24:
135:
event started in the
Pacific Ocean during July 2009, before it reached it peaked during December and broke down during the first quarter of 2010. The climate of the Pacific Ocean subsequently returned to neutral conditions by the end of April, while
199:
the wettest
December on record and the summer of 2011 was California's wettest. The Pacific Northwest saw 2011 being one of the coolest, wettest years on record, with temperatures still in the 50s and rain/snow mix even in May. The Midwest and
220:
caused low streamflow, agricultural distress, and wildfires throughout the
Southern Plains and Georgia. The worst effects were felt in Texas, where 2011 was the driest calendar year on record as well as the third warmest.
144:
event would develop later in 2010. Over the next month the
Pacific Ocean started to show various signals that indicated a La Niña event was developing and as a result, a La Niña watch was issued by the United States
103:. It also helped keep the average global temperature below recent trends, leading to 2011 tying with 1997 for the 14th-warmest year on record. This La Niña event also led to above-average
462:
263:
217:
87:
to experience its wettest
September on record in 2010, and its second-wettest year on record in 2010. It also led to an unusual intensification of the
216:, which is the largest and costliest tornado outbreak in recorded history, as well as being one of the most violent and one of the deadliest. The
677:
149:
during their June 2010 ENSO diagnostic discussion. As the ocean's surface temperature cooling progressed, more colder anomalies appeared at the
380:
212:, and the Ohio River. The La Nina is also blamed for the record tornado activity across the Southern U.S during Spring 2011, especially the
123:
hurricane seasons, while the
Eastern and Western Pacific experienced record low activity in 2010 and below average activity in 2011.
155:
581:
455:
591:
271:
238:
314:"La Niña forces unprecedented Leeuwin Current warming in 2011 : Scientific Reports : Nature Publishing Group"
167:
Australia experienced its second- and third-wettest years, since a record of the rainfall started to kept during 1900.
405:
168:
96:
120:
116:
112:
646:
623:
618:
205:
613:
608:
188:
313:
201:
672:
667:
574:
209:
146:
480:
427:
176:
100:
373:
150:
140:
used and developed by various meteorological agencies, subsequently started to show signs that a
285:
290:
172:
559:
567:
108:
92:
241:, has a different definition of what constitutes an El Niño event tailored to their needs.
28:
Sea surface anomalies across the world in
January 2011 during the 2010–2012 La Nina event.
8:
213:
338:
343:
184:
333:
325:
312:
Feng, Ming; McPhaden, Michael J.; Xie, Shang-Ping; Hafner, Jan (14 February 2013).
180:
104:
535:
507:
88:
286:"The 2010–11 La Niña: Australia soaked by one of the strongest events on record"
481:"Extreme La-Nina 2010/11 and the vigorous flood at the north-east of Australia"
137:
661:
347:
23:
195:
and forced the city to shutdown. Because this was a La Niña, it brought
204:
also experienced an extremely wet 2011, leading to flooding across the
196:
153:
rather than over eastern
Pacific, what allowed calling this event as a
633:
600:
329:
141:
132:
84:
456:
El Niño/Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) diagnostic discussion: June 2010
478:
461:(Report). United States Climate Prediction Center. June 3, 2010.
192:
305:
278:
589:
536:"National Climate Report - Annual 2011. State of the Climate"
508:"National Climate Report - Annual 2011. State of the Climate"
541:
513:
428:"ENSO Wrap-Up: Neutral conditions returning to the Pacific"
408:. United States Climate Prediction Center. 4 November 2015
237:
Each meteorological agency that monitors the state of the
187:
saw snowpack totals above 180% of normal. Meanwhile, the
379:(Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. July 2012.
479:
V. Platonov; E. Semenov; E. Sokolikhina (2014-02-13).
311:
406:"Historical El Niño/La Niña episodes (1950–present)"
368:
366:
364:
218:
2010–2013 Southern United States and Mexico drought
659:
540:National Centers for Environmental Information (
512:National Centers for Environmental Information (
361:
83:was one of the strongest on record. It caused
575:
264:"December's ENSO Update: Close, but no cigar"
261:
126:
435:Australian Government. Bureau of Meteorology
486:. EGU General Assembly/Geophysical Research
582:
568:
171:saw above average snowfall in much of the
22:
337:
231:
398:
502:
500:
73:The Pacific Ocean and surrounding areas
660:
563:
472:
497:
678:El Niño-Southern Oscillation events
468:from the original on 6 August 2016.
13:
386:from the original on March 4, 2016
14:
689:
262:Becker, Emily (4 December 2014).
528:
448:
420:
374:Record-breaking La Niña events
255:
1:
248:
592:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
239:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
179:. With the exception of the
7:
189:2011 Groundhog Day blizzard
97:2010–2011 Queensland floods
10:
694:
202:Northeastern United States
191:caused record snowfall in
162:
127:Meteorological progression
632:
599:
147:Climate Prediction Center
69:
61:
56:
48:
40:
33:
21:
224:
101:2011 East Africa drought
151:International Date Line
81:2010–2012 La Niña event
17:2010–2012 La Niña event
35:Meteorological history
291:Bureau of Meteorology
173:Western United States
109:North Atlantic Ocean
93:2010 Pakistan floods
18:
16:
655:
654:
330:10.1038/srep01277
274:on 22 March 2016.
206:Mississippi River
185:Western Mountains
77:
76:
685:
673:2011 meteorology
668:2010 meteorology
584:
577:
570:
561:
560:
554:
553:
551:
550:
532:
526:
525:
523:
522:
504:
495:
494:
492:
491:
485:
476:
470:
469:
467:
460:
452:
446:
445:
443:
442:
432:
424:
418:
417:
415:
413:
402:
396:
395:
393:
391:
385:
378:
370:
359:
358:
356:
354:
341:
309:
303:
302:
300:
298:
282:
276:
275:
270:. Archived from
259:
242:
235:
181:Southern Rockies
107:activity in the
105:tropical cyclone
36:
26:
19:
15:
693:
692:
688:
687:
686:
684:
683:
682:
658:
657:
656:
651:
628:
595:
588:
558:
557:
548:
546:
534:
533:
529:
520:
518:
506:
505:
498:
489:
487:
483:
477:
473:
465:
458:
454:
453:
449:
440:
438:
437:. 28 April 2010
430:
426:
425:
421:
411:
409:
404:
403:
399:
389:
387:
383:
376:
372:
371:
362:
352:
350:
310:
306:
296:
294:
284:
283:
279:
260:
256:
251:
246:
245:
236:
232:
227:
175:as well as the
165:
129:
89:Leeuwin Current
57:Overall effects
34:
29:
12:
11:
5:
691:
681:
680:
675:
670:
653:
652:
650:
649:
644:
638:
636:
630:
629:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
603:
597:
596:
587:
586:
579:
572:
564:
556:
555:
527:
496:
471:
447:
419:
397:
360:
304:
277:
253:
252:
250:
247:
244:
243:
229:
228:
226:
223:
214:Super Outbreak
210:Missouri River
164:
161:
138:climate models
131:The 2009–2010
128:
125:
75:
74:
71:
70:Areas affected
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
31:
30:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
690:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
637:
635:
631:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
604:
602:
598:
593:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
565:
562:
545:
543:
537:
531:
517:
515:
509:
503:
501:
482:
475:
464:
457:
451:
436:
429:
423:
407:
401:
382:
375:
369:
367:
365:
349:
345:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
308:
293:
292:
287:
281:
273:
269:
265:
258:
254:
240:
234:
230:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
160:
158:
157:
152:
148:
143:
139:
134:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
25:
20:
641:
547:. Retrieved
539:
530:
519:. Retrieved
511:
488:. Retrieved
474:
450:
439:. Retrieved
434:
422:
410:. Retrieved
400:
388:. Retrieved
351:. Retrieved
321:
317:
307:
295:. Retrieved
289:
280:
272:the original
267:
257:
233:
166:
154:
130:
80:
78:
324:(1): 1277.
111:during the
65:Significant
662:Categories
549:2021-05-06
521:2021-03-06
490:2014-10-15
441:2022-03-19
412:10 January
318:Nature.com
249:References
197:California
99:, and the
49:Dissipated
647:2020–2023
642:2010–2012
624:2023–2024
619:2014–2016
390:March 20,
268:ENSO Blog
85:Australia
44:June 2010
463:Archived
381:Archived
353:July 22,
348:23429502
297:July 22,
52:May 2012
634:La Niña
614:1997–98
609:1982–83
601:El Niño
339:3572450
193:Chicago
177:Midwest
163:Impacts
142:La Niña
133:El Niño
594:events
590:Major
346:
336:
169:Winter
156:Modoki
119:, and
95:, the
91:, the
62:Damage
41:Formed
484:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
459:(PDF)
431:(PDF)
384:(PDF)
377:(PDF)
225:Notes
159:one.
542:NCEI
514:NCEI
414:2015
392:2016
355:2015
344:PMID
299:2015
121:2012
117:2011
113:2010
79:The
334:PMC
326:doi
664::
538:.
510:.
499:^
433:.
363:^
342:.
332:.
320:.
316:.
288:.
266:.
208:,
183:,
115:,
583:e
576:t
569:v
552:.
544:)
524:.
516:)
493:.
444:.
416:.
394:.
357:.
328::
322:3
301:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
