245:
117:
729:
Furthermore, the SPLM-IO which had previously been mostly powerless in the region received a major boost due to these events, and its activity consequently increased in Bahr el Ghazal. The local government also lost trust due to its handling of the crises. All of this contributed to the "more general trend in South Sudan towards fragmentation as each region looks to its own interests". Growing ethnic tensions eventually led to the outbreak of major insurgencies in Bahr el Ghazal, such as Maj. Gen. Thomas
Bazylio Tandro's campaign in 2015, the
483:
593:
187:
170:
157:
138:
103:
679:
224:
213:
654:
joined the mutiny out of fear for their lives and to protest against the massacre at Mapel. Western Bahr el Ghazal governor Rizig
Zachariah ordered his pursuing forces not to kill the deserters, but to surround them and force them to surrender. Despite this, locals reported heavy fighting between deserters and the SPLA at Busseri near Wau on 27 April, causing about 4,000 locals to flee the area.
666:
A small number of the deserters from Mapel and Wau, most notably
Gatwech Gach Makuach and James Ochan Puot, joined the local rebel forces, but most had been motivated in their desertion by fear of ethnic persecution rather than an actual desire to rebel. A substantial number of the deserters were not
653:
By evening, "at least 61" Nuer soldiers were retreating from the town toward the west, with loyalist forces in pursuit. The deserters were led by four brigadier generals, namely Brig. Gen. Gatwech Gach
Makuach, Brig. Gen. James Ochan Puot, Brig Gen. Kuang Cirang, and one unidentified officer, who had
728:
The massacre at Mapel, the desertions of Nuer soldiers, and the destruction that had resulted from the fighting between SPLA and Nuer forces destabilized Bahr el Ghazal. By
September 2014, thousands remained displaced in the area around Wau due to the insecurity that the Long March had caused there.
657:
Following the end of combat at Wau, about 700 Nuer civilians sought protection at Wau's UNMISS base; most of them were family members of the deserted soldiers, while others were students. Some of those who had found shelter at the base claimed that UNMISS had turned away some refugees, though UNMISS
620:
for their lives. Independent sources lent more credibility to the version told by Nuer deserters, though disagreed on how many had died, ranging from about 40 to 150. Between 100 and 500 Nuer SPLA soldiers managed to leave the town. Some joined local SPLM-IO insurgents while the others simply tried
562:
where his authoritarian rule had provided stability. By contrast, his successor as governor, Kuel Aguer Kuel, was "widely seen as ill suited to governing the state in a time of political and military crisis", and instability subsequently grew in
Northern Bahr el Ghazal. Furthermore, ethnic tensions
670:
Hundreds of other Nuer soldiers from Mapel and Wau, however, opted to march north to escape the SPLA. As the deserters entered areas, clashes and insecurity ensued as they raided villages for supplies and food while the government tried to stop them. Instability often remained high even after the
641:
and site of another SPLA base. Nuer soldiers stationed there had not been paid for months and had already been suspected of rebel sympathies. The rumours about a massacre in Mapel further heightened the existing tensions. Several groups of Nuer soldiers mutinied on late 26 April, whereupon heavy
699:
in Wunyik and Majok
Yiiththiou, led by brigadier generals Peter Gatbel and Kuol Tap respectively, deserted in late April, and joined the forces from Wau and Mapel. As result of disagreements with other leaders of the deserters, Gatbel and his followers surrendered to the government soon after.
615:
How many Nuer recruits were killed during the clashes at the training centre is disputed. Government representatives claimed that only three or four were killed, and that the Nuer soldiers had actually planned an uprising or caused the escalation of violence by deserting. Nuer survivors of the
694:
sometime in early July, and raided a medical clinic in Awada
District on 11 July. Meanwhile, the SPLA mobilized its forces in the area to stop the deserters, causing clashes between the two sides at Moiny on 14 July. The deserters broke through, and raided Mayom Akueng on the next day as they
584:
The ethnic tensions gave way to violence on 25 April, when a group of Dinkas attacked an unarmed Nuer trainee of the SPLA on the market of Mapel, a town which hosted a SPLA training centre and served as the headquarters for the SPLA's 5th
Division. The incident was reportedly the result of an
667:
even armed. The government consequently managed to convince elements of the Nuer forces to surrender: Seven deserters from Wau, including Brig Gen. Kuang Cirang, rejoined the SPLA on 28 April, while 255 soldiers from Mapel reportedly returned to their base by 11 July.
719:
theorized that they either wanted to seek protection from the SPLA and ethnic persecution, or planned to join the SPLM-IO rebels of Dau
Aturjong who had defected from the government in late May. His base was believed to be close to the Sudanese border.
695:
travelled further north. Heavy fighting again took place from 15 to 18 July, as the SPLA attempted to block the trek at Gotbulo. Despite this, the deserters continued their march, and were joined by other deserters as they went on. Elements of the
628:
and Baggari District. These displaced people, alongside refugees from other regions of South Sudan, often arrived in poor health and reduced local food availability, causing concerns about the spread of malnutrition in Wau County.
558:, a Dinka, in April 2014. This move caused unrest among Nuer soldiers of the SPLA, who believed that members of their ethnic group were sidelined in the military. Furthermore, Malong had previously served as governor of
1606:
616:
fighting and the SPLM-IO, however, later reported that Dinka troops led by the 5th Division's commander Bak Akoon Bak had shot "about 200 Nuer soldiers in cold blood", causing the rest to flee into
1241:
1285:
1464:
1442:
1197:
1219:
329:
1263:
675:. About 1,500 civilians had been displaced around Wau by 7 July, while the Nuer soldiers moved through Farajallah in the west. Attempts by the SPLA to stop the trek failed.
1089:
589:
intervened. The initial clashes between Nuer trainees and Dinka civilians quickly spread to Mapel's training centre, where Dinka soldiers attacked their Nuer comrades.
1498:
968:
812:
939:
773:
1363:
642:
clashes broke out between government loyalists and the mutineers. Some of the Nuer troopers and about 500 Nuer civilians tried to take refuge at the local
520:
461:
142:
322:
1563:; Western Bahr el Ghazal State Ministry of Health; Wau County Health Department; Western Bahr el Ghazal Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (2014).
671:
fighters had left an area. By late June, fighting took place at Baggari between the deserters and SPLA forces which had received reinforcements from
1564:
1385:
543:
militia which had waged an insurgency against the government since 2012 allied with the SPLM-IO, but its actual military strength was negligible.
315:
711:, at Hadida on 4 August. They had travelled over 400 kilometres (250 mi). After arriving in Sudan, the deserters were disarmed by the
1249:
1293:
1472:
1450:
1205:
585:
altercation between the soldier and his superior which escalated when the families of Dinka soldiers who had been killed in Bentiu and
468:. After covering over 400 kilometres (250 mi), this trek eventually arrived in Sudan on 4 August 2014, where they were disarmed.
1227:
1585:
460:, a large number of Nuer SPLA soldiers deserted to escape ethnic prosecution and loyalist SPLA forces. Though some deserters joined
1271:
1308:
1002:
1526:
1703:
1097:
539:
who generally supported the government. Machar's forces consequently had little political influence in Bahr el Ghazal. A local
524:
437:
1698:
1649:
643:
506:
1678:
1628:
976:
820:
1693:
1688:
1683:
546:
The security situation in the region began to deteriorate, however, when Kiir replaced SPLA Chief of the General Staff
464:
rebels or surrendered to the government, a large number of them marched northward, joined by other SPLA defectors from
368:
1723:
1668:
1577:
1560:
947:
781:
528:
429:
249:
121:
1713:
1708:
1371:
383:
571:. Some of the victims had families in Bahr el Ghazal, contributing the animosity of locals against ethnic Nuer.
477:
449:
31:
1718:
513:
1673:
1336:
734:
696:
586:
255:
456:
and Nuer ethnic groups escalated on 25 April 2014, leading to a massacre of Nuer soldiers at Mapel in
532:
1728:
502:
445:
339:
27:
730:
691:
559:
494:
465:
388:
378:
178:
60:
1566:
Pre-Harvest Anthropometric and Mortality Survey. Wau County, Western Bahr El Ghazal, South Sudan
646:, but were attacked by government loyalists while doing so. Other mutineers reportedly attacked
638:
604:
490:
457:
398:
195:
56:
624:
Many civilians and their families fled from Mapel during and after the clashes, relocating to
712:
486:
373:
1172:"Heavy gunfire erupts in Western Bahr el Ghazal's Wau town amid reports of SPLA defections"
1035:
1030:
564:
358:
8:
509:
683:
1645:
1641:
1619:
1598:
1393:
716:
1534:
1416:
1114:
839:
482:
1573:
1341:
1313:
1007:
650:, but were driven off. A disputed number of fighters were killed in these clashes.
625:
592:
555:
223:
212:
393:
1171:
563:
in the region heightened when it became known that Nuer rebels had committed a
527:
had remained mostly peaceful. The area had served as stronghold of the pro-Kiir
547:
403:
1386:"Map: Major clashes and areas of control, Bahr el Ghazal states, October 2014"
715:. It is unclear why the Nuer soldiers had travelled all the way to Sudan; the
1662:
672:
353:
263:
540:
1503:
536:
453:
307:
704:
647:
551:
516:
426:
186:
169:
156:
137:
129:
108:
64:
678:
1499:"Violence erupts again in South Sudan as faith in peace deal flounders"
608:
840:"High ranking army officers in Aweil area desert their posts: reports"
637:
News of what had happened at Mapel soon reached Wau town, capital of
600:
433:
617:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1527:"South Sudan army denies rebel capture of military base in Aweil"
1286:"'Mounting tensions' between gov and rebels in W. Bahr el Ghazal"
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
596:
1443:"Gen. Dau Aturjong says SPLM/A 'hijacked' after death of Garang"
1242:"Governor claims hundreds of Mapel defectors return to barracks"
1115:"Defecting generals from W. Bahr el Ghazal's Wau town speak out"
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
1637:
1615:
1594:
1198:"Chief says many people displaced in Buseri, W. Bahr el Ghazal"
1050:
568:
1465:"Thousands of conflict-displaced people receive aid near Wau"
858:
708:
441:
1309:"Army Deserters Blamed as Fighting Rocks South Sudan State"
1220:"UNMISS denies that refuge-seekers in Wau were turned away"
682:
The deserters plundered villages (example pictured) around
1608:
The Conflict in Northern and Western Bahrel Ghazal States
1264:"Official says over 4,000 displaced near Wau without aid"
703:
Over 500 Nuer deserters eventually crossed the border to
1145:
1479:
1133:
1334:
1090:"South Sudan: Gunfights within Bahr el Ghazal capital"
661:
1605:
1584:
1065:
917:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
690:The deserters crossed the border from Western to
1660:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
969:"1,500 displaced by W Bahr el Ghazal insecurity"
813:"Governor strongly denies Mapel massacre claims"
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
425:, was an unorganized withdrawal by hundreds of
1003:"Death Toll Rises in New South Sudan Fighting"
788:
1306:
1157:
1000:
323:
1417:"S. Sudanese army general defects to rebels"
1109:
1107:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
747:
337:
47:(3 months, 1 week and 3 days)
1028:
963:
961:
959:
957:
940:"Fighting at South Sudan's Mapel army base"
774:"Four SPLA generals among defectors in Wau"
535:, while its population mostly consisted of
1587:Timeline of Recent Intra-Southern Conflict
1559:
1151:
1139:
330:
316:
1630:A Fractious Rebellion: Inside the SPLM-IO
1335:Lucy Poni; Abraham Agoth (18 July 2014).
1104:
1071:
983:
954:
677:
591:
567:against Dinka civilians and soldiers in
481:
419:2014 retreat from Western Bahr el Ghazal
21:2014 retreat from Western Bahr el Ghazal
1364:"South Sudan army defection in Wunyiik"
834:
832:
830:
607:. The deserters fled into the region's
452:between SPLA soldiers belonging to the
229:One unidentified Nuer brigadier general
1661:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
1626:
1485:
311:
297:Hundreds killed, hundreds surrendered
827:
369:748 Air Services HS 748 crash (2014)
923:
284:Disputed; at least several hundreds
13:
1471:. 6 September 2014. Archived from
1337:"New Violence Rattles South Sudan"
662:March north and further desertions
14:
1740:
1578:Population Services International
579:
384:Operation Sankat Mochan (2016–17)
1270:. 21 August 2014. Archived from
632:
302:Thousands of civilians displaced
243:
222:
211:
185:
168:
155:
136:
115:
101:
1553:
1519:
1491:
1457:
1435:
1409:
1378:
1356:
1328:
1300:
1278:
1256:
1234:
1212:
1190:
1096:. 27 April 2014. Archived from
946:. 25 April 2014. Archived from
819:. 28 April 2014. Archived from
780:. 28 April 2014. Archived from
83:Hundreds of deserters surrender
1533:. 17 June 2017. Archived from
1307:Abraham Agoth (16 July 2014).
1292:. 20 June 2014. Archived from
1248:. 11 July 2014. Archived from
1204:. 14 July 2014. Archived from
1022:
1001:Abraham Agoth (17 July 2014).
529:Sudan People's Liberation Army
501:Following the outbreak of the
478:Ethnic violence in South Sudan
430:Sudan People's Liberation Army
204:Brig Gen. Gatwech Gach Makuach
32:ethnic violence in South Sudan
1:
1704:Battles involving South Sudan
1449:. 4 June 2014. Archived from
1226:. 16 May 2014. Archived from
975:. 7 July 2014. Archived from
740:
658:representatives denied this.
611:after the massacre at Mapel.
471:
364:Bahr el Ghazal retreat (2014)
221:Brig. Gen. Peter Gatbel
1699:August 2014 events in Africa
1370:. 1 May 2014. Archived from
1029:Rajiv Golla (11 July 2016).
723:
210:Brig Gen. Kuang Cirang
7:
1679:April 2014 events in Africa
10:
1745:
1694:July 2014 events in Africa
1689:June 2014 events in Africa
735:South Sudan Patriotic Army
574:
475:
207:Brig Gen. James Ochan Puot
80:Some deserters join rebels
77:500+ deserters reach Sudan
1684:May 2014 events in Africa
1066:Small Arms Survey (2014a)
918:Small Arms Survey (2014b)
737:'s rebellion since 2017.
533:Second Sudanese Civil War
505:between the followers of
349:
301:
288:
275:
260:5th (Mechanized) Division
235:
148:
93:
37:
25:
20:
1724:South Sudanese Civil War
1669:Massacres in South Sudan
621:to hide from the Dinka.
503:South Sudanese Civil War
446:South Sudanese Civil War
436:who sought to flee from
399:Cairo Declaration (2017)
341:South Sudanese Civil War
161:Brig. Gen. Bak Akoon Bak
45:25 April – 4 August 2014
28:South Sudanese Civil War
1714:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
1031:"A fight to the death?"
692:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
686:to sustain themselves.
560:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
495:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
466:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
179:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
61:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
1709:Western Bahr el Ghazal
687:
639:Western Bahr el Ghazal
612:
605:Western Bahr el Ghazal
498:
491:Western Bahr el Ghazal
458:Western Bahr el Ghazal
394:Pagak offensive (2017)
359:Bentiu massacre (2014)
196:Western Bahr el Ghazal
191:Rizig Zachariah Hassan
149:Commanders and leaders
713:Sudanese Armed Forces
681:
595:
523:rebels in late 2013,
487:States of South Sudan
485:
450:longstanding tensions
379:Wau clashes (2016–19)
374:Battle of Juba (2016)
289:Casualties and losses
164:(Mechanized Division)
1719:Military withdrawals
1627:Young, John (2015).
1537:on 21 September 2021
354:Battle of Bor (2013)
1674:2014 in South Sudan
731:2016–18 Wau clashes
510:Salva Kiir Mayardit
1622:. 16 October 2014.
1488:, pp. 20, 32.
1475:on 11 August 2018.
1453:on 10 August 2018.
1374:on 10 August 2018.
1296:on 11 August 2018.
1274:on 11 August 2018.
1252:on 11 August 2018.
1230:on 11 August 2018.
1208:on 11 August 2018.
979:on 10 August 2018.
950:on 10 August 2018.
688:
613:
531:(SPLA) during the
499:
493:in dark green and
421:, also called the
218:Brig Gen. Kuol Tap
1651:978-2-940548-17-0
1642:Small Arms Survey
1620:Small Arms Survey
1599:Small Arms Survey
1397:. 10 October 2014
1394:Small Arms Survey
1152:PSI et al. (2014)
1140:PSI et al. (2014)
784:on 9 August 2018.
717:Small Arms Survey
412:
411:
306:
305:
89:
88:
1736:
1655:
1635:
1623:
1613:
1602:
1592:
1581:
1574:Washington, D.C.
1571:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1342:Voice of America
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1314:Voice of America
1304:
1298:
1297:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1100:on 25 July 2018.
1086:
1069:
1063:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1008:Voice of America
998:
981:
980:
965:
952:
951:
936:
921:
915:
856:
855:
853:
851:
836:
825:
824:
823:on 25 July 2018.
809:
786:
785:
770:
556:Paul Malong Awan
423:long march north
404:Juba raid (2018)
344:
342:
332:
325:
318:
309:
308:
248:
247:
246:
226:
215:
199:
190:
189:
182:
173:
172:
165:
160:
159:
141:
140:
120:
119:
118:
107:
105:
104:
39:
38:
18:
17:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1729:Battles in 2014
1659:
1658:
1652:
1633:
1611:
1601:. 27 June 2014.
1590:
1569:
1561:PSI South Sudan
1556:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1178:. 28 April 2014
1170:
1169:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1121:. 27 April 2014
1113:
1112:
1105:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1064:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
999:
984:
967:
966:
955:
938:
937:
924:
916:
859:
849:
847:
838:
837:
828:
811:
810:
789:
772:
771:
748:
743:
726:
664:
635:
582:
577:
480:
474:
415:
414:
413:
408:
345:
340:
338:
336:
244:
242:
193:
192:
184:
183:
176:
175:
174:Kuel Aguer Kuel
167:
166:
163:
162:
154:
135:
134:
132:SPLA deserters
116:
114:
102:
100:
67:
46:
12:
11:
5:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1624:
1603:
1582:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1518:
1490:
1478:
1456:
1434:
1408:
1377:
1355:
1327:
1299:
1277:
1255:
1233:
1211:
1189:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1103:
1070:
1049:
1021:
982:
953:
922:
857:
826:
787:
745:
744:
742:
739:
725:
722:
663:
660:
634:
631:
581:
580:Mapel massacre
578:
576:
573:
565:major massacre
548:James Hoth Mai
525:Bahr el Ghazal
514:Vice President
489:in 2014, with
473:
470:
438:Bahr el Ghazal
410:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
350:
347:
346:
335:
334:
327:
320:
312:
304:
303:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
273:
272:
271:Several groups
269:
268:
267:
266:reinforcements
261:
258:
238:
237:
236:Units involved
233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
219:
216:
208:
205:
200:
151:
150:
146:
145:
126:
125:
124:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:
81:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
53:
49:
48:
43:
35:
34:
23:
22:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1741:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
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1507:. 5 July 2016
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1423:. 30 May 2014
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1554:Bibliography
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1530:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:The Guardian
1502:
1493:
1486:Young (2015)
1481:
1473:the original
1468:
1459:
1451:the original
1446:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1392:
1380:
1372:the original
1367:
1358:
1348:15 September
1346:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:
1320:15 September
1318:. Retrieved
1312:
1302:
1294:the original
1289:
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1272:the original
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1250:the original
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1228:the original
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1214:
1206:the original
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1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1175:
1147:
1142:, p. 4.
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1118:
1098:the original
1093:
1040:. Retrieved
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1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1006:
977:the original
972:
948:the original
943:
848:. Retrieved
846:. 2 May 2014
843:
821:the original
816:
782:the original
777:
727:
702:
697:3rd Division
689:
669:
665:
656:
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623:
614:
603:in southern
583:
550:, an ethnic
545:
537:Dinka people
500:
422:
418:
416:
363:
256:3rd Division
241:
128:
99:
94:Belligerents
26:Part of the
1042:5 September
705:East Darfur
673:Lakes State
648:Wau Airport
644:UNMISS base
517:Riek Machar
444:during the
294:Many killed
264:Lakes State
109:South Sudan
65:South Sudan
1663:Categories
741:References
609:wilderness
476:See also:
472:Background
30:, and the
724:Aftermath
601:Jur River
507:President
434:deserters
281:Thousands
198:governor)
181:governor)
1427:9 August
1401:9 August
1182:3 August
1125:9 August
1014:9 August
850:3 August
733:and the
626:Wau town
618:the bush
597:Wetlands
497:in pink
448:. After
276:Strength
52:Location
1541:14 June
1511:12 July
599:of the
575:History
554:, with
521:SPLM-IO
462:SPLM-IO
432:(SPLA)
143:SPLM-IO
57:Western
1648:
1638:Geneva
1616:Geneva
1595:Geneva
569:Bentiu
541:Fertit
106:
72:Result
1634:(PDF)
1612:(PDF)
1591:(PDF)
1570:(PDF)
1389:(PDF)
709:Sudan
684:Aweil
454:Dinka
442:Sudan
1646:ISBN
1543:2018
1513:2016
1429:2018
1403:2018
1350:2018
1322:2018
1184:2018
1127:2018
1044:2018
1036:IRIN
1016:2018
852:2018
552:Nuer
512:and
427:Nuer
417:The
250:SPLA
130:Nuer
122:SPLA
59:and
42:Date
587:Bor
519:'s
440:to
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331:e
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