575:
91:
124:
626:(KRF) militia, who were diverting the traffic at the front of the newly consecrated church where a family baptism was taking place. As the rowdy Palestinians refused to be diverted from their route, the nervous Phalangists tried to halt their progress by force and a scuffle quickly ensued, which resulted in the death of the PLO driver of the vehicle after being accidentally shot.
53:
789:
happened that day, with the
Phalangists describing it as an act of self-defense by insisting that the bus carried armed ALF guerrilla reinforcements firing weapons. The Phalangists anticipated such a reaction by guarding the church, and in the ensuing shoot-out they claimed to have killed 14 Palestinian
828:
or SSNP, a rival
Lebanese multi-confessional, pan-Syrian right-wing organization. The SSNP carried out the action in retaliation for the brutal clamp-down on their militants following their abortive coup attempt in the turn of 1961-62, orchestrated by the then Interior Minister Pierre Gemayel. As for
764:
to hand over to the authorities the
Phalangist KRF militiamen responsible for the death of the Palestinian driver. Gemayel publicly refused however, hinting that he and his Party would no longer abide by the authority of the government. He later sent a Phalangist delegation on a mission to secure the
815:
However, none of these versions was ever substantiated by plausible evidence, and many began to doubt that the
Palestinian PFLP was really responsible the earlier Church attack. Indeed, critics pointed to the all-too-obvious presence of civilian automobiles plastered with propaganda of that PLO
693:
Believing that the perpetrators were
Palestinian guerrillas who carried the attack in retaliation for the earlier driver incident, and outraged by the audacity of the attempt on the life of their historical leader, the Phalangists planned an immediate response. Shortly after mid-day, a PLO bus
788:
The chain of events that led to the Ain el-Rammaneh church shooting and the subsequent "Bus massacre" (or "Black Sunday") of April 1975 have been the subject of intense speculation and heated debate in
Lebanon since the end of the Civil War in 1990. There are two conflicting versions of what
710:. As the bus drove through the narrow street-alleys, it fell into an ambush outside the same Church perpetrated by a squad of Phalange KRF militiamen. The Phalangists promptly fired upon the vehicle, killing 27 and wounding 19 of its passagers, including the driver. According to sociologist
772:(LNM) militias entered the fray alongside the Palestinians. Numerous ceasefires and political talks held through international mediation proved fruitless. Sporadic violence escalated into a full-fledged civil war over the next two years, known as the
819:
Therefore the true identity of the moral authors behind it – and particularly that of their faction or Party – remained shrouded in mystery until the late 1990s. New evidence that then came to light seems to confirm that they were not
Palestinian
629:
At 10:30 a.m. when the congregation was concentrated outside the front door of the church upon the conclusion of the ceremony, a gang of unidentified gunmen approached in two civilian cars – rigged with posters and bumper stickers belonging to the
765:
release of the previously detained suspects held in custody by the
Lebanese authorities, stating that the individuals involved in the incident were just defending themselves and that no charges could be pressed against them.
829:
the SSNP gunmen involved in the April 1975 drive-by shooting, they were never apprehended and apparently disappeared without a trace. Some unconfirmed reports suggest that they were later killed in action.
690:
and other
Christian-populated eastern districts of the Lebanese Capital, stopping vehicles and checked identities, while in the mainly Muslim western sectors the Palestinian factions did likewise.
29:
722:
The Church
Massacre that preceded the bloody incident known as the "Bus Massacre," incited long-standing sectarian hatred and mistrust. It sparked heavy fighting throughout the country between
703:
796:
Although most PLO accounts refute this version of the events by describing the bus passengers as civilian families' victims of an unprovoked attack and not fully armed guerrillas,
1590:
1632:
168:
816:
faction and the tactic employed (a drive-by shooting), which did not fit well into the methods commonly used by the Palestinian guerrilla movements at the time.
1677:
1562:, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). –
213:
671:, who managed nevertheless to escape unscathed. The attackers fled the scene under fire by the surviving bodyguards and KRF militiamen on duty at the time.
650:
797:
768:
As news of the murders spread, armed clashes between PLO guerrilla factions and other Christian militias erupted throughout the Lebanese Capital. Soon
642:
419:
638:
1864:
1884:
1854:
631:
237:
1879:
1809:
1625:
161:
646:
871:
825:
516:
804:, later suggested that the incident was not the responsibility of the Phalange, but rather a deliberate provocation engineered by the
1834:
1618:
154:
800:
of the ALF did confirm years later that some of them were off-duty members of that faction. Another high-ranking PLO official,
1874:
1563:
1413:
1358:
1326:
1869:
1475:
1432:
501:
358:
335:
1849:
1844:
1829:
1819:
1773:
1576:
1552:
1533:
1507:, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.
1460:
1343:
459:
760:, which detained a number of suspects. In addition, Prime-Minister Sulh tried to pressure Phalangist Party' President
1519:
1495:
1446:
1396:
1382:
1312:
599:
555:
449:
434:
380:
95:
714:
all 28 passengers were killed, although other sources stated that 22 PLO members were shot dead by the Phalangists.
1839:
1330:
876:
805:
680:
654:
24:
1889:
1767:
1230:
744:, tried vainly to defuse the situation as quickly as possible by sending in the evening of the day following the
368:
466:
1814:
1785:
773:
586:
Early in the morning of April 13, 1975, outside the Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance at the predominantly
363:
330:
385:
491:
278:
634:(PFLP), a PLO faction – and suddenly opened fire on the church and at VIPs present, killing four people.
610:) on a passing vehicle performing the customary wavering and firing their automatic rifles into the air (
511:
290:
1824:
1755:
861:
769:
731:
374:
1859:
578:
The Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance, in front of which took place the assassination attempt on
1653:
886:
753:
723:
623:
551:
429:
395:
218:
201:
1713:
1749:
1665:
738:
471:
454:
390:
243:
1499:
1400:
1366:
1719:
1545:
Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact
1127:
Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact
695:
506:
653:, shot while attempting to return fire on the assailants – of the personal entourage of the
1683:
1659:
405:
285:
207:
812:. Other Palestinian leaders suspected instead that the provocateurs were the Phalangists.
641:, an off-duty Phalange militant and father of the baptised child, plus three bodyguards –
8:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1671:
1370:
400:
348:
856:
563:
486:
439:
224:
178:
44:
1701:
574:
16:
1975 armed clashes between Phalangist and Palestinian organizations in Beirut, Lebanon
1572:
1548:
1529:
1515:
1491:
1479:
1471:
1456:
1442:
1428:
1409:
1392:
1378:
1354:
1339:
1322:
1308:
295:
257:
52:
1707:
1689:
424:
353:
325:
315:
1177:
Personal interview with Rex Brynen in Amman, Jordan, December 28, 1986, quoted in
1695:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1591:
Chamussy (René) – Chronique d'une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978
1571:, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997.
1537:
1417:
1362:
809:
757:
687:
657:
591:
587:
535:
444:
272:
250:
231:
1779:
1725:
866:
851:
846:
841:
761:
741:
698:(ALF) militants and Lebanese sympathizers (returning from a political rally at
683:
661:
579:
320:
310:
300:
139:
1803:
699:
550:, was the collective name given to a short series of armed clashes involving
20:
808:(NLP), a predominantly Christian conservative Party led by former President
1642:
881:
711:
668:
619:
305:
196:
128:
1483:
749:
595:
1761:
707:
665:
496:
146:
1441:(World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
1600:
1275:
801:
745:
1526:
La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional
1505:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978
1114:
La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional
777:
70:
1336:
Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East
1075:
Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East
1023:
Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East
734:(LNM) alliance, resulting in over 300 dead in just three days.
704:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command
686:
militiamen took the streets, and began to set up roadblocks at
611:
603:
559:
66:
1514:, Men-at-Arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985.
562:, which is commonly presented as the spark that set off the
780:
along factional and sectarian lines for another 15 years.
1305:
My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle
679:
In the commotion that followed, armed Phalangist KRF and
1088:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
1062:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
984:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
945:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
932:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
906:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
706:(PFLP-GC) passed through Ain el-Rammaneh on its way to
618:) and a squad of uniformed militiamen belonging to the
1601:
Histoire militaire de l'armée libanaise de 1975 à 1990
1408:, Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993.
1453:
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War
1319:
The Politics of Frustration - The Failed Coup of 1961
1249:
The Politics of Frustration - The Failed Coup of 1961
1205:
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War
1101:
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War
598:, an altercation occurred between half a dozen armed
1569:
Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
1153:
Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
776:, in which 60,000 people lost their lives and split
737:
The recently appointed Lebanese prime-minister, the
637:
Among the dead caused by the drive-by shooting were
1490:, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001).
832:The bus was later found and exhibited in mid-2011.
1640:
1510:Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel & Ron Volstad,
1503:Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price,
1801:
1351:Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990
1223:
1036:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976
1389:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967-1976
1626:
632:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
162:
1547:, Columbia University Press, New York 2002.
1303:Abu Iyad (Salah Khalaf, with Eric Rouleau),
1241:
1633:
1619:
1468:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon
1179:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon
872:Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon
540:مجزرة بوسطة عين الرمانة ,مجزرة عين الرمانة
169:
155:
138:Revenge for the Assassination Attempt on
1528:, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994.
1470:, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990.
1455:, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986.
573:
1425:The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85
1273:
1140:The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85
774:1975–77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War
1802:
1427:, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985.
176:
1865:Anti-Palestinian sentiment in Lebanon
1614:
1274:Mayault, Isabelle (6 November 2011).
150:
1885:Terrorist incidents on buses in Asia
1855:Persecution of Muslims by Christians
502:Civil Administration of the Mountain
359:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
1880:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1975
1810:Massacres of the Lebanese Civil War
1377:, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
558:elements in the streets of central
539:
57:Image of the scene after the attack
13:
694:carrying unsuspecting Palestinian
14:
1901:
1584:
600:Palestine Liberation Organization
435:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup
96:Palestine Liberation Organization
1835:Beirut in the Lebanese Civil War
1086:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
1060:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
982:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
943:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
930:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
904:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
730:and their leftist allies of the
122:
89:
51:
1488:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
1353:, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005.
1296:
1267:
1254:
1210:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1158:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1015:
726:militiamen and the Palestinian
717:
369:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
1406:Histoire de la guerre du Liban
1307:, Times Books, New York 1981.
1002:
989:
976:
963:
950:
937:
924:
911:
898:
783:
440:Assassination of Rashid Karami
364:Multinational Force in Lebanon
1:
1875:Terrorist incidents in Beirut
1375:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92
892:
752:detachment from the Lebanese
674:
664:, the powerful leader of the
569:
1391:, I.B. Tauris, London 2000.
1047:Katz, Russel & Volstad,
1008:Katz, Russel & Volstad,
969:Katz, Russel & Volstad,
826:Syrian Social National Party
824:but actually members of the
467:Assassination of René Moawad
7:
1870:1975 mass shootings in Asia
1251:(2013), pp. 1; 3; 153; 160.
835:
512:South Lebanon security belt
291:1978 South Lebanon conflict
10:
1906:
1181:(1990), pp. 65-66, note 1.
862:Lebanese National Movement
770:Lebanese National Movement
732:Lebanese National Movement
420:U.S. embassy annex bombing
375:Sabra and Shatila massacre
1850:Massacres of Palestinians
1845:Road incidents in Lebanon
1830:April 1975 events in Asia
1820:Mass shootings in Lebanon
1774:Shadia Abu Ghazala School
1649:
1512:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
492:People's Republic of Tyre
480:Cantons and puppet states
279:St George's Church attack
188:
134:
117:
109:
101:
84:
76:
62:
50:
42:
37:
1560:Lebanon: a country study
1262:Lebanon: a country study
1218:Lebanon: a country study
1090:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
1064:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
986:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
947:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
934:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
908:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
887:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
754:Internal Security Forces
724:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
624:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
544:Ain el-Rammaneh incident
532:1975 Beirut bus massacre
430:1985 Beirut car bombings
238:1976 Syrian intervention
1840:1975 murders in Lebanon
413:Fourth phase: 1984–1990
265:Second phase: 1977–1982
25:Infobox civilian attack
18:
1890:1970s crimes in Beirut
1768:Cave of the Patriarchs
1558:Thomas Collelo (ed.),
1451:Naomi Joy Weinberger,
1338:, Nation Books, 2011.
1276:"Le bus et son double"
877:National Liberal Party
806:National Liberal Party
590:inhabited district of
583:
455:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
342:Third phase: 1982–1984
244:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar
191:First phase: 1975–1977
30:considered for merging
1815:Mass murder in Beirut
1786:Nuseirat refugee camp
696:Arab Liberation Front
577:
542:), also known as the
507:State of Free Lebanon
336:Iraqi Embassy bombing
1166:Civil War in Lebanon
919:Civil War in Lebanon
406:1984 Sohmor massacre
381:U.S. embassy bombing
331:1981 Israeli bombing
208:Battle of the Hotels
1567:William W. Harris,
1437:Matthew S. Gordon,
1231:"Behind the Terror"
651:Selman Ibrahim Abou
401:February 6 Intifada
349:1982 Beirut bombing
219:Black Saturday
202:Black Thursday
38:Beirut bus massacre
1641:Massacres against
1321:, Routledge 2013.
857:Lebanese Civil War
798:Abd al-Rahim Ahmad
708:Sabra refugee camp
602:(PLO) guerrillas (
584:
566:in the mid-1970s.
564:Lebanese Civil War
487:East Beirut canton
460:War of Elimination
225:Karantina massacre
180:Lebanese Civil War
45:Lebanese Civil War
1825:Massacres in 1975
1795:
1794:
1756:Sabra and Shatila
1414:978-2-13-045801-2
1359:978-2-213-61521-9
1327:978-1-136-00614-2
1049:Armies in Lebanon
1010:Armies in Lebanon
971:Armies in Lebanon
660:(political boss)
527:
526:
450:War of Liberation
396:Battle of Tripoli
391:Mountain War
386:Barracks bombings
296:Battle of Kaukaba
286:Hundred Days' War
258:Aishiyeh massacre
145:
144:
1897:
1860:Ambushes in Asia
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1387:Farid El-Kazen,
1371:Edgar O'Ballance
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1192:My Home, My Land
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1129:(2002), p. 228f.
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1000:
993:
987:
980:
974:
967:
961:
954:
948:
941:
935:
928:
922:
915:
909:
902:
669:Phalangist Party
643:Antoine Husseini
620:Phalangist Party
541:
425:War of the Camps
377:
354:1982 Lebanon War
326:Battle of Zahleh
316:At Tiri incident
275:
260:
253:
246:
234:
227:
214:ASALA insurgency
210:
183:
181:
171:
164:
157:
148:
147:
127:
126:
125:
94:
93:
92:
55:
35:
34:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1656: (1947–48)
1654:Balad al-Shaykh
1645:
1639:
1587:
1582:
1579:, 1-55876-115-2
1349:Denise Ammoun,
1299:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1272:
1268:
1264:(1989), p. 241.
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1220:(1989), p. 241.
1215:
1211:
1207:(1986), p. 148.
1202:
1198:
1194:(1981), p. 164.
1189:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1155:(1997), p. 161.
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1116:(1994), p. 103.
1111:
1107:
1103:(1986), p. 147.
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1038:(2000), p. 287.
1033:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1003:
994:
990:
981:
977:
968:
964:
955:
951:
942:
938:
929:
925:
916:
912:
903:
899:
895:
838:
810:Camille Chamoun
786:
758:Ain el-Rammaneh
720:
688:Ain el-Rammaneh
677:
639:Joseph Abu Assi
592:Ain el-Rammaneh
572:
528:
523:
482:
477:
474:
472:Battle of Sidon
445:War of Brothers
415:
408:
373:
344:
273:Chouf massacres
271:
267:
256:
251:Chekka massacre
249:
242:
232:Damour massacre
230:
223:
206:
193:
184:
179:
177:
175:
123:
121:
90:
88:
58:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1714:Arab al-Mawasi
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1586:
1585:External links
1583:
1581:
1580:
1577:978-1558761155
1565:
1556:
1553:978-0231124768
1543:Samir Khalaf,
1541:
1534:978-2865374991
1524:Samir Kassir,
1522:
1508:
1501:
1481:
1464:
1461:978-0195040104
1449:
1435:
1421:
1402:
1385:
1368:
1347:
1344:978-1568586571
1332:
1317:Adel Beshara,
1315:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1280:Mashallah News
1266:
1253:
1240:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1157:
1144:
1142:(1985), p. 10.
1131:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1077:(2011), p. 99.
1066:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1025:(2011), p. 99.
1014:
1001:
999:(1988), p. 48.
988:
975:
962:
960:(1988), p. 48.
949:
936:
923:
910:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
867:Tigers Militia
864:
859:
854:
852:Lebanese Front
849:
847:Pierre Gemayel
844:
842:Bashir Gemayel
837:
834:
785:
782:
762:Pierre Gemayel
742:Rashid al-Sulh
719:
716:
676:
673:
662:Pierre Gemayel
580:Pierre Gemayel
571:
568:
525:
524:
522:
521:
520:
519:
517:Administration
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
476:
475:
469:
464:
463:
462:
457:
447:
442:
437:
432:
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410:
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403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
321:Safra massacre
318:
313:
311:Battle of Qnat
308:
303:
301:Ehden massacre
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1520:0-85045-602-9
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1497:
1496:0-19-280130-9
1493:
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1476:0 86187 123 5
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1448:
1447:1-55546-834-9
1444:
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1433:0 85045 603 7
1430:
1426:
1423:John Laffin,
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:Jean Sarkis,
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:0-674-08105-6
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:0-333-72975-7
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1334:David Hirst,
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1313:0-8129-0936-4
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1168:(1998), p. 2.
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1051:(1985), p. 5.
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1012:(1985), p. 4.
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972:
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921:(1998), p. 1.
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700:Tel el-Zaatar
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80:13 April 1975
79:
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72:
68:
65:
61:
54:
49:
46:
41:
36:
31:
27:
26:
22:
1797:
1788: (2024)
1776: (2023)
1770: (1994)
1764: (1990)
1758: (1982)
1752: (1976)
1746: (1956)
1740: (1956)
1734: (1956)
1728: (1953)
1722: (1948)
1716: (1948)
1710: (1948)
1704: (1948)
1698: (1948)
1692: (1948)
1686: (1948)
1680: (1948)
1674: (1948)
1668: (1948)
1662: (1948)
1643:Palestinians
1568:
1559:
1555:, 0231124767
1544:
1525:
1511:
1504:
1487:
1467:
1466:Rex Brynen,
1463:, 0195040104
1452:
1439:The Gemayels
1438:
1424:
1405:
1388:
1374:
1350:
1346:, 1568586574
1335:
1318:
1304:
1297:Bibliography
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1237:. June 1987.
1235:The Atlantic
1234:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1203:Weinberger,
1199:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1164:O'Ballance,
1160:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1099:Weinberger,
1095:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1004:
997:The Gemayels
996:
991:
983:
978:
970:
965:
958:The Gemayels
957:
952:
944:
939:
931:
926:
918:
917:O'Ballance,
913:
905:
900:
882:Kataeb Party
831:
821:
818:
814:
795:
790:
787:
767:
739:Sunni Muslim
736:
727:
721:
718:Consequences
712:Samir Khalaf
702:held by the
692:
678:
636:
628:
615:
607:
585:
548:Black Sunday
547:
543:
531:
529:
479:
478:
412:
411:
341:
340:
306:Qaa massacre
264:
263:
197:Bus massacre
190:
129:Kataeb Party
43:Part of the
23:
1782: (2024
1684:Al-Dawayima
1660:Deir Yassin
1484:Robert Fisk
1034:El-Khazen,
784:Controversy
750:Gendarmerie
596:East Beirut
556:Palestinian
118:Perpetrator
19:‹ The
1804:Categories
1762:Oyoun Qara
1738:Khan Yunis
1732:Kafr Qasim
1672:Abu Shusha
1285:16 January
1190:Abu Iyad,
893:References
675:Bus attack
666:right-wing
570:Background
552:Phalangist
1260:Collelo,
1247:Beshara,
1216:Collelo,
791:Fedaiyyin
756:(ISF) to
728:Fedaiyyin
647:Dib Assaf
608:Fedaiyyin
497:Fatahland
28:is being
1151:Harris,
1138:Laffin,
1125:Khalaf,
1112:Kassir,
995:Gordon,
956:Gordon,
836:See also
802:Abu Iyad
746:massacre
655:Maronite
588:Maronite
546:and the
63:Location
32:. ›
21:template
1708:Eilabun
1690:Tantura
1073:Hirst,
1021:Hirst,
778:Lebanon
110:Injured
71:Lebanon
1720:Sa'sa'
1702:Saliha
1696:Safsaf
1605:French
1595:French
1575:
1551:
1538:French
1532:
1518:
1494:
1474:
1459:
1445:
1431:
1418:French
1412:
1395:
1381:
1363:French
1357:
1342:
1325:
1311:
822:feday’
684:Tigers
616:Baroud
612:Arabic
604:Arabic
560:Beirut
536:Arabic
135:Motive
102:Deaths
85:Target
67:Beirut
1780:Flour
1744:Rafah
1726:Qibya
1678:Lydda
658:za'im
1603:(in
1593:(in
1573:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1536:(in
1530:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1416:(in
1410:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1365:) –
1361:(in
1355:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1287:2013
649:and
554:and
530:The
77:Date
681:NLP
622:'s
594:in
1806::
1498:–
1486:,
1478:–
1399:–
1373:,
1329:–
1278:.
1233:.
793:.
748:a
645:,
614::
606::
538::
113:19
105:27
69:,
1634:e
1627:t
1620:v
1607:)
1597:)
1540:)
1420:)
1289:.
582:.
534:(
170:e
163:t
156:v
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