437:(PDC) volume was around 6.2-7.8 km DRE. These estimates place the bulk volume of the eruption to be between 40.2 and 97.7 km, which equates to 17.5 to 42.5 km DRE magma (using a tephra deposit density of 1000 kg/m and a magma density of 2300 kg/m). Tephra dispersal models were recently used with tephra fallout thicknesses from both phases to constrain the eruption parameters and volumes of the two separate phases. Between 3 and 16 km (best estimate of 7.2 km) of DRE magma was dispersed by the first comenditic phase, and 4-20 km (best estimate of 9.3 km) during the second trachytic phase of the eruption. When the PDC volumes are considered with these updated fallout volumes, the total volumes are around 23 km DRE magma – similar to the amount of material removed from the edifice to generate a caldera.
403:, by massive pyroclastic flows that covered an area of 2,000 km (770 square miles) with an average thickness of 5 m (16 feet) and reached a distance as far as 50 km (31 miles). These pyroclastic flows were generated by the collapse of the Plinian eruption column. A co-ignimbrite ash layer, generated from elutriation during pyroclastic flow, overlies the pyroclastic flows, representing the topmost deposition from this eruption phase. The magma composition of this phase was predominantly comenditic and of distinct light grey colour. The mass eruption rate of this phase has been estimated to be 1-4 Ă— 10 kg/s. Based on the historical records of falling white ash in Nara, it is suggested that the first phase may have started on 2 November 946 CE.
472:, was assessed by taking the amount of the volatile element dissolved in the magma when it was crystallising and taking off the amount still in the magma when it erupted. Bodies of magma often become trapped in the crystals during crystallisation forming melt inclusions, which are analysed to determine the original volatile concentration. The remaining amount of the volatile dissolved in the melt is established by analysing the matrix glass – the magma quenched on eruption. The difference in the volatile element between the MI and matrix glass is then multiplied by the volume of the melt to estimate the amount of the volatiles that are released into the atmosphere.
476:
between 5 and 30 Tg S, 6-32 Tg F, and 2-15 Tg Cl. The fluorine and chlorine contents of MI and matrix glasses cover a similar range, suggesting the melts were probably not saturated in either element, and loss of these volatile phases could be negligible. The low S yield is consistent with ice core records that estimated the S load was ~2 Tg based on the non-sea salt sulphate record, and the limited climate impact recorded in palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate proxies
31:
488:, likely resulting in a major worldwide climatic impact, though more recent studies indicate that the Millennium Eruption of Mt. Paektu volcano may have been limited to regional climatic effects. However, there are some meteorological anomalies in A.D. 945–948 which may relate to the Millennium Eruption. The event is thought to have caused a
475:
Fluorine, chlorine, and sulfur contents of MI and matrix glasses have been measured for the comenditic magma erupted in the first phases of the eruption. Using these average volatile contents in the MI and matrix glass combined with the comendite magma volume (3-17 km DRE) the volatile release was
419:
Unlike the first phase, this phase began with pulsing eruptions from non-sustained columns characterised by frequent column collapses, depositing multiple tephra fall units of alternating colour and interbedded with co-occurring pyroclastic flows from column collapsing. As many as seven fall units
248:
with chemical fingerprints associated with the
Millennium eruption were located in the Greenland ice core, and the position corresponds to a date of 946–947 CE. The tree stump with preserved rings and the 774-775 CE Miyake event, and the identification of the tephra layer in the precisely dated
424:
in all directions within a radius of 20 km (12 miles) of the caldera. The uppermost part of the second phase deposits is also a co-ignimbrite ash layer. There was widespread ash dispersal associated with this trachytic phase, and modelling suggests that the eruption plume extended >30 km in
710:
Oppenheimer, Clive; Wacker, Lukas; Xu, Jiandong; Galván, Juan Diego; Stoffel, Markus; Guillet, Sébastien; Corona, Christophe; Sigl, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola; Hajdas, Irka; Pan, Bo; Breuker, Remco; Schneider, Lea; Esper, Jan; Fei, Jie; Hammond, James O. S.; Büntgen, Ulf (15 February 2017).
241:) was identified in one of the tree stumps felled by the eruption. Exactly 172 rings were counted between this 774-775 CE Miyake event and the bark edge implying that the tree was killed in 946 CE. This date supports that obtained from the Greenland ice core age model. The comenditic and
398:
The first phase began with a stable
Plinian eruption column which was estimated to have reached a height of 30–40 km and produced a widely dispersed layer of light coloured pumice fallout. The pumice fallout layer is then immediately overlain, no co-occurring as indicated by lack of
411:
There are still disputes over what pyroclastic products were emplaced during the second phase, and whether there was a significant period of quiescence between the first and the second phase. At multiple locations, non-pyroclastic materials or
215:
for dating and correlating regional to global sedimentary archives, as evidence of the eruption is found throughout the Sea of Japan. Therefore, the timing of this eruption was one of the most intensely studied subject in the volcanology of
228:
A precise radiocarbon date for the
Millennium Eruption was achieved by obtaining numerous radiocarbon measurements across the stumps of trees that were felled and carbonised during the eruption. These radiocarbon measurements were
368:
Further confirmation came from studies of tree rings from a subfossil larch that was engulfed and killed during the initial explosive eruption. The tree was alive and recorded the atmospheric chemical changes during the major
1237:
Sigl, M.; Winstrup, M.; McConnell, J. R.; Welten, K. C.; Plunkett, G.; Ludlow, F.; BĂĽntgen, U.; Caffee, M.; Chellman, N.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Fischer, H.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Kostick, C.; Maselli, O. J.; Mekhaldi, F. (8 July 2015).
381:
Extensive studies of the sedimentary record of the
Millennium Eruption revealed that the eruption had two phases, both generating widespread tephra fallout and pyroclastic flows. The first phase began with a
159:). The eruption had two phases that each included a Plinian fallout and a pyroclastic flow and erupted magmas that were different in composition. An average of 5 cm (2.0 in) of Plinian ashfall and co–
923:
Yang, Qingyuan; Jenkins, Susanna F.; Lerner, Geoffrey A.; Li, Weiran; Suzuki, Takehiko; McLean, Danielle; Derkachev, A. N.; Utkin, I. V.; Wei, Haiquan; Xu, Jiandong; Pan, Bo (23 October 2021).
171:
for correlating regional sedimentary archives in and around the Sea of Japan. The
Millennium Eruption was one of the largest and most powerful eruptions in the last 5,000 years, along with the
1137:"Identification of the Changbaishan 'Millennium' (B-Tm) eruption deposit in the Lake Suigetsu (SG06) sedimentary archive, Japan: Synchronisation of hemispheric-wide palaeoclimate archives"
1306:"Ash from Changbaishan Millennium eruption recorded in Greenland ice: Implications for determining the eruption's timing and impact: SUN ET. AL. MILLENNIUM ERUPTION ASH IN GREENLAND"
373:. Between this event and the outermost ring, there are exactly 172 rings, implying that the tree was killed in 946 CE. This provides an unambiguous date for the Millennium Eruption.
1304:
Sun, Chunqing; Plunkett, Gill; Liu, Jiaqi; Zhao, Hongli; Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R.; Pilcher, Jonathan R.; Vinther, Bo; Steffensen, J. P.; Hall, Valerie (28 January 2014).
433:
Based on the proximal and distal thicknesses of the deposit, it was estimated that the fallout volume was between 13.4 and 37.4 km Dense Rock
Equivalent (DRE) of magma, and the
1066:"The VEI-7 Millennium eruption, Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano, China/DPRK: New field, petrological, and chemical constraints on stratigraphy, volcanology, and magma dynamics"
420:
are recognised in this phase. Fallout were also deposited as high-temperature agglutinates mantling the inner caldera wall. The pyroclastic flows of this phase filled
1016:
Costa, Antonio; Mingari, Leonardo; Smith, Victoria C.; Macedonio, Giovanni; McLean, Danielle; Folch, Arnau; Lee, Jeonghyun; Yun, Sung-Hyo (2 January 2024).
1779:
257:
Several meteorological phenomena recorded in ancient Korea and Japan during the mid-10th century may have been caused by the
Millennium Eruption. The
290:
In the first year of the reign of
Emperor Jeongjong (946 CE), heaven's drums sounded. That year the sky rumbled and cried out, there was an amnesty.
365:
were found at an ice depth dated precisely to 946–947 CE, effectively confirming that the eruption occurred within the last 3 months of 946 CE.
1684:"Climatic impact of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan volcano in China: New insights from high-precision radiocarbon wiggle-match dating"
778:
Jin, Yuting; Li, Junxia; Zhao, Ying; Xu, Chenxi; Chen, Zhenju; Li, Feng; Chen, Jiayang; Zhang, Jingyuan; Hou, Sen; Xin, Ziang (1 June 2022).
1626:"Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array"
293:
KaesĹŹng is approximately 470 km from Paektu volcano, a distance over which the
Millennium Eruption may have been heard. In addition, the
834:"Timescale and evolution of the intracontinental Tianchi volcanic shield and ignimbrite-forming eruption, Changbaishan, Northeast China"
780:"Cambial evidence of the "Millennium Eruption" of Changbaishan volcano (c. 946 CE) and century-scale climatic change in the Middle Ages"
233:
onto the calibration curve to constrain the date to between to 938–946 CE. Further constraints on the date were obtained when the major
390:. After a hiatus of unknown duration, the second phase produced trachytic agglutinates and welded pyroclastic flow and surge deposits.
1823:
1135:
McLean, Danielle; Albert, Paul G.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Staff, Richard A.; Suzuki, Takehiko; Smith, Victoria C. (15 October 2016).
1018:"Eruption plumes extended more than 30 km in altitude in both phases of the Millennium eruption of Paektu (Changbaishan) volcano"
1873:
1853:
1737:
Fei, J (2006). "The possible climatic impact in China of
Iceland's Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sources".
1848:
1682:
Xu, Jiandong; Pan, Bo; Liu, Tanzhuo; Hajdas, Irka; Zhao, Bo; Yu, Hongmei; Liu, Ruoxin; Zhao, Ping (15 January 2013).
515:
1064:
Pan, Bo; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Xu, Jiandong; Chen, Zhengquan; Miggins, Daniel P.; Wei, Haiquan (1 September 2017).
104:
1450:"The mass estimation of volatile emission during 1199–1200 AD eruption of Baitoushan volcano and its significance"
1580:"Reassessment of the sulfur and halogen emissions from the Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan (Paektu) volcano"
1833:
1828:
658:
200:
883:
Horn, S (2000). "Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan Volcano (China/North Korea) ca. 969 AD".
1579:
1346:
1065:
833:
779:
1858:
1838:
434:
370:
234:
56:
1863:
167:
and northern Japan. This ash layer has been named the "Baegdusan-Tomakomai ash" (B-Tm) and is valuable
90:
1624:
Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew; McConnell, Joseph R.; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Severi, Mirko (12 July 2022).
1136:
1868:
653:
386:
eruption that produced widely dispersed comenditic tephra followed by unwelded pyroclastic flows and
1843:
686:
1400:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1542:"Evidence of a Pre-eruptive Fluid Phase for the Millennium Eruption, Paektu Volcano, North Korea"
1541:
691:
446:
1395:
1187:
151:
The eruption ejected about 13–47 cubic kilometres of magma (dense rock equivalent) and formed a
924:
192:
1496:"Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan Volcano (China/North Korea) ca. 969 AD"
1746:
1695:
1637:
1591:
1553:
1407:
1358:
1251:
1199:
1148:
1077:
1029:
936:
845:
791:
724:
1495:
484:
The Millennium Eruption is thought to have emitted an enormous mass of volatiles into the
8:
1750:
1699:
1641:
1595:
1557:
1448:
Guo, Zhengfu; Liu, Jiaqi; Sui, Shuzhen; Liu, Qiang; He, Huaiyu; Ni, Yunyan (June 2002).
1411:
1362:
1255:
1203:
1152:
1081:
1033:
940:
849:
795:
728:
249:
Greenland ice cores indicate an unambiguous date of 946 CE for the Millennium Eruption.
1762:
1719:
1515:
1469:
1327:
1283:
970:
900:
807:
760:
416:
separates the first and second phase eruptive products, indicating an eruption hiatus.
137:
79:
1766:
1711:
1625:
1603:
1519:
1449:
1423:
1347:"Tephrostratigraphy of Changbaishan volcano, northeast China, since the mid-Holocene"
1275:
1267:
1089:
1017:
974:
962:
904:
832:
Wei, Haiquan; Wang, Yu; Jin, Jinyu; Gao, Ling; Yun, Sung-Hyo; Jin, Bolu (June 2007).
811:
752:
387:
1723:
1473:
1370:
1331:
1160:
764:
737:
712:
1754:
1703:
1655:
1645:
1599:
1507:
1461:
1415:
1366:
1317:
1287:
1259:
1207:
1156:
1085:
1037:
952:
944:
892:
853:
799:
742:
732:
383:
346:
allows extremely precise dating to the exact calendar year of any ice depth in the
343:
141:
61:
857:
803:
489:
454:
413:
230:
217:
180:
172:
41:
128:
also known as Changbaishan, occurred in late 946 CE. This event is known as the
1042:
948:
681:
564:
358:
245:
212:
168:
1758:
1650:
1239:
1812:
1794:
1781:
1715:
1271:
966:
756:
713:"Multi-proxy dating the 'Millennium Eruption' of Changbaishan to late 946 CE"
259:
196:
188:
117:
1188:"Identifying references to volcanic eruptions in Chinese historical records"
647:
184:
1818:
1427:
1419:
1279:
1240:"Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years"
485:
400:
238:
164:
1683:
1511:
1345:
Sun, Chunqing; Liu, Jiaqi; You, Haitao; Nemeth, Karoly (1 December 2017).
1211:
896:
1707:
1396:"The effects and consequences of very large explosive volcanic eruptions"
1322:
1305:
925:"The Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano is VEI 6, not 7"
421:
302:
156:
121:
83:
30:
1660:
1263:
957:
347:
160:
747:
1465:
543:
525:
312:
176:
465:
461:
450:
355:
351:
275:
242:
334:
On 7 February 947 CE, there was a sound in the sky, like thunder.
630:
284:
152:
308:
On 3 November 946 CE, evening, white ash fell gently like snow.
558:
557:
It snowed over ten days, and caused inadequate food supply and
469:
270:
On 19 February 944 CE, around midnight, shaking, sounds above.
425:
altitude and the mass eruption rate was larger than 10 kg/s.
362:
145:
125:
75:
71:
315:, first phase of the B-Tm ash fall. Three months later, the
1623:
1236:
1015:
163:
ashfall covered about 1,500,000 km (580,000 sq mi) of the
1134:
709:
539:
460:
The amount of volatiles released by an eruption, such as
1539:
1540:
Iacovino, K.; Sisson, T. W.; Lowenstern, J. B. (2014).
1494:
Horn, Susanne; Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (February 2000).
445:
Large volcanic eruptions can inject a large amount of
331:) both documented a loud disturbance on the same day:
301:) recorded a particularly interesting observation in
1578:
Scaillet, Bruno; Oppenheimer, Clive (October 2023).
350:
or any tree ring with virtually no age uncertainty.
1577:
922:
1303:
676:
674:
220:, before its final settlement in the late 946 CE.
1063:
784:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
361:with chemical fingerprints of that of Millennium
1810:
1192:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1344:
671:
1681:
1584:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1186:Chen, Zhengquan; Chen, Zheng (11 March 2021).
1070:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1493:
831:
588:Japanese historical meteorological materials
577:Japanese historical meteorological materials
1447:
393:
1114:
777:
406:
273:Another similar but later record from the
1659:
1649:
1454:Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences
1321:
1041:
956:
746:
736:
337:
311:The "white ash" may have been the white,
1185:
211:The eruption ash layer is an invaluable
187:(around 230 CE), the 431 CE eruption of
1811:
1022:Communications Earth & Environment
252:
1389:
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1181:
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1128:
1126:
1011:
705:
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223:
1393:
1110:
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1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
918:
916:
914:
882:
878:
876:
874:
376:
1736:
1119:. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
1117:Atlas of Tephra in and around Japan
563:Old History of the Five Dynasties,
440:
13:
1675:
1384:
1294:
1225:
1174:
1123:
698:
635:Old History of the Five Dynasties
621:Old History of the Five Dynasties
610:Old History of the Five Dynasties
599:Old History of the Five Dynasties
549:Old History of the Five Dynasties
530:Old History of the Five Dynasties
479:
428:
14:
1885:
1103:
988:
911:
871:
516:Old History of the Five Dynasties
136:. It is one of the most powerful
1604:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107909
1090:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.029
585:Frost, and cold as harsh winter
571:24. Feb, 947 until 23. Apr, 947
453:into the atmosphere, leading to
29:
16:Major volcanic eruption in Korea
1730:
1617:
1571:
1533:
1487:
1441:
1371:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.021
1338:
1161:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.022
738:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.12.024
114:946 eruption of Paektu Mountain
24:946 eruption of Paektu Mountain
1824:10th-century natural disasters
1115:Machida, H.; Arai, F. (2003).
1057:
825:
771:
659:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
283:) describes, at the palace in
201:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
193:1257 eruption of Mount Samalas
1:
664:
155:, which now contains a lake (
103:At least short-term regional
1688:Geophysical Research Letters
1310:Geophysical Research Letters
858:10.1016/j.lithos.2006.10.004
804:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110971
7:
641:
457:and environmental changes.
435:pyroclastic density current
10:
1890:
1874:Natural disasters in China
1854:Volcanic eruptions in Asia
1546:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1351:Quaternary Science Reviews
1141:Quaternary Science Reviews
1043:10.1038/s43247-023-01162-0
949:10.1007/s00445-021-01487-8
717:Quaternary Science Reviews
235:774-775 CE carbon-14 spike
1759:10.1007/s10584-005-9012-3
1651:10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022
1630:Earth System Science Data
1394:Self, S. (28 June 2006).
654:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
394:Phase 1 (comendite magma)
295:Heungboksa Temple History
287:, of a loud disturbance:
99:
89:
67:
55:
47:
37:
28:
23:
1849:Medieval volcanic events
687:Global Volcanism Program
407:Phase 2 (trachyte magma)
342:Ice core chronology and
144:; classified at least a
1500:Bulletin of Volcanology
929:Bulletin of Volcanology
692:Smithsonian Institution
501:Meteorological Anomaly
206:
1420:10.1098/rsta.2006.1814
538:Large scale frost and
371:774 CE carbon-14 spike
338:Ice-core and tree-ring
1834:10th century in Korea
1829:10th century in China
1512:10.1007/s004450050004
1212:10.1144/sp510-2020-86
897:10.1007/s004450050004
359:volcanic glass shards
246:volcanic glass shards
120:on the border of the
1795:41.9931°N 128.0769°E
1708:10.1029/2012gl054246
1323:10.1002/2013GL058642
321:Old Diaries of Japan
1791: /
1751:2006ClCh...76..443F
1700:2013GeoRL..40...54X
1642:2022ESSD...14.3167S
1596:2023JVGR..44207909S
1558:2014AGUFM.V24D..08I
1412:2006RSPTA.364.2073S
1406:(1845): 2073–2097.
1363:2017QSRv..177..104S
1264:10.1038/nature14565
1256:2015Natur.523..543S
1204:2021GSLSP.510..271C
1153:2016QSRv..150..301M
1082:2017JVGR..343...45P
1034:2024ComEE...5....6C
941:2021BVol...83...74Y
850:2007Litho..96..315W
796:2022PPP...59510971J
729:2017QSRv..158..164O
546:covered all plants
253:Historical accounts
130:Millennium Eruption
1859:Volcanism of China
1839:Volcanoes of China
512:It snowed heavily
317:Dai Nihon Kokiroku
299:Annals of KĹŤfukuji
224:Radiocarbon dating
138:volcanic eruptions
80:Ryanggang Province
1864:Plinian eruptions
1800:41.9931; 128.0769
1250:(7562): 543–549.
639:
638:
377:Eruption dynamics
281:History of Goryeo
110:
109:
1881:
1869:Volcanic winters
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1745:(3–4): 443–457.
1734:
1728:
1727:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1636:(7): 3167–3196.
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1537:
1531:
1530:
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1526:
1491:
1485:
1484:
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1466:10.1360/02yd9055
1445:
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986:
985:
983:
981:
960:
920:
909:
908:
880:
869:
868:
866:
864:
844:(1–2): 315–324.
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
775:
769:
768:
750:
740:
707:
696:
695:
678:
495:
494:
441:Volatile release
344:tree ring dating
142:recorded history
134:Tianchi eruption
33:
21:
20:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1844:VEI-6 eruptions
1809:
1808:
1799:
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1793:
1790:
1785:
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1780:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1739:Climatic Change
1735:
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1302:
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1235:
1226:
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1214:
1184:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1133:
1124:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1014:
989:
979:
977:
921:
912:
881:
872:
862:
860:
830:
826:
816:
814:
776:
772:
708:
699:
680:
679:
672:
667:
644:
490:volcanic winter
482:
480:Climate effects
455:volcanic winter
443:
431:
429:Eruption volume
409:
396:
379:
340:
329:Japan Chronicle
265:Japan Chronicle
255:
226:
218:Paektu Mountain
209:
181:Hatepe eruption
173:Minoan eruption
105:climate changes
42:Paektu Mountain
17:
12:
11:
5:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1773:
1772:
1729:
1674:
1616:
1570:
1532:
1506:(8): 537–555.
1486:
1460:(6): 530–539.
1440:
1383:
1337:
1316:(2): 694–701.
1293:
1224:
1198:(1): 271–289.
1173:
1122:
1102:
1056:
987:
910:
891:(8): 537–555.
870:
824:
770:
697:
682:"Changbaishan"
669:
668:
666:
663:
662:
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656:
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627:
623:
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583:
579:
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568:
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565:Zizhi Tongjian
561:
555:
551:
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547:
536:
532:
531:
528:
523:
519:
518:
513:
510:
506:
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481:
478:
442:
439:
430:
427:
408:
405:
395:
392:
378:
375:
339:
336:
254:
251:
231:wiggle-matched
225:
222:
213:marker horizon
208:
205:
169:marker horizon
108:
107:
101:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
69:
65:
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59:
53:
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34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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1497:
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1429:
1425:
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1360:
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1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
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1257:
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1249:
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1209:
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1197:
1193:
1189:
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1129:
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1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
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1027:
1023:
1019:
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976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
917:
915:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:Bull Volcanol
879:
877:
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859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
813:
809:
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801:
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774:
766:
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714:
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689:
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683:
677:
675:
670:
660:
657:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
634:
632:
629:It snowed in
628:
626:24. Oct, 948
625:
624:
620:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
604:25. Dec, 947
603:
602:
598:
595:
593:16. Dec, 947
592:
591:
587:
584:
582:14. May, 947
581:
580:
576:
573:
570:
569:
566:
562:
560:
556:
554:31. Jan, 947
553:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
534:
533:
529:
527:
524:
522:28. Nov, 946
521:
520:
517:
514:
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508:
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487:
477:
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385:
374:
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366:
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353:
349:
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332:
330:
326:
325:Nihon Kiryaku
322:
318:
314:
309:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:
271:
268:
266:
262:
261:
260:Nihon Kiryaku
250:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
221:
219:
214:
204:
202:
198:
197:Mount Rinjani
194:
190:
189:Lake Ilopango
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:stratovolcano
115:
106:
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98:
94:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
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54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1776:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1694:(1): 54–59.
1691:
1687:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:2158/1279650
1633:
1629:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1587:
1583:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1549:
1545:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1503:
1499:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1457:
1453:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1403:
1399:
1374:. Retrieved
1354:
1350:
1340:
1313:
1309:
1247:
1243:
1215:. Retrieved
1195:
1191:
1164:. Retrieved
1144:
1140:
1116:
1093:. Retrieved
1073:
1069:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1025:
1021:
978:. Retrieved
958:10356/160061
932:
928:
888:
884:
861:. Retrieved
841:
837:
827:
815:. Retrieved
787:
783:
773:
720:
716:
685:
615:6. Jan, 948
574:Warm spring
535:7. Dec, 946
509:4. Apr, 945
486:stratosphere
483:
474:
459:
444:
432:
422:paleovalleys
418:
410:
401:interbedding
397:
380:
367:
341:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
310:
307:
298:
294:
292:
289:
280:
274:
272:
269:
264:
258:
256:
239:Miyake event
227:
210:
165:Sea of Japan
150:
133:
129:
113:
111:
18:
1798: /
1786:128°04′37″E
1357:: 104–119.
1147:: 301–307.
723:: 164–171.
157:Heaven Lake
122:North Korea
84:North Korea
51:late 946 CE
1813:Categories
1783:41°59′35″N
935:(11): 74.
748:1887/71591
665:References
648:El ChichĂłn
618:Glaze ice
607:Glaze ice
596:Glaze ice
348:Common Era
313:comenditic
199:, and the
185:Lake TaupĹŤ
161:ignimbrite
1767:129296868
1716:0094-8276
1520:129624918
1272:1476-4687
1076:: 45–59.
975:239461051
967:1432-0819
905:129624918
812:247963699
757:0277-3791
526:Glaze ice
447:volatiles
356:trachytic
352:Rhyolitic
305:, Japan:
243:trachytic
1724:37314098
1667:26 April
1609:26 April
1563:26 April
1525:26 April
1479:26 April
1474:55255517
1433:26 April
1428:16844649
1376:26 April
1332:53985654
1280:26153860
1217:26 April
1166:26 April
1095:26 April
1049:26 April
1028:(1): 6.
980:26 April
863:26 April
817:26 April
765:56233614
642:See also
466:chlorine
462:fluorine
451:aerosols
276:Goryeosa
68:Location
1747:Bibcode
1696:Bibcode
1638:Bibcode
1592:Bibcode
1554:Bibcode
1408:Bibcode
1359:Bibcode
1288:4462058
1252:Bibcode
1200:Bibcode
1149:Bibcode
1078:Bibcode
1030:Bibcode
937:Bibcode
846:Bibcode
792:Bibcode
725:Bibcode
631:Kaifeng
504:Source
414:erosion
384:Plinian
285:KaesĹŹng
153:caldera
62:Plinian
38:Volcano
1765:
1722:
1714:
1518:
1472:
1426:
1330:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1244:Nature
973:
965:
903:
838:Lithos
810:
763:
755:
650:, 1982
559:famine
542:, and
470:sulfur
468:, and
388:surges
323:) and
191:, the
179:, the
100:Impact
1763:S2CID
1720:S2CID
1516:S2CID
1470:S2CID
1328:S2CID
1284:S2CID
971:S2CID
901:S2CID
808:S2CID
761:S2CID
498:Date
363:magma
195:near
177:Thera
146:VEI 6
126:China
76:China
72:Jilin
1712:ISSN
1669:2024
1611:2024
1565:2024
1550:2014
1527:2024
1481:2024
1435:2024
1424:PMID
1378:2024
1276:PMID
1268:ISSN
1219:2024
1168:2024
1097:2024
1051:2024
982:2024
963:ISSN
865:2024
819:2024
753:ISSN
544:rime
449:and
354:and
303:Nara
207:Date
124:and
116:, a
112:The
78:and
57:Type
48:Date
1819:946
1755:doi
1704:doi
1656:hdl
1646:doi
1600:doi
1588:442
1508:doi
1462:doi
1416:doi
1404:364
1367:doi
1355:177
1318:doi
1260:doi
1248:523
1208:doi
1196:510
1157:doi
1145:150
1086:doi
1074:343
1038:doi
953:hdl
945:doi
893:doi
854:doi
800:doi
788:595
743:hdl
733:doi
721:158
540:fog
267:):
183:of
175:of
140:in
132:or
91:VEI
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990:^
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842:96
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