
4461:
3565:
The Long March 'The March on Washington,' by William P. Jones
2794:
2514:
2501:" speech, and the day after President Trump was scheduled to
2482:
2092:
of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice;
2081:
speech on TV and was very impressed. According to biographer
1639:
I want to know, which side is the federal government on? ...
1586:
1230:
444:, when national media coverage contributed to passage of the
5712:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xxiv.
5478:
Humanities, National Endowment for the (September 2, 1963).
4484:"The Move to Unity, Labor's Role in the March on Washington"
2233:
called it a "public disgrace" and "the mess in Washington."
725:", included: Randolph, chosen as titular head of the march;
225:
11594:
6527:
The March, 1963, from the National Archives YouTube Channel
6479:
Annotated text of John Lewis's original speech with changes
2541:, among many others. It was a two-night event broadcast on
1139:. However, Reuther persuaded them to move the march to the
892:
6343:
Eyes on the prize: America's civil rights years, 1954–1965
1926:", for which he was joined by Baez. Dylan also performed "
593:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
10404:
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.
6496:
6484:
March on Washington 50th Anniversary Oral History Project
6102:
5966:
4721:
1520:
Following that, speakers were Presbyterian Church leader
1226:
1041:
John Marshall Kilimanjaro, a demonstrator traveling from
4627:"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom; Part 6 of 17"
3791:
3789:
3589:
The Forgotten Radical History of the March on Washington
3356:
The Impact of the Second World War on the American Negro
2562:
attended. However, the smaller crowd size did match the
1663:, who had edited the speech and inserted the line about
10035:
8734:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
8512:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
5068:"Key Figures behind the March: Reuther, the Labor Ally"
4832:
1654:
policy and burn Jim Crow to the ground—nonviolently ...
10267:
African American founding fathers of the United States
8758:
African American founding fathers of the United States
7106:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
6971:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
4916:
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
4527:"Special Collections, March on Washington, Parts 1-17"
4309:. New York: Bedford, Boston/ St.Martin's. p. 667.
4019:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 388.
1857:
sang, "I've been 'buked, and I've been scorned", and "
6578:
6308:. In Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.).
6253:
6221:
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63
5793:
How the March on Washington Flipped the Southern Vote
4313:
3786:
3774:
3749:
3456:
The 1963 March on Washington Changed Politics Forever
2294:
Leaders of the march leading marchers down the street
694:. Randolph and Rustin intended to focus the March on
10177:
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
3062:
2947:"Still striving for MLK's dream in the 21st century"
2832:
1889:
Sunday, 1939, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
1581:
Roy Wilkins announced that sociologist and activist
1497:, who had missed her flight. The tribute introduced
1331:
also spoke briefly (see "excluded speakers" below.)
481:, but Democrats regained power after the end of the
8806:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
6389:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
5820:
5818:
4557:"Special Collections, March on Washington, Part 17"
2476:
1095:
Aerial view of Washington Monument showing marchers
6519:is available for free viewing and download at the
5908:"Media Advisory: 2020 Virtual March on Washington"
4973:"Ten Things to Know About the March on Washington"
4913:
4693:
4691:
4121:Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65
3275:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4457:"How women's voices were excluded from the March"
4338:"Women Were 'Second Class Citizens At '63 March'"
2570:president Arndrea Waters King, daughter Yolanda,
2465:At the 50th anniversary march in 2013, President
2066:
1485:The opening remarks were given by march director
575:The 1963 march was part of the rapidly expanding
153:Mass movements and demonstrations throughout the
12496:
11585:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
7342:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
6534:Eyes on the Prize March on Washington video page
5824:
5815:
5242:"Celebrities Who Joined the March on Washington"
4599:
1459:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom program
646:, his proposal was signed into law by President
11630:Black players in professional American football
11580:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
10220:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
7332:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
7265:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
7151:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
4836:Walking With the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement
4790:The March on Washington: Uniting Against Racism
4688:
4675:
4673:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
2251:to occupy the National Mall with a shantytown.
1293:March on Washington, 15 hours of radio coverage
925:Passage of meaningful civil rights legislation;
436:The march is credited with helping to pass the
10373:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
9698:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis
8811:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
6387:Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement
5267:"Hollywood Who's Who Marched with King in '63"
5116:Baldwin's Harlem: A Biography of James Baldwin
4960:
4699:"Photos: The Women of the March on Washington"
3069:, National Archives and Records Administration
2613:
10476:
9644:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
9638:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations
9182:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
9010:
8719:List of lynching victims in the United States
7052:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
6564:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5506:
5504:
5379:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 262.
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4014:
1616:and pro-Kennedy leaders were phrases such as:
1071:white person has ever really been nice to me.
211:
11343:Historically black colleges and universities
10409:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose
6467:Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech at the March
6455:Original Program for the March on Washington
5994:Gualtieri, Allison Elyse (August 28, 2021).
5437:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5368:
5366:
4670:
4602:"Book Discussion on The March on Washington"
3864:
3862:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3676:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3574:
3543:
3541:
3047:"March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom"
2517:'s Virtual March featured performances from
2407:For the 50th Anniversary, of the March, the
955:nationwide (equivalent to $ 20 in 2023);
657:
344:District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.
9959:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
9038:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests
7186:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
5731:
5729:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4245:Once in a great city : a Detroit story
3689:
3687:
3450:
3448:
3446:
2865:List of protest marches on Washington, D.C.
2557:2021 Voting Rights and D.C. Statehood March
2212:The March on Washington and Television News
907:, who termed it the "farce on Washington".
425:for human rights in United States history.
10483:
10469:
10378:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)
9024:
9017:
9003:
7235:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
6571:
6557:
6493:Color photos from 1963 March on Washington
5980:
5880:
5501:
5477:
5259:
4861:"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom"
4712:
4710:
4708:
4589:. H. W. Wilson Company. 1965. p. 121.
4248:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
4225:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
2874:, the award-winning documentary about the
1356:The order of the speakers was as follows:
719:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
465:were legally freed from slavery under the
402:" speech in which he called for an end to
218:
204:
50:
11560:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
9728:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306
8791:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
6254:Marable, Manning; Leith Mullings (2002).
6242:, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2013;
6068:
5993:
5523:
5363:
4113:
4111:
4109:
3859:
3841:
3538:
3273:
3058:
3056:
2236:
1693:
1536:(substituting for arrested CORE director
1130:
814:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
739:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
12525:History of African-American civil rights
10441:Civil rights movement in popular culture
10247:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
10169:Civil rights movement in popular culture
9238:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
8826:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
6861:University of Georgia desegregation riot
6340:
6240:This Is the Day: The March on Washington
6224:. New York; London: Simon and Schuster.
6045:
5726:
4780:
4650:
4379:"The 1963 March on Washington in Photos"
4376:
4325:
4238:
3693:
3684:
3443:
3217:"The March on Washington and Its Impact"
3063:Bayard Rustin Papers (August 28, 1963),
3049:. Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement.
2941:
2820:National Basketball Association player,
2610:, activist and brother of George Floyd.
2452:
2289:
2178:
2170:
2070:
1891:
1791:
1677:
1631:on the 50th anniversary, August 28, 2013
1618:
1454:
1216:
1178:
1170:
1090:
1086:
916:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
914:Administration. Randolph, King, and the
822:
747:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
700:
597:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
372:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
292:President Kennedy's civil rights address
27:1963 civil rights movement demonstration
12515:August 1963 events in the United States
9086:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
8740:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
8477:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
8472:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
5852:
5707:
5533:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. pp.
5343:
5065:
4985:See Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters:
4705:
4679:
3245:
3161:
3032:
2282:member of Congress, including myself."
1800:was present but excluded from speaking.
1147:could hear the speakers and musicians.
477:in the years soon after the end of the
14:
12497:
12459:Topics related to the African diaspora
11565:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
8654:African-American women in the movement
7101:White House Conference on Civil Rights
6932:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
6303:
6214:
6204:University of California Press, 2002.
5737:Rustin finally getting due recognition
5413:G, Thomas, William (August 28, 2018).
5313:from the original on December 12, 2021
5234:
4911:
4600:William P. Jones (February 19, 2016).
4319:
4117:
4106:
3795:
3780:
3755:
3053:
3003:
2935:
2448:
1743:
1560:spoke, followed by SCLC president Dr.
1477:Washington's Roman Catholic Archbishop
1308:, 8/28/1963, Educational Radio Network
1295:, 8/28/1963, Educational Radio Network
544:on June 25. The order established the
12439:Landmark African-American legislation
10490:
10464:
10208:
9677:
9598:
9319:
9036:
8998:
7090:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
6552:
6190:. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2002.
6096:
5752:
5623:Brown, Richard D. (August 16, 2013).
5622:
3694:Thompson, Krissah (August 25, 2013).
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
2997:
2363:
2198:, a documentary film produced by the
1910:led the crowds in several verses of "
1903:performing at the March on Washington
1867:He's Got the Whole World in His Hands
1556:, American Jewish Congress president
1240:and was scheduled to progress to the
546:Committee on Fair Employment Practice
199:
168:200,000 to 300,000 people participate
11570:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
8863:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
7327:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
7275:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
7221:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
6693:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
6618:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
6384:
5372:
4833:Lewis, John; Michael D'Orso (1998).
4786:
4549:
3227:from the original on January 9, 2013
3123:. New York: Harper Collins. p. 177.
3009:"The March on Washington Remembered"
2905:
2418:
2404:, many of which used similar names.
2402:several other marches in the capital
1871:Daughters of the American Revolution
1773:
713:at the White House on June 22, 1963.
579:, which involved demonstrations and
521:—was a key instigator in 1941. With
12535:Protest marches in Washington, D.C.
11924:African-American Vernacular English
10419:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
7270:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
7206:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
6871:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
6488:District of Columbia Public Library
6432:March on Washington August 28, 1963
5401:President Kennedy: Profile of Power
4651:Matthews, David (August 28, 2013).
4519:
4435:National Museum of American History
2124:of the United Presbyterian Church;
1450:
1349:and the rats stop biting us in the
1188:paternal apprehension to dread. On
515:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
24:
11842:U.S. cities with large populations
11545:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
10322:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr.
10209:
10058:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew
9614:(now National Civil Rights Museum)
8714:African-American churches attacked
7280:Montgomery Improvement Association
7255:Georgia Council on Human Relations
7240:Council of Federated Organizations
7211:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
6964:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
6922:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
6728:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
6632:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
6381:(Johnson Publishing Company; 1963)
6293:William Morrow and Company, 1986.
6046:Gonzalez, John (August 28, 2021).
5825:Lang, Marissa J. (July 20, 2020).
3643:
3214:
3080:
1804:Despite the protests of organizer
1471:but was unable to arrive on time;
1211:University of California, Berkeley
895:as their operations headquarters.
618:invited African-American novelist
614:On May 24, 1963, Attorney General
390:. At the march, final speaker Dr.
357:23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment
311:24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment
25:
12546:
10715:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
10711:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
10518:African American founding fathers
9873:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK
9599:
8786:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
8659:Jews in the civil rights movement
6405:
6150:The Unfinished March: An Overview
6069:Silverman, Ellie (May 15, 2023).
5412:
3246:Jenkins, Alan (August 28, 2013).
2166:
2088:In full, these participants were
1752:
1643:won't be a "cooling-off" period.
487:disenfranchised most black people
12477:
11595:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
10740:Nadir of American race relations
10186:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.
10065:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (
9134:Second Emancipation Proclamation
8985:Civil rights movement portal
8978:
8821:Freedom Riders National Monument
8563:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
7164:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
7070:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
7029:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
6916:Second Emancipation Proclamation
6516:"The March on Washington (1963)"
6159:
6142:
6129:
6116:
6097:Olson, Emily (August 26, 2023).
6090:
6062:
6039:
6013:
5951:
5925:
5900:
5874:
5846:
5802:
5785:
5772:
5746:
5701:
5688:
5675:
5662:
5649:
5616:
5603:
5590:
5577:
5564:
5551:
5527:(1990) . George Breitman (ed.).
5517:
5471:
5458:
5445:
5406:
5393:
5337:
5324:
5297:
5284:
5207:
5194:
5177:
5164:
5151:
5138:
5125:
5108:
5091:
5059:
5034:
5021:
5008:
4995:
4979:
4947:
4934:
4905:
4892:
4879:
4853:
4826:
4814:
4680:Goodman, Amy (August 28, 2013).
4124:. Simon & Schuster. p.
2849:
2835:
2813:
2801:
2779:
2767:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2705:
2690:
2675:
2653:
2477:2020 Virtual March on Washington
2473:on Bayard Rustin and 15 others.
2200:United States Information Agency
1817:The assembled group agreed that
1596:by Du Bois, published in 1903."
1552:. After a performance by singer
1306:Dr. King's speech begins at 1:30
1300:
1287:
10601:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
10591:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
10318:Safe House Black History Museum
10237:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
8848:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
8836:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
7312:National Council of Negro Women
7250:Deacons for Defense and Justice
6434:– Civil Rights Movement Archive
5853:Feldman, Kate (July 20, 2020).
4823:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
4821:Full Text of John Lewis' Speech
4767:
4754:
4741:
4728:
4644:
4619:
4593:
4579:
4506:
4493:
4476:
4449:
4423:
4396:
4370:
4357:
4344:
4287:
4274:
4212:
4199:
4186:
4168:
4155:
4142:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4054:
4041:
4008:
3995:
3982:
3969:
3956:
3943:
3930:
3909:
3888:
3875:
3828:
3761:
3736:
3723:
3637:
3624:
3611:
3598:
3554:
3525:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3465:
3430:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3360:Journal of Contemporary History
3348:
3335:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3267:
3239:
3208:
3194:American Federation of Teachers
3182:
3155:
2808:Vocalists Peter, Paul, and Mary
2602:, of New York; NAACP president
2285:
2204:copyright held by King's estate
981:Federal Bureau of Investigation
469:and granted citizenship in the
12520:Civil rights movement protests
11590:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
10596:Civil right movement 1896–1954
10292:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
9270:Mississippi March Against Fear
6723:Mansfield school desegregation
6372:(W.W. Norton; 2013) 296 pages;
6276:. Boston: Beacon Press, 2010.
5939:. newsone.com. August 28, 2020
5066:Euchner, Charles (Fall 2013).
3126:
3113:
2972:
2899:
2712:Major League Baseball player,
2507:Republican National Convention
2489:, in which King's oldest son,
2344:Jenkins from Washington said:
2067:Meeting with President Kennedy
1966:
1576:
1225:On August 28, more than 2,000
1013:
946:law prohibiting discrimination
494:, which were pervasive in the
13:
1:
11770:Cherokee freedmen controversy
10746:The Negro Motorist Green Book
9993:March! For Martin Luther King
9214:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
8858:National Voting Rights Museum
8801:Civil Rights Movement Archive
8600:Lynching in the United States
8487:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
6937:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
6910:University of Chicago sit-ins
6677:Davis v. Prince Edward County
4839:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3644:C., Euchner, Charles (2010).
3066:March on Washington (Program)
2888:
2727:Leaders gather for a portrait
2503:accept his party's nomination
2471:Presidential Medal of Freedom
2241:
1959:Some participants, including
1877:. With the aid of First Lady
1650:did. We shall pursue our own
1599:
1155:and his civil rights liaison
554:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
451:
10257:National Civil Rights Museum
10252:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
9095:I've Been to the Mountaintop
8853:National Civil Rights Museum
8709:March on Washington Movement
8694:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
7158:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
6444:The 1963 March on Washington
5118:; New York: Atria, 2008; p.
5099:Baldwin: A literary standard
4920:. Harvard University Press.
4377:cl_admin (August 23, 2013).
2857:Civil rights movement portal
2409:United States Postal Service
1724:. At the end of the speech,
948:in public or private hiring;
790:National Council of Churches
676:Amalgamated Clothing Workers
507:March on Washington Movement
442:Selma Voting Rights Movement
7:
11640:Black players in ice hockey
11575:National Urban League (NUL)
11401:American Society of Muslims
10639:Selma to Montgomery marches
10559:Brown v. Board of Education
10394:sculpture, Portland, Oregon
10384:Landmark for Peace Memorial
10109:"Symphony of Brotherhood" (
10032:Pride (In the Name of Love)
9254:Selma to Montgomery marches
9153:Letter from Birmingham Jail
8497:"This Little Light of Mine"
7245:Dallas County Voters League
7191:Atlanta Negro Voters League
6949:Letter from Birmingham Jail
6656:Brown v. Board of Education
6306:"March on Washington, 1963"
5344:Leffler, Warren K. (1963).
4787:Doak, Robin Santos (2007).
3019:Public Broadcasting Service
2828:
2739:Four young marchers singing
2626:
2614:2023 60th Anniversary March
2369:the liberal reforms of the
2275:William Jennings Bryan Dorn
1734:National Recording Registry
1714:Declaration of Independence
1710:racism in the United States
1623:John Lewis speaking in the
1482:delivered the invocation.
1274:
935:Brown v. Board of Education
818:Congress of Racial Equality
771:Letter from Birmingham Jail
731:Congress of Racial Equality
413:The march was organized by
394:, standing in front of the
374:, also known as simply the
10:
12551:
11797:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
11555:Nashville Student Movement
10566:Children of the plantation
10282:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
10225:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
10006:Martin Luther King's Dream
9320:
8868:Olympic Black Power Statue
8831:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
8699:Holt Street Baptist Church
8669:16th Street Baptist Church
7653:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
7297:Nashville Student Movement
7227:An Appeal for Human Rights
6122:"King's unfinished work",
4912:Carson, Clayborne (1981).
4865:kinginstitute.stanford.edu
4587:Current biography yearbook
2906:Ward, Brian (April 1998).
2646:
2578:and Washington D.C. Mayor
2304:life to was worth doing."
2273:Segregationists including
2267:Message to the Grass Roots
2254:
1848:
1722:United States Constitution
1697:
1665:Sherman's March to the Sea
1493:spoke briefly in place of
1467:was scheduled to lead the
1440:– American Jewish Congress
1043:Greensboro, North Carolina
788:, former president of the
455:
398:, delivered his historic "
12467:
12434:Index of related articles
12312:
12227:
11951:
11884:
11822:
11722:
11683:
11615:
11608:
11523:
11443:
11435:Doctrine of Father Divine
11381:
11323:
10972:
10827:
10819:Women's suffrage movement
10772:Reconstruction Amendments
10579:Voting Rights Act of 1965
10498:
10435:America in the King Years
10215:
10204:
10160:
9970:
9949:
9898:
9789:
9688:
9684:
9678:
9673:
9607:
9594:
9429:
9330:
9326:
9315:
9289:Memphis sanitation strike
9193:
9105:
9047:
9043:
9032:
8974:
8876:
8773:
8587:
8520:
8462:
8441:
8328:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
8298:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
7370:
7362:Women's Political Council
7357:Wednesdays in Mississippi
7352:United Auto Workers (UAW)
7337:Southern Regional Council
7307:Northern Student Movement
7216:Committee for Freedom Now
7176:
7118:Memphis sanitation strike
7084:Voting Rights Act of 1965
7006:
6827:Savannah Protest Movement
6789:
6647:
6608:Journey of Reconciliation
6600:
6587:
6154:Economic Policy Institute
5105:43(27), 14 February 2008.
4988:America in the King Years
3274:Weinstein, Allen (2002).
3162:Euchner, Charles (2010).
2793:, Executive Secretary of
2633:Economic Policy Institute
2553:and on online platforms.
2509:. Addressing the ongoing
2223:United Information Agency
1928:Only a Pawn in Their Game
1718:Emancipation Proclamation
1299:
1286:
1281:
1107:For the first time since
928:Immediate elimination of
876:Journey of Reconciliation
782:United Automobile Workers
658:Planning and organization
585:Emancipation Proclamation
527:U.S. military contractors
446:Voting Rights Act of 1965
380:Great March on Washington
321:Voting Rights Act of 1965
262:Strom Thurmond filibuster
247:Journey of Reconciliation
239:
187:Voting Rights Act of 1965
162:
143:Emancipation Proclamation
132:
88:
70:
49:
41:
36:
12505:1963 in Washington, D.C.
12484:United States portal
11919:African-American English
11348:Inventors and scientists
11040:George Washington Carver
10644:Chicago Freedom Movement
10242:National Historical Park
9980:Abraham, Martin and John
9458:(strategist / colleague)
9262:Chicago Freedom Movement
7196:Atlanta Student Movement
7140:Civil Rights Act of 1968
7065:1964–1965 Scripto strike
7046:Civil Rights Act of 1964
6944:1963 Birmingham campaign
6837:Civil Rights Act of 1960
6761:Civil Rights Act of 1957
5708:Johnson, Cedric (2007).
4793:. Capstone. p. 69.
3648:. Boston: Beacon Press.
2428:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2391:redistribution of wealth
2118:American Jewish Congress
1736:and memorialized by the
1475:performed in her place.
1266:About 50 members of the
1203:First Battle of Bull Run
1166:
802:American Jewish Congress
652:Civil Rights Act of 1964
581:nonviolent direct action
438:Civil Rights Act of 1964
326:Civil Rights Act of 1968
316:Civil Rights Act of 1964
282:Civil Rights Act of 1960
267:Civil Rights Act of 1957
183:Civil Rights Act of 1964
18:1963 March on Washington
12407:African-American firsts
11456:Back-to-Africa movement
11425:Black Hebrew Israelites
11205:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
10753:Partus sequitur ventrem
10424:King County, Washington
10277:FBI–King suicide letter
8748:Voter Education Project
8502:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
8163:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
7598:Josephine Dobbs Clement
7019:Chester school protests
7014:Twenty-fourth Amendment
6976:Detroit Walk to Freedom
6718:Tallahassee bus boycott
6639:Baton Rouge bus boycott
6341:Williams, Juan (1987).
6312:. Basic Civitas Books.
6139:(NNPA), 14 August 2013.
4118:Branch, Taylor (1998).
3477:no understanding at all
3196:. Fall 2013. p. 35
2943:King III, Martin Luther
2572:National Action Network
2564:National Action Network
2469:conferred a posthumous
2161:speaking truth to power
1593:The Souls of Black Folk
1419:– National Urban League
1371:– Little Rock, Arkansas
991:rejected its contents.
903:, spokesperson for the
624:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
287:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
12530:Martin Luther King Jr.
12375:Spingarn Medal winners
11864:States and territories
11635:Black NFL quarterbacks
11135:Martin Luther King Jr.
10667:Dred Scott v. Sandford
10606:Montgomery bus boycott
10287:Season for Nonviolence
10100:"Never Alone Martin" (
9822:"Great X-Pectations" (
9758:King in the Wilderness
9379:Martin Luther King Sr.
9355:Martin Luther King III
9297:Poor People's Campaign
9246:St. Augustine movement
9206:Montgomery bus boycott
9026:Martin Luther King Jr.
8966:Movement photographers
8203:Bernice Johnson Reagon
7923:Martin Luther King Sr.
7918:Martin Luther King Jr.
7488:William Holmes Borders
7260:Highlander Folk School
7145:Poor People's Campaign
6998:St. Augustine movement
6848:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
6771:Katz Drug Store sit-in
6742:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
6704:Montgomery bus boycott
5810:Marching on Washington
5572:Marching on Washington
5512:Marching on Washington
5453:Marching on Washington
5292:Marching on Washington
5133:Marching on Washington
5029:Marching on Washington
4942:Marching on Washington
4501:Marching on Washington
4365:Marching on Washington
4352:Marching on Washington
4163:Marching on Washington
4101:Marching on Washington
4015:Barnard, John (2004).
4003:Marching on Washington
3883:Marching on Washington
3870:Marching on Washington
3854:Marching on Washington
3836:Marching on Washington
3744:Marching on Washington
3731:Marching on Washington
3507:Marching on Washington
3412:Marching on Washington
3306:(2002), pp. 31, 34–36.
3282:. DK Publishing, Inc.
3119:Hansen, D. D. (2003).
2491:Martin Luther King III
2481:On July 20, 2020, the
2458:
2415:that commemorated it.
2371:Johnson administration
2357:
2341:
2295:
2249:Poor People's Campaign
2237:Responses and memories
2207:
2176:
2102:Martin Luther King Jr.
2077:
1924:When the Ship Comes In
1904:
1815:
1801:
1790:
1764:
1694:Martin Luther King Jr.
1690:
1683:Martin Luther King Jr.
1656:
1632:
1609:Kennedy Administration
1562:Martin Luther King Jr.
1460:
1222:
1184:
1176:
1161:U.S. Army Signal Corps
1131:Venue and sound system
1096:
1073:
1057:
1039:
871:
841:Martin Luther King Jr.
743:Martin Luther King Jr.
714:
628:Kennedy administration
609:Kennedy administration
562:Martin Luther King Jr.
513:—the president of the
392:Martin Luther King Jr.
331:Poor People's Campaign
177:Martin Luther King Jr.
76:; 61 years ago
11685:Athletic associations
11620:Negro league baseball
11391:African-American Jews
11110:Ketanji Brown Jackson
11075:Henry Highland Garnet
10934:Negro National Anthem
10684:George Floyd protests
10649:Post–civil rights era
9395:Christine King Farris
9387:Alberta Williams King
9172:Conscience for Change
9115:Stride Toward Freedom
8796:Civil Rights Memorial
8684:Bethel Baptist Church
8333:Charles Kenzie Steele
7778:Audrey Faye Hendricks
7683:Myrlie Evers-Williams
7663:Patricia Stephens Due
7633:Abraham Lincoln Davis
7568:Colia Lafayette Clark
7322:Operation Breadbasket
7317:National Urban League
7059:Katzenbach v. McClung
6927:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
6580:Civil rights movement
6304:Tuttle, Kate (1999).
6186:Bass, Patrick Henry.
6156:Report, 18 June 2013.
6124:Philadelphia Inquirer
5780:Nobody Turn Me Around
5683:Nobody Turn Me Around
5657:Nobody Turn Me Around
5559:Nobody Turn Me Around
5466:Nobody Turn Me Around
5271:realclearpolitics.com
5220:; New York: Picador;
5202:Nobody Turn Me Around
5172:Nobody Turn Me Around
5148:(2002), pp. 109, 111.
4887:Nobody Turn Me Around
4775:Nobody Turn Me Around
4762:Nobody Turn Me Around
4684:– via AlterNet.
4514:Nobody Turn Me Around
4431:"March on Washington"
4282:Nobody Turn Me Around
4220:Nobody Turn Me Around
4207:Nobody Turn Me Around
4194:Nobody Turn Me Around
4150:Nobody Turn Me Around
4075:Nobody Turn Me Around
4062:Nobody Turn Me Around
3990:Nobody Turn Me Around
3977:Nobody Turn Me Around
3964:Nobody Turn Me Around
3951:Nobody Turn Me Around
3938:Nobody Turn Me Around
3917:Nobody Turn Me Around
3632:Nobody Turn Me Around
3549:Nobody Turn Me Around
3533:Nobody Turn Me Around
3520:Nobody Turn Me Around
3473:Nobody Turn Me Around
3438:Nobody Turn Me Around
3425:Nobody Turn Me Around
3386:Nobody Turn Me Around
3317:Nobody Turn Me Around
3099:World Digital Library
2980:"March on Washington"
2908:"Recording the Dream"
2876:Civil Rights Movement
2598:, both of Texas, and
2505:for president at the
2456:
2346:
2313:
2293:
2192:
2174:
2098:National Urban League
2074:
1895:
1883:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1810:
1795:
1785:
1759:
1738:National Park Service
1681:
1634:
1622:
1458:
1220:
1182:
1174:
1094:
1087:Security preparations
1077:Department of Justice
1068:
1047:
1030:
888:racial discrimination
826:
763:National Urban League
709:and Attorney General
704:
577:Civil Rights Movement
538:Franklin D. Roosevelt
458:Civil rights movement
228:Civil rights movement
117:38.88917°N 77.05000°W
44:Civil Rights Movement
11892:Afro-Seminole Creole
11418:Azusa Street Revival
11290:Booker T. Washington
10814:Underground Railroad
10679:Free people of color
10533:Atlantic slave trade
10446:Lee–Jackson–King Day
10399:Kennedy–King College
9858:"Return of the King"
8841:other King memorials
8816:Freedom Rides Museum
8753:1960s counterculture
8704:Edmund Pettus Bridge
8383:Walter Francis White
8288:Alexander D. Shimkin
6797:New Year's Day March
6766:Ministers' Manifesto
6613:Executive Order 9981
6385:Lyon, Danny (1992).
6379:The Day They Marched
6345:. New York: Viking.
5812:(2002), pp. 173–174.
5696:Like a Mighty Stream
5670:Like a Mighty Stream
5611:Like a Mighty Stream
5598:Like a Mighty Stream
5585:Like a Mighty Stream
5514:(2002), pp. 176–178.
5373:Hill, Lance (2006).
5332:Like a Mighty Stream
5159:Like a Mighty Stream
5146:Like a Mighty Stream
5003:Like a Mighty Stream
4944:(2002), pp. 169–170.
4764:(2010), pp. 180–181.
4749:Like a Mighty Stream
4516:(2010), pp. 130–131.
4088:Like a Mighty Stream
4049:Like a Mighty Stream
3904:Atlanta Constitution
3838:(2002), pp. 156–157.
3733:(2002), pp. 147–148.
3619:Like a Mighty Stream
3608:(1986), pp. 269–270.
3494:Like a Mighty Stream
3399:Like a Mighty Stream
3373:Like a Mighty Stream
3343:Like a Mighty Stream
3330:Like a Mighty Stream
3304:Like a Mighty Stream
2843:United States portal
2568:Drum Major Institute
2525:, and speeches from
1938:Peter, Paul and Mary
1932:Byron De La Beckwith
1806:Anna Arnold Hedgeman
1532:, and CORE chairman
1028:carried his report:
632:civil rights address
542:Executive Order 8802
500:interracial marriage
471:Fourteenth Amendment
467:Thirteenth Amendment
337:District of Columbia
252:Executive Order 9981
74:August 28, 1963
12287:Trinidad and Tobago
11902:Black American Sign
11729:By African descent
11723:Ethnic subdivisions
11710:Southwestern (SWAC)
11625:Baseball color line
11540:Black Panther Party
11444:Political movements
11361:in computer science
11020:Carol Moseley Braun
10809:Tulsa race massacre
10802:Treatment of slaves
10634:March on Washington
10629:Birmingham movement
10311:Hope Moving Forward
10076:Shed a Little Light
9839:New York Undercover
9834:"The Promised Land"
9661:Conspiracy theories
9442:(mentor, colleague)
9230:Birmingham campaign
8579:Mary McLeod Bethune
8540:Sermon on the Mount
8507:"We Shall Overcome"
8088:William Lewis Moore
7868:Frank Minis Johnson
7843:Richie Jean Jackson
7798:Donald L. Hollowell
7603:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
7408:Gwendolyn Armstrong
7403:William G. Anderson
7383:Victoria Gray Adams
7347:The Freedom Singers
7201:Black Panther Party
6981:March on Washington
6894:Garner v. Louisiana
6855:Boynton v. Virginia
6509:John Lewis's speech
6438:March on Washington
6427:Stanford University
6412:March on Washington
6165:Dedrick Muhammad, "
6076:The Washington Post
5832:The Washington Post
5637:on December 3, 2015
5185:March on Washington
4437:. December 17, 2012
3701:The Washington Post
3587:William P. Jones, "
3190:"American Educator"
3007:(August 28, 2003).
2951:The Washington Post
2945:(August 25, 2010).
2449:Anniversary marches
2383:Black Panther Party
2122:Eugene Carson Blake
1946:Blowin' in the Wind
1744:Randolph and Rustin
1629:Library of Congress
1548:, and NAACP leader
1522:Eugene Carson Blake
1376:Eugene Carson Blake
1268:American Nazi Party
1253:Washington Monument
1238:Washington Monument
1125:agents provocateurs
1083:who attacked them.
985:William C. Sullivan
886:ruling that banned
878:, the first of the
861:Eugene Carson Blake
800:, president of the
786:Eugene Carson Blake
780:, president of the
767:Birmingham campaign
761:, president of the
753:, president of the
745:, president of the
729:, president of the
696:economic inequality
558:Adam Clayton Powell
475:Fifteenth Amendment
431:United Auto Workers
429:, president of the
376:March on Washington
297:March on Washington
149:Birmingham campaign
122:38.88917; -77.05000
113: /
64:Washington Monument
37:March on Washington
12385:US representatives
12380:US cabinet members
12272:Dominican Republic
11859:Metropolitan areas
11700:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
11525:Civic and economic
11503:Self-determination
11324:Education, science
11245:Fred Shuttlesworth
11225:A. Philip Randolph
11130:Coretta Scott King
11055:Frederick Douglass
10882:Harlem Renaissance
10787:Separate but equal
10777:Reconstruction era
10765:Plessy v. Ferguson
10656:Cornerstone Speech
10570:Civil Rights Acts
10553:Black Lives Matter
10528:American Civil War
10305:sculpture, Atlanta
10089:Up to the Mountain
9876:(2011 documentary)
9849:Selma, Lord, Selma
9771:(2020 documentary)
9761:(2018 documentary)
9731:(2008 documentary)
9708:Our Friend, Martin
9701:(1970 documentary)
9544:Fred Shuttlesworth
9339:Coretta Scott King
9077:How Long, Not Long
9059:Give Us the Ballot
8901:Michael Eric Dyson
8781:In popular culture
8664:Fifth Circuit Four
8648:Loving v. Virginia
8641:Hernandez v. Texas
8620:Buchanan v. Warley
8612:Separate but equal
8606:Plessy v. Ferguson
8569:Frederick Douglass
8403:Robert F. Williams
8313:Kelly Miller Smith
8293:Fred Shuttlesworth
8218:Frederick D. Reese
8198:George Raymond Jr.
8188:A. Philip Randolph
8168:Fay Bellamy Powell
8083:Queen Mother Moore
7968:Z. Alexander Looby
7913:Coretta Scott King
7858:Barbara Rose Johns
7838:Jimmie Lee Jackson
7763:William E. Harbour
7543:Stokely Carmichael
7458:Randolph Blackwell
7123:King assassination
7112:Loving v. Virginia
7096:March Against Fear
7076:How Long, Not Long
6954:Children's Crusade
6905:Cambridge movement
6842:Ax Handle Saturday
6807:Greensboro sit-ins
6734:Give Us the Ballot
6472:2017-12-22 at the
6460:2011-08-15 at the
6417:2009-03-21 at the
6376:Saunders, Doris E.
6368:Jones, William P.
6326:Jones, William P.
6272:Euchner, Charles.
6148:Algernon Austin, "
5753:Sims-Wood, Janet.
5741:Pacific Daily News
5735:DeWayne Wickham, "
5685:(2010), pp. 81–82.
5659:(2010), pp. 24–25.
5403:(1993) pp. 580–584
5246:washingtonpost.com
4975:. August 28, 2012.
4889:(2010), pp. 45–49.
4724:. August 28, 2013.
4340:. August 28, 2013.
4303:Waldo E. Martin Jr
4295:Deborah Gray White
4196:(2010), pp. 60–62.
4077:(2010), pp. 43–44.
3979:(2010), pp. 63–65.
3940:(2010), pp. 57–58.
3923:the agents asked,
3767:Euchner, Charles,
3621:(2002), pp. 66–67.
3496:(2002), pp. 67–69.
3388:(2010), pp. 16–17.
3375:(2002), pp. 51–52.
3362:6(2), 1971; p. 46.
3345:(2002), pp. 49–51.
3332:(2002), pp. 44–46.
3143:on October 4, 2015
2953:. Washington, DC.
2592:Sheila Jackson Lee
2459:
2385:member and lawyer
2364:Effects and legacy
2296:
2208:
2177:
2126:A. Philip Randolph
2078:
1905:
1802:
1691:
1673:Stokely Carmichael
1633:
1487:A. Philip Randolph
1461:
1362:A. Philip Randolph
1223:
1185:
1177:
1097:
1081:white supremacists
1025:The New York Times
930:school segregation
872:
837:A. Philip Randolph
833:Cleveland Robinson
810:civil disobedience
737:, chairman of the
715:
663:A. Philip Randolph
642:. After Kennedy's
605:civil disobedience
511:A. Philip Randolph
483:Reconstruction era
479:American Civil War
440:. It preceded the
419:A. Philip Randolph
408:racial segregation
12492:
12491:
12320:African Americans
12192:Dallas–Fort Worth
11787:Black Southerners
11718:
11717:
11170:Thurgood Marshall
11140:Bernard Lafayette
10735:Million Man March
10492:African Americans
10458:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10429:Eponymous streets
10272:Authorship issues
10200:
10199:
10196:
10195:
9962:(1957 comic book)
9825:A Different World
9802:(1978 miniseries)
9669:
9668:
9590:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9480:Bernard Lafayette
9411:James Albert King
9311:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9162:Why We Can't Wait
8992:
8991:
8764:Eyes on the Prize
8679:A.G. Gaston Motel
8674:Kelly Ingram Park
8634:Sweatt v. Painter
8318:Mary Louise Smith
8278:Cleveland Sellers
8263:Michael Schwerner
8228:Gloria Richardson
8008:Thurgood Marshall
7928:Bernard Lafayette
7658:John Wesley Dobbs
7172:
7171:
6886:Birmingham attack
6866:Rock Hill sit-ins
6817:Sibley Commission
6812:Nashville sit-ins
6684:Gebhart v. Belton
6670:Briggs v. Elliott
6663:Bolling v. Sharpe
6624:Sweatt v. Painter
6423:King Encyclopedia
6282:978-0-8070-0059-5
6258:. Phaidon Press.
6248:978-1-60606-121-3
6173:, 13 August 2013.
6126:, 16 August 2013.
6027:. August 28, 2021
5799:, 16 August 1963.
5791:Bruce Bartlett, "
5743:, 15 August 2013.
5399:Reeves, Richard,
5386:978-0-8078-5702-1
5076:American Educator
5016:Bearing the Cross
4927:978-0-674-44726-4
4900:Bearing the Cross
4800:978-0-7565-3339-7
4736:Bearing the Cross
4567:. August 28, 1963
4537:. August 28, 1963
3900:Robert F. Kennedy
3896:Bearing the Cross
3606:Bearing the Cross
3571:, 15 August 2013.
3454:Bruce Bartlett, "
3175:978-0-8070-9552-2
3101:. August 28, 1963
2871:Eyes on the Prize
2774:Food service crew
2751:Charlton Heston,
2511:COVID-19 pandemic
2432:Voting Rights Act
2419:Political effects
2260:Black nationalist
2190:
2154:civil rights bill
1942:If I Had a Hammer
1912:We Shall Overcome
1879:Eleanor Roosevelt
1875:Constitution Hall
1831:Gloria Richardson
1813:Lincoln Memorial.
1774:Excluded speakers
1712:. It invoked the
1544:, NCCIJ director
1515:Gloria Richardson
1312:
1311:
1153:Robert F. Kennedy
1035:Kelly Ingram Park
1007:Los Angeles Times
847:; (standing L-R)
711:Robert F. Kennedy
707:Lyndon B. Johnson
672:Stanley Aronowitz
648:Lyndon B. Johnson
640:racial inequality
616:Robert F. Kennedy
529:and demanding an
463:African Americans
423:political rallies
388:African Americans
365:
364:
351:Bolling v. Sharpe
257:Prayer Pilgrimage
242:National movement
194:
193:
181:Catalyst to pass
16:(Redirected from
12542:
12482:
12481:
12480:
12444:Lynching victims
11943:Louisiana Creole
11914:American English
11802:Louisiana Creole
11775:Choctaw freedmen
11613:
11612:
11150:Huddie Ledbetter
11090:Fannie Lou Hamer
11060:W. E. B. Du Bois
11050:Claudette Colvin
11045:Shirley Chisholm
10862:Family structure
10730:Military history
10612:Browder v. Gayle
10485:
10478:
10471:
10462:
10461:
10366:Pueblo, Colorado
10297:Oval Office bust
10206:
10205:
10189:
10180:
10171:
10153:
10141:
10124:
10114:
10105:
10096:
10083:
10070:
10061:
10048:
10039:
10026:
10013:
10000:
9987:
9963:
9942:
9932:
9922:
9912:
9891:
9877:
9867:
9853:
9843:
9829:
9818:
9803:
9782:
9772:
9762:
9752:
9742:
9732:
9722:
9712:
9702:
9686:
9685:
9675:
9674:
9596:
9595:
9579:
9571:
9563:
9555:
9547:
9539:
9531:
9523:
9515:
9507:
9499:
9491:
9483:
9475:
9467:
9459:
9451:
9443:
9422:
9414:
9406:
9398:
9390:
9382:
9374:
9366:
9358:
9350:
9342:
9328:
9327:
9317:
9316:
9300:
9292:
9284:
9273:
9265:
9257:
9249:
9241:
9233:
9225:
9217:
9209:
9186:
9176:
9166:
9156:
9147:
9143:Strength to Love
9137:
9128:
9119:
9098:
9089:
9080:
9071:
9062:
9045:
9044:
9034:
9033:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8996:
8995:
8983:
8982:
8946:Charles M. Payne
8931:Steven F. Lawson
8921:David Halberstam
8891:Clayborne Carson
8627:Hocutt v. Wilson
8574:W. E. B. Du Bois
8423:Sammy Younge Jr.
8408:Q. V. Williamson
8373:Wyatt Tee Walker
8238:Bernice Robinson
8183:Lincoln Ragsdale
8173:Rodney N. Powell
8068:Douglas E. Moore
7943:Sanford R. Leigh
7878:J. Charles Jones
7753:Fannie Lou Hamer
7668:Joseph Ellwanger
7628:Jonathan Daniels
7618:Claudette Colvin
7608:Annie Lee Cooper
7593:Kathleen Cleaver
7588:Eldridge Cleaver
7563:Shirley Chisholm
7453:Gloria Blackwell
7039:workers' murders
6986:"I Have a Dream"
6881:Anniston bombing
6832:Greenville Eight
6747:Little Rock Nine
6710:Browder v. Gayle
6598:
6597:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6521:Internet Archive
6495:, Collection by
6400:
6356:
6330:. Norton, 2013.
6323:
6269:
6235:
6200:Barber, Lucy G.
6174:
6163:
6157:
6146:
6140:
6133:
6127:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5991:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5881:ABC News Radio.
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5822:
5813:
5806:
5800:
5789:
5783:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5750:
5744:
5733:
5724:
5723:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5686:
5679:
5673:
5666:
5660:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5633:. Archived from
5630:Hartford Courant
5620:
5614:
5607:
5601:
5594:
5588:
5581:
5575:
5568:
5562:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5530:Malcolm X Speaks
5521:
5515:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5475:
5469:
5462:
5456:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5428:
5410:
5404:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5341:
5335:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5238:
5232:
5211:
5205:
5198:
5192:
5181:
5175:
5168:
5162:
5155:
5149:
5142:
5136:
5129:
5123:
5112:
5106:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5079:. pp. 34–35
5072:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5038:
5032:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5006:
4999:
4993:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4958:
4951:
4945:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4919:
4909:
4903:
4896:
4890:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4745:
4739:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4714:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4409:The New Republic
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4374:
4368:
4367:(2002), p. 164.
4361:
4355:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4291:
4285:
4284:(2010), pp. 8–9.
4278:
4272:
4271:
4236:
4223:
4216:
4210:
4203:
4197:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4115:
4104:
4097:
4091:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4012:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3913:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3866:
3857:
3850:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3824:on May 22, 2011.
3820:. Archived from
3814:
3799:
3793:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3667:
3641:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3596:
3585:
3572:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3509:(2002), p. 144.
3503:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3469:
3463:
3462:, 9 August 2013.
3460:The Fiscal Times
3452:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3168:. Beacon Press.
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:on June 28, 2011
2916:. Archived from
2903:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2817:
2805:
2783:
2771:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2709:
2694:
2679:
2657:
2495:police brutality
2487:Lincoln Memorial
2439:Democratic Party
2387:Kathleen Cleaver
2339:something again.
2317:St Patrick's Day
2279:Olin D. Johnston
2219:Voice of America
2191:
2083:Thomas C. Reeves
2059:, among others.
1881:and her husband
1768:Irving Bluestone
1685:delivering his "
1583:W. E. B. Du Bois
1524:, SNCC chairman
1473:Camilla Williams
1451:Official program
1364:– March Director
1304:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1257:Lincoln Memorial
1242:Lincoln Memorial
1141:Lincoln Memorial
1137:Capitol Building
595:(NAACP) and the
448:that same year.
396:Lincoln Memorial
384:Washington, D.C.
234:
220:
213:
206:
197:
196:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
94:Washington, D.C.
84:
82:
77:
58:Lincoln Memorial
54:
34:
33:
21:
12550:
12549:
12545:
12544:
12543:
12541:
12540:
12539:
12495:
12494:
12493:
12488:
12478:
12476:
12463:
12429:Historic places
12422:US state firsts
12308:
12223:
11947:
11880:
11852:2010 majorities
11847:2000 majorities
11818:
11765:Black Seminoles
11714:
11705:Southern (SIAC)
11688:
11687:and conferences
11686:
11679:
11675:Serena Williams
11670:Jackie Robinson
11604:
11528:
11526:
11519:
11439:
11406:Nation of Islam
11377:
11325:
11319:
11260:Sojourner Truth
11250:Clarence Thomas
11215:Gabriel Prosser
11115:Michael Jackson
10990:Crispus Attucks
10980:Ralph Abernathy
10968:
10924:Musical theater
10823:
10689:Great Migration
10661:COVID-19 impact
10619:Sit-in movement
10494:
10489:
10459:
10450:
10313:statue, Atlanta
10211:
10192:
10183:
10174:
10167:
10156:
10144:
10127:
10117:
10108:
10099:
10086:
10073:
10064:
10051:
10042:
10029:
10016:
10003:
9990:
9977:
9966:
9956:
9945:
9935:
9925:
9918:The Mountaintop
9915:
9905:
9894:
9880:
9870:
9856:
9846:
9832:
9821:
9809:The First Store
9806:
9796:
9785:
9775:
9765:
9755:
9745:
9735:
9725:
9715:
9711:(1999 animated)
9705:
9695:
9680:
9665:
9603:
9582:
9574:
9566:
9558:
9550:
9542:
9534:
9526:
9518:
9510:
9502:
9494:
9486:
9478:
9470:
9462:
9454:
9446:
9440:Ralph Abernathy
9438:
9431:
9425:
9417:
9409:
9401:
9393:
9385:
9377:
9369:
9361:
9353:
9345:
9337:
9322:
9303:
9295:
9287:
9276:
9268:
9260:
9252:
9244:
9236:
9228:
9222:Albany Movement
9220:
9212:
9204:
9196:
9189:
9179:
9169:
9159:
9150:
9140:
9131:
9122:
9112:
9101:
9092:
9083:
9074:
9065:
9056:
9039:
9028:
9023:
8993:
8988:
8977:
8970:
8951:Thomas E. Ricks
8941:Diane McWhorter
8926:Vincent Harding
8911:Adam Fairclough
8878:
8872:
8769:
8724:Freedom Schools
8583:
8516:
8464:
8458:
8449:Omaha, Nebraska
8437:
8353:Hartman Turnbow
8343:Dorothy Tillman
8303:Glenn E. Smiley
8283:Charles Sherrod
8243:Jo Ann Robinson
8118:Charles Neblett
8108:Elijah Muhammad
8073:Harriette Moore
8033:Floyd McKissick
8018:Franklin McCain
7953:Stanley Levison
7818:T. R. M. Howard
7768:Vincent Harding
7698:Walter Fauntroy
7583:Xernona Clayton
7533:John H. Calhoun
7518:Aurelia Browder
7508:Stanley Branche
7503:Raylawni Branch
7483:Joseph E. Boone
7468:Ezell Blair Jr.
7463:Unita Blackwell
7438:Harry Belafonte
7378:Ralph Abernathy
7366:
7302:Nation of Islam
7178:
7168:
7002:
6959:Birmingham riot
6900:Albany Movement
6822:Atlanta sit-ins
6802:Sit-in movement
6785:
6781:Biloxi wade-ins
6753:Cooper v. Aaron
6643:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6540:
6538:
6531:
6513:The short film
6474:Wayback Machine
6462:Wayback Machine
6446:– slideshow by
6419:Wayback Machine
6408:
6403:
6397:
6362:Further reading
6359:
6353:
6320:
6266:
6238:Leonard Freed,
6232:
6177:
6171:Huffington Post
6164:
6160:
6147:
6143:
6134:
6130:
6121:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6044:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6002:
5992:
5981:
5971:
5969:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5942:
5940:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5889:
5879:
5875:
5865:
5863:
5851:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5823:
5816:
5807:
5803:
5790:
5786:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5751:
5747:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5706:
5702:
5698:(2002), p. 101.
5693:
5689:
5680:
5676:
5667:
5663:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5638:
5621:
5617:
5608:
5604:
5600:(2002), p. 142.
5595:
5591:
5582:
5578:
5569:
5565:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5522:
5518:
5509:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5476:
5472:
5463:
5459:
5455:(2002), p. 175.
5450:
5446:
5430:
5429:
5420:Southern Spaces
5411:
5407:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5371:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5342:
5338:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5294:(2002), p. 172.
5289:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5250:
5248:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5212:
5208:
5204:(2010), p. 109.
5199:
5195:
5182:
5178:
5174:(2010), p. 159.
5169:
5165:
5161:(2002), p. 108.
5156:
5152:
5143:
5139:
5135:(2002), p. 158.
5130:
5126:
5113:
5109:
5103:Baystate Banner
5096:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5048:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5031:(2002), p. 171.
5026:
5022:
5018:(1986), p. 284.
5013:
5009:
5005:(2002), p. 126.
5000:
4996:
4984:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4961:
4952:
4948:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4910:
4906:
4897:
4893:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4785:
4781:
4777:(2010), p. 183.
4772:
4768:
4759:
4755:
4751:(2002), p. 122.
4746:
4742:
4733:
4729:
4716:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4678:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4503:(2002), p. 162.
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4412:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4375:
4371:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4275:
4260:
4240:Maraniss, David
4237:
4226:
4217:
4213:
4209:(2010), p. 102.
4204:
4200:
4191:
4187:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4165:(2002), p. 160.
4160:
4156:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4027:
4013:
4009:
4005:(2002), p. 161.
4000:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3957:
3953:(2010), p. 116.
3948:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3914:
3910:
3893:
3889:
3885:(2002), p. 159.
3880:
3876:
3872:(2002), p. 156.
3867:
3860:
3856:(2002), p. 151.
3851:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3816:
3815:
3802:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:(2002), p. 149.
3741:
3737:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3692:
3685:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3586:
3575:
3561:David J. Garrow
3559:
3555:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3481:John F. Kennedy
3470:
3466:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3354:Neil A. Wynn, "
3353:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3327:
3323:
3319:(2010), p. 128.
3314:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3141:(press release)
3140:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2940:
2936:
2923:
2921:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2809:
2806:
2797:
2787:Sammy Davis Jr.
2784:
2775:
2772:
2763:
2761:Harry Belafonte
2749:
2740:
2737:
2728:
2725:
2716:
2714:Jackie Robinson
2710:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2669:Charlton Heston
2665:Harry Belafonte
2658:
2649:
2641:Great Recession
2629:
2616:
2608:Philonise Floyd
2604:Derrick Johnson
2559:
2479:
2451:
2421:
2375:Communist Party
2366:
2350:
2288:
2257:
2244:
2239:
2179:
2169:
2142:Floyd McKissick
2128:; labor leader
2069:
2041:Joanne Woodward
2033:Charlton Heston
2013:Diahann Carroll
1993:Sammy Davis Jr.
1989:Jackie Robinson
1977:Harry Belafonte
1973:Josephine Baker
1969:
1944:" and Dylan's "
1863:Marian Anderson
1855:Mahalia Jackson
1851:
1827:Josephine Baker
1796:Actress/singer
1776:
1755:
1746:
1726:Mahalia Jackson
1702:
1696:
1602:
1579:
1554:Mahalia Jackson
1534:Floyd McKissick
1528:, labor leader
1480:Patrick O'Boyle
1469:national anthem
1465:Marian Anderson
1453:
1407:Floyd McKissick
1335:Floyd McKissick
1321:Josephine Baker
1301:
1288:
1277:
1229:, 21 chartered
1169:
1133:
1116:Walter Fauntroy
1089:
1016:
989:J. Edgar Hoover
905:Nation of Islam
865:Floyd McKissick
660:
589:Abraham Lincoln
570:Mahalia Jackson
531:Executive Order
460:
454:
368:
367:
366:
361:
277:2nd Youth March
272:1st Youth March
235:
232:Washington D.C.
226:
224:
175:" delivered by
141:signing of the
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
98:
97:
80:
78:
75:
66:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12548:
12538:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12486:
12474:
12468:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12425:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12404:
12403:
12402:
12397:
12395:Visual artists
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12355:Mathematicians
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12316:
12314:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12305:
12304:
12296:
12291:
12290:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12261:
12260:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12233:
12231:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12205:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12179:
12174:
12172:South Carolina
12169:
12164:
12163:
12162:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12142:North Carolina
12139:
12138:
12137:
12127:
12122:
12121:
12120:
12110:
12105:
12104:
12103:
12095:
12094:
12093:
12087:Massachusetts
12085:
12084:
12083:
12073:
12068:
12067:
12066:
12056:
12051:
12050:
12049:
12039:
12034:
12033:
12032:
12022:
12017:
12016:
12015:
12005:
12004:
12003:
11998:
11988:
11983:
11982:
11981:
11976:
11966:
11961:
11955:
11953:
11949:
11948:
11946:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11934:
11933:
11932:
11931:
11929:social context
11926:
11916:
11906:
11905:
11904:
11894:
11888:
11886:
11882:
11881:
11879:
11878:
11877:
11876:
11871:
11861:
11856:
11855:
11854:
11849:
11839:
11838:
11837:
11826:
11824:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11816:
11811:
11810:
11809:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11783:
11782:
11780:Creek Freedmen
11777:
11772:
11767:
11757:
11755:Alabama Creole
11752:
11751:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11726:
11724:
11720:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11695:Central (CIAA)
11691:
11689:
11684:
11681:
11680:
11678:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11616:
11610:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11531:
11529:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11517:
11512:
11511:
11510:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11488:Pan-Africanism
11485:
11480:
11475:
11470:
11469:
11468:
11458:
11453:
11447:
11445:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11430:Black theology
11427:
11422:
11421:
11420:
11410:
11409:
11408:
11403:
11393:
11387:
11385:
11379:
11378:
11376:
11375:
11374:
11373:
11371:in STEM fields
11368:
11363:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11329:
11327:
11326:and technology
11321:
11320:
11318:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11265:Harriet Tubman
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11195:Michelle Obama
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11125:Barbara Jordan
11122:
11120:Harriet Jacobs
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11010:Amelia Boynton
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10976:
10974:
10973:Notable people
10970:
10969:
10967:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10909:LGBT community
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10890:
10889:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10833:
10831:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10805:
10804:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10761:
10756:
10749:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10708:
10703:
10702:
10701:
10696:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10652:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10624:Freedom Riders
10621:
10616:
10608:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10568:
10563:
10555:
10550:
10548:Black genocide
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10504:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10488:
10487:
10480:
10473:
10465:
10456:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10388:
10386:, Indianapolis
10380:
10375:
10370:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10320:
10315:
10307:
10303:Homage to King
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10222:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10210:Related topics
10202:
10201:
10198:
10197:
10194:
10193:
10191:
10190:
10181:
10172:
10164:
10162:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10154:
10142:
10125:
10115:
10106:
10097:
10084:
10071:
10062:
10049:
10040:
10027:
10019:Happy Birthday
10014:
10001:
9988:
9974:
9972:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9964:
9953:
9951:
9947:
9946:
9944:
9943:
9933:
9923:
9913:
9902:
9900:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9878:
9868:
9854:
9844:
9830:
9819:
9814:The Jeffersons
9804:
9793:
9791:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9773:
9763:
9753:
9743:
9733:
9723:
9713:
9703:
9692:
9690:
9682:
9681:
9671:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9663:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9646:
9641:
9635:
9630:
9628:James Earl Ray
9625:
9620:
9615:
9612:Lorraine Motel
9608:
9605:
9604:
9592:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9572:
9568:Hosea Williams
9564:
9556:
9548:
9540:
9532:
9524:
9516:
9508:
9500:
9492:
9484:
9476:
9468:
9464:Dorothy Cotton
9460:
9452:
9444:
9435:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9415:
9407:
9399:
9391:
9383:
9375:
9367:
9359:
9351:
9343:
9334:
9332:
9324:
9323:
9313:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9293:
9285:
9274:
9266:
9258:
9250:
9242:
9234:
9226:
9218:
9210:
9201:
9199:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9177:
9167:
9157:
9148:
9138:
9129:
9120:
9109:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9090:
9081:
9072:
9068:I Have a Dream
9063:
9053:
9051:
9041:
9040:
9030:
9029:
9022:
9021:
9014:
9007:
8999:
8990:
8989:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8961:Akinyele Umoja
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8882:
8880:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8630:
8623:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8602:
8597:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8545:Mahatma Gandhi
8542:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8454:South Carolina
8451:
8445:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8393:Hosea Williams
8390:
8385:
8380:
8378:Hollis Watkins
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8308:A. Maceo Smith
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8258:Bernie Sanders
8255:
8250:
8248:Angela Russell
8245:
8240:
8235:
8233:David Richmond
8230:
8225:
8223:Walter Reuther
8220:
8215:
8210:
8208:Cordell Reagon
8205:
8200:
8195:
8193:George Raymond
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8153:Charles Person
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8123:Huey P. Newton
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8078:Harry T. Moore
8075:
8070:
8065:
8063:Cecil B. Moore
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8043:James Meredith
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7873:Clarence Jones
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7813:Zilphia Horton
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7783:Lola Hendricks
7780:
7775:
7773:Dorothy Height
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7743:Lawrence Guyot
7740:
7735:
7733:Jack Greenberg
7730:
7725:
7720:
7718:Andrew Goodman
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7643:Joseph DeLaine
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7613:Dorothy Cotton
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7558:J. L. Chestnut
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7493:Amelia Boynton
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7413:Arnold Aronson
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7154:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7120:
7115:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7034:Freedom Summer
7031:
7026:
7024:Bloody Tuesday
7021:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6701:
6696:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6628:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6595:
6585:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6529:
6524:
6511:
6500:
6499:
6490:
6481:
6476:
6464:
6452:
6441:
6440:, WDAS History
6435:
6429:
6407:
6406:External links
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:978-0807843864
6395:
6382:
6373:
6365:
6358:
6357:
6352:978-0245546686
6351:
6338:
6336:978-0393240580
6324:
6319:978-0465000715
6318:
6301:
6284:
6270:
6265:978-0714845173
6264:
6251:
6236:
6231:978-0671687427
6230:
6216:Branch, Taylor
6212:
6198:
6183:
6176:
6175:
6158:
6141:
6128:
6115:
6089:
6061:
6038:
6012:
5979:
5950:
5924:
5899:
5873:
5845:
5814:
5801:
5784:
5771:
5745:
5725:
5719:978-0816644773
5718:
5700:
5687:
5674:
5672:(2002), p. 72.
5661:
5648:
5615:
5613:(2002), p. 38.
5602:
5589:
5587:(2002), p. 95.
5576:
5563:
5561:(2010), p. 16.
5550:
5543:
5516:
5500:
5470:
5468:(2010), p. 70.
5457:
5444:
5405:
5392:
5385:
5362:
5336:
5334:(2002), p. 94.
5323:
5296:
5283:
5258:
5233:
5226:978-1429961769
5206:
5193:
5176:
5163:
5150:
5137:
5124:
5107:
5097:Talia Whyte, "
5090:
5058:
5046:BillMoyers.com
5033:
5020:
5007:
4994:
4978:
4959:
4946:
4933:
4926:
4904:
4891:
4878:
4867:. July 6, 2017
4852:
4845:
4825:
4813:
4799:
4779:
4766:
4753:
4740:
4727:
4704:
4687:
4669:
4643:
4618:
4592:
4578:
4548:
4518:
4505:
4492:
4475:
4448:
4422:
4395:
4369:
4356:
4343:
4324:
4322:, p. 876.
4312:
4286:
4273:
4259:978-1476748399
4258:
4224:
4211:
4198:
4185:
4167:
4154:
4141:
4134:
4105:
4092:
4090:(2002), p. 24.
4079:
4066:
4064:(2010), p. 25.
4053:
4051:(2002), p. 81.
4040:
4026:978-0814332979
4025:
4007:
3994:
3992:(2010), p. 73.
3981:
3968:
3966:(2010), p. 71.
3955:
3942:
3929:
3908:
3887:
3874:
3858:
3840:
3827:
3800:
3798:, p. 874.
3785:
3783:, p. 871.
3773:
3760:
3758:, p. 872.
3748:
3735:
3722:
3683:
3655:978-0807001554
3654:
3636:
3623:
3610:
3597:
3595:, Spring 2013.
3573:
3569:New York Times
3553:
3551:(2010), p. 21.
3537:
3535:(2010), p. 20.
3524:
3511:
3498:
3485:
3464:
3442:
3429:
3416:
3403:
3401:(2002), p. 75.
3390:
3377:
3364:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3289:978-0789489036
3288:
3266:
3238:
3215:Dubrin, Doug.
3207:
3181:
3174:
3154:
3125:
3112:
3079:
3052:
3031:
2996:
2971:
2934:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2846:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2661:Sidney Poitier
2659:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2628:
2625:
2615:
2612:
2600:Mondaire Jones
2590:, of Alabama,
2558:
2555:
2539:Mahershala Ali
2499:I Have a Dream
2478:
2475:
2450:
2447:
2420:
2417:
2365:
2362:
2287:
2284:
2256:
2253:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:David Lawrence
2168:
2167:Media coverage
2165:
2130:Walter Reuther
2068:
2065:
2057:Burt Lancaster
1981:Sidney Poitier
1968:
1965:
1859:How I Got Over
1853:Gospel legend
1850:
1847:
1775:
1772:
1754:
1753:Walter Reuther
1751:
1745:
1742:
1706:I Have a Dream
1700:I Have a Dream
1698:Main article:
1695:
1692:
1687:I Have a Dream
1652:scorched earth
1601:
1598:
1578:
1575:
1530:Walter Reuther
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1393:Walter Reuther
1389:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1317:Walter Reuther
1310:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1283:
1282:External audio
1276:
1273:
1191:Meet the Press
1168:
1165:
1157:Burke Marshall
1132:
1129:
1102:National Guard
1088:
1085:
1064:New York Times
1015:
1012:
993:Strom Thurmond
969:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
951:A $ 2-an-hour
949:
942:
939:
926:
869:Walter Reuther
778:Walter Reuther
684:Walter Reuther
659:
656:
509:of the 1940s.
496:American South
456:Main article:
453:
450:
427:Walter Reuther
400:I Have a Dream
382:, was held in
363:
362:
360:
359:
354:
347:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
307:
306:
303:I Have a Dream
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
240:
237:
236:
223:
222:
215:
208:
200:
192:
191:
190:
189:
179:
173:I Have a Dream
169:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
151:
145:
134:
130:
129:
92:
90:
86:
85:
72:
68:
67:
56:View from the
55:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12547:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12510:1963 protests
12508:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12485:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12469:
12466:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12454:Neighborhoods
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12417:Sports firsts
12415:
12413:
12410:
12409:
12408:
12405:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12322:
12321:
12318:
12317:
12315:
12311:
12303:
12300:
12299:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12230:
12226:
12220:
12219:West Virginia
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12184:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12161:
12158:
12157:
12156:Pennsylvania
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12136:
12135:New York City
12133:
12132:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12119:
12116:
12115:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12102:
12099:
12098:
12096:
12092:
12089:
12088:
12086:
12082:
12079:
12078:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12048:
12045:
12044:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12031:
12028:
12027:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12014:
12011:
12010:
12009:
12006:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11980:
11979:San Francisco
11977:
11975:
11972:
11971:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11956:
11954:
11952:By state/city
11950:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11921:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11911:
11910:
11907:
11903:
11900:
11899:
11898:
11897:American Sign
11895:
11893:
11890:
11889:
11887:
11883:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11843:
11840:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11831:
11830:Neighborhoods
11828:
11827:
11825:
11821:
11815:
11812:
11808:
11805:
11804:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11762:
11761:
11760:Black Indians
11758:
11756:
11753:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11721:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11682:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11617:
11614:
11611:
11607:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11522:
11516:
11513:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11442:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11419:
11416:
11415:
11414:
11411:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11388:
11386:
11384:
11380:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11358:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11338:Black schools
11336:
11334:
11333:Black studies
11331:
11330:
11328:
11322:
11316:
11315:Whitney Young
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11305:Oprah Winfrey
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11275:Denmark Vesey
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11220:Joseph Rainey
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11175:Toni Morrison
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11160:Joseph Lowery
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11105:Jesse Jackson
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11095:Kamala Harris
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11080:Marcus Garvey
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11030:Blanche Bruce
11028:
11026:
11025:Edward Brooke
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11015:James Bradley
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10995:James Baldwin
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10971:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10939:Neighborhoods
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10888:
10885:
10884:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10826:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10792:Silent Parade
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10767:
10766:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10750:
10748:
10747:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10720:Jim Crow laws
10718:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10561:
10560:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10543:Black cowboys
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10505:
10503:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10486:
10481:
10479:
10474:
10472:
10467:
10466:
10463:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10436:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10393:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10312:
10308:
10306:
10304:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10231:
10228:
10227:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10214:
10207:
10203:
10188:
10187:
10182:
10179:
10178:
10173:
10170:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10159:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10126:
10122:
10121:
10116:
10112:
10107:
10103:
10098:
10094:
10093:Patti Griffin
10090:
10085:
10081:
10077:
10072:
10068:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10050:
10046:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10028:
10024:
10023:Stevie Wonder
10020:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9969:
9961:
9960:
9955:
9954:
9952:
9948:
9940:
9939:
9934:
9930:
9929:
9924:
9920:
9919:
9914:
9910:
9909:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9897:
9889:
9885:
9884:
9879:
9875:
9874:
9869:
9865:
9864:
9863:The Boondocks
9859:
9855:
9851:
9850:
9845:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9826:
9820:
9816:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9801:
9800:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9788:
9780:
9779:
9774:
9770:
9769:
9764:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9750:
9749:
9744:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9730:
9729:
9724:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9710:
9709:
9704:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9676:
9672:
9662:
9659:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9606:
9602:
9601:Assassination
9597:
9593:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9536:Bayard Rustin
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9512:Benjamin Mays
9509:
9505:
9504:Joseph Lowery
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9472:Jesse Jackson
9469:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9428:
9420:
9416:
9413:(grandfather)
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9318:
9314:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9192:
9184:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9173:
9168:
9164:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9121:
9117:
9116:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9096:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9078:
9073:
9069:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9020:
9015:
9013:
9008:
9006:
9001:
9000:
8997:
8987:
8986:
8981:
8973:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8956:Timothy Tyson
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8886:Taylor Branch
8884:
8883:
8881:
8875:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8736:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8729:Freedom songs
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8595:Jim Crow laws
8593:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8492:"Oh, Freedom"
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8461:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8418:Whitney Young
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8398:Kale Williams
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8358:Albert Turner
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8348:A. P. Tureaud
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8253:Bayard Rustin
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8103:William Moyer
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8038:Joseph McNeil
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8023:Charles McDew
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8013:Benjamin Mays
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7998:Vivian Malone
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7973:Joseph Lowery
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7898:Clyde Kennard
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7888:Vernon Jordan
7886:
7884:
7883:Matthew Jones
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7848:T. J. Jemison
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7833:Jesse Jackson
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7723:Robert Graetz
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7713:Golden Frinks
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7673:Charles Evers
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7623:Vernon Dahmer
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7578:Septima Clark
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7498:Bruce Boynton
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7423:James Baldwin
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7393:Mathew Ahmann
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7290:Youth Council
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7175:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6876:Freedom Rides
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6601:Prior to 1954
6599:
6596:
6593:
6586:
6581:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6541:September 19,
6536:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6449:Life magazine
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6398:
6392:
6388:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6299:0-688-04794-7
6296:
6292:
6288:
6287:Garrow, David
6285:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6211:
6210:0-520-22713-1
6207:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6196:0-7624-1292-5
6193:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6138:
6137:Madison Times
6132:
6125:
6119:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6049:
6042:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5849:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5821:
5819:
5811:
5805:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5782:(2010), p. 89
5781:
5775:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5691:
5684:
5678:
5671:
5665:
5658:
5652:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5606:
5599:
5593:
5586:
5580:
5573:
5567:
5560:
5554:
5546:
5544:0-8021-3213-8
5540:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5461:
5454:
5448:
5440:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5396:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5369:
5367:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5327:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5203:
5197:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5173:
5167:
5160:
5154:
5147:
5141:
5134:
5128:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5078:
5077:
5069:
5062:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5030:
5024:
5017:
5011:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4957:(2003) p. 177
4956:
4950:
4943:
4937:
4929:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4908:
4901:
4895:
4888:
4882:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4846:0-15-600708-8
4842:
4838:
4837:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4783:
4776:
4770:
4763:
4757:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4588:
4582:
4571:September 15,
4566:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4541:September 15,
4536:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4496:
4489:. p. 39.
4485:
4479:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4221:
4215:
4208:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4151:
4145:
4137:
4135:0-684-80819-6
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4096:
4089:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3837:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3440:(2010), p. 2.
3439:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3270:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2913:History Today
2909:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2833:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:Marlon Brando
2754:
2753:James Baldwin
2747:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2631:In 2013, the
2624:
2622:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:Muriel Bowser
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:ABC News Live
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:Stacey Abrams
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2413:forever stamp
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:Willard Wirtz
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:Joachim Prinz
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:Whitney Young
2091:
2090:Mathew Ahmann
2086:
2084:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:Marlon Brando
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:James Baldwin
1982:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1954:I'm On My Way
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1780:James Baldwin
1771:
1769:
1766:According to
1763:
1758:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:Benjamin Mays
1563:
1559:
1558:Joachim Prinz
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:Mathew Ahmann
1543:
1542:Whitney Young
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Prince E. Lee
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1438:Joachim Prinz
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:Mathew Ahmann
1421:
1418:
1417:Whitney Young
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:Bayard Rustin
1322:
1318:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1145:National Mall
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:Julius Hobson
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
937:
936:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
899:condemned by
896:
894:
889:
885:
884:Supreme Court
881:
880:Freedom Rides
877:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Joachim Prinz
850:
849:Mathew Ahmann
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Whitney Young
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
805:
803:
799:
798:Joachim Prinz
795:
794:Mathew Ahmann
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Whitney Young
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
712:
708:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
686:, but not of
685:
679:
677:
673:
668:
667:Bayard Rustin
664:
655:
653:
649:
645:
644:assassination
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:James Baldwin
617:
612:
610:
606:
600:
598:
594:
590:
587:by President
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Bayard Rustin
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:Jim Crow laws
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Bayard Rustin
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
358:
355:
353:
352:
348:
346:
345:
341:
340:
339:
338:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
304:
300:
299:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
238:
233:
229:
221:
216:
214:
209:
207:
202:
201:
198:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
167:
166:
165:
161:
156:
155:United States
152:
150:
146:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
131:
126:
95:
91:
87:
73:
69:
65:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
12370:Sportspeople
12340:Billionaires
12257:Sierra Leone
12160:Philadelphia
11996:Jacksonville
11823:Demographics
11655:Jack Johnson
11645:Muhammad Ali
11478:Conservatism
11413:Black church
11310:Andrew Young
11295:Ida B. Wells
11285:David Walker
11280:C. T. Vivian
11235:Paul Robeson
11230:Hiram Revels
11210:Colin Powell
11190:Barack Obama
11145:James Lawson
11100:Jimi Hendrix
11070:James Farmer
11065:Medgar Evers
11035:Ralph Bunche
10985:Maya Angelou
10959:Middle class
10837:Afrofuturism
10763:
10751:
10744:
10665:
10633:
10610:
10557:
10523:Afrocentrism
10513:Abolitionism
10433:
10391:
10383:
10310:
10302:
10184:
10175:
10148:(Common and
10123:(1995 album)
10118:
10111:Miri Ben-Ari
10080:James Taylor
10067:Public Enemy
10054:King Holiday
9957:
9936:
9926:
9916:
9906:
9887:
9881:
9871:
9861:
9847:
9837:
9823:
9812:
9798:
9776:
9766:
9756:
9747:
9736:
9726:
9717:
9706:
9696:
9633:Jack Kershaw
9576:Andrew Young
9560:Wyatt Walker
9552:C. T. Vivian
9528:James Orange
9488:James Lawson
9371:Bernice King
9347:Yolanda King
9281:War movement
9278:Anti-Vietnam
9237:
9197:and protests
9180:
9170:
9160:
9141:
9125:What Is Man?
9113:
8976:
8916:David Garrow
8896:John Dittmer
8762:
8689:Brown Chapel
8646:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8604:
8561:
8413:Andrew Young
8368:A. T. Walden
8363:C. T. Vivian
8323:Maxine Smith
8158:Homer Plessy
8138:James Orange
8093:Irene Morgan
8048:William Ming
8028:Ralph McGill
7963:Viola Liuzzo
7948:Jim Letherer
7933:James Lawson
7863:Vernon Johns
7853:Esau Jenkins
7808:Myles Horton
7758:Fred Hampton
7748:Prathia Hall
7738:Dick Gregory
7708:Marie Foster
7703:James Forman
7693:James Farmer
7678:Medgar Evers
7638:Angela Davis
7573:Ramsey Clark
7553:James Chaney
7548:Johnnie Carr
7528:Ralph Bunche
7523:H. Rap Brown
7513:Ruby Bridges
7473:Joanne Bland
7448:Claude Black
7428:Marion Barry
7398:Muhammad Ali
7225:
7156:
7149:
7110:
7088:
7057:
7050:
6980:
6892:
6853:
6846:
6776:Kissing Case
6751:
6708:
6691:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6630:
6622:
6539:, retrieved
6533:
6515:
6502:
6501:
6447:
6422:
6386:
6378:
6369:
6361:
6360:
6342:
6327:
6309:
6290:
6273:
6255:
6239:
6220:
6201:
6187:
6180:Bibliography
6179:
6178:
6170:
6161:
6144:
6136:
6131:
6123:
6118:
6106:. Retrieved
6092:
6080:. Retrieved
6074:
6064:
6052:. Retrieved
6041:
6029:. Retrieved
6015:
6003:. Retrieved
5972:September 3,
5970:. Retrieved
5962:
5953:
5943:September 3,
5941:. Retrieved
5936:
5927:
5917:September 3,
5915:. Retrieved
5911:
5902:
5892:September 3,
5890:. Retrieved
5876:
5864:. Retrieved
5858:
5848:
5836:. Retrieved
5830:
5809:
5804:
5797:Fiscal Times
5796:
5787:
5779:
5774:
5762:. Retrieved
5758:
5748:
5740:
5709:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5682:
5677:
5669:
5664:
5656:
5651:
5639:. Retrieved
5635:the original
5628:
5618:
5610:
5605:
5597:
5592:
5584:
5579:
5571:
5566:
5558:
5553:
5529:
5519:
5511:
5491:. Retrieved
5473:
5465:
5460:
5452:
5447:
5433:cite journal
5424:
5418:
5408:
5400:
5395:
5375:
5353:. Retrieved
5349:
5339:
5331:
5326:
5315:, retrieved
5305:
5299:
5291:
5286:
5274:. Retrieved
5270:
5261:
5249:. Retrieved
5245:
5236:
5217:
5209:
5201:
5196:
5184:
5179:
5171:
5166:
5158:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5132:
5127:
5115:
5110:
5102:
5093:
5081:. Retrieved
5074:
5061:
5049:. Retrieved
5045:
5036:
5028:
5023:
5015:
5010:
5002:
4997:
4986:
4981:
4954:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4894:
4886:
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4864:
4855:
4835:
4828:
4816:
4804:. Retrieved
4789:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4660:. Retrieved
4656:
4646:
4634:. Retrieved
4630:
4621:
4609:. Retrieved
4595:
4586:
4581:
4569:. Retrieved
4560:
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4530:
4521:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4495:
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4460:
4451:
4439:. Retrieved
4434:
4425:
4413:. Retrieved
4407:
4398:
4386:. Retrieved
4382:
4372:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4315:
4306:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4244:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4193:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4149:
4144:
4120:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4048:
4043:
4016:
4010:
4002:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3945:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3921:Do you know,
3920:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3853:
3835:
3830:
3822:the original
3776:
3768:
3763:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3699:
3645:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3568:
3556:
3548:
3532:
3527:
3519:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3437:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3277:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3251:
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3220:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3193:
3184:
3164:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3138:the original
3128:
3120:
3115:
3105:February 10,
3103:. Retrieved
3071:, retrieved
3065:
3022:. Retrieved
3014:PBS NewsHour
3012:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2983:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2950:
2937:
2929:
2924:September 4,
2922:. Retrieved
2918:the original
2911:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2882:Prathia Hall
2869:
2822:Bill Russell
2699:Ralph Bunche
2638:
2630:
2617:
2588:Terri Sewell
2584:Joyce Beatty
2574:leader Rev.
2560:
2531:Nancy Pelosi
2480:
2467:Barack Obama
2464:
2460:
2441:gave up the
2436:
2425:
2422:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2379:Harold Cruse
2367:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2335:were giving
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2286:Participants
2272:
2258:
2245:
2228:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2193:
2158:
2150:
2087:
2079:
2061:Judy Garland
2025:James Garner
1997:Dick Gregory
1970:
1961:Dick Gregory
1958:
1936:
1918:". Musician
1906:
1852:
1844:
1819:Myrlie Evers
1816:
1811:
1803:
1786:
1777:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1703:
1668:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1613:James Forman
1603:
1591:
1585:had died in
1580:
1571:
1538:James Farmer
1519:
1495:Myrlie Evers
1484:
1462:
1446:
1355:
1339:James Farmer
1333:
1313:
1265:
1261:
1246:
1235:
1224:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1149:
1134:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1048:
1040:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1006:
1004:
997:
978:
974:
970:
953:minimum wage
933:
920:
909:
897:
882:to test the
873:
806:
775:
769:and for his
727:James Farmer
716:
692:George Meany
680:
661:
636:Medgar Evers
613:
601:
574:
550:
504:
461:
435:
412:
379:
375:
371:
369:
349:
342:
336:
335:
296:
241:
42:Part of the
29:
12390:US senators
12360:Republicans
12345:Journalists
12202:San Antonio
12167:Puerto Rico
12108:Mississippi
12001:Tallahassee
11974:Los Angeles
11665:Jesse Owens
11650:Arthur Ashe
11508:Nationalism
11498:Raised fist
11461:Black power
11366:in medicine
11300:Roy Wilkins
11255:Emmett Till
11240:Al Sharpton
11005:Julian Bond
11000:James Bevel
10964:Upper class
10954:Stereotypes
10847:Black mecca
10759:Plantations
10538:Black Codes
10356:Mexico City
10346:Jersey City
10150:John Legend
10102:Jason Upton
9950:Illustrated
9938:All the Way
9908:The Meeting
9781:(2023 film)
9751:(2016 film)
9748:All the Way
9741:(2014 film)
9721:(2001 film)
9649:Loyd Jowers
9578:(colleague)
9570:(colleague)
9562:(colleague)
9554:(colleague)
9546:(colleague)
9530:(colleague)
9522:(colleague)
9506:(colleague)
9498:(colleague)
9490:(colleague)
9482:(colleague)
9466:(colleague)
9456:James Bevel
9450:(colleague)
9419:Alveda King
9363:Dexter King
9248:(1963–1964)
9224:(1961–1962)
9208:(1955–1956)
8936:Doug McAdam
8906:Chuck Fager
8528:Nonviolence
8433:James Zwerg
8428:Bob Zellner
8388:Roy Wilkins
8338:Hank Thomas
8273:Pete Seeger
8268:Bobby Seale
8133:Jack O'Dell
8128:Edgar Nixon
8058:Amzie Moore
8053:Jack Minnis
7993:Mae Mallory
7978:Clara Luper
7938:Bernard Lee
7828:Cecil Ivory
7823:Ruby Hurley
7793:Oliver Hill
7788:Aaron Henry
7688:Chuck Fager
7648:Dave Dennis
7538:Guy Carawan
7478:Julian Bond
7443:James Bevel
7433:Daisy Bates
6699:Emmett Till
6582:(1954–1968)
5963:Twitter.com
5764:January 18,
5350:www.loc.gov
5214:David Hajdu
5187:(2013), p.
5114:Herb Boyd,
4953:Hansen, D.
4871:December 3,
4636:January 15,
4320:Branch 1988
3796:Branch 1988
3781:Branch 1988
3756:Branch 1988
3221:www.pbs.org
3005:Suarez, Ray
2989:January 23,
2791:Roy Wilkins
2684:Ossie Davis
2621:Al Sharpton
2586:, of Ohio,
2576:Al Sharpton
2535:Cory Booker
2443:Solid South
2411:released a
2301:Bob Zellner
2134:Roy Wilkins
2120:; Reverend
2100:; Rev. Dr.
2053:Bobby Darin
2045:Rita Moreno
2037:Paul Newman
2029:Robert Ryan
2021:Tony Curtis
2005:Ossie Davis
2001:Eartha Kitt
1967:Celebrities
1922:performed "
1823:Daisy Bates
1577:Roy Wilkins
1550:Roy Wilkins
1499:Daisy Bates
1491:Daisy Bates
1431:Roy Wilkins
1369:Daisy Bates
1329:Daisy Bates
1327:, at which
1207:mass arrest
1114:Rustin and
1109:Prohibition
1014:Convergence
845:Roy Wilkins
816:(SNCC) and
751:Roy Wilkins
572:performed.
566:Roy Wilkins
163:Resulted in
147:Success of
120: /
12499:Categories
12335:Astronauts
12125:New Jersey
11969:California
11473:Capitalism
11270:Nat Turner
11200:Rosa Parks
11185:Diane Nash
11155:John Lewis
10944:Newspapers
10914:Literature
10899:Juneteenth
10852:Businesses
10706:Exodusters
10674:Free Negro
10414:Paris park
10136:featuring
9997:John Fahey
9790:Television
9520:Diane Nash
9496:John Lewis
9448:Ella Baker
9403:A. D. King
9373:(daughter)
9349:(daughter)
8879:historians
8555:Satyagraha
8521:Influences
8213:James Reeb
8148:James Peck
8143:Rosa Parks
8113:Diane Nash
7983:Danny Lyon
7958:John Lewis
7903:A. D. King
7803:James Hood
7418:Ella Baker
7388:Zev Aelony
6108:August 29,
6054:August 28,
6031:August 28,
6005:August 28,
5860:Daily News
4561:Open Vault
4531:Open Vault
4383:Colorlines
3259:August 29,
3231:August 29,
2889:References
2315:It's like
2242:Organizers
2106:John Lewis
2017:Lena Horne
1916:Oh Freedom
1840:Lena Horne
1836:Rosa Parks
1798:Lena Horne
1730:peroration
1720:, and the
1625:Great Hall
1605:John Lewis
1600:John Lewis
1526:John Lewis
1511:Rosa Parks
1503:Diane Nash
1436:11. Rabbi
1383:John Lewis
944:A Federal
857:John Lewis
735:John Lewis
690:president
452:Background
139:Centennial
105:38°53′21″N
81:1963-08-28
12449:Monuments
12325:Activists
12177:Tennessee
12097:Michigan
12081:Baltimore
12071:Louisiana
12064:Lexington
12047:Davenport
11986:Cleveland
11885:Languages
11814:Melungeon
11792:Blaxicans
11660:Joe Louis
11515:Socialism
11451:Anarchism
11180:Bob Moses
11165:Malcolm X
11085:Fred Gray
10949:Soul food
10887:New Negro
10872:Folktales
10782:Redlining
10392:The Dream
10351:Milwaukee
10138:will.i.am
9538:(advisor)
9474:(protégé)
9405:(brother)
9195:Movements
8533:Padayatra
8482:"Kumbaya"
8442:By region
8098:Bob Moses
8003:Bob Mants
7988:Malcolm X
7908:C.B. King
7728:Fred Gray
7371:Activists
7007:1964–1968
6790:1960–1963
6648:1954–1959
5912:NAACP.org
5778:Euchner,
5681:Euchner,
5655:Euchner,
5557:Euchner,
5525:Malcolm X
5493:April 11,
5488:2766-1229
5464:Euchner,
5200:Euchner,
5170:Euchner,
5083:March 22,
5051:March 17,
4990:1954–1963
4885:Euchner,
4773:Euchner,
4760:Euchner,
4512:Euchner,
4468:March 19,
4441:March 19,
4415:March 19,
4388:March 19,
4280:Euchner,
4268:894936463
4218:Euchner,
4205:Euchner,
4192:Euchner,
4148:Euchner,
4073:Euchner,
4060:Euchner,
3988:Euchner,
3975:Euchner,
3962:Euchner,
3949:Euchner,
3936:Euchner,
3915:Euchner,
3715:March 20,
3710:0190-8286
3672:cite book
3664:441152928
3630:Euchner,
3547:Euchner,
3531:Euchner,
3518:Euchner,
3471:Euchner,
3436:Euchner,
3423:Euchner,
3384:Euchner,
3315:Euchner,
3147:August 1,
2959:0190-8286
2547:Bounce TV
2523:Burna Boy
2519:Macy Gray
2434:of 1965.
2353:listening
2323:Kennedy,
2265:, in his
2263:Malcolm X
2195:The March
2076:in order)
1920:Bob Dylan
1908:Joan Baez
1901:Bob Dylan
1897:Joan Baez
1385:– Chair,
1343:Louisiana
1055:happened.
901:Malcolm X
535:President
133:Caused by
12472:Category
12263:America
12229:Diaspora
12214:Virginia
12147:Oklahoma
12130:New York
12113:Nebraska
12076:Maryland
12059:Kentucky
12025:Illinois
11964:Arkansas
11869:Illinois
11807:of color
11493:Populism
11466:Movement
11383:Religion
10725:Lynching
10508:Timeline
9514:(mentor)
9397:(sister)
9389:(mother)
9381:(father)
9155:" (1963)
9127:" (1959)
9106:Writings
9097:" (1968)
9088:" (1967)
9079:" (1965)
9070:" (1963)
9061:" (1957)
9049:Speeches
8463:Movement
7893:Tom Kahn
7177:Activist
6592:timeline
6470:Archived
6458:Archived
6415:Archived
6218:(1988).
6082:July 23,
6050:. 7 News
6000:CBS News
5937:News One
5887:ABC News
5866:July 20,
5838:July 20,
5808:Barber,
5570:Barber,
5510:Barber,
5451:Barber,
5355:July 31,
5311:archived
5290:Barber,
5276:July 22,
5251:July 22,
5216:(2001),
5131:Barber,
5027:Barber,
5014:Garrow,
4940:Barber,
4898:Garrow,
4734:Garrow,
4662:July 29,
4631:WGBH.org
4611:July 31,
4606:C-SPAN 2
4499:Barber,
4363:Barber,
4350:Barber,
4305:(2013).
4242:(2015).
4161:Barber,
4099:Barber,
4035:52819692
4001:Barber,
3894:Garrow,
3881:Barber,
3868:Barber,
3852:Barber,
3834:Barber,
3742:Barber,
3729:Barber,
3604:Garrow,
3505:Barber,
3410:Barber,
3253:The Hill
3225:Archived
2829:See also
2627:Analysis
2596:Al Green
2430:and the
2327:Wagner,
2112:; Rabbi
2104:(SCLC);
2009:Ruby Dee
1689:" speech
1661:Tom Kahn
1275:Speakers
1249:Congress
1199:magazine
1151:General
1045:, said:
185:and the
171:Speech "
108:77°3′0″W
89:Location
12400:Writers
12365:Singers
12350:Jurists
12298:Europe
12252:Liberia
12197:Houston
12101:Detroit
12037:Indiana
12030:Chicago
12013:Atlanta
12008:Georgia
11991:Florida
11959:Alabama
11909:English
11483:Leftism
11353:Museums
10904:Kwanzaa
10829:Culture
10797:Slavery
10500:History
10341:Houston
10326:Atlanta
10262:Big Six
10230:passage
10161:Related
10146:"Glory"
10130:A Dream
10010:Strawbs
9928:I Dream
9890:, 2024)
9866:, 2006)
9842:, 1997)
9828:, 1993)
9817:, 1980)
9768:MLK/FBI
9718:Boycott
9623:Funeral
9432:leaders
9421:(niece)
8588:Related
8178:Al Raby
7128:funeral
6991:Big Six
5641:May 14,
5317:May 13,
5183:Jones,
4806:May 20,
4657:CNN.com
4299:Mia Bay
4180:NPR.org
3771:, 2010.
3593:Dissent
3200:May 27,
3073:May 21,
3024:May 21,
2984:History
2964:May 21,
2789:, with
2647:Gallery
2377:member
2255:Critics
2116:of the
2108:of the
2096:of the
1914:" and "
1849:Singers
1778:Author
1648:Sherman
1627:of the
1433:– NAACP
1426:- NCCIJ
1401:AFL–CIO
1374:3. Dr.
1255:to the
912:Kennedy
723:Big Six
688:AFL–CIO
674:of the
650:as the
540:issued
519:AFL–CIO
378:or the
79: (
12412:Mayors
12330:Actors
12302:France
12294:Israel
12282:Mexico
12267:Canada
12242:Gambia
12237:Africa
12187:Austin
12152:Oregon
12091:Boston
12054:Kansas
12020:Hawaii
11938:Gullah
11748:Yoruba
11738:Gullah
11609:Sports
11527:groups
11357:Women
10894:Hoodoo
10768:(1896)
10694:Second
10670:(1857)
10615:(1956)
10562:(1954)
10361:Newark
10336:Denver
10331:Boston
10134:Common
10047:" (U2)
9941:(2012)
9931:(2010)
9921:(2009)
9911:(1987)
9883:Genius
9852:(1999)
9778:Rustin
9640:(HSCA)
9341:(wife)
9331:Family
9321:People
9299:(1968)
9291:(1968)
9283:(1967)
9272:(1966)
9264:(1966)
9256:(1965)
9240:(1963)
9232:(1963)
9216:(1957)
9185:(1967)
9175:(1967)
9165:(1964)
9146:(1963)
9118:(1958)
8774:Legacy
8550:Ahimsa
7179:groups
6635:(1950)
6627:(1950)
6588:Events
6393:
6349:
6334:
6316:
6297:
6280:
6262:
6246:
6228:
6208:
6194:
5716:
5694:Bass,
5668:Bass,
5609:Bass,
5596:Bass,
5583:Bass,
5541:
5486:
5383:
5330:Bass,
5224:
5189:online
5157:Bass,
5144:Bass,
5001:Bass,
4924:
4843:
4797:
4747:Bass,
4266:
4256:
4132:
4086:Bass,
4047:Bass,
4033:
4023:
3708:
3662:
3652:
3617:Bass,
3492:Bass,
3397:Bass,
3371:Bass,
3341:Bass,
3328:Bass,
3302:Bass,
3286:
3172:
2957:
2759:, and
2682:Actor
2606:; and
2551:TV One
2537:, and
2329:Mastah
2325:Mastah
2321:Mastah
2015:, and
1952:sang "
1950:Odetta
1940:sang "
1887:Easter
1865:sang "
1716:, the
1513:, and
1409:– CORE
1231:trains
1000:Harlem
867:, and
843:, and
757:; and
741:; Dr.
564:, and
560:, Dr.
404:racism
96:, U.S.
60:toward
12313:Lists
12277:Haiti
12247:Ghana
12182:Texas
12118:Omaha
11396:Islam
10929:Names
10919:Music
10857:Dance
9971:Music
9899:Plays
9888:MLK/X
9738:Selma
9679:Media
9654:Trial
9618:Riots
9430:Other
9365:(son)
9357:(son)
8877:Noted
8465:songs
7285:NAACP
7133:riots
6537:, PBS
6503:Video
5959:"CNN"
5535:14–17
5228:; p.
5071:(PDF)
4563:. at
4533:. at
4487:(PDF)
4462:MSNBC
2894:Notes
2795:NAACP
2515:NAACP
2483:NAACP
1587:Ghana
1351:North
1347:South
1337:read
1227:buses
1167:March
755:NAACP
12209:Utah
12042:Iowa
11874:Ohio
11835:list
11743:Igbo
11733:Fula
10877:Hair
10867:Film
10584:1968
10574:1964
9984:Dion
9799:King
9689:Film
6543:2010
6391:ISBN
6347:ISBN
6332:ISBN
6314:ISBN
6295:ISBN
6278:ISBN
6260:ISBN
6244:ISBN
6226:ISBN
6206:ISBN
6192:ISBN
6110:2023
6084:2023
6056:2021
6033:2021
6025:WUSA
6007:2021
5974:2020
5945:2020
5919:2020
5894:2020
5868:2020
5840:2020
5766:2021
5714:ISBN
5643:2023
5539:ISBN
5495:2024
5484:ISSN
5439:link
5425:2004
5381:ISBN
5357:2024
5319:2020
5278:2018
5253:2018
5222:ISBN
5085:2018
5053:2018
4922:ISBN
4873:2019
4841:ISBN
4808:2013
4795:ISBN
4664:2020
4638:2024
4613:2020
4573:2016
4565:WGBH
4543:2016
4535:WGBH
4470:2018
4443:2018
4417:2018
4390:2018
4264:OCLC
4254:ISBN
4130:ISBN
4031:OCLC
4021:ISBN
3717:2018
3706:ISSN
3678:link
3660:OCLC
3650:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3261:2020
3233:2020
3202:2020
3170:ISBN
3149:2017
3107:2013
3075:2013
3026:2013
2991:2021
2966:2013
2955:ISSN
2926:2017
2697:Dr.
2667:and
2594:and
2333:they
2217:The
2146:CORE
2140:and
2110:SNCC
2055:and
1899:and
1838:and
1429:10.
1387:SNCC
1197:Life
893:WUST
665:and
417:and
406:and
370:The
71:Date
62:the
10842:Art
10699:New
10132:" (
10091:" (
10078:" (
10056:" (
10045:MLK
10034:" (
10021:" (
10008:" (
9995:" (
9982:" (
9811:" (
6497:CNN
6169:";
6152:";
6103:NPR
5967:CNN
5795:";
5739:";
5230:201
5101:";
4722:CNN
4250:236
4126:132
3591:";
3567:";
3563:, "
3458:";
3358:";
2144:of
1956:".
1948:".
1861:".
1669:did
1422:9.
1415:8.
1405:6.
1397:UAW
1391:5.
1381:4.
1367:2.
1360:1.
1353:."
1052:AME
230:in
12501::
10713:/
10036:U2
6486:,
6425:,
6421:–
6289:.
6101:.
6073:.
6023:.
5998:.
5982:^
5965:.
5961:.
5935:.
5910:.
5885:.
5857:.
5829:.
5817:^
5757:.
5728:^
5627:.
5537:.
5503:^
5482:.
5435:}}
5431:{{
5423:.
5417:.
5365:^
5348:.
5309:,
5269:.
5244:.
5120:70
5073:.
5044:.
4962:^
4863:.
4720:.
4707:^
4690:^
4672:^
4655:.
4629:.
4604:.
4559:.
4529:.
4459:.
4433:.
4406:.
4381:.
4327:^
4301:;
4297:;
4262:.
4252:.
4227:^
4178:.
4128:.
4108:^
4029:.
3861:^
3843:^
3803:^
3788:^
3704:.
3698:.
3686:^
3674:}}
3670:{{
3658:.
3576:^
3540:^
3445:^
3250:.
3223:.
3219:.
3192:.
3097:.
3082:^
3055:^
3034:^
3017:.
3011:.
2982:.
2949:.
2928:.
2910:.
2755:,
2663:,
2643:.
2549:,
2545:,
2533:,
2529:,
2521:,
2337:us
2163:.
2156:.
2148:.
2132:;
2051:,
2047:,
2043:,
2039:,
2035:,
2031:,
2027:,
2023:,
2011:,
2007:,
2003:,
1999:,
1995:,
1991:,
1987:,
1983:,
1979:,
1975:,
1569:.
1517:.
1509:,
1505:,
1501:,
1399:,
1395:–
1163:.
938:);
863:,
859:,
855:,
851:,
839:,
835:,
831:,
792:;
784:;
749:;
733:;
654:.
568:.
502:.
410:.
10484:e
10477:t
10470:v
10152:)
10140:)
10128:"
10113:)
10104:)
10095:)
10087:"
10082:)
10074:"
10069:)
10060:)
10052:"
10043:"
10038:)
10030:"
10025:)
10017:"
10012:)
10004:"
9999:)
9991:"
9986:)
9978:"
9886:(
9860:(
9836:(
9807:"
9151:"
9136:"
9132:"
9123:"
9093:"
9084:"
9075:"
9066:"
9057:"
9018:e
9011:t
9004:v
8742:"
8738:"
7078:"
7074:"
6918:"
6914:"
6736:"
6732:"
6594:)
6590:(
6572:e
6565:t
6558:v
6523:.
6399:.
6355:.
6322:.
6268:.
6250:.
6234:.
6112:.
6086:.
6058:.
6035:.
6009:.
5976:.
5947:.
5921:.
5896:.
5870:.
5842:.
5768:.
5722:.
5645:.
5547:.
5497:.
5441:)
5427:.
5389:.
5359:.
5280:.
5255:.
5191:.
5122:.
5087:.
5055:.
4992:.
4930:.
4875:.
4849:.
4810:.
4701:.
4666:.
4640:.
4615:.
4575:.
4545:.
4472:.
4445:.
4419:.
4392:.
4270:.
4182:.
4138:.
4037:.
3927:"
3719:.
3680:)
3666:.
3292:.
3263:.
3235:.
3204:.
3178:.
3151:.
3109:.
3028:.
2993:.
2968:.
2878:,
2206:.
305:"
301:"
219:e
212:t
205:v
83:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.