935:(CSC) are used in the endcap disks where the magnetic field is uneven and particle rates are high. CSCs consist of arrays of positively charged "anode" wires crossed with negatively charged copper "cathode" strips within a gas volume. When muons pass through, they knock electrons off the gas atoms, which flock to the anode wires creating an avalanche of electrons. Positive ions move away from the wire and towards the copper cathode, also inducing a charge pulse in the strips, at right angles to the wire direction. Because the strips and the wires are perpendicular, we get two position coordinates for each passing particle. In addition to providing precise space and time information, the closely spaced wires make the CSCs fast detectors suitable for triggering. Each CSC module contains six layers making it able to accurately identify muons and match their tracks to those in the tracker.
941:(RPC) are fast gaseous detectors that provide a muon trigger system parallel with those of the DTs and CSCs. RPCs consist of two parallel plates, a positively charged anode and a negatively charged cathode, both made of a very high resistivity plastic material and separated by a gas volume. When a muon passes through the chamber, electrons are knocked out of gas atoms. These electrons in turn hit other atoms causing an avalanche of electrons. The electrodes are transparent to the signal (the electrons), which are instead picked up by external metallic strips after a small but precise time delay. The pattern of hit strips gives a quick measure of the muon momentum, which is then used by the trigger to make immediate decisions about whether the data are worth keeping. RPCs combine a good spatial resolution with a time resolution of just one nanosecond (one billionth of a second).
929:
registering where along the wire electrons hit (in the diagram, the wires are going into the page) as well as by calculating the muon's original distance away from the wire (shown here as horizontal distance and calculated by multiplying the speed of an electron in the tube by the time taken) DTs give two coordinates for the muon's position. Each DT chamber, on average 2 m x 2.5 m in size, consists of 12 aluminium layers, arranged in three groups of four, each with up to 60 tubes: the middle group measures the coordinate along the direction parallel to the beam and the two outside groups measure the perpendicular coordinate.
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947:(GEM) detectors represent a new muon system in CMS, in order to complement the existing systems in the endcaps. The forward region is the part of CMS most affected by large radiation doses and high event rates. The GEM chambers will provide additional redundancy and measurement points, allowing a better muon track identification and also wider coverage in the very forward region. The CMS GEM detectors are made of three layers, each of which is a 50 μm thick copper-cladded polyimide foil. These chambers are filled with an Ar/CO
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639: = 0.89 cm, and has a rapid light yield, with 80% of light yield within one crossing time (25 ns). This is balanced however by a relatively low light yield of 30 photons per MeV of incident energy. The crystals used have a front size of 22 mm × 22 mm and a depth of 230 mm. They are set in a matrix of carbon fibre to keep them optically isolated, and backed by silicon
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1409:'As a layman, I would say, I think we have it,' said Rolf-Dieter Heuer, director general of CERN at Wednesday's seminar announcing the results of the search for the Higgs boson. But when pressed by journalists afterwards on what exactly 'it' was, things got more complicated. 'We have discovered a boson – now we have to find out what boson it is'
1008:) running on ordinary computer servers. The lower event rate in the High Level trigger allows time for much more detailed analysis of the event to be done than in the Level 1 trigger. The High Level trigger reduces the event rate by a further factor of 100 down to 1,000 events per second. These are then stored on tape for future analysis.
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Because muons can penetrate several metres of iron without depositing a significant amount of energy, unlike most particles, they are not stopped by any of CMS's calorimeters. Therefore, chambers to detect muons are placed at the very edge of the experiment where they are the only particles likely to
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To accomplish this, a series of "trigger" stages are employed. All the data from each crossing is held in buffers within the detector while a small amount of key information is used to perform a fast, approximate calculation to identify features of interest such as high energy jets, muons or missing
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At full luminosity each collision will produce an average of 20 proton-proton interactions. The collisions occur at a centre of mass energy of 8 TeV. But, it is worth noting that for studies of physics at the electroweak scale, the scattering events are initiated by a single quark or gluon from
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The CMS detector is built around a huge solenoid magnet. This takes the form of a cylindrical coil of superconducting cable that generates a magnetic field of 4 tesla, about 100 000 times that of the Earth. The magnetic field is confined by a steel 'yoke' that forms the bulk of the detector's weight
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is instrumented by the
Hadronic Forward (HF) detector. Located 11 m either side of the interaction point, this uses a slightly different technology of steel absorbers and quartz fibres for readout, designed to allow better separation of particles in the congested forward region. The HF is also
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The ECAL, made up of a barrel section and two "endcaps", forms a layer between the tracker and the HCAL. The cylindrical "barrel" consists of 61,200 crystals formed into 36 "supermodules", each weighing around three tonnes and containing 1,700 crystals. The flat ECAL endcaps seal off the barrel at
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The first test which ran in
September 2008 was expected to operate at a lower collision energy of 10 TeV but this was prevented by the 19 September 2008 shutdown. When at this target level, the LHC will have a significantly reduced luminosity, due to both fewer proton bunches in each beam and
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positions in the barrel part of the detector. Each 4-cm-wide tube contains a stretched wire within a gas volume. When a muon or any charged particle passes through the volume it knocks electrons off the atoms of the gas. These follow the electric field ending up at the positively charged wire. By
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that surround it. As particles travel through the tracker the pixels and microstrips produce tiny electric signals that are amplified and detected. The tracker employs sensors covering an area the size of a tennis court, with 75 million separate electronic read-out channels: in the pixel detector
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Momentum of particles is crucial in helping us to build up a picture of events at the heart of the collision. One method to calculate the momentum of a particle is to track its path through a magnetic field; the more curved the path, the less momentum the particle had. The CMS tracker records the
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The CMS silicon tracker consists of 14 layers in the central region and 15 layers in the endcaps. The innermost four layers (up to 16 cm radius) consist of 100 × 150 μm pixels, 124 million in total. The pixel detector was upgraded as a part of the CMS phase-1 upgrade in 2017, which added an
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The tracker and calorimeter detectors (ECAL and HCAL) fit snugly inside the magnet coil whilst the muon detectors are interleaved with a 12-sided iron structure that surrounds the magnet coils and contains and guides the field. Made up of three layers this "return yoke" reaches out 14 metres in
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The job of the big magnet is to bend the paths of particles emerging from high-energy collisions in the LHC. The more momentum a particle has the less its path is curved by the magnetic field, so tracing its path gives a measure of momentum. CMS began with the aim of having the strongest magnet
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and rapidly transform into a cascade of lighter, more stable and better understood particles. Particles travelling through CMS leave behind characteristic patterns, or "signatures", in the different layers, allowing them to be identified. The presence (or not) of any new particles can then be
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The tracker needs to record particle paths accurately yet be lightweight so as to disturb the particle as little as possible. It does this by taking position measurements so accurate that tracks can be reliably reconstructed using just a few measurement points. Each measurement is accurate to
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The tracker can reconstruct the paths of high-energy muons, electrons and hadrons (particles made up of quarks) as well as see tracks coming from the decay of very short-lived particles such as beauty or "b quarks" that will be used to study the differences between matter and antimatter.
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magnet. This allows the charge/mass ratio of particles to be determined from the curved track that they follow in the magnetic field. It is 13 m long and 6 m in diameter, and its refrigerated superconducting niobium-titanium coils were originally intended to produce a
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diameter and also acts as a filter, allowing through only muons and weakly interacting particles such as neutrinos. The enormous magnet also provides most of the experiment's structural support, and must be very strong itself to withstand the forces of its own magnetic field.
626:. This is an extremely dense but optically clear material, ideal for stopping high energy particles. Lead tungstate crystal is made primarily of metal and is heavier than stainless steel, but with a touch of oxygen in this crystalline form it is highly transparent and
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For extra spatial precision, the ECAL also contains pre-shower detectors that sit in front of the endcaps. These allow CMS to distinguish between single high-energy photons (often signs of exciting physics) and the less interesting close pairs of low-energy photons.
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when electrons and photons pass through it. This means it produces light in proportion to the particle's energy. These high-density crystals produce light in fast, short, well-defined photon bursts that allow for a precise, fast and fairly compact detector. It has a
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Even in the most specialized circles, the new particle discovered in July is not yet being called the "Higgs boson". Physicists still hesitate to call it that before they have determined that its properties fit with those the Higgs theory predicts the Higgs boson
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of 12 500 t. An unusual feature of the CMS detector is that instead of being built in-situ underground, like the other giant detectors of the LHC experiments, it was constructed on the surface, before being lowered underground in 15 sections and reassembled.
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Searching for high particle multiplicity final states (predicted by many new physics theories) is an important strategy because common
Standard Model particle decays very rarely contain a large number of particles, and those processes that do are well
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upgrade will increase the number of interactions to the point where over-occupancy would significantly reduce track-finding effectiveness. An upgrade is planned to increase the performance and the radiation tolerance of the tracker.
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10 μm, a fraction of the width of a human hair. It is also the inner most layer of the detector and so receives the highest volume of particles: the construction materials were therefore carefully chosen to resist radiation.
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possible because a higher strength field bends paths more and, combined with high-precision position measurements in the tracker and muon detectors, this allows accurate measurement of the momentum of even high-energy particles.
1180:) announced evidence for a particle at about 125 GeV at a seminar and webcast. This is "consistent with the Higgs boson". Further updates in the following years confirmed that the newly discovered particle is the Higgs boson.
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Performing precision measurements of
Standard Model particles, which allows both for furthering the knowledge of these particles and also for the collaboration to calibrate the detector and measure the performance of various
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energy. This "Level 1" calculation is completed in around 1 μs, and event rate is reduced by a factor of about 1,000 down to 50 kHz. All these calculations are done on fast, custom hardware using reprogrammable
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However, there are still many questions that future collider experiments hope to answer. These include uncertainties in the mathematical behaviour of the
Standard Model at high energies, tests of proposed theories of
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This part of the detector is the world's largest silicon detector. It has 205 m of silicon sensors (approximately the area of a tennis court) in 9.3 million microstrip sensors comprising 76 million channels.
283:, and weighs about 14,000 tonnes. Over 4,000 people, representing 206 scientific institutes and 47 countries, form the CMS collaboration who built and now operate the detector. It is located in a cavern at
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fewer protons per bunch. The reduced bunch frequency does allow the crossing angle to be reduced to zero however, as bunches are far enough spaced to prevent secondary collisions in the experimental beampipe.
410:, at the other side of the LHC ring is designed with similar goals in mind, and the two experiments are designed to complement each other both to extend reach and to provide corroboration of findings. CMS and
981:, a very large number of collisions is required. Most collision events in the detector are "soft" and do not produce interesting effects. The amount of raw data from each crossing is approximately 1
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of data a second, an amount that the experiment cannot hope to store, let alone process properly. The full trigger system reduces the rate of interesting events down to a manageable 1,000 per second.
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protons. The interval between crossings is 25 ns, although the number of collisions per second is only 31.6 million due to gaps in the beam as injector magnets are activated and deactivated.
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The term
Compact Muon Solenoid comes from the relatively compact size of the detector, the fact that it detects muons, and the use of solenoids in the detector. "CMS" is also a reference to the
1413:
Q: 'are the CERN scientists just being too cautious? What would be enough evidence to call it a Higgs boson?' As there could be many different kinds of Higgs bosons, there's no straight answer.
520:. At each end of the detector magnets focus the beams into the interaction point. At collision each beam has a radius of 17 μm and the crossing angle between the beams is 285 μrad.
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Searching for events with large amounts of missing transverse energy, which implies the presence of particles that have passed through the detector without leaving a signature. In the
838:) has a value of 0.1 mΩ which leads to a circuit time constant of nearly 39 hours. This is the longest time constant of any circuit at CERN. The operating current for 3.8
878:, but are 200 times more massive. We expect them to be produced in the decay of a number of potential new particles; for instance, one of the clearest "signatures" of the
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The CMS magnet is the central device around which the experiment is built, with a 4 Tesla magnetic field that is 100,000 times stronger than the Earth's. CMS has a large
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each proton, and so the actual energy involved in each collision will be lower as the total centre of mass energy is shared by these quarks and gluons (determined by the
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to additional sites around the world for easier access and redundancy. Physicists are then able to use the Grid to access and run their analyses on the data.
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gas mixture, where the primary ionisation due to incident muons will occur which subsequently result in an electron avalanche, providing an amplified signal.
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of
Particle Physics. A principal achievement of these experiments (specifically of the LHC) is the discovery of a particle consistent with the Standard Model
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The CMS tracker is made entirely of silicon: the pixels, at the very core of the detector and dealing with the highest intensity of particles, and the
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During full luminosity collisions the occupancy of the pixel layers per event is expected to be 0.1%, and 1–2% in the strip layers. The expected
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In terms usually reserved for athletic achievements, news reports described the finding as a monumental milestone in the history of science.
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Q: 'If we don't know the new particle is a Higgs, what do we know about it?' We know it is some kind of boson, says Vivek Sharma of CMS
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917:. The RPCs provide a fast signal when a muon passes through the muon detector, and are installed in both the barrel and the end caps.
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magnetic field. The operating field was scaled down to 3.8 T instead of the full design strength in order to maximize longevity.
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2016 IEEE Nuclear
Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)
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Computer-generated event display of protons hitting a tungsten block just upstream of CMS on the first beam day, September 2008
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additional layer to both the barrel and endcap, and shifted the innermost layer 1.5 cm closer to the beamline.
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View of the CMS endcap through the barrel sections. The ladder to the lower right gives an impression of scale.
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725:. This combination was determined to allow the maximum amount of absorbing material inside of the magnet coil.
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interleaved with two layers of silicon strip detectors. Its purpose is to aid in pion-photon discrimination.
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At the endcaps the ECAL inner surface is covered by the pre-shower subdetector, consisting of two layers of
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264:. The goal of the CMS experiment is to investigate a wide range of physics, including the search for the
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1781:...the decay of the Higgs boson to tau particles is now observed with more than 5 sigma significance...
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If an event is passed by the Level 1 trigger all the data still buffered in the detector is sent over
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484:. Outside the magnet are the large muon detectors, which are inside the return yoke of the magnet.
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uses different technical solutions and design of its detector magnet system to achieve the goals.
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The
Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is designed to measure with high accuracy the energies of
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About half of the brass used in the endcaps of the HCAL used to be
Russian artillery shells.
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Data that has passed the triggering stages and been stored on tape is duplicated using the
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Aczel, Ammir D. "Present at the Creation: Discovering the Higgs Boson". Random House, 2012
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paths taken by charged particles by finding their positions at a number of key points.
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strips, out to a radius of 1.1 m. There are 9.6 million strip channels in total.
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is one of CMS's most important tasks. Muons are charged particles that are just like
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theories contain new particles that would also result in missing transverse energy.
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CMS is designed as a general-purpose detector, capable of studying many aspects of
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1993:"CMS Physics Technical Design Report Volume I: Software and Detector Performance"
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Announcement of the 2011 discovery of the first new particle generated here, the
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CMS Physics: Technical Design Report Volume 1: Detector Performance and Software
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Precise mapping of the magnetic field in the CMS barrel yoke using cosmic rays
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909:(GEM). The DTs are used for precise trajectory measurements in the central
830:. There are dump circuits to safely dissipate this energy should the magnet
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Beginning of the LHC 'Run 2' with an increased collision energy of 13 TeV.
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1587:
Weber, Hannsjorg (2016). "The phase-1 upgrade of the CMS pixel detector".
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Beginning of LHC 'Run 3' with an increased collision energy of 13.6 TeV.
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links to the "High Level" trigger, which is software (mainly written in
339:, which provides an explanation for the masses of elementary particles.
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would traverse the detector without being detected but a wide range of
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516:-proton collisions occur between the two counter-rotating beams of the
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The assembly of the CMS detector, step by step, through a 3D animation
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of pairs of particles produced by the decay of a parent, such as the
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have provided remarkable insights into, and precision tests of, the
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Total Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation
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to look for evidence of physics beyond the standard model, such as
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319:(LHC) at CERN, as well as the (as of October 2011) recently closed
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For full technical details about the CMS detector, please see the
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985:, which at the 40 MHz crossing rate would result in 40
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There are a huge range of analyses performed at CMS, including:
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The CMS Collaboration, S Chatrchyan; et al. (2008-08-14).
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used to measure the relative online luminosity system in CMS.
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To have a good chance of producing a rare particle, such as a
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either end and are made up of almost 15,000 further crystals.
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and measure their momenta, CMS uses three types of detector:
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779:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle (3.0\;<\;|\eta |\;<\;5.0)}
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Looking at jets of particles to study the way the partons (
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1766:"ATLAS and CMS experiments shed light on Higgs properties"
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The next four layers (up to 55 cm radius) consist of
1489:"New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson"
1264:
Planned end of Long Shutdown 3 and beginning of 'Run 4'.
1220:
End of the LHC 'Run 2' and beginning of Long Shutdown 2.
1066:, to determine various properties and mass of the parent.
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This is the point in the centre of the detector at which
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It contains subsystems which are designed to measure the
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As the name "Compact Muon Solenoid" suggests, detecting
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silicon strips, followed by the remaining six layers of
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there are some 6,000 connections per square centimetre.
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each of the two LHC beams will contain 2,808 bunches of
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General-purposes experiment at the Large Hadron Collider
1928:"Accelerator Report: The LHC is well ahead of schedule"
311:
Recent collider experiments such as the now-dismantled
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60:
1393:"It's a boson! But we need to know if it's the Higgs"
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The Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL) measures the energy of
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Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
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1897:"MASTER SCHEDULE OF THE LONG SHUTDOWN 2 (2019-2020)"
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65:
Plan of the LHC experiments and the preaccelerators.
1956:"LS3 schedule change | High Luminosity LHC Project"
1819:"LHC experiments back in business at record energy"
355:of matter and antimatter observed in the Universe.
1991:CMS Collaboration (Bayatian, G.L. et al.) (2006).
1096:Construction of surface buildings for CMS begins.
964:New particles discovered in CMS will be typically
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1741:"New world record - first pp collisions at 8 TeV"
1638:CMS installs the world's largest silicon detector
480:which generates a powerful magnetic field of 3.8
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367:Panorama of CMS detector, 100m below the ground.
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709:The HCAL consists of layers of dense material (
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1104:LEP shut down, construction of cavern begins.
303:. By March 2013 its existence was confirmed.
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1152:First 8 TeV proton-proton collisions in CMS.
1136:First 7 TeV proton-proton collisions in CMS.
721:, read out via wavelength-shifting fibres by
1651:"Using Russian navy shells - CMS Experiment"
1449:
1293:, an important concept in particle physics.
862:Layer 5 – The muon detectors and return yoke
822:, giving a total stored energy of 2.66
1872:"Long-sought decay of Higgs boson observed"
2176:European Organization for Nuclear Research
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768:
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750:
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1458:"Higgs: The beginning of the exploration"
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1425:
1303:List of Large Hadron Collider experiments
618:The ECAL is constructed from crystals of
603:Layer 2 – The Electromagnetic Calorimeter
402:to study aspects of heavy ion collisions.
279:CMS is 21 metres long, 15 m in
810:The inductance of the magnet is 14
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550:
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141:Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC
1054:decaying to a pair of electrons or the
913:region, while the CSCs are used in the
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382:to further study the properties of the
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1794:"LHC report: Run 1 - the final flurry"
1716:"First lead-ion collisions in the LHC"
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1351:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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826:, equivalent to about half-a-tonne of
371:The main goals of the experiment are:
2651:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
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1252:Planned start of Long Shutdown 3 and
846:, giving a stored energy of 2.3
491:A cutaway diagram of the CMS detector
2123:
2088:"The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC"
1367:"CMS Collaboration - CMS Experiment"
1188:End of the LHC 'Run 1' (2009–2013).
717:) interleaved with tiles of plastic
241:is one of two large general-purpose
2714:The Globe of Science and Innovation
1563:"Tracker detector - CMS Experiment"
814:and the nominal current for 4
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272:, and particles that could make up
13:
1945:
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1456:Del Rosso, A. (19 November 2012).
1144:First lead ion collisions in CMS.
662:Layer 3 – The Hadronic Calorimeter
335:, the particle resulting from the
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955:Collecting and collating the data
299:, CMS tentatively discovered the
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2244:Large Electron–Positron Collider
1541:. Technical design report. CMS.
1487:O'Luanaigh, C. (14 March 2013).
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1011:
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386:, already discovered by CMS and
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313:Large Electron-Positron Collider
161:Scattering and Neutrino Detector
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2076:CMS section from US/LHC Website
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111:A Large Ion Collider Experiment
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1426:Siegfried, T. (20 July 2012).
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995:field-programmable gate arrays
882:is its decay into four muons.
772:
760:
752:
740:
670:Half of the Hadron Calorimeter
291:, just across the border from
1:
2734:Scientific committees of CERN
2105:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08004
1984:
1228:End of CERN Long Shutdown 2.
1085:
541:parton distribution functions
306:
2699:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
1640:, CERN Courier, Feb 15, 2008
1284:
569:silicon microstrip detectors
7:
2628:Non-accelerator experiments
2411:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
2126:"Inside the CMS Experiment"
2120:(Full design documentation)
1599:10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069719
1296:
1162:excited neutral Xi-b baryon
1089:
351:), and the reasons for the
295:. In July 2012, along with
10:
2799:
2092:Journal of Instrumentation
1514:CERN: Accelerating Science
1391:Biever, C. (6 July 2012).
375:to explore physics at the
194:Proton Synchrotron Booster
2742:
2729:Directors-general of CERN
2669:
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2627:
2539:
2465:
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1244:Planned end of 2024 run.
1128:First collisions in CMS.
1041:Beyond the Standard Model
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151:ForwArd Search ExpeRiment
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2661:Future Circular Collider
2283:Super Proton Synchrotron
2138:University of Nottingham
2115:10067/730480151162165141
1308:
939:Resistive plate chambers
903:resistive plate chambers
315:and the newly renovated
214:Super Proton Synchrotron
81:A Toroidal LHC Apparatus
2656:Compact Linear Collider
2292:List of SPS experiments
2253:List of LEP experiments
2194:List of LHC experiments
945:Gas electron multiplier
907:Gas electron multiplier
502:Technical Design Report
426:collisions at 0.9–13.6
2011:Cite journal requires
1535:Acosta, Darin (2006).
1058:decaying to a pair of
933:Cathode strip chambers
899:cathode strip chambers
780:
671:
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438:particle accelerator.
368:
226:
2783:Large Hadron Collider
2185:Large Hadron Collider
2045:CMS experiment record
1960:hilumilhc.web.cern.ch
1291:center-of-mass system
924:(DT) system measures
781:
669:
641:avalanche photodiodes
551:Layer 1 – The tracker
508:The interaction point
490:
366:
317:Large Hadron Collider
250:Large Hadron Collider
231:Compact Muon Solenoid
224:
91:Compact Muon Solenoid
52:Large Hadron Collider
2778:Particle experiments
2704:Microcosm exhibition
2406:30 cm Bubble Chamber
794:Layer 4 – The magnet
736:
678:, particles made of
37:46.30944°N 6.07694°E
2420:Linear accelerators
1844:"LHC Schedule 2018"
1204:Observation of the
1120:First beam in CMS.
960:Pattern recognition
886:register a signal.
175:Linear accelerators
166:LHC preaccelerators
55:
33: /
2723:(2013 documentary)
2466:Other accelerators
2401:2 m Bubble Chamber
2367:Proton Synchrotron
2069:2008-05-22 at the
2054:CMS Public Results
1117:10 September 2008
1112:Cavern completed.
776:
775:
723:hybrid photodiodes
672:
493:
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204:Proton Synchrotron
51:
2760:
2759:
2512:LPI (LIL and EPA)
1608:978-1-5090-1642-6
1510:"The Higgs Boson"
1268:
1267:
1241:25 November 2024
1233:March-April 2022
1185:16 February 2013
1125:23 November 2009
219:
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190:(not marked)
42:46.30944; 6.07694
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2694:CERN openlab
2688:CERN Courier
2686:
2550:CERN-MEDICIS
2317:NA58/COMPASS
2208:
2129:
2095:
2091:
2059:CMS Outreach
2004:cite journal
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1959:
1936:. Retrieved
1934:. 2024-07-18
1931:
1908:. Retrieved
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1433:Science News
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1374:. Retrieved
1370:
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1336:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1316:
1288:
1210:bottom quark
1193:3 June 2015
1169:4 July 2012
1022:
1015:
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2391:PS215/CLOUD
2134:Brady Haran
2049:INSPIRE-HEP
1660:20 December
1572:20 December
1206:Higgs Boson
1081:understood.
1060:tau leptons
1056:Higgs boson
1028:components.
1002:fibre-optic
979:Higgs boson
905:(RPC), and
895:drift tubes
880:Higgs Boson
474:calorimeter
384:Higgs boson
347:(including
345:dark matter
333:Higgs boson
301:Higgs boson
274:dark matter
266:Higgs boson
258:Switzerland
131:LHC-forward
40: /
2767:Categories
2396:Gargamelle
2327:NA61/SHINE
2021:(mirrors:
1985:References
1965:2024-07-24
1938:2024-07-24
1910:2018-09-13
1882:2018-09-13
1857:2018-09-13
1829:2018-09-13
1804:2014-03-14
1776:2018-09-13
1751:2014-03-14
1726:2014-03-14
1701:2021-06-20
1687:"Detector"
1495:2013-10-09
1469:2013-01-09
1439:2012-12-09
1404:2013-01-09
1376:28 January
1338:2014-10-18
1086:Milestones
1048:kinematics
969:inferred.
922:drift tube
525:luminosity
307:Background
239:experiment
101:LHC-beauty
25:46°18′34″N
2064:CMS Times
1285:Etymology
1037:neutrinos
987:terabytes
876:positrons
872:electrons
757:η
728:The high
704:neutrinos
609:electrons
459:electrons
353:imbalance
252:(LHC) at
246:detectors
185:(Linac 3)
2752:Category
2677:LHC@home
2590:Miniball
2585:LUCRECIA
2580:ISOLTRAP
2543:facility
2136:for the
2067:Archived
1695:Archived
1691:cms.cern
1625:22786095
1371:cms.cern
1347:cite web
1297:See also
997:(FPGA).
983:megabyte
966:unstable
915:end caps
836:cryostat
800:solenoid
692:neutrons
478:Solenoid
451:momentum
325:Fermilab
321:Tevatron
281:diameter
171:p and Pb
28:6°4′37″E
2595:MIRACLS
2555:COLLAPS
2452:Linac 3
2447:Linac 2
2023:inspire
1998:. CERN.
1617:1475062
1520:11 June
1064:photons
1052:Z boson
901:(CSC),
803:4
732:region
688:protons
676:hadrons
613:photons
470:crystal
455:photons
179:protons
2610:WISArD
2565:EC-SLI
2541:ISOLDE
2457:Linac4
2357:HOLEBC
2263:DELPHI
2224:MoEDAL
2178:(CERN)
1906:. 2018
1878:. 2018
1853:. 2018
1825:. 2015
1800:. 2013
1772:. 2015
1747:. 2012
1722:. 2010
1623:
1615:
1605:
1545:
1516:. CERN
1491:. CERN
1254:HL-LHC
1212:pair.
1075:gluons
1071:quarks
911:barrel
897:(DT),
832:quench
684:gluons
680:quarks
622:, PbWO
592:HL-LHC
514:proton
447:energy
430:, the
424:proton
293:Geneva
289:France
262:France
137:MoEDAL
2616:WITCH
2517:n-TOF
2499:PS210
2442:Linac
2437:CLEAR
2427:AWAKE
2297:AWAKE
2285:(SPS)
2258:ALEPH
2246:(LEP)
2234:FASER
2229:TOTEM
2204:ATLAS
2199:ALICE
2187:(LHC)
1996:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
1621:S2CID
1332:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
1309:Notes
1261:2028
1249:2025
1109:2004
1101:2000
1093:1998
1035:only
891:muons
868:muons
715:steel
711:brass
700:kaons
696:pions
463:muons
412:ATLAS
396:, or
388:ATLAS
379:scale
297:ATLAS
285:Cessy
147:FASER
117:TOTEM
107:ALICE
77:ATLAS
54:(LHC)
2635:CAST
2605:VITO
2560:CRIS
2507:LEIR
2493:LEAR
2432:CTF3
2386:BEBC
2381:LEIR
2369:(PS)
2352:LEBC
2347:BIBC
2332:NA62
2322:NA60
2312:NA49
2307:NA48
2302:CNGS
2268:OPAL
2219:LHCf
2214:LHCb
2017:help
1932:CERN
1904:CERN
1876:CERN
1851:CERN
1823:CERN
1798:CERN
1770:CERN
1745:CERN
1720:CERN
1662:2017
1613:OSTI
1603:ISBN
1574:2017
1543:ISBN
1522:2015
1475:has.
1378:2020
1353:link
1073:and
1018:Grid
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920:The
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682:and
656:lead
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183:lead
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2570:IDS
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2337:UA1
2209:CMS
2110:hdl
2100:doi
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744:3.0
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377:TeV
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