2725:. It will offer testing facilities to mobile operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while delivering speeds higher than current 4G with aspirations for the new technology to be ready within a decade. On November 1, 2012, the EU project "Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society" (METIS) started its activity toward the definition of 5G. METIS achieved an early global consensus on these systems. In this sense, METIS played an important role in building consensus among other external major stakeholders prior to global standardization activities. This was done by initiating and addressing work in relevant global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as in national and regional regulatory bodies. That same month, the iJOIN EU project was launched, focusing on "
1969:
Permanent Select
Committee on Intelligence report concluded that using equipment made by Huawei and ZTE, another Chinese telecommunications company, could "undermine core U.S. national security interests". In 2018, six U.S. intelligence chiefs, including the directors of the CIA and FBI, cautioned Americans against using Huawei products, warning that the company could conduct "undetected espionage". Further, a 2017 investigation by the FBI determined that Chinese-made Huawei equipment could disrupt U.S. nuclear arsenal communications. Chinese vendors and the Chinese government have denied claims of espionage, but experts have pointed out that Huawei would have no choice but to hand over network data to the Chinese government if Beijing asked for it because of Chinese National Security Law.
2502:
485:(mmWave or mmW) have a more limited range, requiring many small cells. They can be impeded or blocked by materials in walls or windows or pedestrians. Due to their higher cost, plans are to deploy these cells only in dense urban environments and areas where crowds of people congregate such as sports stadiums and convention centers. The above speeds are those achieved in actual tests in 2020, and speeds are expected to increase during rollout. The spectrum ranging from 24.25 to 29.5 GHz has been the most licensed and deployed 5G mmWave spectrum range in the world.
2639:", which advertise improving existing networks with the use of "5G technology". However, these pre-5G networks are an improvement on specifications of existing LTE networks that are not exclusive to 5G. While the technology promises to deliver higher speeds, and is described by AT&T as a "foundation for our evolution to 5G while the 5G standards are being finalized", it cannot be considered to be true 5G. When AT&T announced 5G Evolution, 4x4 MIMO, the technology that AT&T is using to deliver the higher speeds, had already been put in place by
534:. 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices. Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones, transmitting via 4G or 5G, will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders. Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection. However, most autonomous vehicles also feature tele-operations for mission accomplishment, and these greatly benefit from 5G technology.
2327:
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2019:
12038:
11145:
935:
919:
477:, allowing speeds of 100–900 Mbit/s, with each cell tower providing service up to several kilometers in radius. This level of service is the most widely deployed, and was deployed in many metropolitan areas in 2020. Some regions are not implementing the low band, making Mid-band the minimum service level. High-band 5G uses frequencies of 24–47 GHz, near the bottom of the millimeter wave band, although higher frequencies may be used in the future. It often achieves download speeds in the
1083:
2211:
asked the cellular providers to hold off their new 5G service near 50 priority airports, to minimize disruption to air traffic that would be caused by some planes being disallowed from landing in poor visibility. After coming to an agreement with government officials the day before, Verizon and AT&T activated their 5G networks on
January 19, 2022, except for certain towers near 50 airports. AT&T scaled back its deployment even further than its agreement with the FAA required.
2151:, European regulators agreed on a recommendation of −42 dBW, and US regulators (the FCC) recommended a restriction of −20 dBW, which would permit signals 150 times stronger than the European proposal. The ITU decided on an intermediate −33 dBW until September 1, 2027, and after that a standard of −39 dBW. This is closer to the European recommendation but even the delayed higher standard is much weaker than that requested by atmospheric scientists, triggering warnings from the
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365:
927:
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2370:, one origin of the 5G health controversy was an erroneous unpublished study that physicist Bill P. Curry did for the Broward County School Board in 2000 which indicated that the absorption of external microwaves by brain tissue increased with frequency. According to experts this was wrong, the millimeter waves used in 5G are safer than lower frequency microwaves because they cannot penetrate the skin and reach internal organs. Curry had confused
1984:. The UK Parliament's Defence Committee said that the government should consider removal of all Huawei equipment from its 5G networks earlier than planned. In December 2020, the United States announced that more than 60 nations, representing more than two thirds of the world's gross domestic product, and 200 telecom companies, had publicly committed to the principles of The Clean Network. This alliance of democracies included 27 of the 30
2740:, the European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014–2019), "an innovative utilization of spectrum" is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G success. Oettinger further described it as "the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which 5G will be the main driver". iJOIN was selected by the European Commission as one of the pioneering 5G research projects to showcase early results on this technology at the
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548:
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being the NGFI-I (Next
Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried. The IEEE 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format capable of carrying
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1976:" as a U.S. government-led, bi-partisan effort to address what it described as "the long-term threat to data privacy, security, human rights and principled collaboration posed to the free world from authoritarian malign actors". Promoters of the initiative have stated that it has resulted in an "alliance of democracies and companies", "based on democratic values". On October 7, 2020, the
946:(5G NR in Unlicensed Spectrum) and Non-Public Networks (NPNs) operating in licensed spectrum. By the mid-to-late 2020s, standalone private 5G networks are expected to become the predominant wireless communications medium to support the ongoing Industry 4.0 revolution for the digitization and automation of manufacturing and process industries. 5G was expected to increase phone sales.
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first country to adopt 5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish telecoms giant
Ericsson predicted that 5G internet will cover up to 65% of the world's population by the end of 2025. Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reals ($ 238.30 million) in Brazil to add a new assembly line dedicated to fifth-generation technology (5G) for its Latin American operations.
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order to use higher frequency bands. Also, these higher frequency 5G signals cannot penetrate solid objects easily, such as cars, trees, walls, and even humans, because of the nature of these higher frequency electromagnetic waves. 5G cells can be deliberately designed to be as inconspicuous as possible, which finds applications in places like restaurants and shopping malls.
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definition of the next generation mobile. On May 12, 2013, Samsung
Electronics stated that they had developed a "5G" system. The core technology has a maximum speed of tens of Gbit/s (gigabits per second). In testing, the transfer speeds for the "5G" network sent data at 1.056 Gbit/s to a distance of up to 2 kilometers with the use of an 8*8 MIMO. In July 2013,
36:
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complained about the avoidable impact on their operations, and commentators said the affair called into question the competence of the FAA. Several international airlines substituted different planes so they could avoid problems landing at scheduled airports, and about 2% of flights (320) were cancelled by the evening of
January 19.
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in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference, while other signals pointing to other angles experience destructive interference. This improves signal quality in the specific direction, as well as data transfer speeds. 5G uses both digital and analog beamforming to improve the system capacity.
1062:(FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date. In March 2018,
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Some of the world biggest telecoms firms have joined forces with the UK government to fund a new 5G research center. The facility, to be based at the
University of Surrey, will offer testing facilities to operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while
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For non-line-of-sight (non-LOS) paths obstructed by buildings of several common materials, results that showed signal attenuations in excess of 100 dB. When the LOS followed a path directly through clear glass walls, the attenuation was small at all probe frequencies. However, when the glass wall had
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tests started around 2020 (Orkney, Bavaria, Austria, Central
Bohemia) based on FeMBMS (Further evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service). The aim is to serve unlimited number of mobile or fixed devices with video (TV) and audio (radio) streams without these consuming any data flow or even being
1932:
released a paper entitled, "A Formal
Analysis of 5G Authentication". It alerted that 5G technology could open ground for a new era of security threats. The paper described the technology as "immature and insufficiently tested," and one that "enables the movement and access of vastly higher quantities
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In addition, the standard describes network entities for roaming and inter-network connectivity, including the
Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), the Non-3GPP InterWorking Function (N3IWF), the Trusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function (TNGF), the Wireline Access Gateway Function (W-AGF), and the Trusted
1419:
There are two kinds of beamforming (BF): digital and analog. Digital beamforming involves sending the data across multiple streams (layers), while analog beamforming shaping the radio waves to point in a specific direction. The analog BF technique combines the power from elements of the antenna array
1189:
The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. Signals in this frequency range with wavelengths between 4 and 12 mm are called millimeter waves. The higher the carrier frequency, the greater
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had identified 224 operators in 88 countries that have demonstrated, are testing or trialing, or have been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced service launches. The equivalent numbers in November 2018 were 192 operators in 81 countries. The
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to have commercial 5G. A functional mockup of a Russian 5G base station, developed by domestic specialists as part of Rostec's digital division Rostec.digital, was presented in Nizhny Novgorod at the annual conference "Digital Industry of Industrial Russia". 5G speeds have declined in many countries
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Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing voice services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and technologies is inclined towards developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different domains
1358:
MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output) systems use multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver ends of a wireless communication system. Multiple antennas use the spatial dimension for multiplexing in addition to the time and frequency ones, without changing the bandwidth requirements of the
1198:
5G in the 24 GHz range or above use higher frequencies than 4G, and as a result, some 5G signals are not capable of traveling large distances (over a few hundred meters), unlike 4G or lower frequency 5G signals (sub 6 GHz). This requires placing 5G base stations every few hundred meters in
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As of March 2019, there are reportedly 52 countries, territories, special administrative regions, disputed territories and dependencies that are formally considering introducing certain spectrum bands for terrestrial 5G services, are holding consultations regarding suitable spectrum allocations
2747:
In February 2013, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) started two study items: (1) Study on IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond, and; (2) Study on future technology trends for terrestrial IMT systems. Both aiming at having a better understanding of future technical aspects of mobile communications toward the
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began airing programming linking 5G to harmful health effects which "lack scientific support", such as "brain cancer, infertility, autism, heart tumors, and Alzheimer's disease". Broad asserted that the claims had increased. RT America had run seven programs on this theme by mid-April 2019 but only
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released the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device launches. In it, the GSA identified 23 vendors who have confirmed the availability of forthcoming 5G devices with 33 different devices including regional variants. There were seven announced 5G device form factors: (telephones (×12
791:
5Gi is an alternative 5G variant developed in India. It was developed in a joint collaboration between IIT Madras, IIT Hyderabad, TSDSI, and the Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology (CEWiT) . 5Gi is designed to improve 5G coverage in rural and remote areas over varying geographical terrains.
2210:
asked the chief executives of AT&T and Verizon to delay 5G implementation over aviation concerns. The government officials asked for a two-week delay starting on January 5, 2022, while investigations are conducted on the effects on radar altimeters. The government transportation officials also
860:
Standards are being developed by 3GPP to provide access to end devices via non-terrestrial networks (NTN), i.e. satellite or airborne telecommunication equipment to allow for better coverage outside of populated or otherwise hard to reach locations. The enhanced communication quality relies on the
749:
covers several areas of 5G with a core focus on wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on network architecture and dividing the connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU)
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retransmissions, handovers, etc. Retransmission latency and backhaul latency to the server must be added to the "air latency" for correct comparisons. Verizon reported the latency on its 5G early deployment is 30 ms. Edge Servers close to the towers can probably reduce latency to between 10 and 15
2265:
There have been concerns surrounding the promotion of 5G, questioning whether the technology is overhyped. There are questions on whether 5G will truly change the customer experience, ability for 5G's mmWave signal to provide significant coverage, overstating what 5G can achieve or misattributing
1968:
Due to fears of potential espionage of users of Chinese equipment vendors, several countries (including the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom as of early 2019) have taken actions to restrict or eliminate the use of Chinese equipment in their respective 5G networks. A 2012 U.S. House
667:
5G uses an adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to keep the block error rate (BLER) extremely low. Whenever the error rate crosses a (very low) threshold the transmitter will switch to a lower MCS, which will be less error-prone. This way speed is sacrificed to ensure an almost zero error
516:
has defined three main application areas for the enhanced capabilities of 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). Only eMBB is deployed in 2020; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most
727:
The standard documents are organized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), with its system architecture defined in TS 23.501. The packet protocol for mobility management (establishing connection and moving between base stations) and session management (connecting to networks and network
527:'Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications' (URLLC) refers to using the network for mission-critical applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange. Short-packet data transmission is used to meet both reliability and latency requirements of the wireless communication networks.
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became the first country to adopt 5G. Just hours later, Verizon launched its 5G services in the United States, and disputed South Korea's claim of becoming the world's first country with a 5G network, because allegedly, South Korea's 5G service was launched initially for just six South Korean
626:
The most widely used form of 5G, sub-6 GHz 5G (mid-band), is capable of delivering data rates ranging from 10 to 1,000 megabits per second (Mbps), with a much greater reach than mmWave bands. C-Band (n77/n78) was deployed by various U.S. operators in 2022 in the sub-6 bands, although its
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to develop a fifth generation communications technology approach, though largely concerned with working with nanosats. That same year, the South Korean IT R&D program of "5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation" was formed.
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Otherwise known as sub-6, the maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is 3.3–4.2 GHz. The Korean carriers use the n78 band at 3.5 GHz.
782:
The study of NR within 3GPP started in 2015, and the first specification was made available by the end of 2017. While the 3GPP standardization process was ongoing, the industry had already begun efforts to implement infrastructure compliant with the draft standard, with the first large-scale
2214:
The FAA rushed to test and certify radar altimeters for interference so that planes could be allowed to perform instrument landings (e.g. at night and in low visibility) at affected airports. By January 16, it had certified equipment on 45% of the U.S. fleet, and 78% by January 20. Airlines
453:
The increased data rate is achieved partly by using additional higher-frequency radio waves in addition to the low- and medium-band frequencies used in previous cellular networks. For providing a wide range of services, 5G networks can operate in three frequency bands — low, medium or high.
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is quoted saying that it "continues to believe that the current safety limits for cellphone radiofrequency energy exposure remain acceptable for protecting the public health." After campaigning by activist groups, a series of small localities in the UK, including Totnes, Brighton and Hove,
1404:
Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells are critical to 5G networks, as 5G's radio waves can't travel long distances, because of 5G's higher frequencies.
658:
Latency is much higher during handovers; ranging from 50 to 500 milliseconds depending on the type of handover. Reducing handover interruption time is an ongoing area of research and development; options include modifying the handover margin (offset) and the time-to-trigger (TTT).
1452:
can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies.
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2323:. This is not common and mainly of concern in the workplace for those who work on large sources of non-ionizing radiation devices and instruments." Some advocates of fringe health claim the regulatory standards are too low and influenced by lobbying groups.
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2139:
in March 2019 wrote a memorandum warning of deterioration and made technical suggestions to control band bleed-over limits, for testing and fielding, and for coordination of the wireless industry and regulators with weather forecasting organizations.
623:, as of May 2022, leads globally with average speeds of 432 megabits per second (Mbps). 5G networks are also designed to provide significantly more capacity than 4G networks, with a projected 100-fold increase in network capacity and efficiency.
2576:
The second version claims that 5G causes COVID-19. There are different variations on this. Some claim that the pandemic is coverup of illness caused by 5G radiation or that COVID-19 originated in Wuhan because that city was "the guinea-pig city for
1440:(LWA; convergence with Wi-Fi Radio), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have limited the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G, combined with migration from Distributed
676:
The range of 5G depends on many factors: transmit power, frequency, and interference. For example, mmWave (e.g.: band n258) will have a lower range than mid-band (e.g.: band n78) which will have a lower range than low-band (e.g.: band n5)
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network after Globe Telecom commercially launched its 5G data plans to customers. AT&T brings 5G service to consumers and businesses in December 2019 ahead of plans to offer 5G throughout the United States in the first half of 2020.
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976:, who also used Huawei equipment. Samsung was the largest supplier for 5G base stations in South Korea at launch, having shipped 53,000 base stations at the time, out of 86,000 base stations installed across the country at the time.
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a metalized coating to reduce ultraviolet and infrared radiation, the attenuation increased by 25 to 50 dB for each metallized layer. In most cases no signals could be detected through steel reinforced concrete or brick buildings.
2700:
secured £35M for a new 5G research centre, jointly funded by the British government's UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure providers, including
7975:
2270:, and overshadowing the possibility that in some aspects there might be other more appropriate technologies. Such sort of concerns have also led to consumers not trusting information provided by cellular providers on the topic.
450:, therefore the cells are of a smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls and humans. Millimeter-wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks.
1190:
the ability to support high data-transfer speeds. This is because a given channel bandwidth takes up a lower fraction of the carrier frequency, so high-bandwidth channels are easier to realize at higher carrier frequencies.
335:
to deliver faster speeds than 4G and can connect more devices, improving the quality of Internet services in crowded areas. Due to the increased bandwidth, it is expected the 5G networks will increasingly be used as general
9450:
887:, in collaboration with Skylo, announced new satellite IoT solutions on June 22, 2023, including the Qualcomm 212S and 9205S modems, supporting the Qualcomm Aware platform for real-time asset tracking and device management.
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2266:
continuous technological improvement to "5G", lack of new use case for carriers to profit from, wrong focus on emphasizing direct benefits on individual consumers instead of for internet of things devices or solving the
3276:
9390:
4603:
1508:. These NFs register with the Network Repository Function (NRF) which maintains their state, and communicate with each other using the Service Communication Proxy (SCP). The interfaces between the elements all utilize
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610:
5G is capable of delivering significantly faster data rates than 4G, with peak data rates of up to 20 gigabits per second (Gbps). Furthermore, average 5G download speeds have been recorded at 186.3 Mbit/s in the
7152:
2564:
in Australia were seen with anti-5G signs, an early sign of what became a wider campaign by conspiracy theorists to link the pandemic with 5G technology. There are two versions of the 5G-COVID-19 conspiracy theory:
1512:
APIs. By breaking functionality down this way, mobile operators are able to utilize different infrastructure vendors for different functions, and the flexibility to scale each function independently as needed.
7175:
5154:
2295:
There is a long history of fear and anxiety surrounding wireless signals that predates 5G technology. The fears about 5G are similar to those that have persisted throughout the 1990s and 2000s. They center on
704:
standard, which required a theoretical peak download speed of 20 gigabits per second and 10 gigabits per second upload speed, along with other requirements. Then, the industry standards group 3GPP chose the
7324:
3932:"Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; 5G; Numbering, addressing and identification (3GPP TS 23.003 version 16.8.0 Release 16)"
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2643:
without being branded with the 5G moniker. It is claimed that such branding is a marketing move that will cause confusion with consumers, as it is not made clear that such improvements are not true 5G.
1964:
could boost proportionally. In addition, the EPS solution for 5G networks has identified a design vulnerability. The vulnerability affects the operation of the device during cellular network switching.
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5847:
4111:
942:
Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be used for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications, in what being described as
642:
Low-band frequencies (such as n5) offer a greater coverage area for a given cell, but their data rates are lower than those of mid and high bands in the range of 5–250 megabits per second (Mbps).
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2123:, and warning of harmful impacts to national security. Acting NOAA director Neil Jacobs testified before the House Committee in May 2019 that 5G out-of-band emissions could produce a 30% reduction in
2696:
In August 2012, New York University founded NYU Wireless, a multi-disciplinary academic research centre that has conducted pioneering work in 5G wireless communications. On October 8, 2012, the UK's
9507:
2416:, a planned upgrade to 5G was stopped for the same reason. The Swiss Telecommunications Association (ASUT) has said that studies have been unable to show that 5G frequencies have any health impact.
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1127:, which it claimed as having a wider range of 5G compatibility than any other phone released to that time. The mid-range model is claimed to support all 5G bands from 600 MHz to 3.8 GHz.
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devices, enabled by 5G technology, from 7 billion in 2018 to 21.5 billion by 2025. This can raise the attack surface for these devices to a substantial scale, and the capacity for DDoS attacks,
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1099:(×8), modules (×5), Snap-on dongles and adapters (×2), and USB terminals (×1)). By October 2019, the number of announced 5G devices had risen to 129, across 15 form factors, from 56 vendors.
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such as the Internet of Things (IoT), web of connected autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled robots, and heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications. In this context,
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delivering faster speeds than current 4G technology that's been launched in around 100 countries, including several British cities. They say the new tech could be ready within a decade.
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2155:(WMO) that the ITU standard, at 10 times less stringent than its recommendation, brings the "potential to significantly degrade the accuracy of data collected". A representative of the
893:'s Defy Satellite Link hotspot, powered by MediaTek's MT6825, became available in June 2023, providing a portable satellite messaging solution with robust battery life and built-in GPS.
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is expected to occur due to such proximity and its effect could be significant without effective controls. An increase in interference already occurred with some other prior proximate
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commercial launch of 5G NR having occurred at the end of 2018. Since 2019, many operators have deployed 5G NR networks and handset manufacturers have developed 5G NR enabled handsets.
7003:"The Wizard Behind the Curtain? – The Important, Diverse, and Often Hidden Role of Spectrum Allocation for Current and Future Environmental Satellites and Water, Weather, and Climate"
3375:
3172:
Ganji, Venkata Siva Santosh; Lin, Tzu-Hsiang; Espinal, Francisco A.; Kumar, P. R. (January 5, 2021). "UNBLOCK: Low Complexity Transient Blockage Recovery for Mobile mm-Wave Devices".
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Parts of this article (those related to 5G, short for the fifth generation of wireless technology, employs a range of higher-frequency radio waves than its predecessors.) need to be
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One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to achieve cost, power, and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with
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on aircraft, which operate between 4.2 and 4.4 GHz, might be affected by 5G operations between 3.7 and 3.98 GHz. This is particularly an issue with older altimeters using
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Ordonez-Lucena, J.; Ameigeiras, P.; Lopez, D.; Ramos-Munoz, J. J.; Lorca, J.; Folgueira, J. (2017). "Network Slicing for 5G with SDN/NFV: Concepts, Architectures, and Challenges".
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details the security issues surrounding 5G. The report warns against using a single supplier for a carrier's 5G infrastructure, especially those based outside the European Union;
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The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2 (24–54 GHz)
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In the 5G IoT chipset arena, as of April 2019 there were four commercial 5G modem chipsets and one commercial processor/platform, with more launches expected in the near future.
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There have been rumors that 5G mobile phone use can cause cancer, but this is a myth. Many popular books of dubious merit have been published on the subject including one by
1042:. As of 2023, Huawei is the leading 5G equipment manufacturer and has the greatest market share of 5G equipment and has built approximately 70% of worldwide 5G base stations.
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In regions like the US and EU, the 6 GHz band is to be opened up for unlicensed applications, which would permit the deployment of 5G-NR Unlicensed, 5G version of
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which lack protection from neighboring bands. This is not as much of an issue in Europe, where 5G uses lower frequencies between 3.4 and 3.8 GHz. Nonetheless, the
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devices could benefit from 5G wireless power technology, given their low power requirements that are within the range of what has been achieved using 5G power capture.
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Rappaport, Theodore S.; Sun, Shu; Mayzus, Rimma; Zhao, Hang; Azar, Yaniv; Wang, Kevin; Wong, George N.; Schulz, Jocelyn K.; Samimi, Mathew; Gutierrez, Felix (2013).
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Some parties used the term "mid-band" frequency to refer to higher part of this frequency range that was not used in previous generations of mobile communication.
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introduced a standardized 5G NTN modem technology in Korea in February 2023, simulated on their Exynos Modem 5300, facilitating smartphone-satellite communication.
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services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity. This will benefit areas of higher traffic such as stadiums, cities, and concert venues.
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2788:) added more than 40,000 users to their 5G network on the launch day. In June 2019, the Philippines became the first country in Southeast Asia to roll out a 5G
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celebrities so that South Korea could claim the title of having the world's first 5G network. In fact, the three main South Korean telecommunication companies (
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announced plans to invest a minimum of $ 600 million into R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times higher than modern LTE networks.
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Glastonbury, and Frome, passed resolutions against the implementation of further 5G infrastructure, though these resolutions have no impact on rollout plans.
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that is used in 4G. The SBA breaks up the core functionality of the network into interconnected network functions (NFs), which are typically implemented as
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launched the world's first commercially available 5G IoT-NTN chipset, MT6825, capable of automatic satellite message receipt and extensive power efficiency.
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3503:
8374:
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4149:
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8175:
7598:
4835:
2160:
5391:
4783:
4390:"Supermicro and Rakuten Symphony Extend Their Collaboration and Offer Complete 5G, Telco, and Edge Solutions For Cloud Based Open RAN Mobile Networks"
4216:
Xingqin Lin; Stefan Rommer; Sebastian Euler; Emre A. Yavuz; Robert S. Karlsson (2021). "5G from Space: An Overview of 3GPP Non-Terrestrial Networks".
2171:(GAO) to investigate why there is such a discrepancy between recommendations of US civilian and military science agencies and the regulator, the FCC.
10740:
8924:
6856:
6196:
1829:
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8297:
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2557:) and Sweden. It led to at least 61 suspected arson attacks against telephone masts in the United Kingdom alone and over twenty in The Netherlands.
457:
5G can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave. Low-band 5G uses a similar frequency range to 4G cellphones, 600–900
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4339:
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Basin, David; Dreier, Jannik; Hirschi, Lucca; Radomirovic, Saša; Sasse, Ralf; Stettler, Vincent (2018). "A Formal Analysis of 5G Authentication".
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is delivered by computing servers closer to the ultimate user. It reduces latency, data traffic congestion and can improve service availability.
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8157:
7176:"FCC to auction off wireless spectrum that could interfere with vital weather data, rejecting requests from U.S. House and science agencies"
6228:
Khan, Talha Ahmed; Heath, Robert W. Jr. (December 21, 2018). Ng, Derrick Wing Kwan; Duong, Trung Q.; Zhong, Caijun; Schober, Robert (eds.).
4693:
4544:
3367:
11000:
10560:
9988:
6910:
9889:
6880:"CNN Exclusive: FBI investigation determined Chinese-made Huawei equipment could disrupt US nuclear arsenal communications | CNN Politics"
6722:
Attar, Hani; Issa, Haitham; Ababneh, Jafar; Abbasi, Mahdi; Solyman, Ahmed A. A.; Khosravi, Mohammad; Said Agieb, Ramy (October 11, 2022).
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satellite stations, which operate by receiving satellite signals at 3.4–4.2 GHz frequency. This interference can be mitigated with
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6041:
3891:"Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for 5G System (5GS); Stage 3. (3GPP TS 24.501 version 16.10.0 Release 16) TS 24.501 release 16.10.0"
2316:
1529:
428:
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9529:
9313:
6614:
5327:
5176:
2167:, monitoring of which could be imperiled). In December 2019, a bipartisan request was sent from the US House Science Committee to the
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2163:(ECMWF), sternly warned, saying that society risks "history repeat itself" by ignoring atmospheric scientists' warnings (referencing
238:
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303:
Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called
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NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future cellular systems via allocation of power.
3068:
639:. The record for 5G speed in a deployed network is 5.9 Gbps as of 2023, but this was tested before the network was launched.
446:
in 5G terminology, for additional capacity and higher throughputs. Millimeter waves have a shorter range than the lower frequency
12104:
11180:
8955:
5473:
3850:"ETSI TS 123 501 V16.12.0 (2022–03). 5G; System architecture for the 5G System (5GS) (3GPP TS 23.501 version 16.12.0 Release 16)"
3669:
3337:
2853:
and pipelines. 5G networks helps in building it due to the latency and throughput to capture near real-time IoT data and support
1906:
1359:
system. Spatial multiplexing gains allow for an increase in the number of transmission layers, thereby boosting system capacity.
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communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and infrastructures.
751:
11068:
7681:
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6416:
6156:
5361:
5206:
5012:
3827:
3753:
2760:), the same company to launch world's first 5G network in Japan, wins Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award at
2192:
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816:
in 2018. The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR. Verizon has since migrated to 5G NR.
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2950:
2290:
493:
8902:
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5557:"Scenarios and requirements for small cell enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN (3GPP TR 36.932 version 16.0.0 Release 16)"
4002:
3692:
2496:
11947:
11500:
10605:
10184:
8681:"Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, part 1. Rising ambient EMF levels in the environment"
8582:
8525:
8428:
7906:
4715:
3243:
2229:
A number of 5G networks deployed on the radio frequency band of 3.3–3.6 GHz are expected to cause interference with
2144:
2120:
2089:
1896:
1091:
961:
9720:
7403:
7121:
6813:"Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE"
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1821:
420:
99:
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10242:
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1366:
increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of antennas. This includes Single User MIMO and
1059:
592:
393:
720:), above 24 GHz. However, the speed and latency in early FR1 deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (
11932:
11506:
11303:
11234:
10684:
10267:
10217:
8744:"5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects—A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz"
7844:
2168:
903:, announced high-performing Open RAN technologies and storage systems for operators of cloud-based mobile services.
176:
10071:"5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz"
9017:
7293:
5770:
1844:. Up to 6μW of power has been demonstrated being captured from 5G signals at a distance of 180m by researchers at
12079:
12074:
11073:
10677:
10247:
8685:
8267:
7650:
7374:"'We are deeply concerned': House Science Committee seeks investigation of how 5G could hurt weather forecasting"
5732:
4238:"Samsung Electronics Introduces Standardized 5G NTN Modem Technology To Power Smartphone-Satellite Communication"
4171:
2207:
2156:
2099:
in February 2019 to urge the FCC to delay some spectrum auction proposals, which was rejected. The chairs of the
1478:
636:
11569:
8237:
8206:
6368:
5044:
Parzyan, Anahit (2023). "China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia".
11574:
11019:
7465:
6674:
5941:
2757:
2267:
1980:
released a report claiming that there was clear evidence of collusion between Huawei and Chinese state and the
1757:
WLAN Interworking Function (TWIF). These can be deployed by operators as needed depending on their deployment.
443:
6016:
5983:
5597:
5113:
3499:
2865:
Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G.
2756:
agreed to work jointly on development of fifth generation (5G) telecom technologies. On October 1, 2013, NTT (
2729:" technology, which is of key importance for taking advantage of limited and strategic resources, such as the
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5792:
Ghafoor, Umar; Ali, Mudassar; Khan, Humayun Zubair; Siddiqui, Adil Masood; Naeem, Muhammad (August 1, 2022).
4314:"Qualcomm Launches New Satellite IoT Solutions to Provide Uninterrupted Remote Monitoring and Asset Tracking"
4141:
2234:
2053:
used by various 5G proposals, especially the n258 band centered at 26 GHz, will be near that of passive
1778:
1505:
741:
405:
9860:"5GAA, Audi, Ford and Qualcomm Showcase C-V2X Direct Communications Interoperability to Improve Road Safety"
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2319:(CDC) "exposure to intense, direct amounts of non-ionizing radiation may result in damage to tissue due to
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2070:
154:
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6398:
2635:
In various parts of the world, carriers have launched numerous differently branded technologies, such as "
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research, but that the results were inconclusive as to whether any of these effects pose a health risk.
2257:. However, interference could occur with the co-existence of different standards in the frequency band.
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9783:
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2128:
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Several manufacturers have announced and released hardware that integrates 5G with satellite networks:
9472:
5793:
5046:
China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
2569:
The first version claims that radiation weakens the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to
11594:
10468:
9154:
8645:"5G 'no more dangerous than talcum powder and pickled vegetables', says digital minister Matt Warman"
7349:(Press release). Reading, UK: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. November 25, 2019.
7034:"A Myriad of Proposed Radio Spectrum Changes – Collectively Can They Impact Operational Meteorology?"
4484:
2826:
2506:
2439:, the city council blocked the deployment of new 5G wireless cells." Similar concerns were raised in
1797:
specifications known as 5G NR-U, targeting 3GPP Release 16. Qualcomm has made a similar proposal for
650:
In 5G, the ideal "air latency" is of the order of 8 to 12 milliseconds i.e., excluding delays due to
337:
9151:"The world's first academic research center combining Wireless, Computing, and Medical Applications"
7658:
7033:
7002:
6971:
5264:
3466:
427:(5G New Radio) software — a definition that came into general use by late 2018. 5G continues to use
12030:
11409:
11350:
11138:
10968:
10730:
10724:
10718:
10667:
10635:
10237:
9919:
8024:"5G isn't for everyone: How Alternate IoT Solutions come into play | Industrial Ethernet Book"
6911:"Huawei says it would never hand data to China's government. Experts say it wouldn't have a choice"
2898:
2313:
2050:
1977:
1833:
1766:
792:
5Gi uses Low Mobility Large Cell (LMLC) to extend 5G connectivity and the range of a base station.
172:
9589:
8987:"5G mast arson, coronavirus conspiracy theories force social media to walk a fine censorship line"
8864:
5228:
2501:
2195:
in France has also expressed similar worries and recommended 5G phones be turned off or be put in
709:(New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal for submission to the IMT-2020 standard.
11995:
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11414:
11088:
10696:
10337:
4685:
4552:
4514:
4364:
2436:
1981:
1813:
1723:
1433:
823:
had a pre-standard variation of 5G developed called 5G-SIG. This was deployed at the Pyeongchang
728:
slices) is described in TS 24.501. Specifications of key data structures are found in TS 23.003.
293:
180:
9980:
8131:
6724:"5G System Overview for Ongoing Smart Applications: Structure, Requirements, and Specifications"
6229:
6183:
Wagih, Mahmoud; Weddell, Alex S.; Beeby, Steve (October 1, 2020). Nikita, Konstantina S. (ed.).
1933:
of data, and thus broadens attack surfaces". Simultaneously, network security companies such as
1003:
was the first company in the world to launch a commercially available 5G NR Standalone network.
11962:
11691:
11676:
11641:
11317:
11166:
11113:
10225:
8694:
6493:
Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security – CCS '18
3398:"5GAA Tele-Operated Driving (ToD): Use Cases and Technical Requirements Technical Requirements"
3000:
2428:
2397:
one in the whole of 2018. The network's coverage had spread to hundreds of blogs and websites.
2305:
2081:
performance with substantially deleterious economic and public safety impacts in areas such as
1925:
913:
122:
4084:
3789:
2525:
attacks being made on telecom masts in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, etc.), Ireland (
991:
18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities. They are using 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum in
754:
in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on the
12099:
12005:
11909:
11823:
11470:
11448:
11229:
11051:
10978:
10404:
10036:
9368:
9181:
9071:
7591:"Verizon 5G Gets Activated Despite Warnings About Airport Problems; AT&T 5G Follows Suit"
4981:
4805:
2797:
2741:
1997:
1164:
1055:
862:
717:
713:
381:
332:
320:
9560:"US dismisses South Korea's launch of world-first 5G network as 'stunt' – 5G – The Guardian"
3552:
I, Chih-Lin; Han, Shuangfeng; Bian, Sen (2020). "Energy-efficient 5G for a greener future".
2000:
nations as well as Japan, Israel, Australia, Singapore, Taiwan, Canada, Vietnam, and India.
11927:
11392:
11293:
11219:
11056:
11041:
11031:
10257:
10252:
9682:"AT&T's next 5G network is going live in December, but don't expect big jumps in speed"
8529:
7797:
7249:
7076:
6606:
5888:
5696:
5184:
4003:"Making 5G New Radio (NR) a Reality – The Global 5G Standard – IEEE Communications Society"
3130:
2722:
2697:
2358:
1929:
1441:
1437:
1015:
824:
9651:
7296:(Press release). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. November 27, 2019
7145:"Critical weather data threatened by FCC 'spectrum' proposal, Commerce Dept. and NASA say"
4288:
4202:
3608:
2737:
2509:
published a mythbuster infographic to combat the conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and 5G
8:
11816:
11736:
11584:
11246:
11046:
11036:
10134:
9279:
8649:
7744:
4567:"5G coverage will span two thirds of the global population in 6 years, Ericsson predicts"
3225:
2616:
2460:
2346:
2124:
2082:
1902:
1794:
1501:
1116:
968:
When South Korea launched its 5G network, all carriers used Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia
872:
530:
Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of
478:
462:
328:
20:
8615:"Brighton and Hove City Council join growing list of local authorities banning 5G masts"
7801:
7253:
7080:
5892:
5700:
3134:
2671:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2326:
2032:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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6255:
6210:
6132:
6080:
6075:
5920:
5878:
5840:"WS-21: SDN5GSC – Software Defined Networking for 5G Architecture in Smart Communities"
5821:
5414:"iPhone 12 and 5G: All the answers to your questions about the super-fast connectivity"
4217:
3571:
3554:
3467:"Minimum requirements related to technical performance for IMT-2020 radio interface(s)"
3207:
3193:
3179:
3064:
2718:
2427:
are also calling on the government to take a closer look at 5G. Several leaders in the
2384:
2309:
2136:
2131:
performance would have resulted in failure to predict the track and thus the impact of
1953:
1851:
1817:
1604:
1590:
1489:
1482:
1106:
837:
681:
349:
345:
285:
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77:
10140:
7561:"Wireless carriers to limit 5G near airports after airlines warn of major disruptions"
3661:
1945:, and Voxility advised on personalized and mixed security deployments against massive
688:
are used by cellular service providers for the precise measurement of 5G performance.
12042:
12000:
11835:
11791:
11614:
11607:
11465:
11224:
11149:
10110:
10092:
9420:
8783:
8765:
8728:
8716:
8708:
7817:
7774:
Naik, Gaurang; Park, Jung-Min; Ashdown, Jonathan; Lehr, William (December 15, 2020).
7279:
7267:
7106:
7094:
6763:
6745:
6514:
6259:
6245:
6161:
6137:
6119:
6111:
6103:
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5912:
5825:
5813:
5714:
5063:
5053:
3575:
3211:
3197:
2940:
2514:
2350:
2301:
2279:
2058:
1973:
558:
501:
389:
312:
8803:"British 5G towers are being set on fire because of coronavirus conspiracy theories"
7776:"Next Generation Wi-Fi and 5G NR-U in the 6 GHz Bands: Opportunities and Challenges"
7317:"Global 5G deal poses significant threat to weather forecast accuracy, experts warn"
6528:
5357:
4215:
3819:
2813:
since 2022, which has driven the development of 5.5G to increase connection speeds.
1500:
The 5G Service-Based architecture replaces the referenced-based architecture of the
949:
Initial 5G NR launches depended on pairing with existing LTE (4G) infrastructure in
812:
used a pre-standard variation of 5G known as 5G TF (Verizon 5G Technical Forum) for
11937:
11882:
11748:
11714:
11624:
11559:
11431:
11360:
11214:
11197:
11063:
10963:
10958:
10835:
10277:
10207:
10159:
10100:
10082:
10069:
Karipidis, Ken; Mate, Rohan; Urban, David; Tinker, Rick; Wood, Andrew (July 2023).
9951:"What is 5G? All you need to know about the next generation of wireless technology"
8773:
8755:
8698:
8433:
8111:
8103:
7805:
7257:
7084:
7038:
15th Annual Symposium on New Generation Operational Environmental Satellite Systems
7007:
15th Annual Symposium on New Generation Operational Environmental Satellite Systems
6812:
6753:
6735:
6506:
6237:
6200:
6127:
6093:
6089:
5904:
5896:
5805:
5704:
5299:
3563:
3314:
3189:
3138:
3116:
2689:
2591:
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research. However Curry's study was widely distributed on the internet. Writing in
2238:
2132:
1372:
Each antenna is individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components.
1111:
1071:
616:
521:
409:
373:
289:
228:
198:
9592:[From the first day of 5G, 40,000 subscribers ... 3 subscription points].
7122:"5G Wireless Networks Could Interfere with Weather Forecasts, Meteorologists Warn"
934:
11776:
11766:
11741:
11724:
11701:
11531:
11526:
11419:
11007:
9247:
9237:
7997:
7621:"AT&T and Verizon are limiting C-band 5G expansion around airports even more"
5623:
4033:"Status And Future Of 5G New Radio Technology – C&T RF Antennas Manufacturer"
3091:
2846:
2464:
2184:
2096:
1367:
1363:
1353:
992:
950:
721:
482:
435:
397:
385:
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7809:
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3175:
2021 International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS)
724:), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15 to 50% better.
11758:
11731:
11709:
11443:
11098:
11093:
10922:
10539:
10228:
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8894:
7775:
7533:
7438:
7262:
7237:
7089:
7064:
6949:
6666:
6098:
5809:
5017:
4600:"Ericsson to invest over $ 230 million in Brazil to build new 5G assembly line"
3173:
2882:
2809:
2781:
2366:
2338:
2297:
2203:
2164:
2074:
2054:
1938:
1436:(LAA; 5G signal in unlicensed frequency bands that are also used by Wi-Fi) and
1387:
1063:
1051:
999:
down. 260,000 signed up in the first month and 4.7 million by the end of 2019.
984:
918:
820:
813:
341:
324:
208:
9275:"Britain aims to join mobile broadband leaders with £35m '5G' research centre"
8134:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 7, 2015.
6942:"Huawei: MPs claim 'clear evidence of collusion' with Chinese Communist Party"
6697:"State of the IoT 2018: Number of IoT devices now at 7B – Market accelerating"
6284:
6241:
6205:
6184:
5900:
5328:"The Nokia 8.3 is the 'first global 5G phone.' Here's what that means for you"
5067:
3567:
2873:
Fixed wireless connections will offer an alternative to fixed line broadband (
2345:
to heart diseases and brain cancer. Mercola has drawn sharp criticism for his
2312:, non-ionizing radiation cannot remove electrons from atoms. According to the
1492:
has emerged as a key technology to efficiently embrace this new market model.
12068:
11872:
11521:
11485:
11436:
11424:
11103:
10176:
10096:
9712:
8769:
8712:
8107:
7682:"Opinion: The FAA's 5G freakout raises a big red flag — about its competence"
6749:
6667:"Security concerns in a 5G era: are networks ready for massive DDoS attacks?"
6214:
6123:
6107:
5916:
5817:
5718:
3723:"Factcheck: Large increase of capacity going from LTE to 5G low and mid-band"
2444:
2389:
2230:
2224:
2196:
1957:
1645:
1011:
979:
The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea,
954:
776:
685:
612:
401:
9809:"Назаров Александр Юрьевич и Игорь Анатольевич Шумаков подписали соглашение"
9177:
8925:"Bibinje: Nepoznati glupani oštetili odašiljač za kojeg su mislili da je 5G"
8703:
8680:
7938:"Why the 5G revolution is over-hyped nonsense – in every respect except one"
6510:
4340:"Motorola's "Satellite Link" hotspot lets you send messages via outer space"
3368:"Ford: Self-driving cars "will be fully capable of operating without C-V2X""
3118:
2710:
1878:
release 18, which is expected to appear in commercial products in mid-2024.
574:
376:, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called
11904:
11867:
11801:
11511:
11402:
11189:
11078:
10825:
10809:
10442:
10168:
10114:
9784:"Назаров Александр: биография заместителя генерального директора "Ростеха""
8787:
8760:
8720:
7271:
7098:
6767:
6740:
6280:
6141:
5384:"What consumers need to know about this week's AT&T-Verizon 5G rollout"
2906:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2636:
2595:
2587:
2534:
2148:
1942:
1845:
1131:
1124:
1115:, the 5G feature was showcased as more expensive in comparison with the 4G
969:
779:
developed for 5G networks. It is the global standard for 3GPP 5G networks.
568:
388:, over frequencies assigned by the base station. The base stations, termed
194:
190:
131:
5653:
4656:"Samsung Electronics supplies 53,000 5G base stations for Korean carriers"
2897:
Sony has tested the possibility of using local 5G networks to replace the
635:
was delayed until early January 2022 due to safety concerns raised by the
11892:
11857:
11806:
11781:
11343:
11283:
10907:
10856:
10766:
10754:
6074:
Eid, Aline; Hester, Jimmy G. D.; Tentzeris, Manos M. (January 12, 2021).
5013:"5G, gli Stati Uniti hanno la risposta per resistere all'avanzata cinese"
4952:"Nokia says it is the one-stop shop for 5G network gear | TechRadar"
4433:
3001:"5G explained: What it is, who has 5G, and how much faster is it really?"
2892:
2772:
2640:
2526:
2424:
2413:
2092:
2066:
1961:
1946:
1414:
1000:
620:
564:
461:, which can potentially offer higher download speeds than 4G: 5–250
364:
212:
162:
8834:"Update: Arson attack on Cork mast linked to false 5G conspiracy theory"
6436:"Huawei to launch full set of commercial 5.5G network equipment in 2024"
5868:
5177:"Spectrum for Terrestrial 5G Networks: Licensing Developments Worldwide"
2604:
2517:, several conspiracy theories circulating online posited a link between
926:
481:(Gbit/s) range, comparable to co-axial cable Internet service. However,
11980:
11796:
11771:
11668:
11579:
11536:
11475:
10011:"Sony and Verizon Demonstrate 5G transmission for covering live sports"
8497:
8238:"Your 5G Phone Won't Hurt You. But Russia Wants You to Think Otherwise"
5908:
5762:
4459:"Japan wants TSMC, Sony to build 20 nanometre chip plant -Nikkan Kogyo"
2801:
2777:
2730:
2726:
2570:
2538:
2393:
2331:
1921:
1837:
1770:
1698:
1690:
1449:
1399:
1143:
1120:
980:
900:
470:
466:
316:
10533:
5685:"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!"
3319:
3302:
3117:
E.J. Violette; R.H. Espeland; R.O. DeBolt; F.K. Schwering (May 1988).
520:
Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE
469:
have a range and coverage area similar to 4G towers. Mid-band 5G uses
380:. All 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a
11516:
11278:
9491:
9108:
8587:
8526:"Broadband Bill to Be Amended to Address Concerns Over 5G Technology"
7529:"Buttigieg Asks AT&T, Verizon to Delay 5G Over Aviation Concerns"
6783:"Why Canada's decisions on who builds 5G technology are so important"
5049:
4896:"Japan allocates 5G spectrum to carriers, blocks Huawei and ZTE gear"
3119:"Millimeter-wave propagation at street level in an urban environment"
2789:
2550:
2546:
2188:
1302:
1283:
1237:
1147:
1007:
988:
973:
737:
474:
458:
447:
300:
technology that provides connectivity to most current mobile phones.
8461:"Switzerland to monitor potential health risks posed by 5G networks"
5526:
4200:
3591:"Faroese Telecom and Ericsson claim 5G mmWave downlink speed record"
3142:
2513:
As the introduction of 5G technology coincided with the time of the
2341:
alleging that wireless technologies caused numerous conditions from
795:
In April 2022, 5Gi was merged with the global 5G NR standard in the
265:
11887:
11659:
11266:
11256:
11251:
10886:
10790:
10689:
10612:
10579:
9443:"India and Israel have agreed to work jointly on development of 5G"
9242:
7907:"T-Mobile says 5G mmWave deployments 'will never materially scale'"
7792:
6501:
5883:
5657:
5387:
4222:
3184:
2805:
2785:
2733:
2530:
2518:
2401:
2372:
2254:
2147:(WRC), atmospheric scientists advocated for a strong buffer of −55
2108:
1934:
1914:
1260:
1135:
1066:
lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26 GHz bands by 2020.
1031:
1019:
1006:
Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers:
890:
884:
878:
701:
413:
412:, a mobile device moving from one cell to another is automatically
331:(Gbit/s) when there is only one user in the network. 5G has higher
308:
9744:"The state of 5G in Southeast Asia 2022, country-by-country guide"
9212:"The University Of Surrey Secures £35M For New 5G Research Centre"
6115:
4806:"T‑Mobile Launches World's First Nationwide Standalone 5G Network"
4058:
3303:"What is 5G? Emerging 5G Mobile Services and Network Requirements"
561:, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur
11786:
11564:
11241:
11120:
10650:
10617:
10492:
10423:
10357:
10352:
10272:
8748:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
8465:
6308:
5149:
4836:"Japan allocates 5G spectrum, excludes Chinese equipment vendors"
4626:"Telecom's 5G revolution triggers shakeup in base station market"
4264:"MediaTek to Showcase its Groundbreaking Satellite Connectivity…"
3338:"Intel Accelerates the Future with World's First Global 5G Modem"
2714:
2706:
2560:
In the early months of the pandemic, anti-lockdown protesters at
2554:
2542:
2490:
2440:
2405:
2378:
1841:
1139:
1058:) have been allocated to 5G. For example, in July 2016, the U.S.
1035:
896:
809:
632:
628:
488:
Rollout of 5G technology has led to debate over its security and
439:
11158:
9409:
8863:
Fildes, Nic; Di Stefano, Mark; Murphy, Hannah (April 16, 2020).
7347:"ECMWF statement on the outcomes of the ITU WRC-2019 conference"
5500:"Mobile Edge Computing – An Important Ingredient of 5G Networks"
5145:"EU countries, lawmakers strike deal to open up spectrum for 5G"
1082:
11899:
11619:
10829:
10700:
10600:
10342:
10282:
10129:
9118:
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT)
8176:"FDA warns Mercola: Stop selling fake COVID remedies and cures"
7649:
6339:"5G-Advanced's system architecture begins taking shape at 3GPP"
5832:
5295:"5G is making the smartphones we love more expensive than ever"
4866:"Huawei Launches Full Range of 5G End-to-End Product Solutions"
3631:"The first real 5G specification has officially been completed"
2886:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2702:
2409:
1474:
1070:
for 5G, have reserved spectrum for 5G, have announced plans to
1023:
996:
841:
35:
9981:"5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) technology | What Is It?"
9629:
9169:
9080:"NASA Ames Partners With M2MI For Small Satellite Development"
9018:"AT&T brings higher speeds with pre-5G tech to 117 cities"
7207:"Some worry 5G may pose huge problems for weather forecasting"
6972:"What's needed to keep 5G from compromising weather forecasts"
5474:"IT Needs to Start Thinking About 5G and Edge Cloud Computing"
2455:
Low-level EMF does have some effects on other organisms. Vian
922:
5G 3.5 GHz cell site of Deutsche Telekom in Darmstadt, Germany
269:
An Android phone, showing that it is connected to a 5G network
10917:
10902:
10865:
10852:
10771:
10749:
10555:
10347:
9230:
7712:"Airlines cancel some flights after reduced 5G rollout in US"
7434:"U.S. FAA Issues Safety Alert on 5G Interference to Aircraft"
6490:
6462:"Europe warns 5G will increase attack paths for state actors"
5627:
5444:"5G speed vs 5G range-What is the value of 5G speed,5G range"
5199:"GSA launches first global database of commercial 5G devices"
2830:
2749:
2522:
2483:
research showed effects of such radiation, as did 58% of the
2468:
1910:
1445:
1429:
1321:
1027:
849:
772:
767:
706:
531:
513:
424:
10075:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
6540:
6538:
6157:"We Could Really Have a Wireless Power Grid That Runs on 5G"
5794:"NOMA and future 5G & B5G wireless networks: A paradigm"
11261:
11083:
10781:
10595:
10463:
10390:
8369:
7998:"Expert Round Up: Is 5G Worth All the Hype? – GeoLinks.com"
7466:"Europe rolled out 5G without hurting aviation. Here's how"
5567:
5563:
5417:
4571:
3942:
3938:
3901:
3897:
3860:
3856:
3823:
3793:
3065:"Is 5G as fast as they're saying? We break down the speeds"
3035:"The definitive guide to 5G low, mid, and high band speeds"
2878:
2874:
2420:
2342:
2320:
2116:
1993:
1985:
1875:
1790:
1624:
1509:
1221:
1123:, the current maker of Nokia-branded phones, announced the
845:
796:
755:
746:
651:
296:
began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the successor to
49:
9150:
9109:
C.Sunitha; Deepika.G.Krishnan; V.A.Dhanya (January 2017).
8493:"Bay Area city blocks 5G deployments over cancer concerns"
8397:"Radiation concerns halt Brussels 5G development, for now"
6637:"The Urgency of Network Security in the Shared LTE/5G Era"
4926:"Samsung signals big 5G equipment push, again, at factory"
3693:"5G NR Only 25% to 50% Faster, Not Truly a New Generation"
1897:
Criticism of Huawei § Espionage and security concerns
11972:
11397:
10503:
10478:
10399:
10386:
10362:
7654:
7498:"5G phones may interfere with aircraft: French regulator"
7470:
6535:
6286:
Leveraging the 5G Network to Wirelessly Power IoT Devices
4434:"The Private LTE & 5G Network Ecosystem: 2023 – 2030"
2180:
1893:
Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks
1039:
307:. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the
10068:
8429:"Kamer wil eerst stralingsonderzoek, dan pas 5G-netwerk"
7065:"Global 5G wireless networks threaten weather forecasts"
4172:"With LTE-M and NB-IoT You're Already on the Path to 5G"
3434:"Smooth teleoperator: The rise of the remote controller"
3301:
Yu, Heejung; Lee, Howon; Jeon, Hongbeom (October 2017).
1781:(low-density parity check codes) for the data channels.
1456:
11370:
11355:
11338:
11333:
11322:
10804:
10574:
10376:
10297:
10152:
9652:"AT&T Begins Extending 5G Services Across the U.S."
9530:"South Korea to seize on world's first full 5G network"
9214:. University of Surrey. October 8, 2012. Archived from
9078:
Curie, M.; Mewhinney, M.; Cooper, S. (April 24, 2008).
8092:"COVID-19, 5G conspiracies and infrastructural futures"
2945:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2497:
COVID-19 misinformation § 5G mobile-phone networks
2357:
to stop selling fake COVID-19 cures through his online
1989:
353:
323:
and antennae in the cell. The new networks have higher
297:
218:
186:
168:
150:
127:
87:
8865:"How a 5G coronavirus conspiracy spread across Europe"
8862:
8674:
8672:
8298:"Schweiz: Genf stoppt Aufbau von 5G-Mobilfunkantennen"
8132:"The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Non-Ionizing Radiation"
7294:"WMO expresses concern about radio frequency decision"
6721:
5791:
5682:
4746:"Fast but patchy: Trying South Korea's new 5G service"
2893:
Wireless video transmission for broadcast applications
930:
5G 3.5 GHz cell site of Vodafone in Karlsruhe, Germany
419:
The industry consortium setting standards for 5G, the
9500:"Huawei plans $ 600m investment in 10Gbps 5G network"
9383:
7404:"5G altimeter interference: aviation versus telecoms"
7238:"Global 5G wireless deal threatens weather forecasts"
4201:
Munira Jaffar & Nicolas Chuberre (July 1, 2022).
3332:
3330:
3063:
De Looper, Christian; Jansen, Mark (April 22, 2022).
2077:
usages. Interference to satellite operations impairs
1972:
In August, 2020, the U.S. State Department launched "
1952:
IoT Analytics estimated an increase in the number of
1917:
are the only European manufacturers of 5G equipment.
953:(5G NR radio with 4G core), before maturation of the
9759:"Thailand leads ASEAN in 5G rollout due to pandemic"
9465:
9435:
9266:
9077:
9049:"AT&T announces it will build a fake 5G network"
8735:
8679:
Levitt, Blake; Lai, Henry; Manville, Albert (2021).
8229:
8085:
8083:
8081:
8079:
3171:
2435:
expressing concern about potential health risks. In
2202:
On December 31, 2021, U.S. Transportation Secretary
1423:
9299:
8669:
8090:Meese, James; Frith, Jordan; Wilken, Rowan (2020).
7845:"Dear wireless carriers: the 5G hype needs to stop"
7773:
6820:
US House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
6546:"How to Prepare for the Coming 5G Security Threats"
6369:"Four ways 5G-Advanced will transform our industry"
3527:"Benchmarking the Global 5G Experience – June 2022"
2688:In April 2008, NASA partnered with Geoff Brown and
1784:
1105:On March 4, 2019, the first-ever all-5G smartphone
9417:"General METIS presentations available for public"
9204:
8365:"5G phones and your health: What you need to know"
6073:
3327:
3244:"5G – Its Not Here Yet, But Closer Than You Think"
3123:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
2408:blocked a 5G trial because of radiation rules. In
2161:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
1593:Specific Authentication and Authorization Function
344:, and also will make possible new applications in
9756:
9339:"Speech at Mobile World Congress: The Road to 5G"
8678:
8076:
8054:"Consumers Want to Cut Through the Hype About 5G"
7527:Shields, Todd; Levin, Allan (December 31, 2021).
6197:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
6182:
1830:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1172:
12066:
8089:
7040:. Phoenix, AZ: American Meteorological Society.
7009:. Phoenix, AZ: American Meteorological Society.
5010:
3518:
2562:protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
2111:asking for further review and consultation with
1920:On October 18, 2018, a team of researchers from
1184:
840:(IoT), 3GPP is going to submit the evolution of
9835:"5G Not Enough? Telecom Companies Look to 5.5G"
4545:"5G Investments: Trials, Deployments, Launches"
4142:"Mobile industry eyes 5G devices in early 2019"
3062:
2901:cables currently used in broadcast camcorders.
2581:
2127:accuracy and that the resulting degradation in
2003:
1074:or have already allocated spectrum for 5G use.
802:
680:Given the marketing hype on what 5G can offer,
10206:
8268:"Brussels halts 5G plans over radiation rules"
5265:"LTE, 5G and 3GPP IoT Chipsets: Status Update"
4404:"NR-U Transforming 5G – Qualcomm Presentation"
3662:"Workshop on 3GPP submission towards IMT-2020"
2491:COVID-19 conspiracy theories and arson attacks
356:capability are unable to use the 5G networks.
11174:
10192:
9757:Phoonphongphiphat, Apornrath (May 20, 2020).
9741:
9238:"5G research centre gets major funding grant"
8741:
7968:"Cutting through the 5G hype | McKinsey"
7876:"Vodafone CTO 'Worried' About 5G mmWave Hype"
6189:IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation
5956:"System architecture for the 5G System (5GS)"
5598:"5G small cells: everything you need to know"
2764:for 5G R&D efforts. On November 6, 2013,
2479:studies showed that an average of 80% of the
1495:
1432:band/technology via various efforts, such as
716:), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (
340:(ISPs), competing with existing ISPs such as
246:
9622:"Globe 5G – The Latest Broadband Technology"
8956:"5G arsonists turn up in continental Europe"
8895:"Mast fire probe amid 5G coronavirus claims"
7526:
6577:"Addressing New Security Challenges with 5G"
6279:
6230:"Wireless Power Transfer in Millimeter Wave"
6185:"Millimeter-Wave Power Harvesting: A Review"
6034:
5798:Journal of Network and Computer Applications
5142:
4205:. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
3491:
1095:devices), hotspots (×4), indoor and outdoor
995:and tested speeds were from 193 to 430
696:Initially, the term was associated with the
392:, are connected to switching centers in the
8583:"Councils block 5G as scare stories spread"
7904:
7229:
6728:Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
4109:
3500:"Mobile Network Experience 5G Report – USA"
3497:
2690:Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp
2159:(AMS) also warned of interference, and the
1840:from one to ten millimeters, also known as
1812:is a technology based on 5G standards that
1146:devices also support 5G, starting with the
11181:
11167:
10199:
10185:
9046:
8158:"Do mobile phones, 4G or 5G cause cancer?"
7739:
7737:
7679:
7339:
6849:"Huawei: China's Controversial Tech Giant"
5936:
5934:
4059:"What is India's 5Gi Standard? Explained!"
3058:
3056:
2317:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2206:and Steve Dickinson, administrator of the
1307:Urban areas to provide additional capacity
855:
577:by removing unsourced speculative content.
253:
239:
34:
10104:
10086:
9272:
9111:"Overview of Fifth Generation Networking"
8777:
8759:
8702:
8580:
8115:
7791:
7261:
7113:
7088:
6757:
6739:
6500:
6227:
6204:
6131:
6097:
5882:
5708:
4221:
3318:
3300:
3183:
3028:
3026:
593:Learn how and when to remove this message
423:(3GPP), defines "5G" as any system using
8556:"5G: What is it and how it will help us"
8359:
8357:
8355:
7935:
7371:
7314:
7308:
7286:
7136:
7119:
6574:
4716:"Samsung dominates Korea 5G deployments"
4261:
4203:"NTN & Satellite in Rel-17 & 18"
4112:"Is Verizon's 5G home internet real 5G?"
4085:"TSDSI 5Gi standard merged with 3GPP 5G"
3551:
2500:
2325:
1158:
1081:
933:
925:
917:
363:
264:
9890:"5G-Powered Digital Twin: 5G Use Cases"
9453:from the original on September 10, 2016
9397:from the original on September 19, 2018
8984:
8953:
8198:
7842:
7734:
7173:
7142:
6908:
6780:
6607:"NETSCOUT Predicts: 5G Trends for 2019"
6459:
6234:Wireless Information and Power Transfer
6007:
5942:"What is a Service Based Architecture?"
5931:
5325:
5043:
4776:"Korea 5G Falls by Half. Miracle Over?"
4485:"[ケータイ用語の基礎知識]第941回：NSA・SA方式とは"
4110:Kastrenakes, Jacob (December 7, 2018).
3282:from the original on September 23, 2020
3053:
3032:
2968:
2107:wrote separate letters to FCC chairman
1769:techniques for 5G NR have changed from
1705:UE radio Capability Management Function
1555:Access and Mobility Management Function
1086:5G connectivity on a Samsung Galaxy S10
12095:Computer-related introductions in 2018
12067:
11069:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
9948:
9930:from the original on December 16, 2018
9692:from the original on November 23, 2019
9679:
9661:from the original on November 18, 2020
9497:
9059:from the original on November 21, 2018
8875:from the original on December 13, 2020
8831:
8813:from the original on December 25, 2020
8800:
8742:Simkó; Mattsson (September 13, 2019).
8562:from the original on December 25, 2020
8523:
8505:from the original on December 30, 2020
8441:from the original on December 16, 2020
8182:. Cornell University. March 15, 2021.
8138:from the original on December 31, 2015
7905:Chamberlain, Kendra (April 22, 2019).
7873:
7824:from the original on December 15, 2021
7680:Von Drehle, David (January 18, 2022).
7508:from the original on December 15, 2021
7384:from the original on December 12, 2019
7372:Freedman, Andrew (December 11, 2019).
7327:from the original on November 27, 2019
7315:Freedman, Andrew (November 26, 2019).
7236:Witze, Alexandra (November 22, 2019).
7056:
7025:
6994:
6939:
6890:from the original on December 30, 2022
6877:
6859:from the original on December 30, 2022
6829:from the original on December 30, 2022
6472:from the original on November 17, 2020
6379:from the original on November 26, 2021
6349:from the original on November 25, 2021
6319:from the original on November 25, 2021
6154:
6069:
6067:
5664:from the original on February 26, 2022
5604:from the original on February 26, 2022
5577:from the original on February 26, 2022
5506:from the original on February 24, 2019
5424:from the original on February 26, 2022
5394:from the original on February 26, 2022
5011:Riccardo Barlaam (February 21, 2019).
4579:from the original on November 29, 2019
4525:from the original on November 18, 2020
4337:
3952:from the original on February 26, 2022
3911:from the original on February 17, 2022
3800:from the original on February 17, 2022
3588:
3348:from the original on September 6, 2018
3089:
3023:
3011:from the original on November 27, 2021
2971:"What is 5G, and how fast will it be?"
2962:
2308:poses dangers to human health. Unlike
2008:
1444:(D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (
1134:devices support 5G, starting with the
368:Mobile base station at Hatta city, UAE
11162:
10180:
10047:from the original on January 18, 2022
10017:from the original on November 7, 2020
9920:"The Promise of 5G for Public Safety"
9479:from the original on October 13, 2018
9345:from the original on October 28, 2020
9287:from the original on October 13, 2018
9175:
9015:
8997:from the original on October 18, 2020
8935:from the original on November 7, 2020
8905:from the original on January 17, 2021
8844:from the original on October 28, 2020
8657:from the original on October 18, 2019
8625:from the original on October 25, 2019
8595:from the original on October 14, 2019
8352:
8235:
8204:
8150:
8064:from the original on February 9, 2022
8034:from the original on February 9, 2022
8004:from the original on February 9, 2022
7978:from the original on February 9, 2022
7948:from the original on February 9, 2022
7917:from the original on February 9, 2022
7886:from the original on February 9, 2022
7855:from the original on February 9, 2022
7755:from the original on December 4, 2021
7722:from the original on January 22, 2022
7692:from the original on January 19, 2022
7661:from the original on January 22, 2022
7631:from the original on January 22, 2022
7601:from the original on January 22, 2022
7571:from the original on January 19, 2022
7478:from the original on January 19, 2022
7446:from the original on December 4, 2021
7414:from the original on January 18, 2022
7235:
7062:
7031:
7000:
6982:from the original on December 4, 2021
6789:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
6677:from the original on October 28, 2020
6433:
5844:IEEE Global Communications Conference
5743:from the original on October 25, 2021
5634:from the original on November 1, 2020
5537:from the original on January 22, 2023
5524:
5518:
5364:from the original on October 17, 2022
5338:from the original on October 27, 2020
5275:from the original on October 30, 2020
4816:from the original on January 30, 2022
4786:from the original on October 27, 2020
4696:from the original on November 7, 2020
4606:from the original on October 27, 2020
4598:Mello, Gabriela (November 25, 2019).
4597:
4537:
4495:from the original on February 9, 2022
4414:from the original on February 9, 2022
4013:from the original on November 8, 2018
3983:from the original on November 8, 2018
3830:from the original on January 27, 2022
3770:from the original on February 2, 2019
3751:
3444:from the original on February 7, 2021
3378:from the original on October 27, 2020
3098:from the original on November 1, 2020
3041:from the original on November 5, 2020
3033:Horwitz, Jeremy (December 10, 2019).
2981:from the original on January 24, 2019
2816:
2529:, etc.), Cyprus, the United Kingdom (
1826:International Telecommunication Union
1457:NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)
1320:
1267:airports, train stations, skyscrapers
1233:
1130:Many phone manufacturers support 5G.
831:
712:5G NR can include lower frequencies (
698:International Telecommunication Union
11027:Spectral efficiency comparison table
9870:from the original on January 6, 2019
9723:from the original on January 5, 2023
9273:Philipson, Alice (October 9, 2012).
9047:Gartenberg, Chaim (April 25, 2017).
9028:from the original on January 6, 2019
8966:from the original on January 4, 2021
8581:Humphries, Will (October 12, 2019).
8217:from the original on October 1, 2019
7936:Blackman, James (December 5, 2019).
7541:from the original on January 2, 2022
7353:from the original on January 8, 2021
7204:
7001:Misra, Sidharth (January 10, 2019).
6575:Maddison, John (February 19, 2019).
5307:from the original on August 18, 2020
5157:from the original on January 7, 2019
4182:from the original on January 6, 2019
4152:from the original on January 6, 2019
3752:Teral, Stephane (January 30, 2019).
3733:from the original on January 3, 2019
3672:from the original on January 7, 2019
3641:from the original on January 7, 2019
3524:
3498:Wyrzykowski, Robert (January 2023).
3479:from the original on January 8, 2019
3250:from the original on January 6, 2019
3232:. Federal Communications Commission.
3083:
2951:Wireless device radiation and health
2651:
2599:
2291:Wireless device radiation and health
2012:
1886:
1804:
731:
541:
507:
9991:from the original on April 21, 2019
9961:from the original on April 21, 2019
9832:
9710:
9602:from the original on April 17, 2019
9570:from the original on April 17, 2019
9540:from the original on April 17, 2019
9510:from the original on March 31, 2019
9498:Embley, Jochan (November 6, 2013).
9254:from the original on April 21, 2019
9188:from the original on April 10, 2019
9176:Kelly, Spencer (October 13, 2012).
9157:from the original on March 11, 2016
8985:Osborne, Charlie (April 30, 2020).
8954:Cerulus, Laurens (April 26, 2020).
8304:from the original on April 14, 2019
8205:Broad, William J. (July 16, 2019).
8186:from the original on March 16, 2021
7843:Johnson, Allison (April 29, 2021).
7155:from the original on March 31, 2019
7063:Witze, Alexandra (April 26, 2019).
7032:Lubar, David G. (January 9, 2019).
6460:Duckett, Chris (October 10, 2019).
6434:Tomás, Juan Pedro (June 30, 2023).
6417:"5G Advanced: Evolution towards 6G"
6155:Linder, Courtney (April 30, 2021).
6064:
6052:from the original on April 22, 2019
5502:. IEEE Softwarization. March 2016.
5454:from the original on April 21, 2019
5037:
4992:from the original on April 13, 2019
4962:from the original on April 13, 2019
4932:from the original on April 13, 2019
4906:from the original on April 13, 2019
4876:from the original on April 13, 2019
4846:from the original on April 12, 2019
4756:from the original on April 12, 2019
4726:from the original on April 10, 2019
4666:from the original on April 12, 2019
4636:from the original on April 21, 2019
3870:from the original on April 19, 2022
2145:World Radiocommunication Conference
1857:
1092:Global Mobile Suppliers Association
962:Global Mobile Suppliers Association
848:(LTE-M) as 5G technologies for the
16:Broadband cellular network standard
13:
12011:USA use restrictions while driving
11986:Legality of recording by civilians
10062:
9900:from the original on March 6, 2022
8473:from the original on July 29, 2019
8409:from the original on July 14, 2019
8377:from the original on June 22, 2019
8340:from the original on April 3, 2019
8278:from the original on April 9, 2019
8236:Broad, William J. (May 12, 2019).
7874:Morris, Iain (February 28, 2017).
6940:Corera, Gordon (October 7, 2020).
6878:Lillis, Katie Bo (July 23, 2022).
6793:from the original on July 22, 2019
6703:from the original on July 24, 2019
6647:from the original on July 22, 2019
6617:from the original on July 22, 2019
6587:from the original on July 22, 2019
6556:from the original on July 22, 2019
6042:"5G NR 3GPP | 5G NR Qualcomm"
6008:Maunder, Robert (September 2016).
5850:from the original on March 8, 2019
5600:. 5gradar.com. February 18, 2021.
5525:Brand, Aron (September 20, 2019).
5480:from the original on June 12, 2018
5025:from the original on July 25, 2019
4686:"삼성 5G기지국 5만3000개 깔았다…화웨이 5배 '압도'"
3820:"3GPP Specification Status Report"
3703:from the original on June 20, 2018
3414:from the original on March 3, 2021
3194:10.1109/COMSNETS51098.2021.9352816
3149:from the original on June 23, 2021
2969:Hoffman, Chris (January 7, 2019).
2521:and 5G. This has led to dozens of
1822:3rd Generation Partnership Project
1568:Unstructured Data Storage Function
492:. It has also been the subject of
421:3rd Generation Partnership Project
14:
12116:
11188:
10122:
9473:"DoCoMo Wins CEATEC Award for 5G"
8324:"5G Mobile Technology Fact Check"
8248:from the original on May 20, 2019
8207:"The 5G Health Hazard That Isn't"
7217:from the original on May 30, 2019
7174:Samenow, Jason (March 13, 2019).
7132:from the original on May 5, 2019.
6921:from the original on May 29, 2019
6781:Proctor, Jason (April 29, 2019).
5773:from the original on May 16, 2022
5763:"Article – 5G | Solwise Ltd"
5326:Collins, Katie (March 19, 2020).
5124:from the original on May 26, 2017
3659:
3589:Wooden, Andrew (March 28, 2023).
3533:from the original on May 27, 2023
3506:from the original on May 27, 2023
3270:"Managing the Future of Cellular"
3071:from the original on May 27, 2023
2868:
2808:, making it the first country in
2573:(the virus that causes COVID-19).
2433:Federal Communications Commission
2273:
2153:World Meteorological Organization
1978:UK Parliament's Defence Committee
1907:European Agency for Cybersecurity
1760:
1424:Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular
1376:
1288:Urban areas to fill coverage gaps
1265:Public areas like shopping malls,
1060:Federal Communications Commission
758:definition of functional splits.
490:relationship with Chinese vendors
12048:
12047:
12036:
12024:
11143:
11132:
10218:List of mobile phone generations
10128:
10029:
10003:
9973:
9942:
9912:
9882:
9852:
9826:
9801:
9776:
9750:
9742:Stuart Corner (March 16, 2022).
9735:
9711:GUL, NAJAM (December 26, 2022).
9704:
9673:
9644:
9614:
9582:
9552:
9522:
9143:
9102:
9040:
9009:
8978:
8947:
8917:
8887:
8856:
8825:
8794:
8637:
8607:
8574:
8548:
8536:from the original on May 7, 2019
8517:
8485:
8453:
8421:
8389:
8316:
8290:
8260:
8168:
8124:
8046:
8016:
7990:
7960:
7929:
7898:
7867:
7836:
7767:
7704:
7673:
7643:
7613:
7583:
7553:
7520:
7490:
7458:
7426:
7396:
7365:
7198:
7186:from the original on May 9, 2019
7167:
7143:Samenow, Jason (March 8, 2019).
7044:from the original on May 5, 2019
7013:from the original on May 5, 2019
6964:
6933:
6909:Kharpal, Arjun (March 5, 2019).
6902:
6871:
6841:
6805:
6774:
6715:
6689:
6659:
6629:
6599:
6568:
6484:
6453:
6427:
6409:
6391:
6361:
6331:
6301:
6273:
6221:
6176:
6148:
6010:"A Vision for 5G Channel Coding"
6001:
5969:
5948:
5527:"3 Advantages of Edge Computing"
5249:. September 2019. Archived from
5114:"FCC Spectrum Frontier Proposal"
4037:C&T Rf Antennas Manufacturer
3690:
3090:Davies, Darrell (May 20, 2019).
2889:connections) in some locations.
2860:
2836:
2656:
2603:
2423:, "Members of Parliament in the
2169:Government Accountability Office
2017:
1785:Operation in unlicensed spectrum
899:Symphony, in collaboration with
852:(Low Power Wide Area) use case.
546:
10037:"Technology behind the project"
9312:. November 2012. Archived from
9153:. NYU Wireless. June 20, 2014.
9016:Cheng, Roger (April 19, 2018).
8931:(in Croatian). April 15, 2020.
8686:Reviews on Environmental Health
7651:Federal Aviation Administration
5862:
5785:
5755:
5725:
5676:
5646:
5616:
5590:
5549:
5492:
5466:
5436:
5406:
5376:
5350:
5319:
5287:
5257:
5235:
5213:
5191:
5169:
5136:
5106:
5074:
5004:
4974:
4944:
4918:
4888:
4858:
4828:
4798:
4768:
4738:
4708:
4678:
4648:
4618:
4591:
4559:
4507:
4477:
4451:
4426:
4396:
4382:
4357:
4331:
4306:
4281:
4255:
4230:
4209:
4194:
4164:
4134:
4103:
4077:
4051:
4025:
3995:
3965:
3924:
3883:
3842:
3812:
3782:
3745:
3715:
3684:
3653:
3623:
3601:
3582:
3545:
3426:
3390:
3360:
3294:
3262:
3037:. VentureBeat online magazine.
2208:Federal Aviation Administration
2157:American Meteorological Society
1731:Network Data Analytics Function
1479:Network function virtualization
1347:
1193:
637:Federal Aviation Administration
498:discredited conspiracy theories
327:, with a peak speed of 10
12105:Wireless communication systems
9391:"삼성전자, 5세대 이동통신 핵심기술 세계 최초 개발"
9365:"5G Mobile Network Technology"
8832:Murphy, Ann (April 23, 2020).
6236:(1 ed.). Wiley: 139–156.
5243:"5G Devices: Ecosystem Report"
5143:Foo Yun Chee (March 3, 2018).
4515:"LTE and 5G Market Statistics"
4365:"Motorola Defy Satellite Link"
3973:"What is 5G New Radio (5G NR)"
3236:
3218:
3165:
3110:
2993:
2821:
2758:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
2235:low-noise block downconverters
2101:House Appropriations Committee
1949:foreseen after 5G deployment.
1862:
1537:Authentication Server Function
1506:Cloud-Native Network Functions
1408:
1173:Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)
983:claimed 38,000 base stations,
537:
496:and misinformation, including
434:Several network operators use
1:
9178:"BBC Click Programme – Kenya"
8801:Warren, Tom (April 4, 2020).
8300:(in German). April 11, 2019.
8096:Media International Australia
7120:Brackett, Ron (May 1, 2019).
6076:"5G as a wireless power grid"
5082:"5G Spectrum Recommendations"
4392:(Press release). PR Newswire.
4338:Amadeo, Ron (June 29, 2023).
3754:"5G best choice architecture"
2956:
2845:of the real object such as a
2069:monitoring at 23.8 GHz.
1777:for the control channels and
1393:
1185:Frequency range 2 (24–71 GHz)
1153:
1077:
907:
742:Common Public Radio Interface
662:
108:Wireless network technologies
12031:Telecommunication portal
11139:Telecommunication portal
9367:. April 2017. Archived from
8524:Dillon, John (May 7, 2019).
6853:Council on Foreign Relations
5871:IEEE Communications Magazine
5221:"5G Device Ecosystem Report"
5183:. March 2019. Archived from
3609:"What is the Latency of 5G?"
2911:authenticated in a network.
2582:Marketing of non-5G services
2355:Food and Drug Administration
2218:
2079:numerical weather prediction
2063:Earth observation satellites
2004:Electromagnetic interference
803:Pre-standard implementations
775:(New Radio) is the de facto
691:
557:possibly contains unsourced
7:
10141:5G Multi-Antenna Technology
9307:"METIS projet presentation"
7810:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3016036
5710:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813
5048:. Mher Sahakyan. New York:
3525:Fogg, Ian (June 22, 2022).
2914:
2849:, aircraft, wind turbines,
2400:In April 2019, the city of
2260:
2174:
1881:
1631:Session Management Function
1471:Software-defined networking
1383:Multi-access edge computing
1109:was released. According to
1097:customer-premises equipment
1045:
799:Release 17 specifications.
359:
10:
12121:
11953:Phantom vibration syndrome
11948:Mental health from overuse
10636:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0
10088:10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6
9590:"5G 첫날부터 4만 가입자…3가지 가입포인트"
7263:10.1038/d41586-019-03609-x
7205:Paul, Don (May 27, 2019).
7090:10.1038/d41586-019-01305-4
6099:10.1038/s41598-020-79500-x
5810:10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103413
4262:MediaTek (June 29, 2023).
3226:"FCC Auction 102 – 24 GHz"
3178:. IEEE. pp. 501–508.
2647:
2585:
2549:), Belgium (Pelt), Italy (
2494:
2459:, 2006 finds an effect of
2288:
2277:
2251:LTE in unlicensed spectrum
2222:
2090:U.S. Secretary of Commerce
1901:A report published by the
1890:
1799:LTE in unlicensed spectrum
1496:Service-Based Architecture
1468:
1464:
1448:) and rollout of cellular
1412:
1397:
1380:
1351:
1162:
972:and equipment, except for
957:with the 5G core network.
911:
765:
735:
645:
569:reliable published sources
338:internet service providers
18:
12085:Mobile telecommunications
12019:
11971:
11918:
11848:
11757:
11700:
11667:
11654:
11632:Open-source mobile phones
11593:
11545:
11495:
11484:
11383:
11302:
11210:
11196:
11129:
10951:
10931:
10895:
10880:
10845:
10818:
10803:
10780:
10739:
10710:
10660:
10649:
10628:
10588:
10573:
10548:
10526:
10518:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE
10502:
10491:
10451:
10443:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
10432:
10413:
10385:
10375:
10330:
10306:
10296:
10224:
10215:
10165:
10157:
10149:
6242:10.1002/9781119476863.ch8
6206:10.1109/OJAP.2020.3028220
5901:10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600935
5733:"What is 5G Beamforming?"
5624:"Small Cells – Big in 5G"
3790:"Specification Numbering"
3568:10.1038/s41928-020-0404-1
3405:5G Automotive Association
3092:"Small Cells – Big in 5G"
2827:5G Automotive Association
2744:2015 (Barcelona, Spain).
2665:This section needs to be
2507:World Health Organization
2284:
1579:Network Exposure Function
1301:
1282:
1259:
1236:
1206:
993:non-standalone (NSA) mode
951:non-standalone (NSA) mode
229:Mobile telecommunications
83:
73:
55:
45:
33:
8108:10.1177/1329878X20952165
7832:– via IEEE Xplore.
7655:"5G and Aviation Safety"
4840:South China Morning Post
2829:have been promoting the
2804:launched 5G services in
2471:. A meta-analysis of 95
2244:
2143:At the 2019 quadrennial
2095:and NASA Administrator
1834:extremely high frequency
1814:transfers wireless power
1050:Large quantities of new
1016:Datang Telecom/Fiberhome
808:5G TF: American carrier
761:
671:
605:
294:cellular phone companies
11996:Photography and the law
11991:Mobile phones in prison
10974:Comparison of standards
10613:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA
8704:10.1515/reveh-2021-0026
7942:Enterprise IoT Insights
6511:10.1145/3243734.3243846
6399:"5G-Advanced explained"
2437:Mill Valley, California
2105:House Science Committee
1982:Chinese Communist Party
1666:Unified Data Repository
1652:Unified Data Management
1618:Policy Control Function
1434:License Assisted Access
1297:few hundreds of meters
1210:Deployment environment
856:Non-Terrestrial Network
352:areas. Cellphones with
12080:Technology forecasting
12075:5G (telecommunication)
10979:Channel access methods
10618:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
8761:10.3390/ijerph16183406
8695:Walter de Gruyter GmbH
8501:. September 10, 2018.
6978:. September 29, 2020.
6495:. pp. 1383–1396.
2510:
2429:United States Congress
2353:and was warned by the
2334:
2330:An anti-5G sticker in
2306:non-ionizing radiation
2088:The concerns prompted
1996:nations, 11 of the 12
1992:members, 31 of the 37
1988:members; 26 of the 27
1926:University of Lorraine
1517:5G Network Functions
1087:
960:As of April 2019, the
939:
938:5G equipment in Canada
931:
923:
914:List of 5G NR networks
786:
563:. Information must be
369:
270:
12043:Telephones portal
12006:Texting while driving
11943:External power supply
11642:Windows Phone devices
11150:Telephones portal
10258:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
8754:(18). MDPI AG: 3406.
8000:. February 21, 2019.
7504:. February 16, 2021.
7410:. December 23, 2021.
6552:. November 26, 2018.
6550:Security Intelligence
6423:. September 15, 2023.
6405:. September 15, 2023.
6048:. December 12, 2018.
4982:"5G radio – Ericsson"
4958:. February 26, 2019.
4575:. November 25, 2019.
4491:. February 19, 2020.
2742:Mobile World Congress
2717:Laboratories Europe,
2504:
2329:
2223:Further information:
1165:5G NR frequency bands
1159:New radio frequencies
1119:. On March 19, 2020,
1107:Samsung Galaxy S10 5G
1085:
1056:5G NR frequency bands
937:
929:
921:
863:Air to Ground channel
861:unique properties of
814:Fixed Wireless Access
736:Further information:
382:cellular base station
367:
268:
61:; 8 years ago
11958:Radiation and health
11274:Standards comparison
10767:iBurst (IEEE 802.20)
10540:CDMA2000 1X Advanced
10137:at Wikimedia Commons
10013:. January 11, 2020.
9632:on September 3, 2019
9423:on February 22, 2014
9319:on February 22, 2014
9131:on February 11, 2020
8621:. October 14, 2019.
8530:Vermont Public Radio
8180:Alliance for Science
7653:(January 21, 2022).
7627:. January 18, 2022.
7597:. January 19, 2022.
7567:. January 18, 2022.
7474:. January 19, 2022.
7442:. November 2, 2021.
6741:10.1155/2022/2476841
5944:. September 9, 2021.
5476:. February 7, 2018.
5448:rfwireless-world.com
5390:. January 20, 2022.
5253:on October 13, 2019.
5094:on December 23, 2018
4988:. February 6, 2018.
4410:. January 18, 2018.
4289:"5G Satellite (NTN)"
3246:. October 31, 2017.
3129:(3). IEEE: 368–380.
2723:Aircom International
2698:University of Surrey
2431:have written to the
2359:alternative medicine
1930:University of Dundee
1716:Application Function
1442:Radio Access Network
1438:LTE-WLAN Aggregation
1229:base station
955:standalone (SA) mode
825:2018 Winter Olympics
406:backhaul connections
19:For other uses, see
10653:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
10495:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)
10263:Mobile TeleSeratout
10169:6th Generation (6G)
10153:4th Generation (4G)
9949:Fulton III, Scott.
9746:. networkworld.com.
9595:Asia Business Daily
9564:amp.theguardian.com
9534:Nikkei Asian Review
9475:. October 3, 2013.
9280:The Daily Telegraph
9250:. October 8, 2012.
9218:on October 14, 2012
9124:(1). Archived from
8164:. February 8, 2022.
7802:2020IEEEA...8o3027N
7749:www.satmagazine.com
7408:5G Technology World
7378:The Washington Post
7321:The Washington Post
7254:2019Natur.575..577W
7180:The Washington Post
7149:The Washington Post
7126:The Weather Channel
7081:2019Natur.569...17W
6952:on October 14, 2020
6822:. October 8, 2012.
6022:on December 6, 2018
5989:on December 6, 2018
5977:"5G Channel Coding"
5893:2017arXiv170304676O
5701:2013IEEEA...1..335R
4928:. January 4, 2019.
4750:Nikkei Asian Review
4630:Nikkei Asian Review
4369:Motorola Rugged USA
4122:on December 7, 2018
3440:. August 17, 2020.
3135:1988ITGRS..26..368V
2977:. How-To Geek LLC.
2975:How-To Geek website
2719:Rohde & Schwarz
2347:anti-vaccinationism
2083:commercial aviation
2065:, particularly for
2009:Weather forecasting
1903:European Commission
1818:technical standards
1795:unlicensed spectrum
1680:User Plane Function
1518:
1502:Evolved Packet Core
1341:few tens of meters
1316:hundreds of meters
1227:Max. distance from
1203:
1117:Samsung Galaxy S10e
1090:In March 2019, the
1072:auction frequencies
873:Samsung Electronics
465:(Mbit/s). Low-band
463:megabits per second
329:gigabits per second
286:technology standard
30:
21:5G (disambiguation)
12090:Internet of things
11141:
10727:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)
10721:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)
10719:1xEV-DO Revision A
9713:"5G! GOOD OR BAD?"
9447:The Times Of India
8469:. April 17, 2019.
8402:The Brussels Times
8333:. March 27, 2019.
8242:The New York Times
8162:Cancer Research UK
6699:. August 8, 2018.
6283:(March 23, 2021).
6081:Scientific Reports
5737:Verizon Enterprise
5303:. March 14, 2020.
4902:. April 10, 2019.
4842:. April 11, 2019.
4722:. April 10, 2019.
4692:. April 10, 2019.
4662:. April 10, 2019.
4438:www.snstelecom.com
4176:sierrawireless.com
3611:. February 2, 2020
3555:Nature Electronics
3275:. March 20, 2020.
3067:. Digital Trends.
2817:Other applications
2771:On April 3, 2019,
2615:. You can help by
2511:
2385:The New York Times
2335:
2310:ionizing radiation
2179:The United States
2137:United States Navy
1852:Internet of things
1789:In December 2018,
1607:Selection Function
1516:
1483:5G network slicing
1202:
1150:and later models.
1088:
940:
932:
924:
838:Internet of things
832:Internet of things
500:linking it to the
479:gigabit-per-second
400:by high-bandwidth
370:
350:machine-to-machine
346:internet-of-things
275:telecommunications
271:
78:Telecommunications
28:
12062:
12061:
12001:Telephone tapping
11844:
11843:
11792:Instant messaging
11650:
11649:
11379:
11378:
11156:
11155:
10959:Cellular networks
10947:
10946:
10876:
10875:
10799:
10798:
10645:
10644:
10601:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA
10569:
10568:
10536:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000)
10487:
10486:
10371:
10370:
10175:
10174:
10166:Succeeded by
10133:Media related to
9813:www.kremlinrus.ru
9680:Blumenthal, Eli.
9598:. April 6, 2019.
9566:. April 4, 2019.
9449:. July 25, 2013.
8901:. April 4, 2020.
8437:. April 4, 2019.
8405:. April 1, 2019.
8373:. June 20, 2019.
8274:. April 8, 2019.
6643:. June 19, 2019.
6440:RCR Wireless News
6162:Popular Mechanics
5767:www.solwise.co.uk
5231:on April 2, 2019.
5209:on April 2, 2019.
5187:on April 2, 2019.
5120:. July 15, 2016.
5059:978-1-003-35258-7
4810:T-Mobile Newsroom
4720:Mobile World Live
4660:RCR Wireless News
4555:on April 2, 2019.
4521:. April 8, 2019.
4039:. August 24, 2021
3320:10.3390/su9101848
3203:978-1-7281-9127-0
2941:5G wireless power
2851:offshore platform
2738:Günther Oettinger
2686:
2685:
2633:
2632:
2515:COVID-19 pandemic
2364:According to the
2351:COVID-19 pandemic
2302:conspiracy theory
2280:5G misinformation
2268:last mile problem
2239:waveguide filters
2047:
2046:
1974:The Clean Network
1887:Security concerns
1836:radio waves with
1810:5G wireless power
1805:5G wireless power
1793:began working on
1754:
1753:
1742:CHarging Function
1550:(Authentication)
1345:
1344:
1336:indoors: 0.02–0.1
1330:Homes, businesses
1327:
1273:indoors: 0.1–0.25
1250:indoors: 0.01–0.1
1247:Businesses: 16–32
1242:Homes, businesses
732:Fronthaul network
603:
602:
595:
508:Application areas
502:COVID-19 pandemic
410:cellular networks
394:telephone network
374:cellular networks
313:telephone network
290:cellular networks
263:
262:
93:
92:
12112:
12051:
12050:
12041:
12040:
12039:
12029:
12028:
12027:
11938:Electronic waste
11928:BlackBerry thumb
11878:Japanese culture
11665:
11664:
11625:iOS jailbreaking
11493:
11492:
11415:Operating system
11230:Network operator
11215:Channel capacity
11208:
11207:
11183:
11176:
11169:
11160:
11159:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11137:
11136:
11135:
11064:Mobile broadband
10964:Mobile telephony
10952:Related articles
10893:
10892:
10836:LTE Advanced Pro
10816:
10815:
10731:EV-DO Revision C
10725:EV-DO Revision B
10658:
10657:
10586:
10585:
10500:
10499:
10383:
10382:
10304:
10303:
10229:radio telephones
10208:Cellular network
10201:
10194:
10187:
10178:
10177:
10160:Mobile telephony
10150:Preceded by
10147:
10146:
10132:
10118:
10108:
10090:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10052:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10024:
10022:
10007:
10001:
10000:
9998:
9996:
9977:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9966:
9946:
9940:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9916:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9894:Verizon Business
9886:
9880:
9879:
9877:
9875:
9856:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9805:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9754:
9748:
9747:
9739:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9708:
9702:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9666:
9648:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9628:. Archived from
9618:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9556:
9550:
9549:
9547:
9545:
9526:
9520:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9484:
9469:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9439:
9433:
9432:
9430:
9428:
9419:. Archived from
9413:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9402:
9393:. May 12, 2013.
9387:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9361:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9350:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9326:
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9318:
9311:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9292:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9195:
9193:
9182:BBC News Channel
9173:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9130:
9115:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9090:on April 8, 2019
9086:. Archived from
9075:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9013:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9002:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8973:
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8951:
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8739:
8733:
8732:
8706:
8676:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8611:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8552:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8457:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8434:Algemeen Dagblad
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8361:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8339:
8328:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8264:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8172:
8166:
8165:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8087:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8009:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7964:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7795:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7741:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7265:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7211:The Buffalo Post
7202:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7092:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6948:. Archived from
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6828:
6817:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6761:
6743:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6671:scmagazineuk.com
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6542:
6533:
6532:
6504:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6135:
6101:
6090:Nature Portfolio
6071:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6021:
6015:. Archived from
6014:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5982:. Archived from
5981:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5960:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5929:
5928:
5886:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5846:. May 17, 2018.
5836:
5830:
5829:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5712:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5561:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5358:"Google Pixel 5"
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5300:Business Insider
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5227:. Archived from
5217:
5211:
5210:
5205:. Archived from
5195:
5189:
5188:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5087:. Archived from
5086:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4780:wirelessone.news
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4551:. Archived from
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4318:www.qualcomm.com
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4242:news.samsung.com
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4118:. Archived from
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4091:. April 29, 2022
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4065:. August 3, 2022
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3727:wirelessone.news
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3697:wirelessone.news
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3372:wirelessone.news
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3187:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2966:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2628:
2625:
2607:
2600:
2592:LTE Advanced Pro
2199:during flights.
2185:radar altimeters
2183:has warned that
2133:Superstorm Sandy
2125:weather forecast
2042:
2039:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2013:
1874:) is a name for
1858:Future evolution
1816:. It adheres to
1675:(User Database)
1519:
1515:
1373:
1326:(for comparison)
1325:
1228:
1219:
1215:of users
1214:
1204:
1201:
1112:Business Insider
598:
591:
587:
584:
578:
550:
549:
542:
522:mobile broadband
483:millimeter waves
473:of 1.7–4.7
436:millimeter waves
396:and routers for
372:5G networks are
283:fifth-generation
255:
248:
241:
95:
94:
69:
67:
62:
38:
31:
27:
12120:
12119:
12115:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12110:
12109:
12065:
12064:
12063:
12058:
12037:
12035:
12025:
12023:
12015:
11967:
11920:
11914:
11840:
11753:
11696:
11692:Cloud computing
11658:
11656:
11646:
11637:Symbian devices
11603:Android devices
11589:
11541:
11532:Satellite phone
11527:Projector phone
11487:
11480:
11385:
11375:
11298:
11203:
11199:
11192:
11187:
11157:
11152:
11144:
11142:
11133:
11131:
11125:
11032:Frequency bands
10943:
10927:
10885:
10872:
10841:
10808:
10795:
10776:
10735:
10706:
10652:
10651:3G transitional
10641:
10624:
10578:
10565:
10544:
10522:
10494:
10493:2G transitional
10483:
10447:
10428:
10424:cdmaOne (IS-95)
10409:
10367:
10326:
10292:
10220:
10211:
10205:
10171:
10155:
10125:
10065:
10063:Further reading
10060:
10050:
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10009:
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9888:
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9781:
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9504:The Independent
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9470:
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9426:
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9400:
9398:
9389:
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9384:
9374:
9372:
9371:on May 18, 2017
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7981:
7979:
7966:
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7951:
7949:
7934:
7930:
7920:
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7911:Fierce Wireless
7903:
7899:
7889:
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7868:
7858:
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7841:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7772:
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7686:Washington Post
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7565:Washington Post
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7075:(7754): 17–18.
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5986:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5965:. October 2020.
5958:
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4260:
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4214:
4210:
4199:
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4185:
4183:
4170:
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4165:
4155:
4153:
4146:telecomasia.net
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4123:
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4104:
4094:
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4078:
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3587:
3583:
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3465:
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3457:
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3361:
3351:
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3336:
3335:
3328:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3204:
3170:
3166:
3152:
3150:
3143:10.1109/36.3038
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3061:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3031:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2917:
2895:
2871:
2863:
2839:
2824:
2819:
2736:. According to
2682:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2613:needs expansion
2598:
2586:Main articles:
2584:
2499:
2493:
2465:gene expression
2293:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2263:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2177:
2097:Jim Bridenstine
2043:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2006:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1870:(also known as
1865:
1860:
1807:
1787:
1763:
1661:(DB Front End)
1498:
1490:network slicing
1485:
1469:Main articles:
1467:
1459:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1368:Multi-user MIMO
1356:
1354:Multi-user MIMO
1350:
1338:outdoors: 0.2–1
1337:
1324:
1313:outdoors: 10−20
1278:tens of meters
1274:
1266:
1255:tens of meters
1252:outdoors: 0.2–1
1251:
1246:
1196:
1187:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1080:
1048:
916:
910:
858:
834:
805:
789:
770:
764:
744:
734:
694:
674:
665:
655:milliseconds .
648:
608:
599:
588:
582:
579:
572:
551:
547:
540:
510:
494:health concerns
398:Internet access
362:
325:download speeds
259:
223:
137:
65:
63:
60:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12118:
12108:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12060:
12059:
12057:
12056:
12045:
12033:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12014:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11977:
11975:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11933:Driving safety
11930:
11924:
11922:
11916:
11915:
11913:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11896:
11895:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
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11860:
11854:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11842:
11841:
11839:
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11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11763:
11761:
11755:
11754:
11752:
11751:
11746:
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11722:
11712:
11706:
11704:
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11697:
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11689:
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11673:
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11652:
11651:
11648:
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11645:
11644:
11639:
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11627:
11617:
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11599:
11597:
11591:
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11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
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11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11496:
11490:
11482:
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11479:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11462:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11444:Text messaging
11441:
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11118:
11117:
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10897:
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10863:
10849:
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10840:
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10797:
10796:
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10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
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10675:
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10583:
10571:
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10563:
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10546:
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10123:External links
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10081:(4): 585–605.
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9833:Strumpf, Dan.
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9341:. March 2015.
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5271:. April 2019.
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5018:Il Sole 24 Ore
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4465:. May 26, 2021
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3660:Flynn, Kevin.
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3562:(4): 182–184.
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3529:. OpenSignal.
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3502:. OpenSignal.
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3307:Sustainability
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2495:Main article:
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2274:Misinformation
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627:deployment by
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408:. As in other
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10317:AMPS - N-AMPS
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7880:Light Reading
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7811:
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7799:
7794:
7789:
7786:: 153027–56.
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7754:
7750:
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7745:"SatMagazine"
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7248:(7784): 577.
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6445:September 14,
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5541:September 20,
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5203:Total Telecom
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4090:
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3998:
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3399:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3286:September 24,
3278:
3271:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
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2949:
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2918:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2861:Public safety
2858:
2856:
2855:digital twins
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:Digital twins
2834:
2832:
2828:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
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2732:
2728:
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2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2680:
2668:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2611:This section
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:New Hampshire
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:According to
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:William Broad
2387:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2258:
2256:
2253:, as well as
2252:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2225:C band (IEEE)
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2197:airplane mode
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2135:in 2012. The
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2041:
2029:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:cryptojacking
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:Network Slice
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:Network Slice
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1362:Massive MIMO
1360:
1355:
1340:
1335:
1333:fewer than 50
1332:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:more than 250
1309:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1275:outdoors: 1–5
1272:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1218:Output power
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Cisco Systems
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
970:base stations
966:
963:
958:
956:
952:
947:
945:
936:
928:
920:
915:
902:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
826:
822:
818:
815:
811:
807:
806:
800:
798:
793:
784:
780:
778:
777:air interface
774:
769:
759:
757:
753:
748:
743:
739:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
703:
699:
689:
687:
683:
678:
669:
660:
656:
653:
643:
640:
638:
634:
630:
624:
622:
618:
614:
597:
594:
586:
576:
570:
567:and based on
566:
562:
560:
555:This article
553:
544:
543:
535:
533:
528:
525:
523:
518:
515:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:optical fiber
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
366:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
267:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
236:
234:
233:
230:
227:
226:
220:
217:
214:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
148:
146:
145:
141:
140:
133:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
106:
105:
101:
97:
96:
89:
86:
84:Superseded by
82:
79:
76:
72:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
12100:Data centers
11858:Box breaking
11829:address book
11682:Distribution
11547:Form factors
11512:Camera phone
11499:
11476:Web browsing
11365:
11327:
11311:
11079:Push-to-talk
10881:
10857:IEEE 802.16m
10826:LTE Advanced
10810:IMT Advanced
10755:IEEE 802.16e
10750:Mobile WiMAX
10711:3GPP2 family
10638:(TIA/IS-856)
10629:3GPP2 family
10527:3GPP2 family
10506:/3GPP family
10322:TACS - ETACS
10162:generations
10158:
10078:
10074:
10049:. Retrieved
10040:
10031:
10019:. Retrieved
10005:
9993:. Retrieved
9984:
9975:
9963:. Retrieved
9954:
9944:
9932:. Retrieved
9923:
9914:
9902:. Retrieved
9893:
9884:
9872:. Retrieved
9863:
9854:
9842:. Retrieved
9838:
9828:
9816:. Retrieved
9812:
9803:
9791:. Retrieved
9787:
9778:
9766:. Retrieved
9762:
9752:
9737:
9725:. Retrieved
9717:deep curious
9716:
9706:
9696:November 23,
9694:. Retrieved
9685:
9675:
9665:November 23,
9663:. Retrieved
9654:
9646:
9634:. Retrieved
9630:the original
9626:globe.com.ph
9625:
9616:
9604:. Retrieved
9593:
9584:
9572:. Retrieved
9563:
9554:
9542:. Retrieved
9533:
9524:
9514:November 11,
9512:. Retrieved
9503:
9493:
9481:. Retrieved
9467:
9455:. Retrieved
9446:
9437:
9427:February 14,
9425:. Retrieved
9421:the original
9411:
9399:. Retrieved
9385:
9373:. Retrieved
9369:the original
9359:
9347:. Retrieved
9333:
9323:February 14,
9321:. Retrieved
9314:the original
9301:
9289:. Retrieved
9278:
9268:
9256:. Retrieved
9241:
9232:
9220:. Retrieved
9216:the original
9206:
9197:
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6313:www.3gpp.org
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3015:November 27,
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2974:
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2843:digital twin
2841:A real time
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2637:5G Evolution
2634:
2624:October 2023
2621:
2617:adding to it
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2596:LTE Advanced
2588:5G Evolution
2559:
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2535:Huddersfield
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2071:Interference
2048:
2038:January 2022
2035:
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1967:
1962:cyberattacks
1960:, and other
1951:
1947:DDoS attacks
1943:A10 Networks
1919:
1900:
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1867:
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1846:Georgia Tech
1809:
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1386:
1361:
1357:
1348:Massive MIMO
1213:Max. number
1197:
1194:FR2 coverage
1188:
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1132:Google Pixel
1129:
1125:Nokia 8.3 5G
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580:
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11919:Environment
11893:silent mode
11737:contactless
11720:advertising
11677:Development
11595:Smartphones
11304:Generations
11220:Frequencies
10908:5G-Advanced
10896:3GPP family
10846:IEEE family
10838:(4.5G/4.9G)
10819:3GPP family
10661:3GPP family
10589:3GPP family
10534:CDMA2000 1X
10405:CSD - HSCSD
10041:5g-today.de
9934:January 14,
9874:January 14,
9864:newswire.ca
9763:Nikkei Asia
9258:October 15,
9222:October 15,
9192:October 15,
9161:January 14,
8661:October 25,
8629:October 25,
8619:itpro.co.uk
8599:October 25,
8068:February 9,
8038:February 9,
8008:February 9,
7982:February 9,
7952:February 9,
7921:February 9,
7890:February 9,
7859:February 9,
7828:December 4,
7780:IEEE Access
7759:December 4,
7726:January 22,
7696:January 22,
7665:January 22,
7635:January 22,
7605:January 22,
7575:January 22,
7482:January 19,
7450:December 4,
7418:January 19,
7357:December 1,
7331:December 1,
6986:December 4,
6476:January 12,
6289:(Videotape)
6199:: 568–578.
5909:10481/45368
5695:: 335–349.
5689:IEEE Access
5587:(TR 36.932)
5368:October 27,
4900:VentureBeat
4820:January 30,
4499:February 9,
4418:February 9,
3987:November 8,
3962:(TS 23.003)
3921:(TS 24.501)
3880:(TS 23.501)
3774:February 1,
3615:February 6,
3448:February 8,
3438:VentureBeat
3418:February 8,
3382:December 1,
3005:www.cnn.com
2985:January 23,
2883:Fiber optic
2822:Automobiles
2773:South Korea
2425:Netherlands
2414:Switzerland
2349:during the
2129:ECMWF model
2093:Wilbur Ross
2067:water vapor
2057:such as by
1868:5G-Advanced
1863:5G-Advanced
1838:wavelengths
1820:set by the
1775:polar codes
1771:Turbo codes
1450:small cells
1415:Beamforming
1409:Beamforming
1370:(MU-MIMO).
1207:Cell types
1001:T-Mobile US
987:30,000 and
686:drive tests
621:South Korea
559:predictions
538:Performance
517:locations.
467:cell towers
321:basestation
317:radio waves
12069:Categories
11981:Carrier IQ
11921:and health
11836:Television
11687:Management
11580:Smartwatch
11537:Smartphone
11225:Multi-band
10762:Flash-OFDM
9727:January 5,
9506:. London.
9483:October 3,
9291:January 7,
9283:. London.
9135:October 7,
9063:January 6,
9032:January 6,
8697:: 81–122.
8653:. London.
8591:. London.
8498:TechCrunch
8190:August 21,
8142:August 21,
7793:2006.16534
7545:January 2,
6956:October 7,
6833:January 6,
6581:CSO Online
6502:1806.10360
6116:2011250880
6026:January 6,
5993:January 6,
5884:1703.04676
5804:: 103413.
5638:August 29,
5531:medium.com
5098:October 7,
5068:1353290533
4489:ケータイ Watch
4443:August 14,
4223:2103.09156
4186:January 6,
4156:January 6,
4126:October 7,
4063:beebom.com
4017:January 6,
4007:comsoc.org
3737:January 3,
3676:January 6,
3483:August 16,
3254:January 6,
3185:2104.02658
3102:August 29,
2957:References
2802:TrueMove H
2778:SK Telecom
2731:radio wave
2727:small cell
2711:Telefónica
2677:April 2019
2571:SARS-CoV-2
2539:Birmingham
2394:RT America
2361:business.
2332:Luxembourg
2289:See also:
2189:RF filters
1998:Three Seas
1922:ETH Zurich
1891:See also:
1828:, and the
1528:Analogous
1525:NF Acronym
1400:Small cell
1394:Small cell
1352:See also:
1303:Macro cell
1291:128 to 256
1284:Micro cell
1234:5G NR FR2
1163:See also:
1154:Technology
1121:HMD Global
1078:5G devices
981:SK Telecom
912:See also:
908:Deployment
901:Supermicro
682:simulators
663:Error rate
575:improve it
565:verifiable
471:microwaves
448:microwaves
431:encoding.
414:handed off
384:via fixed
348:(IoT) and
319:through a
181:3.9G/3.95G
56:Introduced
11963:Recycling
11910:Wallpaper
11888:Ringtones
11749:Ticketing
11725:campaigns
11715:Marketing
11517:Car phone
11432:Telephony
11386:operation
11279:Tethering
11204:protocols
10862:WiMax 2.1
10717:CDMA2000
10210:standards
10097:1559-064X
10021:March 22,
9995:April 21,
9965:April 21,
9924:EMS World
9768:April 18,
9606:April 17,
9574:April 17,
9544:April 17,
9349:April 20,
9053:The Verge
8970:April 30,
8939:April 21,
8879:April 16,
8848:April 30,
8838:Echo Live
8807:The Verge
8770:1660-4601
8729:235219718
8713:0048-7554
8588:The Times
8308:April 14,
8282:April 11,
7849:The Verge
7818:220265664
7625:The Verge
7595:TechTimes
7502:France 24
7280:208302844
7107:140396172
6750:1687-5273
6403:nokia.com
6260:116385421
6215:2637-6431
6124:732869387
6108:2045-2322
6056:April 15,
5925:206456434
5917:0163-6804
5826:248803932
5818:1084-8045
5719:2169-3536
5458:April 21,
5342:March 19,
5311:March 16,
5279:April 24,
5050:Routledge
4996:April 13,
4966:April 13,
4936:April 13,
4910:April 13,
4880:April 13,
4850:April 15,
4790:March 27,
4760:April 11,
4730:April 11,
4700:April 21,
4670:April 13,
4640:April 21,
4529:April 24,
4116:The Verge
3635:The Verge
3576:257095960
3212:231976614
3153:March 19,
3094:. Nokia.
3045:April 23,
2796:In 2020,
2790:broadband
2551:Maddaloni
2547:Liverpool
2461:microwave
2447:. The US
2388:in 2019,
2219:Satellite
1773:in 4G to
1270:64 to 128
1261:Pico cell
1245:Home: 4–8
1238:Femtocell
1148:iPhone 12
1008:Altiostar
989:LG U Plus
974:LG U Plus
738:Fronthaul
692:Standards
333:bandwidth
66:July 2016
59:July 2016
12054:Category
11797:Learning
11777:Gambling
11767:Blogging
11742:donating
11732:Payments
11702:Commerce
11660:software
11657:specific
11507:3D phone
11471:Tracking
11420:Security
11403:services
11393:Features
11344:adoption
11312:Analogue
11294:XHTML-MP
11267:SIM lock
11257:dual SIM
11252:SIM card
11200:networks
10887:IMT-2020
10791:HiperMAN
10690:DC-HSDPA
10580:IMT-2000
10115:33727687
10051:April 8,
10045:Archived
10015:Archived
9989:Archived
9985:5g.co.uk
9959:Archived
9928:Archived
9904:March 6,
9898:Archived
9868:Archived
9721:Archived
9690:Archived
9659:Archived
9636:June 21,
9600:Archived
9568:Archived
9538:Archived
9508:Archived
9477:Archived
9457:July 25,
9451:Archived
9395:Archived
9343:Archived
9285:Archived
9252:Archived
9243:BBC News
9186:Archived
9155:Archived
9094:April 8,
9057:Archived
9026:Archived
8995:Archived
8964:Archived
8960:Politico
8933:Archived
8909:April 5,
8903:Archived
8899:BBC News
8873:Archived
8842:Archived
8817:April 5,
8811:Archived
8788:31540320
8721:34047144
8655:Archived
8623:Archived
8593:Archived
8566:July 29,
8560:Archived
8540:July 19,
8534:Archived
8509:July 19,
8503:Archived
8477:July 19,
8471:Archived
8445:July 19,
8439:Archived
8413:July 19,
8407:Archived
8381:June 22,
8375:Archived
8344:April 7,
8335:Archived
8302:Archived
8276:Archived
8246:Archived
8215:Archived
8184:Archived
8136:Archived
8062:Archived
8032:Archived
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7976:Archived
7946:Archived
7915:Archived
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7822:Archived
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7720:Archived
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7629:Archived
7599:Archived
7569:Archived
7539:Archived
7506:Archived
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7412:Archived
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7325:Archived
7272:31772363
7215:Archived
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7153:Archived
7130:Archived
7099:31040411
7042:Archived
7011:Archived
6980:Archived
6946:BBC News
6919:Archived
6888:Archived
6857:Archived
6824:Archived
6797:July 31,
6791:Archived
6787:CBC News
6768:36268153
6734:: 1–11.
6707:July 22,
6701:Archived
6681:July 22,
6675:Archived
6651:July 22,
6645:Archived
6621:July 22,
6615:Archived
6611:NETSCOUT
6591:July 22,
6585:Archived
6560:July 22,
6554:Archived
6529:49480110
6470:Archived
6377:Archived
6347:Archived
6317:Archived
6142:33436681
6050:Archived
6046:Qualcomm
5854:March 7,
5848:Archived
5771:Archived
5741:Archived
5662:Archived
5658:Ericsson
5632:Archived
5602:Archived
5572:Archived
5535:Archived
5504:Archived
5478:Archived
5452:Archived
5422:Archived
5392:Archived
5388:CBS News
5362:Archived
5336:Archived
5305:Archived
5273:Archived
5161:March 3,
5155:Archived
5122:Archived
5029:July 24,
5023:Archived
4990:Archived
4960:Archived
4930:Archived
4904:Archived
4874:Archived
4844:Archived
4814:Archived
4784:Archived
4754:Archived
4724:Archived
4694:Archived
4664:Archived
4634:Archived
4604:Archived
4577:Archived
4523:Archived
4493:Archived
4412:Archived
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