2126:; these particles are primarily hadrons. It is less precise, both in energy magnitude and in the localization (within about 0.1 radians only). The energy-absorbing material is steel, with scintillating tiles that sample the energy deposited. Many of the features of the calorimeter are chosen for their cost-effectiveness; the instrument is large and comprises a huge amount of construction material: the main part of the calorimeter – the tile calorimeter – is 8 metres in diameter and covers 12 metres along the beam axis. The far-forward sections of the hadronic calorimeter are contained within the forward EM calorimeter's cryostat, and use liquid argon as well, while copper and tungsten are used as absorbers.
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the muon spectrometer. It was designed to measure, standalone, the momentum of 100 GeV muons with 3% accuracy and of 1 TeV muons with 10% accuracy. It was vital to go to the lengths of putting together such a large piece of equipment because a number of interesting physical processes can only be observed if one or more muons are detected, and because the total energy of particles in an event could not be measured if the muons were ignored. It functions similarly to the Inner
Detector, with muons curving so that their momentum can be measured, albeit with a different
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2733:. In order to decide which of the 100,000 events per second coming from L1 to save, specific analyses of each collision are carried out in 200 μs. The HLT uses limited regions of the detector, so-called Regions of Interest (RoI), to be reconstructed with the full detector granularity, including tracking, and allows matching of energy deposits to tracks. The HLT rejection factor is 100: after this step, the rate of events is reduced from 100 to 1
1977:. The detecting elements are drift tubes (straws), each four millimetres in diameter and up to 144 centimetres long. The uncertainty of track position measurements (position resolution) is about 200 micrometres. This is not as precise as those for the other two detectors, but it was necessary to reduce the cost of covering a larger volume and to have transition radiation detection capability. Each straw is filled with gas that becomes
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SCT is the most critical part of the inner detector for basic tracking in the plane perpendicular to the beam, since it measures particles over a much larger area than the Pixel
Detector, with more sampled points and roughly equal (albeit one-dimensional) accuracy. It is composed of four double layers of silicon strips, and has 6.3 million readout channels and a total area of 61 square meters.
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1659:, have not detected sufficient CP violation in the Standard Model to explain the lack of detectable antimatter in the universe. It is possible that new models of physics will introduce additional CP violation, shedding light on this problem. Evidence supporting these models might either be detected directly by the production of new particles, or indirectly by measurements of the properties of B- and D-
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36:
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The minute pixel size is designed for extremely precise tracking very close to the interaction point. In total, the Pixel
Detector has over 92 million readout channels, which is about 50% of the total readout channels of the whole detector. Having such a large count created a considerable design and
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The ATLAS Collaboration, the international group of physicists belonging to different universities and research centres who built and run the detector, was formed in 1992 when the proposed EAGLE (Experiment for
Accurate Gamma, Lepton and Energy Measurements) and ASCOT (Apparatus with Super Conducting
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is Roger Ruber, a researcher from
Uppsala University, Sweden. Ruber, one of the researchers responsible for the ATLAS detector's central cryostat magnet, was inspecting the magnets in the LHC tunnel at the same time Maximilien Brice, the photographer, was setting up to photograph the ATLAS detector.
1981:
when a charged particle passes through. The straws are held at about −1,500 V, driving the negative ions to a fine wire down the centre of each straw, producing a current pulse (signal) in the wire. The wires with signals create a pattern of 'hit' straws that allow the path of the particle to
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The extent of this sub-detector starts at a radius of 4.25 m close to the calorimeters out to the full radius of the detector (11 m). Its tremendous size is required to accurately measure the momentum of muons, which first go through all the other elements of the detector before reaching
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The Semi-Conductor
Tracker (SCT) is the middle component of the inner detector. It is similar in concept and function to the Pixel Detector but with long, narrow strips rather than small pixels, making coverage of a larger area practical. Each strip measures 80 micrometres by 12 centimetres. The
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of the collision. Since then, the LHC energy has been increasing: 1.8 TeV at the end of 2009, 7 TeV for the whole of 2010 and 2011, then 8 TeV in 2012. The first data-taking period performed between 2010 and 2012 is referred to as Run I. After a long shutdown (LS1) in 2013 and 2014,
3347:, Guidebook Part 2 page 59, Accessed 7 Oct. 2013, "...Standard Model of Particle Physics: The modern theory of elementary particles and their interactions ... It does not, strictly speaking, include gravity, although it's often convenient to include gravitons among the known particles of nature..."
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The Inner
Detector begins a few centimetres from the proton beam axis, extends to a radius of 1.2 metres, and is 6.2 metres in length along the beam pipe. Its basic function is to track charged particles by detecting their interaction with material at discrete points, revealing detailed
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Each of these is in turn made of multiple layers. The detectors are complementary: the Inner
Detector tracks particles precisely, the calorimeters measure the energy of easily stopped particles, and the muon system makes additional measurements of highly penetrating muons. The two magnet systems
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configuration, lower spatial precision, and a much larger volume. It also serves the function of simply identifying muons – very few particles of other types are expected to pass through the calorimeters and subsequently leave signals in the Muon
Spectrometer. It has roughly one million readout
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The installation of all the above detector systems was finished in August 2008. The detectors collected millions of cosmic rays during the magnet repairs which took place between fall 2008 and fall 2009, prior to the first proton collisions. The detector operated with close to 100% efficiency and
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The ATLAS detector is designed to be general-purpose. Rather than focusing on a particular physical process, ATLAS is designed to measure the broadest possible range of signals. This is intended to ensure that whatever form any new physical processes or particles might take, ATLAS will be able to
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In March 2013, in the light of the updated ATLAS and CMS results, CERN announced that the new particle was indeed a Higgs boson. The experiments were also able to show that the properties of the particle as well as the ways it interacts with other particles were well-matched with those of a Higgs
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magnetic field surrounding the Inner
Detector. This high magnetic field allows even very energetic particles to curve enough for their momentum to be determined, and its nearly uniform direction and strength allow measurements to be made very precisely. Particles with momenta below roughly 400
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The Level 1 trigger (L1), implemented in custom hardware at the detector site. The decision to save or reject an event data is made in less than 2.5 μs. It uses reduced granularity information from the calorimeters and the muon spectrometer, and reduces the rate of events in the read-out from
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in 1995, had been measured approximately. With much greater energy and greater collision rates, the LHC produces a tremendous number of top quarks, allowing ATLAS to make much more precise measurements of its mass and interactions with other particles. These measurements provide indirect
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ATLAS detector under construction in October 2004 in the experiment pit. Construction was completed in 2008 and ATLAS has been successfully collecting data since November 2009, when colliding beam operation at the LHC started. Note the people in the background, for size
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where the particle beams collide, the detector is designed in layers made up of detectors of different types, each of which is designed to observe specific types of particles. The different traces that particles leave in each layer of the detector allow for effective
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barrel loops and two smaller end-caps air toroidal magnets, for a total of 24 barrel loops all situated outside the calorimeters and within the muon system. This magnetic field extends in an area 26 metres long and 20 metres in diameter, and it stores
2086:, which include charged particles and photons. It has high precision, both in the amount of energy absorbed and in the precise location of the energy deposited. The angle between the particle's trajectory and the detector's beam axis (or more precisely the
1753:, were also designed for general-purpose detection. However, the beam energy and extremely high rate of collisions require ATLAS to be significantly larger and more complex than previous experiments, presenting unique challenges of the Large Hadron Collider.
1774:.) As the energy of the particles produced by the accelerator increases, the detectors attached to it must grow to effectively measure and stop higher-energy particles. As of 2022, the ATLAS detector is the largest ever built at a particle collider.
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surrounding the entire inner detector causes charged particles to curve; the direction of the curve reveals a particle's charge and the degree of curvature reveals its momentum. The starting points of the tracks yield useful information for
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where the proton beams from the LHC collide. Maintaining detector performance in the high radiation areas immediately surrounding the proton beams is a significant engineering challenge. The detector can be divided into four major systems:
1635:, might leave a similar signature. The data collected up to the end of LHC Run II do not show evidence of supersymmetric or unexpected particles, the research of which will continue in the data that will be collected from Run III onwards.
2669:. Since such a bus architecture cannot keep up with the data requirements of the LHC detectors, all the ATLAS data acquisition systems rely on high-speed point-to-point links and switching networks. Even with advanced
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for these tasks has been under development for many years, and refinements are ongoing, even after data collection has begun. Individuals and groups within the collaboration are continuously writing their own
245:(the European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland. The experiment is designed to take advantage of the unprecedented energy available at the LHC and observe phenomena that involve highly massive
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Brice asked Ruber to stand at the base of the detector to illustrate the scale of the ATLAS detector. This was revealed by Maximilien Brice, and confirmed by Roger Ruber during interviews in 2020 with
2006:), and because particles of a particular energy have a higher speed the lighter they are, particle paths with many very strong signals can be identified as belonging to the lightest charged particles:
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that surrounds the Inner Detector. Their purpose is to measure the energy from particles by absorbing it. There are two basic calorimeter systems: an inner electromagnetic calorimeter and an outer
1104:. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists around the world, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon
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have joined in subsequent years. Construction work began at individual institutions, with detector components then being shipped to CERN and assembled in the ATLAS experiment pit starting in 2003.
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1912:; for example, if a group of tracks seem to originate from a point other than the original proton–proton collision, this may be a sign that the particles came from the decay of a hadron with a
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On July 4, 2012, ATLAS — together with CMS, its sister experiment at the LHC — reported evidence for the existence of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson at a confidence level of 5
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to perform further analyses of these objects, searching the patterns of detected particles for particular physical models or hypothetical particles. This activity requires processing 25
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of raw data per second. By avoiding to write empty segments of each event (zero suppression), which do not contain physical information, the average size of an event is reduced to 1.6
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1211:, the experimental work of ATLAS has focused on precision measurements, aimed at determining with ever greater accuracy the many physical parameters of theory. In particular for
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The ATLAS detector uses two large superconducting magnet systems to bend the trajectory of charged particles, so that their momenta can be measured. This bending is due to the
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and stable heavy particles that are very unlikely to interact with ordinary matter. The stable particles would escape the detector, leaving as a signal one or more high-energy
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of energy. Its magnetic field is not uniform, because a solenoid magnet of sufficient size would be prohibitively expensive to build. It varies between 2 and 8 Teslameters.
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project interrupted in 1993. The ATLAS experiment was proposed in its current form in 1994, and officially funded by the CERN member countries in 1995. Additional countries,
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is designed to measure neutral particles on-axis to the beam, and located at 140 m from the IP in the LHC tunnel where the two beams are split back into separate beam pipes;
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The design was a combination of two previous projects for LHC, EAGLE and ASCOT, and also benefitted from the detector research and development that had been done for the
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in 2015 ATLAS saw 13 TeV collisions. The second data-taking period, Run II, was completed, always at 13 TeV energy, at the end of 2018 with a recorded integrated
383:. On 23 November 2009, the first proton–proton collisions occurred at the LHC and were recorded by ATLAS, at a relatively low injection energy of 900 GeV in the
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will be curved so strongly that they will loop repeatedly in the field and most likely not be measured; however, this energy is very small compared to the several
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and other electronic components. The smallest unit that can be read out is a pixel (50 by 400 micrometres); there are roughly 47,000 pixels per module.
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is the first of these detectors designed to measure luminosity, and located in the ATLAS cavern at 17 m from the interaction point between the two muon endcaps;
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produced by the Large Hadron Collider interact in the center of the detector, a variety of different particles with a broad range of energies are produced.
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is being used extensively for event reconstruction, allowing the parallel use of university and laboratory computer networks throughout the world for the
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of energy – enough to produce particles with masses significantly greater than any particles currently known, if these particles exist. When the proton
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The Pixel Detector, the innermost part of the detector, contains four concentric layers and three disks on each end-cap, with a total of 1,744
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The ATLAS detector is 46 metres long, 25 metres in diameter, and weighs about 7,000 tonnes; it contains some 3,000 km of cable.
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Most of the currently proposed theories predict new higher-mass particles, some of which may be light enough to be observed by ATLAS. Models of
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The TRT (Transition Radiation Tracker) central section, the outermost part of the Inner Detector, assembled above ground and taking data from
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396:). A second long shutdown (LS2) in 2019-22 with upgrades to the ATLAS detector was followed by Run III, which started in July 2022.
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The ATLAS detector is complemented by a set of four sub-detectors in the forward region to measure particles at very small angles.
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gas is used to increase the number of straws with strong signals. Since the amount of transition radiation is greatest for highly
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The High Level Trigger trigger (HLT), implemented in software, uses a computer battery consisting of approximately 40,000
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information on the details of the Standard Model, with the possibility of revealing inconsistencies that point to new physics.
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is performed on all permanently stored events, turning the pattern of signals from the detector into physics objects, such as
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to retain for detailed analysis. In the second data-taking period of the LHC, Run-2, there were two distinct trigger levels:
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information about the types of particles and their momentum. The Inner Detector has three parts, which are explained below.
1340:, with a mass around 125 GeV, or 133 times the proton mass. This new "Higgs-like" particle was detected by its decay into two
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to which the Pixel Detector is exposed because of its proximity to the interaction point, requiring that all components be
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for data reading and storage, the ATLAS detector generates too much raw data to read out or store everything: about 25
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558:(LHC). For the processes already known, it is a matter of measuring more and more accurately the properties of known
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Aad, G.; (ATLAS Collaboration); et al. (2010). "Performance of the ATLAS Detector using First Collision Data".
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Tanaka, J.; Yamamura, T.; Asai, S.; Kanzaki, J. (2005). "Study of Black Holes with the ATLAS detector at the LHC".
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The ends of four of the eight ATLAS toroid magnets, looking down from about 90 metres above, in September 2005
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In October 2013, two of the theoretical physicists who predicted the existence of the Standard Model Higgs boson,
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is designed to measure elastic proton scattering located at 240 m just before the bending magnets of the LHC arc.
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314:. Since then, accelerators have grown enormously in the quest to produce new particles of greater and greater
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The Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT), the outermost component of the inner detector, is a combination of a
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detect them and measure their properties. ATLAS is designed to detect these particles, namely their masses,
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Toroids) collaborations merged their efforts to build a single, general-purpose particle detector for a new
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1485:. Analysis of more properties of the particle and data collected in 2015 and 2016 confirmed this further.
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show the main ways that the Standard Model Higgs boson can be produced from colliding protons at the LHC.
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beam events on 10 September of that year. Data-taking was then interrupted for over a year due to an LHC
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Large Hadron Collider Project Director Dr Lyn Evans CBE on the engineering behind the ATLAS experiment,
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calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that pass through the EM calorimeter, but do interact via the
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and accurate measurements of energy and momentum. (The role of each layer in the detector is discussed
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One of the most important goals of ATLAS was to investigate a missing piece of the Standard Model, the
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2737:. The remaining data, corresponding to about 1,000 events per second, are stored for further analyses.
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3207:. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. Vol. 30. World Scientific. 2018-05-05.
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to another, which dictates that they have a mass other than zero. For these and other reasons, many
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2094:. The barrel EM calorimeter has accordion shaped electrodes and the energy-absorbing materials are
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is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated huge successes in providing
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D. A. Scannicchio (2010). "ATLAS Trigger and Data Acquisition: Capabilities and commissioning".
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Harris, C.M.; Palmer, M.J.; Parker, M.A.; Richardson, P.; Sabetfakhri, A.; Webber, B.R. (2005).
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A set of 1200 chambers measuring with high spatial precision the tracks of the outgoing muons;
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For example, the data collected by ATLAS made it possible in 2018 to measure the mass of the
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had been observed by previous experiments. In this field, in addition to the discovery of the
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Earlier particle detector read-out and event detection systems were based on parallel shared
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to be measured. The only established stable particles that cannot be detected directly are
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The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics
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accelerators. ATLAS was one of the two LHC experiments involved in the discovery of the
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The ATLAS detector consists of a series of ever-larger concentric cylinders around the
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Computer generated cut-away view of the ATLAS detector showing its various components.
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system uses fast event reconstruction to identify, in real time, the most interesting
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channels, and its layers of detectors have a total area of 12,000 square meters.
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339:. At present, the ATLAS Collaboration involves 6,003 members, out of which 3,822 are
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Regina Moles-Valls (2010). "Alignment of the ATLAS inner detector tracking system".
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involve new, highly massive particles. In many cases these decay into high-energy
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particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational
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The experiment is a collaboration involving 6,003 members, out of which 3,822 are
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The electromagnetic (EM) calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that interact
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Construction was completed in 2008 and the experiment detected its first single
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of the particle. As a result, high-momentum particles curve very little (large
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3009:"CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson"
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This article is about the LHC detector at CERN. For other experiments, see
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particles in the Inner Detector and the Muon Spectrometer, allowing their
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3130:"Eight Things To Know As The Large Hadron Collider Breaks Energy Records"
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two beams of protons together, with each proton carrying up to 6.8
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3477:"Exploring higher dimensional black holes at the Large Hadron Collider"
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collisions are traveling at very close to the speed of light in vacuum
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1008:
773:
550:, ATLAS studies different types of processes detected or detectable in
4078:(The "award winning ATLAS movie" is a very good general introduction!)
2638:
is designed to tag diffractive events, and located at 204 m and 217 m;
1879:
provided performance characteristics very close to its design values.
1683:
could be formed by the LHC. These would decay immediately by means of
1128:. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of
4272:
4038:
3902:
3662:
3453:
3320:
2605:
2555:
1945:
1917:
1676:
1509:
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299:
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2110:
is required around the EM calorimeter to keep it sufficiently cool.
343:(last update: June 26, 2022) from 257 institutions in 42 countries.
276:(last update: June 26, 2022) from 257 institutions in 42 countries.
96:
Total Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation
4774:
4007:
N. V. Krasnikov; V. A. Matveev (September 1997). "Physics at LHC".
3422:
N. V. Krasnikov; V. A. Matveev (September 1997). "Physics at LHC".
2775:
2694:
2690:
2674:
2571:
2559:
2511:
2141:
is an extremely large tracking system, consisting of three parts:
2107:
2063:
2027:
2011:
2007:
1868:
1864:
1746:
1731:
1710:
1628:
1550:
1538:
1513:
1097:
258:
3714:
3622:
3212:
1982:
be determined. Between the straws, materials with widely varying
460:
2666:
1933:
1274:
1093:
570:
or to have confirmation of physical theories that go beyond the
306:
in 1931, with a radius of just a few centimetres and a particle
4454:
2763:
2759:
2662:
2596:
2296:
2119:
2091:
2059:
2034:
1735:
1558:
1534:
1374:
1341:
1330:
1073:
551:
376:
307:
250:
153:
4132:
3997:
ATLAS Detector and Physics Performance Technical Design Report
2177:
4524:
4394:
3868:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
3702:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
3667:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
2103:
2022:
1995:
1991:
1660:
1652:
1617:
1530:
1109:
257:
in July 2012. It was also designed to search for evidence of
4006:
3961:
Smethurst, Rebecca (University of Oxford) (March 11, 2020).
3474:
3421:
2685:) in the center of the detector. This produces a total of 1
1952:
in order to continue operating after significant exposures.
1887:
1466:{\displaystyle H\rightarrow WW^{*}\rightarrow e\nu \mu \nu }
4449:
4444:
4273:
4000:
3012:
2534:), while low-momentum particles curve significantly (small
2151:
A set of triggering chambers with accurate time-resolution.
2135:
2095:
2030:
calorimeter, waiting to be moved inside the toroid magnets.
1844:
1707:
1664:
1597:
1562:
1542:
1244:
1203:
experiments in 2012, all of the particles predicted by the
315:
242:
157:
4133:
The ATLAS Collaboration, G Aad; et al. (2008-08-14).
3361:"ATLAS and CMS experiments shed light on Higgs properties"
3317:
An Introduction to Particle Physics and the Standard Model
1631:. Other hypothetical massive particles, like those in the
3533:
3181:"LuminosityPublicResultsRun2 < AtlasPublic < TWiki"
2584:
2580:
1978:
468:
The ATLAS Collaboration is currently led by Spokesperson
4135:"The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider"
3607:
3343:
Sean Carroll, PhD, Caltech, 2007, The Teaching Company,
2889:"The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider"
2599:
magnetic field is produced by eight very large air-core
2050:
The extended barrel section of the hadronic calorimeter.
3964:
I found the man in the most famous physics picture ever
3345:
Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The Dark Side of the Universe
2038:
One of the sections of the extensions of the hadronic
1986:
cause ultra-relativistic charged particles to produce
302:, an early type of particle accelerator, was built by
35:
2540:
2520:
2479:
2434:
2407:
2367:
2344:
2305:
2261:
2238:
2218:
2198:
2026:
September 2005: The main barrel section of the ATLAS
1596:(SUSY), predicts the existence of new particles with
1428:
1383:
1350:
4780:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
3992:
CERN: The Atlas Experiment. Retrieved on 2007-04-10
3588:"World's largest superconducting magnet switches on"
2726:. The L1 rejection factor in therefore equal to 400.
2145:
A magnetic field provided by three toroidal magnets;
1545:
of these particles are so different (they differ by
40:
Plan of the LHC experiments and the preaccelerators.
4216:"ATLAS celebrates results of 1000 collision papers"
4112:
United States Department of Energy article on ATLAS
3900:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2887:Aad, G.; et al. (ATLAS Collaboration) (2008).
1761:In order to identify all particles produced at the
346:
4073:
3699:
3283:
2626:LUCID (LUminosity Cherenkov Integrating Detector)
2546:
2526:
2499:
2462:
2413:
2390:
2350:
2335:is about the same for all the particles with same
2323:
2284:
2244:
2224:
2204:
1679:, involve large extra dimensions and predict that
1465:
1414:
1365:
3865:
1990:and leave much stronger signals in some straws.
1944:engineering challenge. Another challenge was the
1643:The asymmetry between the behavior of matter and
1572:determined that neutrinos can oscillate from one
1415:{\displaystyle H\rightarrow ZZ^{*}\rightarrow 4l}
4862:
4003:: The Atlas Experiment. Retrieved on 2007-04-10
3763:Hugging, F. (2006). "The ATLAS pixel detector".
2941:
2795:The researcher pictured for scale in the famous
1588:scale or higher. Most alternative theories, the
3738:
3417:
3415:
3161:"ATLAS Begins Recording Physics Data at 13 TeV"
3057:
3055:
2042:, waiting to be inserted in late February 2006.
1964:
1724:
600:
4087:(Lots of technical and logistical information)
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2173:The eight toroid magnets of the ATLAS detector
2077:
1811: (4) Transition Radiation Tracker
1745:Experiments at earlier colliders, such as the
284:
249:which were not observable using earlier lower-
4258:
4107:New York Times article on LHC and experiments
3809:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2587:of energy released in each proton collision.
2014:. The TRT has about 298,000 straws in total.
1045:
562:or finding quantitative confirmations of the
318:. As accelerators have grown, so too has the
3412:
3355:
3353:
3052:
2002:particles (those with a speed very near the
1793: (1) Forward regions (End-caps)
1520:
3832:
3830:
3762:
3003:
3001:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
1366:{\displaystyle H\rightarrow \gamma \gamma }
1153:complete theory of fundamental interactions
464:Andreas Hoecker, Project Leader since 2021.
4274:European Organization for Nuclear Research
4265:
4251:
3660:
3378:
3376:
3337:
3290:(Kindle ed.). Penguin Group. p.
2814:
2295:Since all particles produced in the LHC's
1822: (7) Liquid Argon Calorimeter
1670:
1541:should exist, it does not explain why the
1124:(2012) have added further credence to the
1052:
1038:
4166:
4020:
3776:
3713:
3621:
3547:
3510:
3492:
3435:
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3281:
2924:
2914:
2493:
2489:
2450:
2381:
2377:
2275:
2271:
1955:
1190:
1175:. The model does not contain any viable
3907:Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings
3827:
3026:
2998:
2976:
2863:
2677:per raw event, multiplied by 40 million
2176:
2168:
2045:
2033:
2021:
1886:
1813: (5) Semi-Conductor Tracker
1781:
1296:
459:
322:that they might be used to investigate.
288:
116:Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC
3373:
3314:
2746:ATLAS permanently records more than 10
2189:, whose modulus is proportional to the
1503:
541:
4863:
4056:Monica Lynn Dunford and Peter Jenni,
3580:
3142:"ATLAS Completes First Year at 13 TeV"
3110:"First beam and first events in ATLAS"
1788:
1169:accelerating expansion of the universe
325:
4749:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
4246:
3941:"Trigger and Data Acquisition System"
3237:"ATLAS moves into top gear for Run 3"
2641:ALFA (Absolute Luminosity For ATLAS)
2113:
1771:
370:
4196:"ATLAS at the Large Hadron Collider"
4083:Official ATLAS Collaboration Webpage
3933:
3903:"ATLAS Run-2 status and performance"
3765:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
2611:
2463:{\displaystyle r={\frac {p}{q\,B}}.}
2129:
2058:are situated outside the solenoidal
1195:With the important exception of the
4812:The Globe of Science and Innovation
4193:
2886:
2741:
2562:can be determined from this value.
2558:can be quantified and the particle
1936:. Each module contains 16 readout
1806:
1777:
1584:will break down at energies at the
1100:, as well as classifying all known
1076:describing three of the four known
13:
3983:
3855:The ATLAS Forward Detector project
2652:
2565:
1824: (8) Tile Calorimeter
1797:
1277:, one of the two mediators of the
1250:channels of production, decay and
1112:. Since then, confirmation of the
596:
480:. Former Spokespersons have been:
14:
4892:
4102:ATLAS section from US/LHC Website
4067:
3927:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2016.02.002
3590:(Press release). CERN. 2006-11-20
3259:"ATLAS: now under new management"
2700:
2590:
1923:
1882:
1817:
1804: (3) Solenoid Magnet
1756:
1690:
1477:boson, which is expected to have
718:Physics beyond the Standard Model
577:
4845:
4844:
4342:Large Electron–Positron Collider
4097:Time lapse video of the assembly
2391:{\displaystyle F\simeq q\,c\,B.}
2164:
2106:as the sampling material, and a
1815: (6) Pixel Detector
1802: (2) Toroid Magnets
1751:Large Electron–Positron Collider
1607:
1580:believe it is possible that the
1549:). Furthermore, the mass of the
1199:, detected by the ATLAS and the
347:Detector design and construction
136:Scattering and Neutrino Detector
34:
4187:, by an ATLAS-scientist at the
4009:Physics of Particles and Nuclei
3954:
3894:
3859:
3848:
3756:
3693:
3654:
3601:
3527:
3468:
3424:Physics of Particles and Nuclei
3394:
3308:
3275:
3251:
3229:
3197:
3173:
3154:
3135:
3123:
2647:
2500:{\displaystyle p=\gamma \,m\,v}
2017:
1795: (1) Barrel region
1638:
1183:. It also does not incorporate
229:is the largest general-purpose
86:A Large Ion Collider Experiment
4062:doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.32147
3481:Journal of High Energy Physics
3102:
3087:. CERN Archive. Archived from
3077:
2631:ZDC (Zero Degree Calorimeter)
2318:
2306:
2212:of the particle, to its speed
1675:Some hypotheses, based on the
1565:. In 1998 research results at
1557:, exactly zero as that of the
1448:
1432:
1403:
1387:
1354:
1292:
353:Superconducting Super Collider
1:
4832:Scientific committees of CERN
4159:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08003
4074:Official ATLAS Public Webpage
3512:10.1088/1126-6708/2005/05/053
3085:"ATLAS Collaboration records"
2916:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08003
2807:
2804:of the University of Oxford.
1975:transition radiation detector
1092:interactions, while omitting
662:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
455:
4797:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
3901:ATLAS collaboration (2016).
3566:10.1140/epjcd/s2005-02-008-x
2618:ATLAS Forward Proton Project
1965:Transition Radiation Tracker
1725:General-purpose requirements
1553:should be, according to the
1155:. It does not fully explain
7:
4726:Non-accelerator experiments
4509:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
4181:(Full design documentation)
3536:European Physical Journal C
3384:"Introduction and Overview"
2636:AFP (Atlas Forward Proton)
2324:{\displaystyle (v\simeq c)}
2078:Electromagnetic calorimeter
1257:interaction mechanisms and
1187:and their non-zero masses.
1151:and falls short of being a
285:Particle accelerator growth
10:
4897:
4139:Journal of Instrumentation
3888:10.1016/j.nima.2009.06.114
3732:10.1016/j.nima.2009.09.101
3687:10.1016/j.nima.2009.08.068
3034:"CERN and the Higgs boson"
2966:"Overall detector concept"
2894:Journal of Instrumentation
2750:of data per year. Offline
2615:
2285:{\displaystyle F=q\,v\,B.}
1561:. Instead, neutrinos have
692:Standard Model mathematics
392:of nearly 140 fb (inverse
279:
169:Proton Synchrotron Booster
18:
4840:
4827:Directors-general of CERN
4767:
4741:
4725:
4637:
4563:
4517:
4463:
4379:
4340:
4281:
4194:Padilla, Antonio (Tony).
3990:ATLAS Technical Proposal.
2790:
2010:and their antiparticles,
1738:, lifetime, charges, and
1521:Beyond the Standard model
1171:as possibly described by
1106:experimental confirmation
472:and Deputy Spokespersons
184:
174:
164:
145:
140:
130:
126:ForwArd Search ExpeRiment
120:
110:
100:
90:
80:
70:
60:
50:
45:
33:
4759:Future Circular Collider
4381:Super Proton Synchrotron
4208:University of Nottingham
3842:ATLAS Technical Proposal
3821:ATLAS Technical Proposal
3750:ATLAS Technical Proposal
3406:ATLAS Technical Proposal
3388:ATLAS Technical Proposal
2970:ATLAS Technical Proposal
2401:The radius of curvature
1373:) and its decay to four
1145:experimental predictions
189:Super Proton Synchrotron
56:A Toroidal LHC Apparatus
4754:Compact Linear Collider
4390:List of SPS experiments
4351:List of LEP experiments
4292:List of LHC experiments
3795:10.1109/TNS.2006.871506
3640:10.1007/JHEP09(2010)056
2252:of the magnetic field:
2066:calorimeter. Both are
1768:particle identification
1671:Microscopic black holes
1329:mass while leaving the
1283:measurement uncertainty
1159:, incorporate the full
680:Electroweak interaction
320:list of known particles
3112:. Atlas.ch. 2008-09-10
3036:. CERN. Archived from
2548:
2528:
2501:
2464:
2415:
2392:
2352:
2325:
2286:
2246:
2226:
2206:
2182:
2174:
2051:
2043:
2031:
1956:Semi-Conductor Tracker
1896:
1826:
1624:and a large amount of
1600:greater than those of
1590:Grand Unified Theories
1586:teraelectronvolt (TeV)
1508:The properties of the
1498:Nobel Prize in Physics
1467:
1416:
1367:
1306:
1191:Precision measurements
684:Quantum chromodynamics
628:
465:
381:magnet quench incident
312:megaelectronvolt (MeV)
295:
21:Atlas (disambiguation)
4876:Large Hadron Collider
4283:Large Hadron Collider
2616:Further information:
2549:
2529:
2502:
2465:
2416:
2393:
2353:
2326:
2287:
2247:
2232:and to the intensity
2227:
2207:
2180:
2172:
2068:sampling calorimeters
2049:
2037:
2025:
1984:indices of refraction
1910:identifying particles
1890:
1785:
1704:Large Hadron Collider
1468:
1417:
1368:
1300:
1185:neutrino oscillations
1167:, or account for the
1161:theory of gravitation
1149:phenomena unexplained
1136:with great accuracy.
1130:weak neutral currents
714:Neutrino oscillations
634:of the Standard Model
627:
556:Large Hadron Collider
463:
337:Large Hadron Collider
292:
235:Large Hadron Collider
66:Compact Muon Solenoid
27:Large Hadron Collider
4881:Particle experiments
4802:Microcosm exhibition
4504:30 cm Bubble Chamber
4189:Niels Bohr Institute
4092:ATLAS Cavern Webcams
4054:The Atlas Experiment
2797:ATLAS detector image
2787:of data every week.
2752:event reconstruction
2697:of data per second.
2693:, for a total of 64
2538:
2518:
2477:
2432:
2405:
2365:
2342:
2303:
2259:
2236:
2216:
2196:
1988:transition radiation
1504:Top quark properties
1426:
1381:
1348:
1108:of the existence of
1102:elementary particles
654:Quantum field theory
632:Elementary particles
542:Experimental program
333:particle accelerator
239:particle accelerator
214:46.23556°N 6.05528°E
4518:Linear accelerators
4185:LEGO model of ATLAS
4151:2008JInst...3S8003A
4128:magazine, June 2008
4031:1997PPN....28..441K
3946:ATLAS collaboration
3919:2016NPPP..270....3P
3880:2010NIMPA.617..306S
3787:2006ITNS...53.1732H
3724:2010NIMPA.617..568M
3679:2010NIMPA.617...48P
3661:F. Pastore (2010).
3632:2010JHEP...09..056A
3558:2005EPJC...41...19T
3503:2005JHEP...05..053H
3446:1997PPN....28..441K
3402:"Top-Quark Physics"
3063:"The Collaboration"
3040:on 23 November 2016
2907:2008JInst...3S8003A
2849:"ATLAS Fact Sheets"
2084:electromagnetically
1633:Kaluza–Klein theory
1578:particle physicists
1547:orders of magnitude
1496:, were awarded the
1301:Schematics, called
1267:strong interactions
326:ATLAS Collaboration
210: /
150:Linear accelerators
141:LHC preaccelerators
30:
16:CERN LHC experiment
4821:(2013 documentary)
4564:Other accelerators
4499:2 m Bubble Chamber
4465:Proton Synchrotron
4145:(S08003): S08003.
4117:2021-03-01 at the
3282:R. Oerter (2006).
3239:. 16 December 2022
3166:2016-03-05 at the
3147:2016-01-17 at the
2984:"ATLAS Experiment"
2544:
2524:
2497:
2460:
2411:
2388:
2348:
2321:
2282:
2242:
2222:
2202:
2183:
2175:
2114:Hadron calorimeter
2052:
2044:
2032:
1950:radiation hardened
1897:
1895:in September 2005.
1827:
1463:
1412:
1363:
1307:
1259:coupling constants
1165:general relativity
1078:fundamental forces
629:
554:collisions at the
466:
371:Detector operation
304:Ernest O. Lawrence
296:
233:experiment at the
179:Proton Synchrotron
26:
4858:
4857:
4610:LPI (LIL and EPA)
3330:978-1-4200-8298-2
3301:978-0-13-236678-6
3222:978-981-327-179-1
2802:Rebecca Smethurst
2612:Forward detectors
2554:). The amount of
2547:{\displaystyle r}
2527:{\displaystyle r}
2455:
2414:{\displaystyle r}
2351:{\displaystyle q}
2245:{\displaystyle B}
2225:{\displaystyle v}
2205:{\displaystyle q}
2130:Muon Spectrometer
1831:interaction point
1789:Muon Spectrometer
1763:interaction point
1698:At 27 km in
1685:Hawking radiation
1681:micro black holes
1592:(GUTs) including
1147:, it leaves some
1062:
1061:
710:Hierarchy problem
706:Strong CP problem
539:
538:
453:
452:
231:particle detector
219:46.23556; 6.05528
194:
193:
165:(not marked)
4888:
4871:CERN experiments
4848:
4847:
4822:
4768:Related articles
4716:
4628:
4599:
4576:AC (part of AAC)
4571:AA (part of AAC)
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4039:10.1134/1.953049
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3976:
3974:
3972:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3874:(1/3): 306–309.
3863:
3857:
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3845:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3780:
3771:(6): 1732–1736.
3760:
3754:
3753:
3746:"Inner detector"
3742:
3736:
3735:
3717:
3708:(1–3): 568–570.
3697:
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3334:
3315:R. Mann (2010).
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2742:Analysis process
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2228:
2223:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
1861:electric charges
1778:Detector systems
1570:Super-Kamiokande
1512:, discovered at
1494:François Englert
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1447:
1446:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1323:electromagnetism
1303:Feynman diagrams
1279:weak interaction
1240:ATLAS measures:
1163:as described by
1157:baryon asymmetry
1120:(2000), and the
1070:particle physics
1054:
1047:
1040:
646:Particle physics
599:
590:particle physics
582:
581:
548:particle physics
546:In the field of
511:Fabiola Gianotti
483:
482:
478:Manuella Vincter
399:
398:
263:particle physics
225:
224:
222:
221:
220:
215:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
38:
31:
25:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4836:
4820:
4807:Streets in CERN
4763:
4742:Future projects
4737:
4721:
4712:
4633:
4626:
4595:
4559:
4513:
4459:
4375:
4336:
4277:
4271:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4119:Wayback Machine
4070:
3986:
3984:Further reading
3981:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3950:. October 2019.
3939:
3938:
3934:
3899:
3895:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3849:
3838:"Magnet system"
3836:
3835:
3828:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3778:physics/0412138
3761:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3698:
3694:
3659:
3655:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3532:
3528:
3473:
3469:
3420:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3168:Wayback Machine
3159:
3155:
3149:Wayback Machine
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2942:
2885:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2815:
2810:
2793:
2744:
2703:
2681:per second (40
2655:
2653:Data generation
2650:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2601:superconducting
2593:
2574:produces a two
2568:
2566:Solenoid Magnet
2539:
2536:
2535:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:electric charge
2304:
2301:
2300:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:electric charge
2167:
2132:
2116:
2100:stainless steel
2080:
2072:particle shower
2020:
1967:
1958:
1926:
1885:
1838:Inner Detector;
1825:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1759:
1727:
1693:
1673:
1641:
1610:
1523:
1506:
1481:0 and positive
1442:
1438:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1315:Higgs mechanism
1295:
1193:
1082:electromagnetic
1058:
1029:
1028:
729:
721:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
695:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
669:
668:
666:Higgs mechanism
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
635:
626:
597:
580:
544:
487:Friedrich Dydak
470:Andreas Hoecker
458:
373:
349:
328:
287:
282:
218:
216:
212:
209:
204:
201:
199:
197:
196:
46:LHC experiments
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4894:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4818:Particle Fever
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
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4729:
4727:
4723:
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4719:
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4700:
4695:
4690:
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4644:
4642:
4635:
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4632:
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4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
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4601:
4600:
4588:
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4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
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4552:
4547:
4542:
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4532:
4527:
4521:
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4515:
4514:
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4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
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4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4279:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4236:experiment on
4230:
4212:
4191:
4182:
4130:
4121:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4080:
4069:
4068:External links
4066:
4065:
4064:
4051:
4022:hep-ph/9703204
4015:(5): 441–470.
4004:
3993:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3953:
3932:
3893:
3858:
3847:
3826:
3808:
3755:
3737:
3692:
3673:(1/3): 48–51.
3653:
3600:
3579:
3549:hep-ph/0411095
3526:
3494:hep-ph/0411022
3467:
3437:hep-ph/9703204
3430:(5): 441–470.
3411:
3393:
3372:
3349:
3336:
3329:
3307:
3300:
3274:
3250:
3228:
3221:
3196:
3172:
3153:
3134:
3122:
3101:
3076:
3051:
3025:
2997:
2975:
2940:
2862:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2792:
2789:
2768:Grid computing
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2702:
2701:Trigger system
2699:
2679:beam crossings
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2613:
2610:
2592:
2591:Toroid Magnets
2589:
2567:
2564:
2543:
2523:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2410:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2384:
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2320:
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2314:
2311:
2308:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2241:
2221:
2201:
2166:
2163:
2158:magnetic field
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2131:
2128:
2115:
2112:
2102:, with liquid
2088:pseudorapidity
2079:
2076:
2019:
2016:
2004:speed of light
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1925:
1924:Pixel Detector
1922:
1905:magnetic field
1884:
1883:Inner Detector
1881:
1852:
1851:
1850:Magnet system.
1848:
1842:
1839:
1807:Inner Detector
1779:
1776:
1758:
1757:Layered design
1755:
1726:
1723:
1692:
1691:ATLAS detector
1689:
1672:
1669:
1640:
1637:
1609:
1606:
1602:Standard Model
1582:Standard Model
1555:Standard Model
1529:predicts that
1527:Standard Model
1522:
1519:
1505:
1502:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1327:W and Z bosons
1325:by giving the
1294:
1291:
1271:
1270:
1255:
1252:mean lifetimes
1248:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1223:W and Z bosons
1220:
1205:Standard Model
1192:
1189:
1141:Standard model
1134:W and Z bosons
1126:Standard model
1066:Standard model
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
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991:
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821:
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811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
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776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
650:Standard Model
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
630:
593:
592:
586:Standard Model
579:
578:Standard Model
576:
572:Standard model
564:Standard model
543:
540:
537:
536:
535:(2017 – 2021)
533:
527:
526:
525:(2013 – 2017)
523:
521:David Charlton
517:
516:
515:(2009 – 2013)
513:
507:
506:
505:(1995 – 2009)
503:
497:
496:
495:(1992 – 1995)
493:
457:
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451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
411:
410:
405:
403:Periods of LHC
385:center of mass
372:
369:
348:
345:
327:
324:
286:
283:
281:
278:
267:Standard Model
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:(Linac 4) and
147:
143:
142:
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58:
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54:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4893:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
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4851:
4843:
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4830:
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4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
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4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
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4744:
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4709:
4706:
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4406:
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4393:
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4388:
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4385:
4382:
4378:
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4369:
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4364:
4362:
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4357:
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4343:
4339:
4333:
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4328:
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4308:
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4300:
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4295:
4293:
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4280:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4200:Sixty Symbols
4197:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4168:2027.42/64167
4164:
4160:
4156:
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4148:
4144:
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4127:
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4095:
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4090:
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4081:
4079:
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4072:
4071:
4063:
4060:9(10):32147.
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3966:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3948:Research News
3947:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3844:. CERN. 1994.
3843:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3823:. CERN. 1994.
3822:
3818:
3817:"Calorimetry"
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3752:. CERN. 1994.
3751:
3747:
3741:
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3716:
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3696:
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3604:
3589:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3542:(s2): 19–33.
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3513:
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3500:
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3490:
3486:
3482:
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3463:
3459:
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3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3408:. CERN. 1994.
3407:
3403:
3397:
3390:. CERN. 1994.
3389:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3362:
3356:
3354:
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3340:
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3322:
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3278:
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3238:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3213:10.1142/11030
3210:
3206:
3200:
3186:
3185:twiki.cern.ch
3182:
3176:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3091:on 2007-01-01
3090:
3086:
3080:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3015:. 4 July 2012
3014:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2985:
2979:
2972:. CERN. 1994.
2971:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2926:2027.42/64167
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:(8): S08003.
2900:
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2890:
2883:
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2408:
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2187:Lorentz force
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2015:
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1971:straw tracker
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1849:
1847:Spectrometer;
1846:
1843:
1841:Calorimeters;
1840:
1837:
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1832:
1819:
1808:
1799:
1798:Magnet System
1790:
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1775:
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1740:nuclear spins
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1614:supersymmetry
1608:Supersymmetry
1605:
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1594:Supersymmetry
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1103:
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69:
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63:
59:
55:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
22:
4817:
4792:CERN openlab
4786:CERN Courier
4784:
4648:CERN-MEDICIS
4415:NA58/COMPASS
4301:
4223:. Retrieved
4219:
4199:
4142:
4138:
4125:
4086:
4077:
4058:Scholarpedia
4012:
4008:
3969:. Retrieved
3963:
3956:
3944:
3935:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3871:
3867:
3861:
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3749:
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3695:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3592:. Retrieved
3582:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3427:
3423:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3364:. Retrieved
3344:
3339:
3316:
3310:
3285:
3277:
3266:. Retrieved
3262:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3231:
3204:
3199:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:
3175:
3156:
3137:
3125:
3114:. Retrieved
3104:
3093:. Retrieved
3089:the original
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3042:. Retrieved
3038:the original
3028:
3017:. Retrieved
2988:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2898:
2892:
2853:. Retrieved
2794:
2745:
2722:to 100
2704:
2656:
2648:Data systems
2621:
2594:
2569:
2509:relativistic
2472:
2425:is equal to
2400:
2294:
2184:
2154:
2139:Spectrometer
2133:
2124:strong force
2117:
2081:
2067:
2056:calorimeters
2053:
2018:Calorimeters
2000:relativistic
1968:
1959:
1942:
1929:
1927:
1914:bottom quark
1902:
1898:
1877:
1853:
1828:
1818:Calorimeters
1760:
1744:
1728:
1697:
1694:
1674:
1649:CP violation
1642:
1639:CP violation
1611:
1524:
1507:
1487:
1475:
1335:
1308:
1272:
1239:
1194:
1138:
1118:tau neutrino
1116:(1995), the
1063:
676:Constituents
658:Gauge theory
545:
467:
407:
402:
374:
365:laboratories
361:universities
350:
329:
297:
271:
226:
195:
51:
4489:PS215/CLOUD
4238:INSPIRE-HEP
4232:Record for
4204:Brady Haran
3044:23 November
2671:electronics
2421:due to the
2040:calorimeter
1893:cosmic rays
1647:, known as
1490:Peter Higgs
1311:Higgs boson
1293:Higgs boson
1263:electroweak
1217:Higgs boson
1209:Higgs boson
1197:Higgs boson
1177:dark matter
1173:dark energy
1122:Higgs boson
854:Chamberlain
702:Limitations
531:Karl Jakobs
501:Peter Jenni
491:Peter Jenni
474:Marumi Kado
446:2022 – 2025
438:2019 – 2022
430:2015 – 2018
422:2013 – 2014
414:2010 – 2012
294:comparison.
265:beyond the
255:Higgs boson
217: /
106:LHC-forward
4865:Categories
4494:Gargamelle
4425:NA61/SHINE
4225:2021-08-03
3616:(9): 056.
3594:2016-11-23
3487:(5): 053.
3366:2016-11-23
3268:2021-03-31
3243:24 January
3190:2020-03-10
3116:2016-08-16
3095:2007-02-25
3069:27 January
3019:2016-11-23
2990:24 October
2855:27 January
2808:References
2606:gigajoules
2595:The outer
2570:The inner
1645:antimatter
1622:quark jets
1525:While the
1333:massless.
1319:weak force
824:Iliopoulos
734:Rutherford
728:Scientists
688:CKM matrix
642:Background
456:Leadership
390:luminosity
341:physicists
298:The first
274:physicists
76:LHC-beauty
4177:250683252
4047:118907038
3971:August 9,
3715:0910.5156
3648:118543167
3623:1005.5254
3574:119444406
3462:118907038
3321:CRC Press
2935:250683252
2785:petabytes
2748:petabytes
2604:1.6
2556:curvature
2487:γ
2372:≃
2313:≃
2012:positrons
2008:electrons
1946:radiation
1918:b-tagging
1869:neutrinos
1706:(LHC) at
1677:ADD model
1626:"missing"
1551:neutrinos
1539:neutrinos
1510:top quark
1461:ν
1458:μ
1455:ν
1449:→
1444:∗
1433:→
1404:→
1399:∗
1388:→
1361:γ
1358:γ
1355:→
1281:, with a
1181:cosmology
1114:top quark
1096:) in the
1014:de Mayolo
959:Schwinger
899:Kobayashi
789:Gell-Mann
754:Sudarshan
568:particles
560:particles
552:energetic
408:operation
394:femtobarn
300:cyclotron
247:particles
237:(LHC), a
202:46°14′8″N
160:(Linac 3)
4850:Category
4775:LHC@home
4688:Miniball
4683:LUCRECIA
4678:ISOLTRAP
4641:facility
4206:for the
4115:Archived
4085:at CERN
4076:at CERN
3803:47545925
3521:15199183
3164:Archived
3145:Archived
2776:software
2718:40
2695:terabyte
2687:petabyte
2661:such as
2597:toroidal
2572:solenoid
2560:momentum
2512:momentum
2108:cryostat
2064:hadronic
2028:hadronic
1873:hermetic
1747:Tevatron
1736:energies
1732:momentum
1711:collides
1629:momentum
1567:detector
1514:Fermilab
1132:and the
1098:universe
1004:Guralnik
949:Politzer
924:'t Hooft
879:Weinberg
874:Majorana
864:Schwartz
829:Lederman
814:Anderson
804:Friedman
764:Anderson
759:Davis Jr
744:Chadwick
449:Run III
259:theories
205:6°3′19″E
146:p and Pb
4693:MIRACLS
4653:COLLAPS
4550:Linac 3
4545:Linac 2
4147:Bibcode
4126:Ingenia
4027:Bibcode
3915:Bibcode
3913:: 3–7.
3876:Bibcode
3783:Bibcode
3720:Bibcode
3675:Bibcode
3628:Bibcode
3554:Bibcode
3499:Bibcode
3442:Bibcode
3065:. ATLAS
2903:Bibcode
2851:. ATLAS
2764:leptons
2760:photons
2707:trigger
2667:FASTBUS
2507:is the
2092:radians
1979:ionized
1934:silicon
1930:modules
1865:momenta
1857:charged
1535:leptons
1375:leptons
1342:photons
1313:. The
1285:of ±2.4
1275:W boson
1094:gravity
1072:is the
989:Englert
964:Wilczek
929:Veltman
904:Maskawa
859:Cabibbo
819:Glashow
794:Kendall
779:Feynman
739:Thomson
433:Run II
280:History
154:protons
4708:WISArD
4663:EC-SLI
4639:ISOLDE
4555:Linac4
4455:HOLEBC
4361:DELPHI
4322:MoEDAL
4276:(CERN)
4175:
4045:
3801:
3646:
3572:
3519:
3460:
3327:
3298:
3219:
2986:. CERN
2933:
2791:Trivia
2762:, and
2711:events
2663:VMEbus
2473:where
2331:, the
2297:proton
2120:hadron
2060:magnet
1973:and a
1702:, the
1661:mesons
1618:quarks
1598:masses
1574:flavor
1559:photon
1543:masses
1531:quarks
1483:parity
1331:photon
1245:masses
1236:quarks
1234:bottom
1110:quarks
1090:strong
1088:, and
1074:theory
1019:Lattes
1009:Kibble
969:Cronin
954:Reines
919:Yukawa
834:Maiani
809:Powell
799:Taylor
784:Rubbia
417:Run I
377:proton
363:, and
335:, the
308:energy
251:energy
112:MoEDAL
4714:WITCH
4615:n-TOF
4597:PS210
4540:Linac
4535:CLEAR
4525:AWAKE
4395:AWAKE
4383:(SPS)
4356:ALEPH
4344:(LEP)
4332:FASER
4327:TOTEM
4302:ATLAS
4297:ALICE
4285:(LHC)
4234:ATLAS
4220:ATLAS
4173:S2CID
4043:S2CID
4017:arXiv
3799:S2CID
3773:arXiv
3710:arXiv
3644:S2CID
3618:arXiv
3570:S2CID
3544:arXiv
3517:S2CID
3489:arXiv
3458:S2CID
3432:arXiv
3263:ATLAS
3205:ATLAS
2931:S2CID
2659:buses
2576:tesla
2104:argon
1996:argon
1992:Xenon
1938:chips
1916:(see
1855:bend
1772:below
1719:beams
1657:Belle
1653:BaBar
1338:sigma
1080:(the
1024:Zweig
999:Hagen
994:Brout
984:Higgs
979:Vleck
974:Fitch
944:Pauli
934:Gross
909:Mills
894:Salam
849:Nambu
844:Cowan
774:Dirac
769:Fermi
310:of 1
227:ATLAS
122:FASER
92:TOTEM
82:ALICE
52:ATLAS
29:(LHC)
4733:CAST
4703:VITO
4658:CRIS
4605:LEIR
4591:LEAR
4530:CTF3
4484:BEBC
4479:LEIR
4467:(PS)
4450:LEBC
4445:BIBC
4430:NA62
4420:NA60
4410:NA49
4405:NA48
4400:CNGS
4366:OPAL
4317:LHCf
4312:LHCb
4001:CERN
3973:2021
3614:1009
3610:JHEP
3485:2005
3325:ISBN
3296:ISBN
3245:2022
3217:ISBN
3071:2022
3046:2016
3013:CERN
2992:2019
2857:2022
2781:code
2756:jets
2731:CPUs
2705:The
2136:Muon
2134:The
2118:The
2098:and
2096:lead
2054:The
1994:and
1903:The
1863:and
1845:Muon
1749:and
1708:CERN
1665:LHCb
1655:and
1563:mass
1537:and
1492:and
1479:spin
1422:and
1321:and
1265:and
1261:for
1232:and
1228:the
1215:the
1086:weak
1064:The
939:Pais
914:Yang
889:Ward
869:Perl
839:Meer
749:Bose
489:and
476:and
441:LS2
425:LS1
355:, a
316:mass
243:CERN
158:lead
152:for
102:LHCf
72:LHCb
4698:SEC
4673:ISS
4668:IDS
4586:ISR
4474:PSB
4440:UA2
4435:UA1
4307:CMS
4163:hdl
4155:doi
4035:doi
3999:".
3923:doi
3911:270
3884:doi
3872:617
3791:doi
3728:doi
3706:617
3683:doi
3671:617
3636:doi
3562:doi
3507:doi
3450:doi
3209:doi
2921:hdl
2911:doi
2772:CPU
2735:kHz
2724:kHz
2720:MHz
2683:MHz
2665:or
2585:TeV
2581:MeV
1920:).
1715:TeV
1473:).
1230:top
1201:CMS
1068:of
884:Lee
588:of
261:of
241:at
185:SPS
132:SND
62:CMS
4867::
4625:Sp
4620:SC
4581:AD
4371:L3
4218:.
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4198:.
4171:.
4161:.
4153:.
4141:.
4137:.
4041:.
4033:.
4025:.
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3943:.
3921:.
3909:.
3905:.
3882:.
3870:.
3840:.
3829:^
3819:.
3797:.
3789:.
3781:.
3769:53
3767:.
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3538:.
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3505:.
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3479:.
3456:.
3448:.
3440:.
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3426:.
3414:^
3404:.
3386:.
3375:^
3352:^
3323:.
3319:.
3294:.
3261:.
3215:.
3183:.
3054:^
3011:.
3000:^
2968:.
2943:^
2929:.
2919:.
2909:.
2897:.
2891:.
2865:^
2816:^
2766:.
2758:,
2691:MB
2675:MB
2358::
1820::
1809::
1800::
1791::
1742:.
1734:,
1663:.
1604:.
1533:,
1500:.
1289:.
1084:,
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269:.
175:PS
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4627:p
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4259:t
4252:v
4228:.
4210:.
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2481:p
2458:.
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