53:. Despite being in power for 20 years and being Algeria's longest running president, Bouteflika's politics have been widely opposed and contested, with accusations from the BBC âof widespread corruption and state repressionâ. In April 2019 Bouteflika officially resigned from his position as president after months of public protest and loss of the army's support. The 82 Year old President was widely considered unfit for the role after experiencing a stroke in 2013. His resignation was reported by the BBC to have been met with "huge celebrations".
233:
31:
1026:
116:â further enforced the amnesty agreement for "all but the most violent participants in the Islamist Uprising" and was again voted highly in favour of by the Algerian public. This legislative action further stabilised and significantly reduced violence in the country after official termination of the war in 2002.
214:
Along with bringing an end to the war and reducing violence, Bouteflika's "primary task was to rebuild the country and its economy" according to the BBC. By 2004, at the time of his second election, the president had reduced debt and economic growth was at its "highest since the 1980's" according to
185:
group, and officially identified itself as âAQIMâ in 2007. The group was responsible for a number of violent terrorist acts in
Algeria and Northern Africa which mostly targeted westerners as victims. âAQIMâ, like other global terrorist groups in the 2000s, utilised new technology and the internet in
303:
However, the
National Algerian government was criticised by its people for its delayed response and lack of preparation for the natural disaster. Overall the country was left deeply effected by the 2001 floods. It was recorded in 2005 that âApproximately half the Algerian population lives below the
288:
that up to 751 people where killed, and up to 10, 000 families where effected by the âdevastatingâ flooding. The effected area was submerged in mud, leaving significant damage to roads, houses, schools and businesses, however âno danger of water-borne diseasesâ was reported according to the OCHA.
144:
However, controversy has surrounded the election and reelection of
President Bouteflika over the decade. His 1999 election was the subject of much criticism after just one day prior to the election all six of the other candidates pulled out with accusations of military fraud. According to a report
83:
The civil war officially ended when peace was established in 2002. This came after the presidential elections of April 1999 and the controversial election of
Abdelaziz Bouteflika who according to Journalist Ramy Allahoum âspent his first years as president trying to end the civil warâ. Bouteflika
260:
The 2001 âBlack Springâ has been referred to as one of the âdeadliest events in the movements historyâ by
Journalist Yasmina Allouche, as it spurred over 4 years of political unrest in the country lasting until early 2006. In the wake of the riots, Algeria experienced its largest demonstration in
256:
As a result, strikes and demonstrations have gained popularity and frequency in the
Kayblia, especially amongst the youth of the region. Primary concerns of the protesters where the recognition of the Thamazighth language, restitution for the deaths of Kabylia people, removal of armed forces and
244:
of
Algeria as the native Berber people of the area fought to gain increased recognition of their traditional language and culture. The riots, known as the âBlack Springâ, lasted up to 10 days and where responsible for between 40 and 80 deaths, with some controversy surrounding the validity of the
193:
and
American President George Bush's âWar on Terrorâ. Algeria and the USA cooperated in counterterrorism efforts during the 2000s and according to Professor Mhand Berkouk âSeveral countries became interested in the Algerian experience and the expertise the country had gained in counterterrorism
176:
Despite the reduction in violence from the civil war, terrorism rose in prominence during the 2000s period, both nationally and globally. The
Algerian Islamic extremist group âAl-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrebâ (âAQIMâ) emerged from the Islamic Guerrilla forces which fought in opposition to the
218:
Unemployment continued to be a major issue throughout the decade, particularly among young people. The New York Times reported the countries unemployment level was at 25% in 2003. By 2009 unemployment was recorded at 75% of people under the age of 30 by
Carnegie, Middle East Centre.
159:
Bouteflika went on to be reelected once more in 2014 following the end of the 2000s decade and has, despite controversy, been praised by many for his genuine success in bringing about an end to the war, restoring stability to the country, and expanding foreign and economic policy.
197:
Bouteflika has been accredited by Carnegie Middle East Centre with "Reinvigorating the country's foreign policy", both through cooperation with the United States and its growing role in Africa. During the 2000s Algeria gained increasing involvement and influence in the
60:, an Algerian Islamic extremist group, rose to prominence and was responsible for a number of acts of terrorism in Algeria and the Northern African region. This was relevant in relation to world politics at the time as it tied in with the USA's
88:
fighters who had fought in opposition to the government during the war. This amnesty was offered only to those who had been accused of non-violent crimes, and did not include those who had engaged in crimes such as rape, murder or bombing.
119:
Some felt that despite the tactical success of these laws, they failed to recognise the losses experienced by many Algerians during the war, and did not provide adequate punishment or retribution to those responsible for the violence.
109:. A later report published in 2008, after the civil war had ended, by the Library of Congress: Federal Research Division states that "The reconciliation by no means ended all violence, but it reduced violence to manageable levels".
280:
In November 2001 Algeria was struck by âits worst flooding in yearsâ as described by journalist Abdelmalek Touati. The floods affected the Northern region of Algeria, where precipitation levels are highest in the country.
141:. The political system of the country during this period shifted to a slightly more democratic style government under Bouteflika's leadership, as opposed to the strictly "military rule" of the civil war period.
155:
Bouteflika's 2009 reelection was too considered an illegitimate win with Carnegie Middle East Centre reporting that he "used money to buy support" and that the 90.2% vote was "far too high to be credible".
105:
fighters. Although highly favoured by voters, at the time the law's effectiveness was criticised by certain non-government organisations. The ICG stated the policy had "failed" in their 2001 report
169:
285:
264:
The âBlack Springâ was a turning point in the ongoing history of the movement and left a legacy of political support for the Berber minority, such as formation of the transnational
189:
Extremist Islamic terrorism in Algeria during this period was particularly relevant to the global politics of the decade, which was heavily influenced by the 2001
245:
recorded death toll. The catalyst for the riots was the death of a young Berber person who was shot while being held in custody by the national rural police, the
75:
of the North African region, as well as the 2001 Algerian floods which destroyed infrastructure, displaced families and resulted in a significant death toll.
249:, in April 2001. This event caused particular outrage amongst the Berber community as it came during preparations for the 21st anniversary of the 1980 â
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1707:
1702:
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1409:
1404:
1399:
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1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
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1359:
1354:
1349:
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1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
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1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1051:
718:
446:
1694:
1181:
1043:
203:
113:
148:
In 2004 Bouteflika's reelection was considered more legitimate yet still not completely transparent, as stated by Carol Migdalovitz in her
537:
292:
In the wake of this damage, Algeria was supported in its clean up and recovery by a number of nations, such as Sweden, France and Qatar.
992:
133:
President Bouteflika remained president for the entirety of the 2000s decade, after being re-elected to serve another five-year term in
1848:
1014:
194:
operationsâ. Bouteflika made two visits to the White House in 2001 following the September attacks, once in July and once in November.
505:
636:
807:
776:
202:, as well as contributing to the establishment of a partnership between the African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD) and the
101:
law was adopted by nationwide referendum in September 1999 as a means of ending the war and establishing the proposed amnesty for
98:
937:
297:
570:
265:
138:
134:
50:
916:
370:
604:
246:
57:
1007:
178:
199:
304:
poverty lineâ and that the country âranked 104 out of 177 countries inâŚoverall well-beingâ according to the
49:, who is accredited with ending the civil war, continued to be in power throughout the 2000s following his
847:"The reinvention of political community in a transnational setting: framing the Kabyle citizens' movement"
145:
from The Guardian "The United States called the polls a lost opportunity for progress towards democracy".
84:
successfully achieved this in the first half of the decade by offering an official amnesty to the Islamic
1022:
1843:
1838:
1000:
685:"Algeria: The Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation and the evolution of violence in Algeria"
1030:
341:
846:
305:
269:
102:
68:
300:
also contributed equivalent to US$ 3 million to the country in order to provide assistance.
190:
46:
8:
45:
beginning in 1991 and ending at the beginning of the following decade in 2002. President
41:
emerged from the 'Black Decade' of the 1990s. The 'Black Decade' was characterised by a
866:
64:, and lead to cooperation between the two nations in global counterterrorism attempts.
42:
25:
889:"The Kabyle Riots: Repression and Alienation in Algeria (Press information note No.56"
870:
411:
85:
858:
971:
851:
Ethnic and Racial Studies: Transnational Politics from a Transatlantic Perspective
747:
152:
there was "some manipulation of the political process but without blatant fraud".
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1644:
1494:
1454:
1056:
476:
945:
684:
660:
862:
177:
government during the Algerian civil war. In 2003 the group formerly known as
1832:
250:
61:
168:
261:
history, with more than 1 million protestors meeting on the 11 June 2001.
272:
was officially recognised and constitutionalised as a national language.
232:
719:"Algeria on the Verge: What Seventeen Years of Bouteflika Have Achieved"
342:"Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Algerian Challenge or Global Threat?"
888:
30:
942:
Embassy of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Kuala Lumpur
182:
1034:
241:
72:
19:
748:"Angry protests but no surprises in Algeria's one-man election"
293:
477:"Abdelaziz Bouteflika: Algerian leader resigns amid protests"
172:
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika visit to the white house, 2001
506:"Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns after mass protests"
447:"Abdelaziz Bouteflika: Algeria's longest-serving president"
538:"U.S.âAlgerian Security Cooperation and the War on Terror"
286:
UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
181:
gained international recognition as being part of the
186:
order to gain influence and carry out their attacks.
808:"Algerian President Overwhelmingly Wins Re-election"
204:
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
777:"Lessons from Algeria's 2009 Presidential Election"
609:
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
67:The 2000s in Algeria was also impacted by the 2001
206:in an attempt to develop the continent's economy.
1830:
605:"Algeria â Floods UN OCHA Situation Report No.7"
268:. On the 10th of April 2002 the Berber language
661:"The Civil Concord: a peace initiative wasted"
419:Library of Congress, Federal Research Division
107:'The Civil Concord: a peace initiative wasted'
1008:
571:"Algeria's repression of the Berber uprising"
114:Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation
371:"Politics and education in post-war Algeria"
634:
128:
1015:
1001:
542:Carnegie Endowment For International Peace
58:âAl-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrebâ (âAQIMâ)
56:In the post civil war period of the 2000s
222:
163:
938:"Algerian History - Independent Algeria"
917:"Algeria: Unrest and Impasse in Kabylia"
774:
568:
444:
231:
167:
123:
29:
970:Touati, Abdelmalek (12 November 2001).
844:
745:
535:
306:United Nationsâ human development index
78:
1831:
969:
965:
963:
911:
909:
882:
880:
801:
799:
797:
770:
768:
741:
739:
716:
712:
710:
708:
706:
630:
628:
626:
996:
886:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
805:
746:de Gier, Jacqueline (17 April 1999).
679:
677:
655:
653:
500:
498:
471:
469:
467:
406:
404:
339:
240:In early 2001 riots broke out in the
926:. Africa Report No.15. 10 June 2003.
635:Migdalovitz, Carol (24 April 2006).
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
564:
562:
560:
558:
531:
529:
527:
440:
438:
436:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
364:
362:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
227:
960:
906:
877:
794:
765:
736:
703:
670:. Africa Report No.31. 9 July 2001.
623:
569:Allouche, Yasmina (20 April 2017).
368:
340:Filiu, Jean-Pierre (October 2009).
200:Organisation of African Unity (OAU)
13:
825:
674:
650:
495:
464:
14:
1860:
1849:2000s decade overviews by country
972:"Floods in Algeria kill hundreds"
845:Collyer, Michael (8 April 2008).
806:Smith, Craig S. (10 April 2004).
588:
555:
524:
433:
381:
359:
318:
257:autonomy for the Kabylia region.
103:'Islamic Salvation Front' ('FIS')
1024:
775:Boubekur, Amel (13 April 2009).
717:Ghanem, Darlia (28 April 2016).
944:. 18 March 2005. Archived from
930:
536:Berkouk, Mhand (17 June 2009).
445:Allahoum, Ramy (3 April 2019).
275:
92:
1:
311:
179:âArmed Islamic Groupâ (âGIAâ)
781:Carnegie, Middle East Centre
723:Carnegie, Middle East Centre
71:, an uprising of the native
7:
887:Saleh, Heba (11 May 2001).
369:Noh, Yuree (October 2018).
10:
1865:
924:International Crisis Group
668:International Crisis Group
412:"Country Profile: Algeria"
209:
23:
17:
1693:
1180:
1042:
863:10.1080/01419870701784455
637:"Algeria: Current Issues"
150:CRS Report for Congress,
129:Presidential controversy
644:CRS Report for Congress
284:It was recorded by the
237:
223:Uprising of Minorities
191:9/11 terrorist attacks
173:
164:Politics and Terrorism
35:
247:Gendarmerie Nationale
235:
171:
124:Post Civil War Period
33:
18:Further information:
215:the New York Times.
79:End of the Civil War
47:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
39:The 2000s in Algeria
575:Middle East Monitor
266:âCitizens Movementâ
812:The New York Times
611:. 26 November 2001
238:
174:
36:
26:History of Algeria
1826:
1825:
691:. 24 October 2006
228:2001 Black Spring
34:The Algerian Flag
1856:
1844:2000s by country
1839:2000s in Algeria
1029:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1010:
1003:
994:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
967:
958:
957:
955:
953:
934:
928:
927:
921:
913:
904:
903:
901:
899:
884:
875:
874:
842:
823:
822:
820:
818:
803:
792:
791:
789:
787:
772:
763:
762:
760:
758:
743:
734:
733:
731:
729:
714:
701:
700:
698:
696:
681:
672:
671:
665:
657:
648:
647:
641:
632:
621:
620:
618:
616:
601:
586:
585:
583:
581:
566:
553:
552:
550:
548:
533:
522:
521:
519:
517:
502:
493:
492:
490:
488:
473:
462:
461:
459:
457:
442:
431:
430:
428:
426:
416:
408:
379:
378:
366:
357:
356:
346:
337:
51:election in 1999
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1689:
1176:
1038:
1025:
1023:
1021:
991:
990:
980:
978:
968:
961:
951:
949:
948:on 22 July 2011
936:
935:
931:
919:
915:
914:
907:
897:
895:
885:
878:
843:
826:
816:
814:
804:
795:
785:
783:
773:
766:
756:
754:
744:
737:
727:
725:
715:
704:
694:
692:
683:
682:
675:
663:
659:
658:
651:
639:
633:
624:
614:
612:
603:
602:
589:
579:
577:
567:
556:
546:
544:
534:
525:
515:
513:
504:
503:
496:
486:
484:
475:
474:
465:
455:
453:
443:
434:
424:
422:
414:
410:
409:
382:
367:
360:
349:Carnegie Papers
344:
338:
319:
314:
278:
230:
225:
212:
166:
131:
126:
99:'Civil Concord'
95:
81:
62:âWar on Terrorâ
28:
22:
12:
11:
5:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
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1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
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1745:
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1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:(1816âpresent)
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:
997:
989:
988:
959:
929:
905:
876:
857:(4): 687â707.
824:
793:
764:
735:
702:
673:
649:
622:
587:
554:
523:
512:. 3 April 2019
494:
483:. 3 April 2019
463:
432:
380:
358:
316:
315:
313:
310:
277:
274:
242:Kayblia region
229:
226:
224:
221:
211:
208:
165:
162:
130:
127:
125:
122:
94:
91:
80:
77:
69:'Black Springâ
24:Main article:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1819:
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1806:
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1801:
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1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
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1591:
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1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
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