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nearby house, and Nelsen was shot in the face. Hannah
Jackson, a bystander, was also hit. The man who fired the gun, John Oraa Tucker, was later charged for the shooting, and maintained he did so out of fear for his and his family's safety. When police responded, officer Bryan Moschea was shot and killed when he entered a building thought to be the location of an unrelated sniper. His badly burned body was not able to be recovered until the following day. Four other officers were wounded. The body of Annie Mosley, aged 77, was found in the burned-out building. She had been shot in the head. Another woman, Willie Ella Green, aged 43, suffered a fatal heart attack running from her second story apartment.
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accumulated frustration and anger, undesirable but understandable", while whites believed it represented "the failure of black parents to control their children, irresponsible and rebellious individuals and the agitation of civil rights activists..." Blacks tended to see solutions in public reforms and the advancement of civil rights, while whites tended toward the need for increased policing and gun control.
599:, in an area predominately inhabited by white residents. The mob they met had grown to 13,000 and the protesters came under sniper fire as they returned to their headquarters. It was burned down later that night or early the next morning. The Mayor issued an order banning such demonstrations, and both Groppi and Phillips were arrested.
377:, many businesses in the affected neighborhoods were severely damaged. Tensions increased afterward between police and residents. The July disturbance also served as a catalyst to additional unrest in the city; equal housing marches held in August often turned violent as white residents clashed with black demonstrators.
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and local workers unions. A petition circulated by supporters of fair housing garnered 8,000 signatures. A petition that opposed such legislation was presented to the city council with 27,000 signatures. In
December, the city passed a form of fair housing that included enough exemptions, that it only
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Around midnight on the evening of July 29, a fight broke out between two black women outside the St. Francis Social Center, on the corner of 4th and West Brown streets. A crowd of 350 spectators gathered, and when police arrived to respond to the disturbance, the crowd began to throw rocks at police
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The
Clifford McKissick Community School in Milwaukee was named for the black youth killed by police on August 2 as part of the riot. In 1981, his family filed a civil lawsuit alleging excessive force on the part of officer Ralph Schroeder in the shooting death of McKissick. A Circuit Court ruled in
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president and vice president Fred
Bronson and Fortune Humphrey led 13 organizations and 450 people on a march to the Public Safety building to push for better police-community relations. A resolution was posted by Bronson and Humphrey that asked the mayor to lay off Chief Breier to "restore sanity"
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What you and your courageous associates are doing in
Milwaukee will certainly serve as a kind of massive nonviolence that we need in this turbulent period. You are demonstrating that it is possible to be militant and powerful without destroying life or property. Please know that you have my support
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Around 2 AM on July 31, in the area around North 2nd street and West Center street, iron worker Milton L. Nelsen was slowly driving through the mostly black inhabited area while reportedly yelling racial slurs, when someone shouted "He's got a gun in the glove compartment." Shotgun fire came from a
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A large crowd gathered that evening on 3rd Street. It is not clear what event started the outbreak, but at least one story circulated that police had assaulted a young boy. Squire Austin, who was at a civil rights rally, recalled, "The rumor we got ... was that police had beaten up a kid pretty bad
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According to a study that was administered by Karl
Flaming, over 95% of all local African Americans did not participate in this disturbance. A majority of the citizens that took part in this riot were young black men who lived in the inner core of Milwaukee. Of the participants, 35% were unemployed
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janitor who lived in the house burned on the morning of July 31 (where Nelsen and a police officer were killed, among four others who were wounded) was charged with 9 counts of attempted murder. After the longest jury trial in
Milwaukee County Court history (17 days of verdict deliberation) he was
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According to a research conducted by
Jonathon Slesinger, 24% of inner city blacks described this event as a civil rights struggle, while 43% of inner city whites viewed it as a riot. Opinions on how to avoid future disturbances varied between white people and black people. For the white inner city
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On August 1, Mayor Maier issued an order relaxing the curfew to only night hours. Some people began returning to work and some public services became available, at least partially. Police responded to reports that youths were lighting a paint store on fire. Clifford McKissick, aged 18, was shot in
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By 10:00 PM a crowd of 300 were throwing projectiles at stores owned by white residents, starting fires, and looting. The police reacted with violence, and the mob reacted in turn. More fights broke out around 3rd Street, and shootings were reported on Center Street. Along the area from West State
362:, began to riot on the evening of July 30, 1967. The inciting incident was a fight between teenagers, which escalated into full-fledged rioting with the arrival of police. Within minutes, arson, looting, and sniping were occurring in the north side of the city, primarily the 3rd Street Corridor.
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According to Nesbit, the riots "widened the gap between militant blacks and other civil rights activists and the uncompromising white majority in the city." Thomson described the disparate interpretations of the event, emphasizing that blacks tended to view it as "a violent expression of the
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In this era of "confrontation politics", "protest marches", and "civil disobedience" it is naive to think that riot statues such as that before the court will retard such occurrences or keep them from developing into damaging riots, especially considering the spontaneity with which they
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the neck and killed as he fled toward the nearby family home. The
Milwaukee County's emergency hospital was closed and all personnel were transferred to the general hospital, which was farther away from the city, and deemed better capable of coping with the large number of casualties.
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published a piece August 2 describing the plight of those who were restricted by the curfew, saying that they "were outside on their porches or standing next to their apartment buildings, watching. If they got too far away from their homes, though, police and guardsmen moved in."
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found that, among blacks arrested during the riot, 90% cited "blocked job opportunities" as one of the root causes. The same study found that 53% of blacks arrested were unemployed or underemployed compared to 29% among blacks not participating in the riot. In another
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Just prior to midnight, the mayor went to City Hall to meet with Police Chief Harold Breier. Reports of the first fires came in, along with reports of dispatched firefighters being assailed by stones and prevented from extinguishing them. The mayor requested
Governor
423:, the city council, and school board refused to address civil rights grievances, and relations between the police and the residents worsened. As historian Patrick Jones put it, "Blight had surrounded, and then devoured, the heart of Milwaukee's black community."
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Recent uprisings in Newark and Detroit, which had broken out July 12 and 23 respectively, only served to make matters worse. LeRoy Jones, then one of 18 black police officers among the total of 2,056 officers in the city's department, described the situation:
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In 1980, twelve years after the passage of Milwaukee's equal housing ordinance, the city ranked second nationally among the most racially segregated suburban areas. As of 2000, it was the most segregated city in the country according to data gathered by the
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had issued a formal boycott against Schlitz and many other brewing companies. On October 3, 200 demonstrators marched to Schlitz and Blatz brewery underline their protest. This was supposed to put pressure on the companies to gain support for open housing.
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On September 21, 1969, Groppi led a group of welfare mothers, low income African Americans, college students, Latinos and many others on a march from Milwaukee to Madison to protest the potential possibility of cuts for Wisconsin's state welfare budget.
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respondents, 51% wanted to give police more power so suspicious people on streets would be stopped and get searched. Of the inner city Black respondents, 84% favored a proposal that would reduce racial disparity and provide more jobs for black people.
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Asked about the events and his convictions in an interview two weeks after his release, Tucker remarked "As long as people's minds are in the past, it puts bumps and obstacles in the way of the future. It's been a long time. Let's forget about it."
416:, the first woman and African American to hold the position, proposed the first fair housing ordinance in March 1962. She continued to introduce fair housing proposals over the next five years. Four times they were defeated by the city council.
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However, later that year the mayor rejected federal benefits, as they required support for fair housing in the city. He argued instead that the problem was a county-wide one. Support continued to grow for a housing measure, supported by the
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followed on April 30, passing an ordinance that was stronger than that required by the federal law. Casting a tie-breaking vote, council president Robert Jendusa said he hoped the measure might "heal some of the wounds of the community".
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There were some rumors that something was going to happen ... We did know there was going to be a riot. The Police Department knew - one to two weeks ahead - that something was planned. It was predicted that it would be on 3rd
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He's (the white man) out there marching up and down with his guns. Why can't we march up and down with our guns? ... We went before (Mayor) Maier and we argued and argued and argued and argued and argued and it didn't do no
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The city of Milwaukee can no more finance the crucial problems of poverty, ignorance, disease and discrimination with the property taxes of relatively poor people than the city of Milwaukee can finance sending a man to the
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In the immediate aftermath of the riot and marches, little was accomplished in the way of laws, policies, and programs. Speaking of the lack of available funding for enacting proposed reforms, Mayor Maier said:
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cleared on the most serious charges, but found guilty of endangering the safety of the public and given a 25-year sentence. He was paroled on July 1, 1977, just under 10 years into his sentence, and moved to
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study, 54% of blacks interviewed reported that police brutality had a "great deal" to do with the riot. Another 55% felt that lack of respect and insults by police occurred frequently in the ghetto.
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applied to about a third of the housing in the city. Groppi dismissed it as "tokenism and crumbs". Phillips voted against the measure, saying it was "very much too late with very much too little".
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Grocery shopping Monday meant standing in long lines and waiting ... Shoppers came in families. Sometimes there were six adults in a car. They seemed to be shopping more from compulsion than need.
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If there is any man or woman here who is afraid of going to jail for his freedom, is afraid of getting tear gassed, or is afraid of dying, you should not have come to this meeting tonight.
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By the summer of 1967, tensions continued to escalate, and protests became increasingly common, including multiple demonstrations outside the private homes of the city's Aldermen. Mayor
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on August 2 and 4, more than $ 200,000 in window damage had been done to businesses, and the cost of mustering and paying the National Guard to intervene amounted to nearly $ 300,000.
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By the end of the day businesses, public transportation, utilities and educational institutions had all closed, and deliveries of milk and cattle to the city had halted.
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1768:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Office of Applied Social Research School of Social Welfare and Institute of Human Relations. p. 9.
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to quell the disturbance that same day, and order was restored on August 3. Although the damage caused by the riot was not as destructive as in such cities as
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On August 4 the mayor postponed the curfew from 9:00 PM to midnight, and announced that liquor stores and bars would be allowed to open and sell alcohol.
583:, stones, and garbage. The following day Groppi addressed a meeting of supporters at St. Boniface Church, and prepared them for what was likely to come:
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815:. In a July 2017 study by the Wall Street Journal of the nation's 100 largest metropolitan areas, Milwaukee was listed the 11th most segregated city.
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was reelected for his 3rd term and received more than 80% of the total votes. This was the largest runaway victory that Milwaukee had ever seen.
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Mediated Memory: Framing and Sustaining Collective Memory of the 1967 Milwaukee Race Riots in Contemporary and Retrospective Newspaper Coverage
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The mayor lifted the curfew from 4:00 PM to 6:00 PM. This resulted in a rush on downtown and suburban supermarkets. As the story in the
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a company sought $ 506.93 in damages done to a tavern during the riots. In its decision siding with the city, the court wrote:
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In total, the riot resulted in three to four deaths (including at least one police officer), 100 injuries, and 1,740 arrests.
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vehicles. Soon more police came, dressed in riot gear. Some property damage was done but the crowd was quickly dispersed.
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Hearings Before Special Subcommittee to Inquire Into the Capability of the National Guard to Cope with Civil Disturbances
503:, and imposed a citywide curfew, which took effect at 3:40 AM. At the Mayor's request, the National Guard was activated.
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2007:
1672:"Civil Rights Act of 1866 & Civil Rights Act of 1871 – CRA – 42 U.S. Code 21 §§1981, 1981A, 1983, & 1988"
1342:"As calm returns, a 4th life ends: 18-year-old college student shot dead in aftermath of attempted fire-bombing"
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During the mid-1960s, there was race-related civil unrest in a number of major US cities, including riots in
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to honor his contributions to the local struggle for racial equity in Milwaukee and the state of Wisconsin.
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street to West Burleigh street looting broke out, multiple shootings occurred, and more fires were set.
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On August 3, 1967, an alliance of civil rights organizations and male priest held a dinner to tribute
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1961:
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Lift Up Your Voice Like a Trumpet: White Clergy and the Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements, 1954–1973
1976:
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in police operations and to protect the black community from being controlled by a police force.
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1377:"The only murder trial stemming from the '67 Milwaukee riot didn't end the way many expected"
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358:, African American residents, outraged by the slow pace in ending housing discrimination and
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One of the many race riots that swept cities in the U.S. during the "Long Hot Summer of 1967"
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The mayor received word of the shootings and fire at West Center at 2:26 AM. He declared a
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On April 8 of 1968, 15,000-20,000 participated in a memorial march in downtown Milwaukee.
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The city put a round-the-clock curfew into effect on July 31. The governor mobilized the
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1737:. Advisory Committee on the report of the National Commission on Civil Disorders. 1969.
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Study of Community Opinions Concerning the Summer 1967 Civil Disturbances in Milwaukee
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broke out across the country in what would come to be known as the Long Hot Summer.
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favor of the officer and found that McKissick was responsible for his own death.
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On August 29, the curfew was lifted and Groppi led 200 members of the Milwaukee
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over on Third and Walnut ... that's when the looting and firebombing started."
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an interview was reported with "John", an anonymous black rioter in his 20s:
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1059:"Martin Luther King and Wisconsin The Civil Rights Leader Shows his Support"
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The day of Sunday, July 30 was calm, but rumors spread and tensions grew.
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More Than One Struggle: The Evolution of Black School Reform in Milwaukee
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1534:"Racial Violence in Milwaukee Was Decades in the Making, Residents Say"
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1202:"Flash point: Racial tension in summer of 1967 fueled deadly violence"
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On August 3 the mayor postponed the curfew from 7:00 PM to 9:00 PM.
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1698:"Desegregation and Civil Rights in Wisconsin Housing and Racism"
714:. Faced with capitulation, or the violation of federal law, the
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Milwaukee communities had long been segregated when Alderwoman
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Father Groppi resigned as advisor to the YC in November 1968.
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The Selma of the North: Civil Rights Insurgency in Milwaukee
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The Selma of the North: Civil Rights Insurgency in Milwaukee
1875:"Milwaukee is most segregated city: U.S. Census analysis".
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LeRoy Jones, Kenneth Hagopian, and John Carter among them
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Groppi went on to lead 200 consecutive days of protests.
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1568:"The 1960s: A Decade of Turmoil and Change in Milwaukee"
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The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America
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Continuity and Change, 1940-1965: History of Wisconsin
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968
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Residential black segregation as of the 2000 census
405:in 1966. During the summer of 1967, a total of 159
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1027:The Routledge Concise History of Science Fiction
1522:
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791:Interstate Fire & Casualty Co. v Milwaukee,
731:In an article published August 1, 1967, by the
1601:"Father Groppi 'Denial of Absolution' Collage"
1458:"Stingl: A look back at Milwaukee's 1967 riot"
619:On September 17, Groppi made an appearance on
1930:
1785:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 123.
954:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 189.
159:
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769:A year after the riots, John Oraa Tucker, a
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2276:African-American riots in the United States
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871:Housing discrimination in the United States
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2306:White American riots in the United States
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851:Mass racial violence in the United States
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1639:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 534.
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595:on a march out of the ghetto and toward
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1891:"16 Most Segregated Cities in America"
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552:According to stories published by the
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2296:July 1967 events in the United States
2286:Riots and civil disorder in Wisconsin
2271:African-American history of Milwaukee
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1779:Dougherty, Jack (15 December 2005).
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1089:"Vel Phillips's Common Council Desk"
1024:Mark Bould and Sherryl Vint (2011).
698:On April 11, 1968, a week after the
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1678:from the original on 5 October 2013
1611:from the original on 27 August 2016
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1468:from the original on 19 August 2016
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1352:from the original on 19 August 2017
1141:Thompson, William (28 March 2013).
1099:from the original on 27 August 2016
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1069:from the original on 27 August 2016
744:A study conducted by the Milwaukee
13:
1764:Slesinger, Jonathon Avery (1968).
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1633:Nesbit, Robert Carrington (2004).
1044:
521:
102:4,297 Army National Guard soldiers
14:
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1544:from the original on May 18, 2024
1427:"Police Officer Bryan J. Moschea"
992:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1.
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437:and 20% were classified as poor.
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1799:from the original on 18 May 2024
1578:from the original on 18 May 2024
1532:Eligon, John (August 14, 2016).
1212:from the original on 18 May 2024
1161:from the original on 18 May 2024
1147:. Wisconsin Historical Society.
825:
785:In a 1970 case heard before the
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2135:Milwaukee County Transit System
1901:from the original on 2018-10-08
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1857:from the original on 2024-05-18
1853:. Industrial Commission. 1973.
1841:
1811:
1772:
1741:from the original on 2024-05-18
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1653:from the original on 2024-05-18
1456:Stingle, Jim (17 August 2016).
1433:from the original on 2021-09-08
1419:
1408:from the original on 2021-09-08
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1383:from the original on 2021-04-19
1310:from the original on 2024-05-18
1006:from the original on 2024-05-18
968:from the original on 2024-05-18
930:from the original on 2024-05-18
924:U.S. Government Printing Office
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2311:History of racism in Wisconsin
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948:Friedland, Michael B. (1998).
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571:On August 27, 1967, the local
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1510:(Master of Arts). Chapel Hill
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2145:Milwaukee Intermodal Station
1850:State of Wisconsin Blue Book
1702:Wisconsin Historical Society
1605:Wisconsin Historical Society
1566:Bach, Bob (14 August 2016).
1296:. Harvard University Press.
1248:. Harvard University Press.
1093:Wisconsin Historical Society
1063:Wisconsin Historical Society
986:McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014).
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7:
1572:WUWM Milwaukee Public Radio
1504:Simonetti, Kristin (2008).
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75:Milwaukee Police Department
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1462:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
1346:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
1206:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
1030:. Routledge. p. 105.
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2321:Long, hot summer of 1967
1819:"McKissick v. Schroeder"
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716:Milwaukee Common Council
712:Civil Rights Act of 1968
623:. This was televised on
485:Wisconsin National Guard
176:Long, hot summer of 1967
70:Wisconsin National Guard
29:Long, hot summer of 1967
1290:Jones, Patrick (2009).
1242:Jones, Patrick (2009).
787:Wisconsin Supreme Court
751:University of Wisconsin
348:Long Hot Summer of 1967
228:Minneapolis disturbance
926:. 1967. p. 5863.
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692:League of Women Voters
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604:Martin Luther King Jr.
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449:Map of Milwaukee, 1955
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771:Shorewood High School
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606:sent a telegram from
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2316:Housing in Wisconsin
1879:. December 16, 2002.
1636:Wisconsin: A History
841:2016 Milwaukee riots
833:United States portal
2051:Historic Third Ward
1607:. 19 October 2012.
733:Milwaukee Sentinel,
545:Casualties and cost
336:1967 Milwaukee riot
22:1967 Milwaukee riot
2281:1960s in Milwaukee
2104:Kinnickinnic River
1538:The New York Times
802:
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532:Milwaukee Sentinel
501:state of emergency
487:to be on standby.
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308:Riviera Beach riot
233:New York City Riot
2266:1967 in Wisconsin
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2227:Seal of Milwaukee
2150:Port of Milwaukee
2061:Metropolitan area
1946:City of Milwaukee
1704:. 3 August 2012.
1095:. 23 April 2013.
1065:. 3 August 2012.
887:1967 Newark riots
883:1967 Detroit riot
776:Wausau, Wisconsin
710:, as part of the
554:Milwaukee Journal
508:Milwaukee Journal
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360:police brutality
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248:Plainfield riots
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615:and my prayers.
597:Kosciuszko Park
562:
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522:August 1 onward
493:
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383:
338:was one of 159
332:
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318:Wyandanch riots
313:Providence riot
263:Rochester riots
253:Birmingham riot
208:Cincinnati riot
198:Prattville riot
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1977:Public schools
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464:
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367:National Guard
329:
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323:New Haven riot
320:
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303:Milwaukee riot
300:
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293:Rockford riots
290:
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278:Waukegan riots
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2071:Sherman Park
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1734:Final Report
1733:
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1701:
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601:
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414:Vel Phillips
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391:Philadelphia
384:
364:
346:during the "
335:
333:
302:
283:Saginaw riot
268:Detroit riot
238:Newark riots
218:Buffalo riot
193:Boston riots
2217:TV stations
2176:Skyscrapers
706:passed the
704:US Congress
657:Henry Maier
641:On May 13,
483:notify the
421:Henry Maier
395:Los Angeles
298:Albina Riot
258:Toledo Riot
203:Tampa riots
2291:1967 riots
2260:Categories
2008:Public art
1954:Government
1905:2018-10-08
1861:2021-01-12
1803:7 November
1745:2016-08-22
1657:2020-11-07
1548:August 17,
1437:2021-09-08
1412:2021-09-08
1387:2021-09-08
1314:2020-11-07
1165:7 November
1010:2020-11-07
972:2020-11-07
934:2023-03-18
905:References
407:race riots
381:Background
340:race riots
223:Cairo riot
114:Casualties
2171:Landmarks
2081:Geography
2066:Granville
2041:Riverwest
1998:Lake Park
1833:19 August
1712:19 August
1682:3 October
1615:19 August
1582:19 August
1514:22 August
1472:19 August
1356:19 August
1216:22 August
1103:19 August
1073:19 August
655:In 1968,
560:Aftermath
399:Cleveland
393:in 1964;
356:Wisconsin
352:Milwaukee
44:Wisconsin
40:Milwaukee
2245:Category
2046:Bay View
2031:Downtown
1899:Archived
1855:Archived
1827:Archived
1797:Archived
1739:Archived
1706:Archived
1676:Archived
1651:Archived
1609:Archived
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1542:Archived
1466:Archived
1431:Archived
1406:Archived
1381:Archived
1350:Archived
1308:Archived
1210:Archived
1159:Archived
1097:Archived
1067:Archived
1004:Archived
966:Archived
928:Archived
819:See also
581:epithets
135:Arrested
127:Injuries
119:Death(s)
35:Location
27:Part of
2202:History
2197:Climate
2130:The Hop
740:good...
608:Atlanta
491:July 31
463:July 30
454:July 29
432:Street.
403:Chicago
371:Detroit
62:Rioters
52:Parties
2013:Sports
1967:Police
1823:Justia
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806:occur.
761:Legacy
702:, the
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441:Events
387:Harlem
375:Newark
350:". In
88:Number
46:, U.S.
2190:Other
2164:Lists
2003:Parks
857:Notes
685:moon.
643:NAACP
593:NAACP
573:NAACP
138:1,740
2222:Flag
2207:Beer
1962:Fire
1835:2016
1805:2020
1787:ISBN
1714:2016
1684:2013
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