249:(4.1 °F), which meant that the 2014–16 event was tied with the 1997–98 event for the strongest values on record. However, overall the event was considered to be one of the three strongest El Nino events since 1950, since there was a number of different ways to measure the strength of an event. The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made. During May 2016, the El Niño event dissipated as near to below average sea surface temperatures, expanded across the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Atmospheric anomalies over the tropical Pacific Ocean had also weakened and become consistent with ENSO neutral conditions. These anomalies included the traditional and equatorial Southern Oscillation indices becoming near zero, while atmospheric convection, upper and lower level winds all became near average. As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.
476:
40:
107:. These unusually warm waters influenced the world's weather in a number of ways, which in turn significantly affected various parts of the world. These included drought conditions in Venezuela, Australia and a number of Pacific islands while significant flooding was also recorded. During the event, more tropical cyclones than normal occurred within the Pacific Ocean, while fewer than normal occurred in the Atlantic Ocean.
2016:
207:
failed to develop further, with a cooling of sea and sub surface temperatures over the tropical
Pacific occurring. However, by the end of 2014, several of the El Niño indexes that were used to judge the state of the ENSO state, indicated that weak El Nino conditions had developed over the Pacific Ocean. As a result, a few of the international meteorological agencies, including the
525:. As a result of this over 700,000 tonnes (690,000 long tons; 770,000 short tons) of Tuna was caught in waters surrounding Kiribati during 2014, while the island nation was able to sell access rights to international fishing firms at over $ 15,000 a day. Projections were subsequently made by the Asian Development Bank that Kiribati, would earn over
361:
event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record. Over 60 million people faced hunger and malnutrition in 2016 due to drought effects influenced by ENSO, with Africa worst hit, Indochina faced a severe drop in food production, and
Ethiopia counted 10 million people at risk.
513:
and associated rainfall was shifted eastwards, which meant that a large part of the
Pacific received below average rainfall. As a result, drought conditions were observed on several Pacific island nations, with an estimated 4.7 million people affected including people in Fiji, Micronesia, Palau,
500:
passed by a large period of severe thunderstorms (another consequence of El Niño), which led to strong floods; several rivers reached the highest level in decades and thousands of people were left homeless. The increased occurrence of fires in the southern Amazon Basin produced a significant increase
360:
The El Niño event affected millions of people around the world, including in Africa, Central
America, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. These effects included below or above-average rainfall, flooding, increased food insecurity, higher malnutrition rates and devastated livelihoods. The El Niño
248:
During
November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F). NOAA subsequently reported that the 3-month average from November 2015 to January 2016 of the ONI had peaked at 2.3 °C
226:
developed during
February 2015, a new forecast scenario opened: El Niño might strengthen and persist through 2015. This scenario was supported by the same climate features that had predicted the weak El Niño developing during 2014. During their March 2015 diagnostic discussion, NOAA's CPC and the IRI
206:
Over the next few months, the atmosphere failed to respond in order to reinforce the developing El Niño, with the monsoon trough remaining weak and tropical cyclone activity slowing, while no episodes of strong westerly winds at a low latitude occurred. Some of the oceanic indicators of El Niño also
244:
was also creating persistently higher than normal sea surface temperatures in the northeastern
Pacific. In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño "could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950." In mid November, NOAA reported that the temperature anomaly in
166:
warned that there was an enhanced possibility of a weak El Niño event happening during 2014. Over the next few months the climate of the
Pacific Ocean started to exhibit features that suggested the impending onset of an El Niño event. Over the ocean, these features included: a rapid fall of the sea
234:
developed around March and another formed around May. In addition, another strong westerly wind burst event took place around July as a result of twin tropical cyclones straddling the equator. An even stronger event in
October, and an unusually stronger event during late December 2015 into January
388:
had started to help the El Niño, which resulted in
Australia's third-driest spring on record and limited growth at the end of cropping season. The lack of heavy rains in the north and west meant reduced downtime for mining, while fewer clouds and less tropical rain, contributed to the most severe
265:
activity, producing strong vertical wind shear, increased atmospheric stability, stronger sinking motion and drier air across the tropical Atlantic. The Central Pacific basin saw its most active tropical cyclone season on record with 16 tropical cyclones recorded during 2015. Within the Southern
569:
Within the Philippines, the El Niño event caused a delay in the onset of the 2015 rainy season, while causing weaker than normal monsoon activity, below average rainfall, fewer tropical cyclones and above average air temperatures. As a result of this 85% of the provinces were hit by drought
2139:
Saturno, Jorge; Holanda, Bruna A.; Pöhlker, Christopher; Ditas, Florian; Wang, Qiaoqiao; Moran-Zuloaga, Daniel; Brito, Joel; Carbone, Samara; Cheng, Yafang; Chi, Xuguang; Ditas, Jeannine; Hoffmann, Thorsten; Hrabe de Angelis, Isabella; Könemann, Tobias; Lavrič, Jošt V. (6 September 2018).
147:. Despite the La Niña background to the Pacific Climate, four El Niño events occurred during 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, and 2009–10. The first three of these events were weaker, while the 2009-10 event was a strong El Niño, but had shorter effects than the 1997–98 event. After the
457:
of an El Niño event, did not occur over North America, as the event was weak and on the borderline of being an event. Both northern New York and lower Ontario in Canada received unprecedented snowfal early in the winter with Buffalo buried in 7' and Toronto in 3. Ahead of the
239:
respectively confirmed the arrival of weak El Niño conditions. El Niño conditions were forecast in July to intensify into strong conditions by fall and winter of 2015. In addition to the warmer than normal waters generated by the El Niño conditions, the
483:
Between September and December 2015, Northern South America was generally dry, with parts of Venezuela suffering from drought conditions. Over the same period Uruguay, southern Brazil, and Paraguay experienced a lot of rain. In 2015, the
547:
including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m). In Palau, the El Niño resulted in the worst drought conditions in nearly eighty years. The island nations of Palau, the
496:(aggravated by El Niño), which led to above-average temperatures and a large decline in the level of several rivers and reservoirs; as a result, residents had to save water and cutoffs were made. However, at the same time, the
466:
receiving heavy rain which led to mudslides. In the south eastern and south central United States above normal rainfall occurred, with Missouri receiving three times its normal rainfall during November and December 2015.
301:
seasons, but was later deemed to only be a part of the 2014–15 season. Tropical Depressions 01F and 02F developed in the South Pacific during July and October 2015, which affected Fiji, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands.
462:, it was hoped that the El Niño would bring some relief from five years of drought conditions that had occurred in California. However, the event failed to end the long term dryness, despite some regions including
1552:
421:
The El Niño event enhanced the 2015 short rains season between October and December 2015, with more rainfall than normal falling in eastern Africa. The 2014–2016 El-Niño phenomenon, according to the
219:
considered 2014 to be a near miss. At this time it was thought that the ENSO state would continue to hover at the borderline El Nino conditions, before easing back into neutral ENSO conditions.
1645:
1221:
2073:
1590:
1501:
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The event also contributed to six systems forming outside of the season boundaries, within the North Atlantic, Eastern and Southern Pacific basins. These systems included Tropical
372:
Over Australia, the drying influence of the event was initially counteracted by warm temperatures in the Indian Ocean, which lead to above average rainfall falling over parts of
227:
reported that El Niño conditions had been observed during February 2015, after the above average sea surface temperatures had become weakly coupled with the tropical atmosphere.
1810:
655:
Cửu Long Droughts and saltwater infiltration were considered to be particularly serious, the worst within the last 100 years, causing severe damage to the western provinces.
2220:
1085:
1575:
257:
The 2014–16 El Niño event influenced tropical cyclone activity around the world, where it contributed to record breaking seasons in the Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific
1544:
593:, many rice and corn fields were destroyed by the drought brought by El Niño, and soon, the provincial government declared a state of calamity in the province. Earlier,
1106:
1899:
286:
was the least active since reliable records started during 1950s, with only three named tropical cyclones developing in the region compared to an average of eleven.
2598:
1358:
774:
200:
2624:
837:
1676:
352:, which was the second-most-intense tropical cyclone on record globally in terms of barometric pressure, and the strongest in terms of 1-minute sustained winds.
1628:
1134:
1961:
1935:
2401:
1758:
708:
An El Nino watch is issued by the Climate Prediction Center when conditions are favourable for the development of an El Niño within the next six months.
1384:
1035:
1011:
2431:
1211:
1706:
887:
2261:
533:
2769:
2065:
664:
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During the event, tuna schools migrated away from their traditional waters near Papua New Guinea, to waters surrounding the island nation of
1597:
861:
298:
283:
2488:
1841:
1493:
179:. In the atmosphere these features included persistent westerly winds at equatorial latitudes, which were displaced eastwards towards the
17:
1467:
159:, which was thought to possibly be a precursor signal to an impending change of the Pacific climate towards El Niño rather than La Niña.
2460:
2009:
1732:
1515:
151:
had ended, near-neutral conditions persisted over the Pacific Ocean with no La Niña or El Niño events occurring. An intense burst of
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943:
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294:
2213:
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2019:
This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence.
1063:(Report). Vol. 20. United States Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Applications Climate Center. 26 August 2014.
942:(Report). Vol. 20. United States Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Applications Climate Center. 26 August 2014.
438:
398:
266:
Hemisphere, the El Niño pushed tropical cyclone activity in the South Pacific Ocean eastwards, with activity flourishing near
2668:
1193:(Report). Vol. 21. United States Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Applications Climate Center. 3 March 2015.
245:
the Niño 3.4 region for the 3-month average from August to October 2015 was the 2nd warmest on record with only 1997 warmer.
1254:(Report). Vol. 21. United States Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Applications Climate Center. 29 May 2015.
675:
records go back to 1766, and 2015–16 was the 9th wettest winter on record. It is thought that this was caused by the strong
2088:
1906:
1780:
1272:
1099:
830:
1411:
1333:
2643:- Marine Scientist who has studied the effects of the 2015/2016 El Niño on coral symbiosis and coral reef fish parasites.
671:
is a series of temperature data going back to 1659, the winter of 2015–2016 ranked as 2nd warmest, behind 1868–1869. The
450:
2678:
2602:
2345:
1362:
782:
901:
2243:
1807:"Top 10 Most Unusual Tropical Weather Events of 2015 #10: Earliest and Latest Cyclone on Record in the South Pacific"
1806:
1680:
597:
declared a state of calamity, and the provincial government's aid to the farmers suffering from the drought caused a
459:
422:
303:
195:
near the Marshall Islands. As a result of some of these conditions, an El Niño Watch was issued by the United States
163:
1620:
1124:
306:
subsequently formed in the Central Pacific on 31 December, whose remnants in turn contributed to the development of
348:, which was the strongest storm in terms of 1-minute and 10-minute sustained winds in the South Indian Ocean; and
2784:
2779:
2774:
1957:
1931:
672:
1871:
1159:
696:
549:
2733:
2728:
2710:
116:
2316:
1754:
1004:
883:
493:
315:
311:
135:
occurring around the globe. Afterwards the climate of the Pacific Ocean was dominated by a cool phase of the
799:
1388:
1028:
2700:
2695:
148:
144:
1646:"Below-normal Atlantic hurricane season ends; active eastern and central Pacific seasons shatter records"
668:
241:
216:
208:
156:
136:
2517:
1440:
2195:
99:
was the strongest El Niño event on record, with unusually warm waters developing between the coast of
2764:
2759:
2754:
2661:
235:
2016, also resulted from twin cyclones on opposite sides of the equator. In May 2015, the Australian
196:
2029:
2576:
1833:
1308:
728:
485:
318:
172:
1905:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 1 April 2016. Archived from
598:
258:
176:
104:
2043:
2030:"El Nino Is Over But the Damage Continues More than 60 million people face hunger, malnutrition"
857:
2219:. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. 9 December 2015.
2142:"Black and brown carbon over central Amazonia: long-term aerosol measurements at the ATTO site"
1545:"ENSO Blog: February 2016 El Niño update: Q & A...and some Thursday-morning quarterbacking"
405:
during October. Dry conditions in Tasmania also resulted in hundreds of fires being started by
188:
184:
2262:"A conversation with Danielle Claar: NOAA Postdoc, marine scientist, diver | NOAA Climate.gov"
475:
556:
made emergency or disaster declarations, due to extreme drought conditions from the El Niño.
236:
212:
2646:
2005:
1728:
2654:
2003:
497:
463:
381:
223:
44:
Sea surface anomalies across the world in November 2015 during the 2014–2016 El Niño event.
2168:
2113:
699:, has a different definition of what constitutes an El Niño event tailored to their needs.
8:
1416:
936:
328:, which became the second most intense tropical cyclone in the South Pacific in terms of
279:
1248:
1187:
1057:
960:
1659:
624:
620:
582:, estimated total damages to crops between February 2015 and March 2016, at just under
510:
394:
349:
262:
751:
479:
Increased black and brown carbon over the Amazon rainforest due to high fire activity.
425:, is one of the three strongest since 1950. A number of countries in Africa including
2173:
2141:
373:
454:
2522:
2163:
2153:
553:
515:
215:
reported that an El Niño event had developed during 2014, while others such as the
192:
180:
132:
543:
As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western
340:, was the most intense tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere and devastated
2379:
1385:"NOAA Environmental Visualization Laboratory — July 2015 Ocean Temperatures"
1216:
390:
377:
345:
337:
39:
2640:
2625:"Is el Niño to blame for the extreme weather conditions experienced in the UK?"
2244:"El Nino is bittersweet for disappearing Kiribati as it battles climate change"
1596:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
616:
594:
307:
290:
2158:
2004:
Cook, Alison; Watkins, Andrew B; Trewin, Blair; Ganter, Catherine (May 2016).
536:
also recorded coral cover losses of up to 90% at study sites on the island of
2748:
2549:
2177:
982:
644:
632:
406:
397:. The combination of heat and low rainfall brought a very early start to the
100:
529: 150 million (US$ 109 million) during 2015 from fishing licences.
385:
191:, in association with the development of an unusual amount of early season
1786:(Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 23 October 2015. pp. 1–4
1129:
590:
325:
231:
230:
By January 2015, westerly wind burst activity picked up again. The first
2066:"With El Niño likely, what climate impacts are favored for this summer?"
310:
on 7 January. This also caused the latest end and earliest start to the
278:. As a result of this displacement and other factors such as a positive
544:
537:
329:
168:
2720:
2687:
1660:"Tropical Weather Summary for the Central North Pacific: January 2016"
1516:"May 2016 El Niño/La Niña update: Switcheroo! | NOAA Climate.gov"
676:
574:
advised people to conserve water, in case the high water level of the
140:
120:
1864:
1273:
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) diagnostic discussion: March 2015
1152:
1100:
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) diagnostic discussion: March 2014
602:
575:
430:
831:
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) diagnostic discussion: June 2016
2493:
2465:
2436:
2409:
884:"3. The strong 1997–98 El Niño and transition to a La Niña episode"
628:
612:
522:
434:
402:
128:
2089:"El Niño storms erode Pacifica bluff as homes teeter on the edge"
1677:"3 cyclones mark slowest tropical season on record for Australia"
1627:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1574:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1551:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1133:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1105:(Report). United States Climate Prediction Center. 6 March 2014.
1084:(Report). United States Climate Prediction Center. 6 March 2014.
636:
426:
333:
267:
162:
During January 2014, after surveying various climate models, the
152:
124:
2202:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1704:
1474:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1297:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1278:(Report). United States Climate Prediction Center. 5 March 2014.
1212:"First El Niño in five years declared by Japan's weather bureau"
836:(Report). United States Climate Prediction Center. 9 June 2016.
667:, record rainfall and very mild temperatures across the UK. The
2432:"Explaining the barricade,El Nino, negligence, and suppression"
2402:"Cotabato in state of calamity due to El Nino, rat infestation"
1707:"El Nino Tames Australian Cyclones as 46-Year-Old Mark to Fall"
1591:"ENSO Blog: April 2016 El Niño/La Niña update: What goes up..."
608:
571:
489:
324:
Other significant tropical cyclones during the event included:
2114:"Venezuela introduces two-day week to deal with energy crisis"
1034:(Report). World Meteorological Organization. 30 January 2014.
413:, including parts which may not have seen fire for centuries.
2676:
2015:
640:
275:
1494:"ENSO Blog: January El Niño update: It's got a lot going on"
1010:(Report). World Meteorological Organization. 15 April 2014.
578:
fell below 212 metres (696 ft). During April 2016, the
800:"El Niño ends as tropical Pacific Ocean returns to neutral"
341:
271:
2138:
1334:"El Niño is officially back, and looks stronger than ever"
904:. United States Climate Prediction Center. 4 November 2015
695:
Each meteorological agency that monitors the state of the
2006:"El Niño is over, but has left its mark across the world"
1862:
1757:(Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 10 May 2016.
1150:
583:
526:
123:
events in recorded history, which resulted in widespread
1468:"ENSO Blog: November El Niño update: It's a small world"
1291:"ENSO Blog: March 2015 ENSO discussion: El Niño is here"
886:. United States Climate Prediction Center. 14 May 1999.
293:, which was considered by some to be a part of both the
201:
International Research Institute for Climate and Society
1621:"ENSO Blog: June 2016 ENSO discussion: The new neutral"
1359:"Climate Prediction Center: ENSO Diagnostic Discussion"
252:
2317:"Dire consequences of El Niño expected until mid-2016"
2237:
2235:
2233:
1999:
1781:
Australian Bureau of Meteorology Annual Report 2014–15
1731:(Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. May 2016.
1568:"ENSO Blog: March 2016 El Niño update: Spring Forward"
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
409:
during January 2016, which damaged large areas of the
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1870:(Report). Vol. 36. Fiji Meteorological Service.
1640:
1638:
2343:
902:"Historical El Niño/La Niña episodes (1950–present)"
540:(Christmas Island) after the 2015/16 El Niño event.
441:
declared a regional drought disaster in March 2016.
384:. However, by the start of austral Spring 2015, the
2230:
1834:"Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: July 2015"
1478:
514:Samoa, Vanuatu, Tonga, the Solomon Islands and the
2279:
2189:
2187:
1976:
1958:"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally"
1932:"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally"
1705:Brian K Sullivan WeatherSullivan (20 April 2016).
1635:
1439:
2489:"Guimaras under state of calamity due to El Niño"
2288:"Severe drought hits region, El Niño the culprit"
2063:
2036:
1700:
1698:
1662:. United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
501:in aerosol pollution over the Amazon rainforest.
437:declared national states of emergency, while the
2746:
2314:
1679:. Accuweather.com. 30 April 2016. Archived from
1538:
1536:
143:events occurring between 1998–2001, 2007–09 and
2372:"Maguindanao farmers lose crops due to El Niño"
2285:
2193:
2184:
2086:
1314:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 12 May 2015
802:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 24 May 2016
643:, and Cebu declared a state of calamity due to
203:within their March 2014 diagnostic discussion.
2339:
2337:
2241:
1695:
1412:"How This Year's El Niño Compares to the Past"
1243:
1241:
1239:
1182:
1180:
1052:
1050:
1048:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
586: 10 billion (US$ 217 million).
401:, with over 125 fires burning in Victoria and
2662:
2545:"Miền Tây hạn, mặn nghiêm trọng nhất 100 năm"
2537:
1863:Climate Services Division (8 November 2015).
1755:2015–16 southern hemisphere wet-season review
1618:
1588:
1565:
1542:
1533:
1491:
1441:"'Godzilla' El Niño is strongest in 50 years"
1387:. Nnvl.noaa.gov. 21 July 2015. Archived from
1288:
1125:"ENSO Blog: 8 May ENSO Diagnostic Discussion"
1122:
983:"El Niño — Detailed Australian Analysis"
961:"La Niña – Detailed Australian Analysis"
860:. Japan Meteorological Agency. 10 June 2016.
858:"El Niño Outlook (June 2016 – December 2016)"
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
775:"December's ENSO Update: Close, but no cigar"
772:
110:
2057:
1831:
1151:Climate Services Division (18 August 2015).
1021:
175:that were present at low latitudes near the
2461:"El Niño costs Iloilo P805M in agri damage"
2334:
1900:"El Niño CERF-funded response in 2015–2016"
1856:
1236:
1177:
1045:
975:
953:
916:
731:. Japan Meteorological Agency. 17 June 2015
2669:
2655:
2458:
1804:
1671:
1669:
997:
814:
38:
2286:Dumat-ol Daleno, Gaynor (14 April 2016).
2167:
2157:
749:
689:
155:activity subsequently took place between
2363:
1582:
1431:
894:
852:
850:
794:
792:
474:
411:Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
284:2015–16 Australian region cyclone season
1894:
1892:
1666:
1437:
1158:(Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
1146:
1144:
187:was present at a low latitude near the
89:The Pacific Ocean and surrounding areas
14:
2747:
2459:Nepumoceno, Jezza A. (17 March 2016).
1137:from the original on 20 December 2015.
439:Southern African Development Community
171:, as well as a large area of enhanced
2650:
2515:
2429:
2369:
2344:Binaday, Gabrielle H (7 April 2016).
2310:
2308:
2214:"El Nino Advisory Note December 2015"
1249:Pacific ENSO Update: 2nd Quarter 2015
1188:Pacific ENSO Update: 1st Quarter 2015
1058:Pacific ENSO Update: 3rd Quarter 2014
949:from the original on 3 February 2016.
847:
789:
119:was regarded as one of the strongest
2399:
2008:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
1889:
1409:
1141:
1029:El Niño/La Niña Update: January 2014
937:Pacific ENSO Update: Special Edition
580:Philippine Department of Agriculture
559:
253:Effects on tropical cyclone activity
27:Warming of the eastern Pacific Ocean
2770:El Niño-Southern Oscillation events
2518:"GenSan declares state of calamity"
2315:De Vera, Ellalyn (6 January 2016).
2226:from the original on 6 August 2016.
2087:Rocha, Veronica (26 January 2016).
2076:from the original on 30 March 2016.
2022:
1844:from the original on 9 October 2015
1729:Dry and hot in the northern tropics
1438:Bremner, Charles (15 August 2015).
1200:from the original on 29 March 2016.
1088:from the original on 18 March 2016.
1070:from the original on 29 March 2016.
890:from the original on 25 April 2016.
24:
2634:
2305:
2242:Packham, Colin (3 December 2015).
2064:Barnston, Anthony (12 June 2014).
1938:from the original on 9 August 2016
1865:Fiji Climate Summary: October 2015
1631:from the original on 20 June 2016.
1578:from the original on 21 June 2016.
1555:from the original on 21 June 2016.
1543:Becker, Emily (11 February 2016).
1261:from the original on 4 March 2016.
1224:from the original on 14 March 2016
1112:from the original on 1 April 2014.
1041:from the original on 4 March 2016.
1017:from the original on 4 March 2016.
1005:El Niño/La Niña Update: April 2014
985:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
963:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
743:
721:
504:
399:2015–16 Australian bushfire season
25:
2796:
2346:"El Niño damage hits P10 billion"
2194:Di Liberto, Tom (20 April 2016).
2146:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
2012:from the original on 1 July 2016.
1964:from the original on 16 June 2016
1877:from the original on 4 March 2016
1813:from the original on 26 July 2015
1761:from the original on 17 June 2016
1735:from the original on 17 June 2016
1504:from the original on 7 June 2016.
1492:Becker, Emily (14 January 2016).
1165:from the original on 4 March 2016
843:from the original on 2 June 2016.
773:Becker, Emily (4 December 2014).
752:"Seasonal Rainfall under El Niño"
658:
455:typical precipitation and impacts
423:World Meteorological Organization
164:World Meteorological Organization
2516:Adlaw, Jerry N. (8 April 2016).
2032:. Circle of Blue. 19 April 2016.
2014:
1153:Fiji Annual Climate Summary 2014
864:from the original on 5 June 2016
663:The winter of 2015–2016 brought
470:
444:
2617:
2591:
2565:
2509:
2481:
2452:
2423:
2393:
2370:Unson, John (5 February 2016).
2254:
2206:
2132:
2106:
2080:
1950:
1924:
1832:Young, Steve (31 August 2015).
1825:
1798:
1773:
1747:
1721:
1652:
1612:
1589:Becker, Emily (14 April 2016).
1559:
1508:
1460:
1403:
1377:
1351:
1326:
1301:
1282:
1265:
1204:
1116:
1092:
1074:
702:
673:England and Wales Precipitation
599:protest and a clash with police
492:suffered the consequences of a
2169:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-89B6-D
1566:Becker, Emily (9 March 2016).
1289:Becker, Emily (5 March 2015).
876:
766:
564:
550:Federated States of Micronesia
13:
1:
2430:Velez, Tyron (3 April 2016).
1619:Becker, Emily (9 June 2016).
750:Sham, F C (13 January 2016).
715:
2679:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1123:Becker, Emily (7 May 2014).
697:El Niño Southern Oscillation
367:
7:
669:Central England Temperature
242:Pacific Decadal Oscillation
217:Fiji Meteorological Service
209:Japan Meteorological Agency
157:September and November 2013
137:Pacific decadal oscillation
10:
2801:
650:
304:Tropical Depression Nine-C
261:. By contrast, it limited
111:Meteorological progression
2719:
2686:
2159:10.5194/acp-18-12817-2018
1838:Australian Severe Weather
416:
355:
319:Pacific hurricane seasons
197:Climate Prediction Center
139:, with three significant
85:
77:
72:
64:
56:
49:
37:
2196:"Drought in the Pacific"
729:"Historical ENSO events"
682:
393:event on record for the
173:sea surface temperatures
1809:. The Weather Channel.
754:. Hong Kong Observatory
259:tropical cyclone basins
177:International Date Line
117:1997–1998 El Niño event
105:International Date Line
33:2014–2016 El Niño event
2785:2014 natural disasters
2780:2015 natural disasters
2775:2016 natural disasters
2497:. Iloilo. 9 March 2016
480:
189:International Dateline
185:atmospheric convection
51:Meteorological history
2599:"EWP Ranked Seasonal"
2400:Magbanua, Williamor.
532:Researchers from the
509:During the event the
478:
237:Bureau of Meteorology
213:Hong Kong Observatory
199:(NOAA's CPC) and the
149:2010–12 La Niña event
18:2014–16 El Niño event
2573:"Meteorology Office"
1220:. 10 December 2014.
2627:. 25 February 2016.
2152:(17): 12817–12843.
2044:"El Niño in Africa"
1600:on 14 December 2017
1417:Scientific American
451:winter of 2014–2015
280:Indian Ocean Dipole
34:
2553:. 19 February 2016
2292:Pacific Daily News
1410:Thompson, Andrea.
570:conditions, while
511:Walker circulation
481:
395:Great Barrier Reef
350:Hurricane Patricia
263:Atlantic hurricane
183:. A large area of
32:
2742:
2741:
2093:Los Angeles Times
1683:on 7 October 2019
1082:ENSO Alert System
785:on 22 March 2016.
560:Southeastern Asia
374:Western Australia
193:tropical cyclones
167:level in western
133:natural disasters
97:2014–2016 El Niño
93:
92:
16:(Redirected from
2792:
2765:2016 meteorology
2760:2015 meteorology
2755:2014 meteorology
2671:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2605:on 19 March 2019
2601:. Archived from
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2575:. Archived from
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2523:The Manila Times
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2001:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1805:Vagell, Quincy.
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
957:
951:
950:
948:
941:
933:
914:
913:
911:
909:
898:
892:
891:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
854:
845:
844:
842:
835:
827:
812:
811:
809:
807:
796:
787:
786:
781:. Archived from
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
725:
709:
706:
700:
693:
554:Marshall Islands
516:Marshall Islands
486:Southeast Region
321:, respectively.
181:Marshall Islands
52:
42:
35:
31:
21:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2715:
2682:
2675:
2637:
2635:Further reading
2632:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2579:on 6 April 2011
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2406:GMA News Online
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2380:Philippine Star
2376:Philstar Global
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2342:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2321:Manila Bulletin
2313:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2266:www.climate.gov
2260:
2259:
2255:
2240:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2192:
2185:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2120:. 27 April 2016
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2081:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2002:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1587:
1583:
1564:
1560:
1541:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1520:www.climate.gov
1514:
1513:
1509:
1490:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1391:on 24 July 2015
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1365:on 14 June 2015
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:TheGuardian.com
1210:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
981:
980:
976:
966:
964:
959:
958:
954:
946:
939:
935:
934:
917:
907:
905:
900:
899:
895:
882:
881:
877:
867:
865:
856:
855:
848:
840:
833:
829:
828:
815:
805:
803:
798:
797:
790:
771:
767:
757:
755:
748:
744:
734:
732:
727:
726:
722:
718:
713:
712:
707:
703:
694:
690:
685:
661:
653:
567:
562:
507:
505:Pacific Islands
473:
447:
419:
391:coral bleaching
378:New South Wales
370:
364:
358:
346:Cyclone Fantala
338:Cyclone Winston
332:and devastated
255:
113:
73:Overall effects
50:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2641:Danielle Claar
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2616:
2590:
2564:
2536:
2508:
2480:
2451:
2422:
2392:
2362:
2333:
2304:
2278:
2253:
2229:
2205:
2183:
2131:
2105:
2079:
2056:
2035:
2021:
1975:
1960:. Met Office.
1949:
1934:. Met Office.
1923:
1888:
1855:
1824:
1797:
1772:
1746:
1720:
1694:
1665:
1651:
1634:
1611:
1581:
1558:
1532:
1507:
1477:
1459:
1430:
1402:
1376:
1350:
1338:OregonLive.com
1325:
1309:"ENSO Wrap-Up"
1300:
1281:
1264:
1235:
1203:
1176:
1140:
1115:
1091:
1073:
1044:
1020:
996:
974:
952:
915:
893:
875:
846:
813:
788:
765:
742:
719:
717:
714:
711:
710:
701:
687:
686:
684:
681:
665:serious floods
660:
659:United Kingdom
657:
652:
649:
617:General Santos
595:North Cotabato
566:
563:
561:
558:
506:
503:
494:severe drought
472:
469:
460:2015–16 winter
446:
443:
418:
415:
369:
366:
357:
354:
308:Hurricane Pali
291:Cyclone Raquel
254:
251:
112:
109:
91:
90:
87:
86:Areas affected
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2797:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2626:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2552:
2551:
2550:vnexpress.net
2546:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2045:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1912:on 4 May 2016
1908:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1782:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1013:
1006:
1000:
984:
978:
962:
956:
945:
938:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
903:
897:
889:
885:
879:
863:
859:
853:
851:
839:
832:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
801:
795:
793:
784:
780:
776:
769:
753:
746:
730:
724:
720:
705:
698:
692:
688:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
648:
646:
645:Typhoon Melor
642:
638:
634:
633:Davao del Sur
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
557:
555:
551:
546:
541:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
477:
471:South America
468:
465:
461:
456:
452:
445:North America
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
412:
408:
407:dry lightning
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
365:
362:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
250:
246:
243:
238:
233:
228:
225:
224:Typhoon Higos
220:
218:
214:
210:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
108:
106:
102:
101:South America
98:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2705:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:the original
2593:
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2577:the original
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1625:Climate.Gov
1594:Climate.Gov
1572:Climate.Gov
1549:Climate.Gov
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1472:Climate.Gov
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2711:2023–2024
2706:2014–2016
2178:1680-7324
2118:bbc.co.uk
2070:ENSO Blog
1498:ENSO Blog
1452:15 August
1446:The Times
1169:25 August
779:ENSO Blog
603:Kidapawan
576:Angat Dam
431:Swaziland
368:Australia
2529:14 April
2501:14 April
2494:Sun.Star
2473:14 April
2469:. Iloilo
2466:Sun.Star
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2696:1982–83
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