1596:
1217:
5750:. The contrast of white vs. black as the Umayyad vs. Abbasid dynastic colour over time developed in white as the colour of Shia Islam and black as the colour of Sunni Islam: "The proselytes of the ʿAbbasid revolution took full advantage of the eschatological expectations raised by black banners in their campaign to undermine the Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ʿAbbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic colour; not only the banners but the headdresses and garments of the ʿAbbasid caliphs were black ... The ubiquitous black created a striking contrast with the banners and dynastic color of the Umayyads, which had been white ... The Ismaili Shiʿite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the ʿAbbasid enemy ... white became the Shiʿite color, in deliberate opposition to the black of the ʿAbbasid 'establishment'." After the revolution, Islamic apocalyptic circles admitted that the Abbasid banners would be black but asserted that the Mahdi's standard would be black and larger. Anti-Abbasid circles cursed "the black banners from the East", "first and last".
3758:
they were taxed for being a dhimmi. Dhimmis were capable of moving up and down the social ladder, though this largely depended on the particular caliph. An indication as to the social standing of Jews and
Christians at the time was their ability to live next to Muslim people. While al-Mansur was ruling the caliphate, for instance, it was not uncommon for dhimmis to live in the same neighborhoods as Muslims. One of the biggest reasons why dhimmis were allowed to hold prestigious jobs and positions in government is that they were generally important to the well-being of the state and were proficient to excellent with the work at hand. Some Muslims in the caliphate took offense to the idea that there were dhimmis in public offices who were in a way ruling over them although it was an Islamic state, while other Muslims were at time jealous of some dhimmis for having a level of wealth or prestige greater than other Muslims, even if Muslims were still the majority of the ruling class. In general, Muslims, Jews, and Christians had close relations that could be considered positive at times, especially for Jews, in contrast to how Jews were being treated in Europe.
2556:
2293:
1134:
2817:
3739:
2961:
3002:
1615:
4144:, from the 11th century. Venetian merchants facilitated the exchange of high-value goods such as spices, silk, and precious metals from the East. In return, Venice exported European manufactured goods and luxury items. While Genoese merchants traded in luxury goods like spices, textiles, and other high-demand items. Genoa's strategic position in the Mediterranean enabled it to integrate into the broader Mediterranean trade network, connecting the Abbasid Caliphate with other European markets. These trade relations played a key role in linking the medieval Mediterranean with the broader Islamic world. This exchange of goods, alongside cultural and technological transfers, fostered a more interconnected medieval global economy.
3013:—the Abbasid Governor of Damascus from 870 to 878—and was created during the 9th century. Despite being a luxury example, this Qur'an is indicative of the form and script practices that were being standardized in the heart of the early Abbasid Caliphate. The text was copied in the Kufic style and in a horizontal orientation. The style of script, size, and oblong shape of the Amajur Qur'an aligned with other examples from the 9th century. Furthermore, the Qur'an was copied onto parchment—a material that was commonly used for manuscripts under early Abbasid rule. Lastly, the Amajur Qur'an was bound in leather and stored in a protective chest. This bookbinding style was a standard technique during the 9th century.
2976:. Another defining element of the early Abbasid technique was the absence of text on the frontispiece of the Qur'an. The introduction of the "New Abbasid Style" in the 10th century, however, led to a shift in illumination techniques. Illuminators found ways to accommodate the dense script and vertical orientation of text. As such, illuminated Qur'ans began to display additional decorative elements (beyond geometric and vegetal shapes) to denote divisions within the text. Furthermore, Qur'ans with the New style of script were copied with the first Sura on the frontispiece of the manuscript. These stylistic shifts are representative of developing illumination arts under Abbasid rule.
3075:
1441:
4067:
2699:
2313:
2994:
2925:
1888:
3482:
2952:(866–940). He developed this proportional writing system around two shapes: a circle the size of an alif and rhomboid dots that could be created with the nib of a reed pen. This script, later known as the "New Abbasid style," was characterized by its vertical letters, extreme angularity, and a distinct contrast between the width of strokes. The development of this proportional script also coincided with a shift back into a vertical page orientation. The New style script was further developed for secular purposes because of its legibility and efficient nature.
1741:
2835:
that was also strictly regulated either by law or through the accepted elements of style. Among the higher classes, appearance became a concern and they started to care about appearance and fashion. Several new garments and fabrics were introduced into common use and no longer observed pious distaste for materials such as silk and satins. The rise of the
Persian secretarial class had a large influence over the development of fashion and the Abbasids were highly influenced by the older Persian Court dress elements. For example, the caliph
3055:
601:
104:
4249:
2731:
3679:
3361:
1978:
2047:
1811:
3848:, which celebrated the arrival of spring. In a ceremonial ablution introduced by Persian troops, residents sprinkled themselves with water and ate almond cakes. The palaces of the imperial family were lit up for six days and nights. The Abbasids also celebrated the Persian holiday of Mihraj, which marked the onset of winter (signified with pounding drums), and Sadar, when homes burned incense and the masses would congregate along the Tigris to witness princes and viziers pass by.
2941:
3976:
2611:
5609:
descendants would grow to establish their own dynasties with their
Abbasid 'credentials' centuries later. This is highlighted by the origin myth of the Bastak khanate which relates that in 656 AH/1258 CE, the year of the fall of Baghdad, and following the sack of the city, a few surviving members of the Abbasid dynastic family led by the eldest amongst them, Ismail II son of Hamza son of Ahmed son of Mohamed migrated to Southern Iran, in the village of Khonj and later to
3583:) as had begun under Umayyad rule. As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire, many people from different nationalities and religions began to speak Arabic in their everyday lives. Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic, and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture, creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe at the time.
1312:
14301:
13132:
2718:. The earlier style is obviously adopted with little variation from Sassanian art, with similar styles, with harems, animals, dancing people, and garments, all enclosed in scrollwork. Nishapur had its own school of painting. Excavations at Nishapur show both monochromatic and polychromatic artwork from the 8th and 9th centuries. One famous piece of art consists of hunting nobles with falcons and on horseback, in full regalia; the clothing identifies them as
88:
14311:
1394:, an Iranian family close to the Abbasids, the position became powerful and Harun al-Rashid delegated state affairs to them for many years. This resulted in a more ceremonial role for many Abbasid caliphs relative to their time under the Umayyads; the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the former Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy. To the west, Harun al-Rashid agreed to grant the province of
2188:
3872:
13181:
14321:
13121:
682:
14331:
3735:), who held a similar stance as al-Mutawakkil on barring non-Muslims from public office, himself had multiple Christian secretaries, indicating that non-Muslims still had access to many of the most important figures within the caliphate. Past having a casual association or just being a secretary to high-ranking Islamic officials, some of them achieved the second highest office after the caliph: the vizier.
3708:(822–861 CE) imposed strict restrictions on what dhimmis could wear in public, often yellow garments that distinguished them from Muslims. Other restrictions al-Mutawakkil imposed included limiting the role of the dhimmis in government, seizing dhimmi housing and making it harder for dhimmis to become educated. Most other Abbasid caliphs were not as strict as al-Mutawakkil, though. During the reign of
2097:(the Grand Library of Baghdad), containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy, was destroyed. Claims have been made that the Tigris ran red from the blood of the scientists and philosophers killed. Citizens attempted to flee, but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers who killed in abundance, sparing no one, not even children.
7163:
3724:
very closely, bringing dhimmis back to the caliphate's treasury due to the needed expertise of dhimmis in the area of finance. Al-Mutawakkil followed the law banning dhimmis from public office more seriously, although, soon after his reign, many of the laws concerning dhimmis participating in government were completely unobserved or at least less strictly observed. Even
5648:. The title then became that of all the subsequent Abbasid rulers of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh, and also collectively refers in plural form, i.e., "Khans", to the descendants of Shaikh Mohamed Khan Bastaki. The last Abbasid ruler of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh was Mohamed A'zam Khan Baniabbassian son of Mohamed Reza Khan "Satvat al-Mamalek" Baniabbasi. He authored the book
2116:; nevertheless, as a precaution and in accordance with a Mongol taboo which forbade spilling royal blood, Hulagu had Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses on 20 February 1258. The caliph's immediate family was also executed, with the lone exceptions of his youngest son who was sent to Mongolia, and a daughter who became a slave in the
1251:, the victor over the Umayyads at the Battle of the Zab, was the most serious potential rival for leadership and al-Mansur sent Abu Muslim, the Khurasani revolutionary commander, against him in 754. After Abu Muslim successfully defeated him, al-Mansur then turned to eliminate Abu Muslim himself. He arranged to have him arrested and executed in 755.
3990:
of lower-ranking officials. Finally, the caliph could impose the same penalty on a vizier who fell from grace. As one later caliph put it: "The vizier is our representative throughout the land and amongst our subjects. Therefore, he who obeys him obeys us; and he who obeys us obeys God, and God shall cause him who obeys Him to enter paradise."
3395:, and could absorb ink, making it ideal for making records and copies of the Qur'an. "Islamic paper makers devised assembly-line methods of hand-copying manuscripts to turn out editions far larger than any available in Europe for centuries." It was from the Abbasids that the rest of the world learned to make paper from linen. The knowledge of
1549:(833–842), prevented the further disintegration of the empire. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to
3770:, argued about Ibn al-Furat's decision to make a Christian the head of the military. A previous vizier, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Bazuri, had done so. These laws predated al-Mansur's laws against dhimmis and often had similar restrictions, although Roman emperors were often much more strict on enforcing these laws than many Abbasid caliphs.
1595:
2223:. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin. During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the
2633:. Finally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim moved the capital to a new site that he created along the Tigris, called Samarra. This city saw 60 years of work, with race-courses and game preserves to add to the atmosphere. Due to the dry remote nature of the environment, some of the palaces built in this era were isolated havens.
5581:
objectives with genealogical credentials." Such claims of continuity with
Muhammad or his Hashemite kin such as the Abbasids foster a sense of "political viability" for a candidate dynasty, with the intention of "serving an internal audience" (or in other words, gaining legitimacy in the view of the masses). The
3886:
The standing army of the
Muslims in Khorasan was overwhelmingly Arab. The unit organization of the Abbasids was designed with the goal of ethnic and racial equality among supporters. When Abu Muslim recruited officers along the Silk Road, he registered them based not on their tribal or ethno-national
2713:
Early
Abbasid painting has not survived in great quantities, and is sometimes harder to differentiate; however, Samarra provides good examples, as it was built by the Abbasids and abandoned 56 years later. The walls of the principal rooms of the palace that have been excavated show wall paintings and
2624:
Another major development was the creation or vast enlargement of cities as they were turned into the capital of the empire, beginning with the creation of
Baghdad in 762, which was planned as a walled city with four gates, and a mosque and palace in the center. Al-Mansur, who was responsible for the
5580:
fall, several dynasties have claimed descent from them, as "claiming kinship relation with
Muhammad", that is, claiming an affiliation to the 'People of the House' or the status of a sayyid or sharif, has arguably been the most widespread way in Muslim societies of supporting one's moral or material
3989:
Harun's vizier enjoyed close to unchecked powers. Under Harun, a special "bureau of confiscation" was created. This governmental wing made it possible for the vizier to seize the property and riches of any corrupt governor or civil servant. In addition, it allowed governors to confiscate the estates
3723:
It was common that laws that were imposed against dhimmis during one caliph's rule were either discarded or not practiced during future caliphs' reigns. Al-Mansur and al-Mutawakkil both instituted laws that forbade non-Muslims from participating in public office. Al-Mansur did not follow his own law
2984:
The main form of bookbinding used under the
Abbasid Caliphate was the binding-cum-case or box manuscript. This technique covered the Qur'an in a casket-like box in order to protect the contents. These boxes were typically made out of wooden boards and had a protective lining on the manuscript-facing
2657:
next to the Tigris River, with massive brick walls being constructed in successive rings around the core by a workforce of 100,000 with four huge gates (named Kufa, Basrah, Khorasan and Syria). The central enclosure of the city contained Mansur's palace of 360,000 square feet (33,000 m) in area
1487:
While
Baghdad remained the official capital, Harun al-Rashid chose to reside in Raqqa from 796 until the end of his reign. In 803, for reasons that remain unclear, Harun al-Rashid turned on and imprisoned or killed most of the Barmakids, who had wielded administrative power on his behalf. During the
1254:
On the western frontier, the Abbasids were unable to re-assert caliphal control over the western and central Maghreb, which the Umayyads had lost in the 740s. One member of the Umayyad dynasty, Abd ar-Rahman, also managed to escape the purge of his family and managed to establish independent in rule
4211:
when their Turkic Army generals, who already had de facto independence, stopped paying the caliphate. Even provinces close to Baghdad began to seek local dynastic rule. Also, the Abbasids found themselves to be often at conflict with the Umayyads in Spain. The Abbasid financial position weakened as
4047:
and as far east as China, Korea, and Japan. The growing economy of Baghdad and other cities inevitably led to the demand for luxury items and formed a class of entrepreneurs who organized long-range caravans for the trade and then the distribution of their goods. A whole section in the East Baghdad
3781:
their native language. Some Jews studied Hebrew in their schools and Jewish religious education flourished. The united Muslim empire allowed Jews to reconstruct links between their dispersed communities throughout the Middle East. The city's Talmudic institute helped spread the rabbinical tradition
3757:
Jews and Christians may have had a lower overall status compared to Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate, but dhimmis were often allowed to hold respectable and even prestigious occupations in some cases, such as doctors and public officeholders. Jews and Christians were also allowed to be rich even if
3602:
literature, Abbasid women were ideally kept in seclusion. Conquests had brought enormous wealth and large numbers of slaves to the Muslim elite. The majority of the slaves were women and children, many of whom had been dependents or harem-members of the defeated Sassanian upper classes. In the wake
2750:
scrollwork, along with rosettes, animals, birds, and humans. Abbasid pottery from the 8th and 9th centuries has been found throughout the region, as far as Cairo. These were generally made with a yellow clay and fired multiple times with separate glazes to produce metallic luster in shades of gold,
2092:
Contemporary accounts state Mongol soldiers looted and then destroyed mosques, palaces, libraries, and hospitals. Priceless books from Baghdad's thirty-six public libraries were torn apart, the looters using their leather covers as sandals. Grand buildings that had been the work of generations were
1378:
to usher in the administrative changes needed to keep order of the political challenges created by the far-flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it. It was also during this early period of the dynasty, in particular during the governance of Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and
4117:
Many caravans and goods never made it to their intended destinations. Some Chinese exports perished in fires, while other ships sank. It was said that anybody who made it to China and back unharmed was blessed by God. Common sea routes were also plagued by pirates who built and crewed vessels that
3993:
Every regional metropolis had a post office and hundreds of roads were paved in order to link the imperial capital with other cities and towns. The empire employed a system of relays to deliver mail. The central post office in Baghdad even had a map with directions that noted the distances between
3761:
Many of the laws and restrictions that were imposed on dhimmis often resembled other laws that previous states had used to discriminate against a minority religion, specifically Jewish people. Romans in the fourth century banned Jewish people from holding public offices, banned Roman citizens from
2936:
script—a script distinguished by precise, angular letters, generous spacing, horizontal extension of letters at the baseline and an emphasis on geometric proportion. Qur'ans copied in this script were typically formatted in a horizontal manner and were written on parchment. Qur'ans of this variety
3905:
system created by Umar and diverted the salaries of the original Arab military descendants to the Turkic slave soldiers. The Turkic soldiers transformed the style of warfare, as they were known as capable horse archers, trained from childhood to ride. This military was now drafted from the ethnic
2971:
techniques and trends under the Abbasid Caliphate were often dependent upon script style. As Qur'ans shifted from Kufic to New style script, illumination methods also changed. The illumination of early Abbasid Qur'ans (late 8th century) was largely dominated by geometric and vegetal shapes. These
2834:
The Abbasid period saw a large fashion development throughout its existence. While the development of fashion began during the Umayyad period, its genuine cosmopolitan styles and influence were realized at their finest during Abbasid rule. Fashion was a thriving industry during the Abbasid period
2745:
Whereas painting and architecture were not areas of strength for the Abbasid dynasty, pottery was a different story. Islamic culture as a whole, and the Abbasids in particular, were at the forefront of new ideas and techniques. Some examples of their work were pieces engraved with decorations and
1806:
and the Abbasids, who by this time had fragmented into several governorships that, while recognizing caliphal authority from Baghdad, remained mostly autonomous. The caliph himself was under 'protection' of the Buyid Emirs who possessed all of Iraq and Western Iran, and were quietly Shia in their
1361:
Al-Mansur centralised the judicial administration, and later, Harun al-Rashid established the institution of Chief Qadi to oversee it. The Umayyad empire was mostly Arab; however, the Abbasids progressively became made up of more and more converted Muslims in which the Arabs were only one of many
3909:
Although the Abbasids never retained a substantial regular army, the caliph could recruit a considerable number of soldiers in a short time when needed from levies. There were also cohorts of regular troops who received steady pay and a special forces unit. At any moment, 125,000 Muslim soldiers
2911:
The production of Qur'anic manuscripts flourished under the Abbasid Caliphate primarily between the late 8th and early 10th century. During this period, copies of the Qur'an were frequently commissioned for members of the Abbasid court and the wealthy elite in Muslim society. With the increased
2854:
Caliph al-Mansur was credited with making his court and the Abbasid high-ranking officials wear honorific robes of the color black for various ceremonial affairs and events which became the official color of the caliphate. This was acknowledged in China and Byzantium who called the Abbasids the
2846:
The Abbasids wore many layers of garments. Fabrics used for the clothing seemed to have included wool, linen, brocades, or silk the clothing of the poorer classes was made out of cheaper materials, such as wool, and had less fabric. This also meant they wouldn't be able to afford the variety of
2681:
The Near East has, since Roman times, been recognized as a center of quality glassware and crystal. 9th-century finds from Samarra show styles similar to Sassanian forms. The types of objects made were bottles, flasks, vases, and cups intended for domestic use, with decorations including molded
3929:
The cavalry was entirely covered in iron, with helmets. Similar to medieval knights, their only exposed spots were the end of their noses and small openings in front of their eyes. Their foot soldiers were issued spears, swords, and pikes, and (in line with Persian fashion) trained to stand so
3516:
and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. By the time of the Crusades, every province throughout the Islamic world had mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. These mills performed a variety of
2444:
in the West. Paper aided in communication and record-keeping, it also brought a new sophistication and complexity to businesses, banking, and the civil service. In 794, Jafa al-Barmak built the first paper mill in Baghdad, and from there the technology circulated. Harun required that paper be
5608:
A common trope among Abbasid claimant dynasties is that they are descended from Abbasid princes of Baghdad, "dispersed" by the Mongol invasion in 1258 CE. These surviving princes would leave Baghdad for a safe haven not controlled by the Mongols, assimilate to their new societies, and their
2215:, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr", stressing the value of knowledge. During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the
1358:. Prior to this, he had continued to consider multiple sites for a capital, including al-Hashimiyya, which he used as a capital for a while. Various other sites in the region also appear to have served as "capitals" under either al-Saffah or al-Mansur prior to the founding of Baghdad.
2489:
One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture". Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. Their works on
2330:, a collection of fantastical folk tales, legends and parables compiled primarily during the Abbasid era. The collection is recorded as having originated from an Arabic translation of a Sassanian-era Persian prototype, with likely origins in Indian literary traditions. Stories from
2808:. Of particular interest are stamped and inscribed fabrics, which used not only inks but also liquid gold. Some of the finer pieces were colored in such a manner as to require six separate stamps to achieve the proper design and color. This technology spread to Europe eventually.
1825:
Outside Iraq, all the autonomous provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto states with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues and operated under only nominal caliph suzerainty, which may not necessarily be reflected by any contribution to the treasury, such as the
1857:'s independence from caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays of Sunni orthodoxy and ritual submission to the caliph. In the 11th century, the loss of respect for the caliphs continued, as some Islamic rulers no longer mentioned the caliph's name in the Friday
1362:
ethnicities. The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Al-Mansur welcomed non-Arab Muslims to his court. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the
2582:
As power shifted from the Umayyads to the Abbasids, the architectural styles changed also, from Greco-Roman tradition (which features elements of Hellenistic and Roman representative style) to Eastern tradition which retained their independent architectural traditions from
2440:, where they helped set up the first Arab paper mill. In time, paper replaced parchment as the medium for writing, and the production of books greatly increased. These events had an academic and societal impact that could be broadly compared to the introduction of the
8873:
3802:". The former was especially joyful because children would purchase decorations and sweetmeats; people prepared the best food and bought new clothes. At midmorning, the caliph, wearing Muhammad's thobe, would guide officials, accompanied by armed soldiers to the
3207:
3597:
In contrast to the earlier era, women in Abbasid society were absent from all arenas of the community's central affairs. While their Muslim forebears led men into battle, started rebellions, and played an active role in community life, as demonstrated in the
5791:
This city had previously been the residence of his father, al-Mahdi, whom al-Mansur had appointed its governor in 771. Al-Mahdi constructed a new city for himself, al-Rafiqa, next to Raqqa, and the two towns came to form a single urban agglomeration over
5643:
With regards to the Bastak khanate, Shaikh Mohamed Khan Bastaki was the first Abbasid ruler of Bastak to hold the title of "Khan" after the local people accepted him as a ruler, meaning "ruler" or "king", a title which was reportedly bestowed upon him by
2751:
brown, or red. By the 9th century, the potters had mastered their techniques and their decorative designs could be divided into two styles. The Persian style would show animals, birds, and humans, along with Kufic lettering in gold. Pieces excavated from
2658:
and the great mosque of Baghdad, encompassing 90,000 square feet (8,400 m). Travel across the Tigris and the network of waterways allowing the drainage of the Euphrates into the Tigris was facilitated by bridges and canals servicing the population.
3806:, where he led prayers. After the prayer, all those in attendance would exchange the best wishes and hug their kin and companions. The festivities lasted for three days. During those limited number of nights, the palaces were lit up and boats on the
3538:
and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. It has been argued that the industrial use of waterpower had spread from Islamic to Christian Spain, where fulling mills, paper mills, and forge mills were recorded for the first time in
3253:
was an area of science that advanced particularly during the Abbasids' reign. During the 9th century, Baghdad contained over 800 doctors, and great discoveries in the understanding of anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between
905:
production reached its height. Between the 8th and 10th centuries, Abbasid artisans pioneered and perfected manuscript techniques that became standards of the practice. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the
2637:
is a fine example of this type of building, which has stables, living quarters, and a mosque, all surrounding inner courtyards. Mesopotamia only has one surviving mausoleum from this era, in Samarra: an octagonal domed structured known as the
2342:
folklore and literature were later incorporated. The epic is believed to have taken shape in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian
3446:(known as a kamal). When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. Abbasid sailors were also responsible for reintroducing large three masted merchant vessels to the
4170:
Muslims, most of whom had supported their war against the Umayyads since the Abbasids and the Shias claimed legitimacy by their familial connection to Muhammad. Once in power, the Abbasids disavowed any support for Shia beliefs in favor of
2866:
wore a kaftan from silver brocade Tustari silk and his son one made from Byzantine silk richly decorated or ornamented with figures. The kaftan was spread far and wide by the Abbasids and made known throughout the Arab world. In the 830s,
2855:"black-robed ones". But despite the color black being common during the caliphate, many color dyes existed and it was made sure that colors would not clash. Notably, the color yellow needed to be avoided when wearing colored clothing.
5801:
Concubines were expected to be treated well, treating them poorly would have been deviation from Islamic ethics however some from the ruling class engaged in acts of disbelief and deviancy behind closed doors with and without their
3089:(786–809) and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. In large part, this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of
1488:
same period, several factions began either to leave the empire for other lands or to take control of distant parts of the empire. Still, the reigns of al-Rashid and his sons were considered to be the apex of the Abbasids.
1666:" (861–870), the Abbasid central government was weakened and centrifugal tendencies became more prominent in the caliphate's provinces. By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control of Iraq to various
2682:
flutes, honeycomb patterns, and inscriptions. Other styles seen that may not have come from the Sassanians were stamped items. These were typically round stamps, such as medallions or disks with animals, birds, or
3887:
affiliations but on their current places of residence. Under the Abbasids, Iranian peoples became better represented in the army and bureaucracy as compared to before. The Abbasid army was centred on the Khorasan
2445:
employed in government dealings, since something recorded on paper could not easily be changed or removed, and eventually, an entire street in Baghdad's business district was dedicated to selling paper and books.
2847:
garments that the elite classes wore. Elegant women would not wear black, green, red, or pink, except for fabrics that naturally had those colors, such as red silk. Women's clothing would be perfumed with musk,
2247:
civilizations. According to Huff, "n virtually every field of endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics and so forth—the Caliphate's scientists were in the forefront of scientific advance."
3525:
in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by
5781:
Wade states "Tazi in Persian sources referred to a people in that land, but was later extended to cover Arab lands. The Persian term was adopted by Tang China (Dàshí :大食) to refer to the Arabs until the 12th
3782:
to Europe, and the Jewish community in Baghdad went on to establish ten rabbinical schools and twenty-three synagogues. Baghdad not only contained the tombs of Muslim saints and martyrs, but also the tomb of
3906:
groups of the faraway borderlands, and were completely separate from the rest of society. Some could not speak Arabic properly. This led to the decline of the caliphate starting with the Anarchy at Samarra.
2755:
exceed in vibrancy and beauty any from later periods. These were predominantly being made for the caliph's use. Tiles were also made using this same technique to create both monochromatic and polychromatic
1814:
Map of the fragmented Abbasid empire, with areas still under direct control of the Abbasid central government (dark green) and under autonomous rulers (light green) adhering to nominal Abbasid suzerainty,
4016:
Capital poured into the caliphate's treasury from a variety of taxes, including a real estate tax; a levy on cattle, gold and silver, and commercial wares; a special tax on non-Muslims; and customs dues.
3625:) and princesses produced prestigious and important poetry. Enough survives to give us access to women's historical experiences, and reveals some vivacious and powerful figures, such as the Sufi mystic
2432:
Under Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad was renowned for its bookstores, which proliferated after the making of paper was introduced. Chinese papermakers had been among those taken prisoner by the Arabs at the
2100:
The caliph Al-Musta'sim was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered. Ironically, Mongols feared that a supernatural disaster would strike if the blood of
3613:
Whoever has three daughters and is patient towards them, and feeds them, gives them to drink, and clothes them from his wealth; they will be a shield for him from the Fire on the Day of Resurrection.
1737:
started the downward slide by using non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal army. Also during this period, officers started assassinating superiors with whom they disagreed, in particular the caliphs.
8123:
1957:
Once again, the Abbasids were forced to deal with a military power that they could not match, though the Abbasid caliph remained the titular head of the Islamic community. The succeeding sultans
1209:
sympathies in the city and did not always reside here. In 752, al-Saffah built a new city called al-Hashimiyya, at an uncertain location, most likely near Kufa. Later that same year, he moved to
7700:. François Déroche, Edhem Eldem, Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Sana Mirza, Zeren Tanındı, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. pp. 68–73.
5652:(1960), in which is recounted the history of the region and the Abbasid family that ruled it. Mohamed A'zam Khan Baniabbassian died in 1967, regarded as the end of the Abbasid reign in Bastak.
1771:
and statecraft. Only the central lands of Mesopotamia were under direct Abbasid control, with Palestine and the Hejaz often managed by the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, had begun to push
3571:
While the Abbasids originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire, during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly Arabized, particularly in the
1879:), although Baghdad was the city most closely connected to the caliphate, even in the Buyid and Seljuq eras. The challenge of the Fatimids only ended with their downfall in the 12th century.
1556:
Al-Mu'tasim's reign marked the end of the strong caliphs. He strengthened his personal army with the Mamluks and promptly restarted the war with the Byzantines. Though his attempt to seize
1087:(Eastern Persia), even though the governor opposed them, and the Shia Arabs, he achieved considerable success, but was captured in the year 747 and died, possibly assassinated, in prison.
1216:
2494:
were a key step in the transmission of learning from ancient Greeks to the Islamic world and the West. They often corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of
1201:
support base of the Abbasids and the move addressed their demand for reduced Arab dominance in the empire. However, no definitive capital was yet selected. In these early Abbasid years,
3998:, to as far as China. The post office not only enhanced civil services but also served as intelligence for the caliph. Mailmen were employed as spies who kept an eye on local affairs.
1969:, took up residence in Persia, but held power over the Abbasids in Baghdad. When the dynasty began to weaken in the 12th century, the Abbasids gained greater independence once again.
1197:
One of the first major changes effected by Abbasid rule was the move of the caliphate's center of power from Syria to Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). This was closer to the Persian
9611:
3818:, sheep were butchered in public arenas and the caliph participated in a large-scale sacrifice in the palace courtyard. Afterward, the meat would be divided and given to the poor.
3239:
orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's empirical proof of the intromission theory of light (that is, that light rays entered the eyes rather than being
10299:
5662:
2150:. The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt continued to maintain the presence of authority, but it was confined to religious matters. The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of
3171:
1710:
in the form of tax farms) to their supporters. This period of localized secular control was to last nearly 100 years. The loss of Abbasid power to the Buyids would shift as the
5563:
3837:
smoothly was greeted by communal jubilation. When Harun developed this holy talent, the people lit torches and decorated the streets with wreaths of flowers, and his father,
2555:
11414:
1484:, with focus shifting primarily to internal matters; Abbasid governors exerted greater autonomy and, using this increasing power, began to make their positions hereditary.
1342:, whose challenge to the Abbasid claim to leadership was based on his Alid lineage and thus presented a serious political threat. He was defeated by an Abbasid army led by
13563:
2916:, bookbinding techniques, and illumination styles. This expansion and establishment of the book arts culminated in a formative period of the Islamic manuscript tradition.
5620:
related a similar origin story, claiming descent from a man by the name of Salih ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas, whose father Abdullah was an Abbasid prince who fled Baghdad for
910:, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it an international reputation as a centre of learning. The Abbasid period was marked by the use of
6108:
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 3: The Years 589–629/1193–1231: The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace
3235:(1021). The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally
564:
550:
536:
522:
508:
494:
480:
455:
441:
5746:
adopted red. The choice of black as the colour of the Abbasid Revolution was already motivated by the "black standards out of Khorasan" tradition associated with the
3610:
There is no man whose two daughters reach the age of puberty and he treats them kindly for the time they are together, but they will gain him admittance to Paradise.
2839:
was reportedly notable for his desire to imitate Persian kings by wearing a turban over a soft cap which was later adopted by other Abbasid rulers and called it the "
4059:. Tens of thousands of Arab coins have been discovered in parts of Russia and Sweden, which bear witness to the comprehensive trade networks set up by the Abbasids.
2417:
Arabic poetry reached its greatest height in the Abbasid era, especially before the loss of central authority and the rise of the Persianate dynasties. Writers like
1538:, which was supported by the Byzantines. Al-Ma'mun was also responsible for the creation of an autonomous Khorasan, and the continued repulsing of Byzantine forays.
12871:
1503:, and under his rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak. However, Harun's decision to split the succession proved to be damaging to the longevity of the empire.
15925:
12753:
3355:
3270:) produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and was very influential through his encyclopedias,
3049:
9201:"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: A Gap in the History of Gunpowder and Cannon"
1680:). In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew, reaching a climax when al-Radi was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to the non-Arab
15940:
15930:
12121:
10342:
Lucas, Adam Robert (2005). "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe".
3794:
There were large feasts on certain days, as the Muslims of the empire celebrated Christian holidays as well as their own. There were two main Islamic feasts:
3689:
The status and treatment of Jews, Christians, and non-Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate was a complex and continually changing issue. Non-Muslims were called
10614:
2690:, along with prismatic perfume bottles. Finally, cut glass may have been the high point of Abbasid glass-working, decorated with floral and animal designs.
2292:
8548:
2355:. Many imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as
15935:
13592:
12738:
2199:
in 1258 CE is considered the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid
3704:
One of the common aspects of the treatment of the dhimmis is that their treatment depended on who the caliph was at the time. Some Abbasid rulers, like
13862:
5556:
1133:
3328:, though originally developed by the Greeks, was developed further by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and subsequently brought to medieval Europe.
15965:
11407:
8584:
3897:) who recruited and deployed their own men with Abbasid resource grants. al-Mu‘tasim began the practice of recruiting Turkic slave soldiers from the
10222:
Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque
8148:
3856:
In Baghdad there were many Abbasid military leaders who were or said they were of Arab descent. However, it is clear that most of the ranks were of
13476:
12837:
10437:
9236:
3442:, navigable rivers were uncommon, so transport by sea was very important. Navigational sciences were highly developed, making use of a rudimentary
3347:
2182:
1989:
was the first caliph to build an army capable of meeting a Seljuk army in battle, he was nonetheless defeated and assassinated in 1135. The caliph
1717:
At the end of the eighth century, the Abbasids found they could no longer keep together a polity from Baghdad, which had grown larger than that of
894:
9264:
9208:
7139:
1651:
took control of most of Syria. The trend of weakening of the central power and strengthening of the minor caliphates on the periphery continued.
2108:, and the last reigning Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, was spilled. The Shia of Persia stated that no such calamity had happened after the death of
1560:
failed when his fleet was destroyed by a storm, his military excursions were generally successful, culminating with a resounding victory in the
15905:
10057:
10020:
9359:
9188:
2797:
14718:
6083:
15955:
5759:
Kufa remained the overall administrative capital but the caliphs resided in multiple other sites during these years. See article for details.
5549:
4013:. In the early 8th century, the family converted to Islam and began to take on a sizable part of the civil administration for the Abbasids.
2851:, hyacinth or ambergris, but no other scents. Footwear included furry Cambay shoes, boots of the style of Persian ladies, and curved shoes.
1038:
The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration in general. According to
15970:
11400:
9305:
3009:
One of the most notable parchment manuscripts created during the early Abbasid Caliphate was the Amajur Qur'an. This Qur'an was endowed by
3762:
converting to Judaism, and often demoted Jews who were serving in the Roman military. In direct contrast, there was an event in which two
2816:
1729:
set up a state from Fez in Morocco, while a family of governors under the Abbasids became increasingly independent until they founded the
12768:
5692:
6231:
1802:, which they built as a bastion of Shia learning and politics. By 1000 they had become the chief political and ideological challenge to
8607:
6780:
6753:
4106:. Arab businessmen were present in China as early as the eighth century. Arab merchants sailed the Caspian Sea to reach and trade with
3945:, ladders, grappling irons, and hooks. All such weaponry was operated by military engineers. However, the primary siege weapon was the
2673:, completed in 879, that is based on the style of Samarra and is now one of the best-preserved Abbasid-style mosques from this period.
1106:
west defeating the Umayyads at the Battle of Gorgan, the Battle of Nahavand and finally in the Battle of Karbala, all in the year 748.
6940:
3833:. Matrimonies and births in the royal family were observed by all in the empire. The announcement that one of the caliph's sons could
2722:, which was, again, a sub-dynasty of the Abbasids. Other styles are of vegetation, and fruit in nice colors on a four-foot high dedo.
1491:
Domestically, Harun pursued policies similar to those of his father Al-Mahdi. He released many of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother
15890:
13480:
12842:
12758:
11002:
7355:
15950:
13852:
12859:
9289:
8835:
5986:
5811:
For his full genealogy all the way back to Al-Abbas bin Abdulmuttalib, the paternal uncle of Mohamed, please see: Al-Abbasi's book
3844:
Of all the holidays imported from other cultures and religions, the one most celebrated in Baghdad (a city with many Persians) was
3166:
2142:. In 1261, following the devastation of Baghdad by the Mongols, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt re-established the Abbasid caliphate in
3113:. These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed by other Islamic scholars, notably by Persian scientists
2948:
During the late 9th century and early 10th century, a new system of calligraphy was introduced by Abbasid vizier and calligrapher
15960:
12822:
12743:
11172:
8862:"State, Land Tax and Agriculture in Iraq from the Arab Conquest to the Crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate (Seventh-Tenth Centuries)"
6144:
5624:
upon the Mongol invasion. He had a son named Salih who would grow to become an "able jurist" and a "very devout man". The Muslim
3603:
of the conquests an elite man could potentially own a thousand slaves, and ordinary soldiers could have ten people serving them.
3331:
2801:
2595:, which in turn featured elements present since ancient Mesopotamia. The Christian styles evolved into a style based more on the
1947:
1938:. By 1055, the Seljuqs had wrested control from the Buyids and Abbasids, and took temporal power. When the amir and former slave
1794:. The Fatimid dynasty took control of Idrisid and Aghlabid domains, advanced to Egypt in 969, and established their capital near
3693:. Dhimmis faced some level of discrimination in Abbasid society: they did not have all the privileges of Muslims and had to pay
1425:
broke the treaty, then fended off multiple incursions during the first decade of the 9th century. These attacks pushed into the
1374:
The Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the 8th century (750–800) under several competent caliphs and their
1094:, rising from Khorasan, successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the
12763:
11653:
7324:
3551:
1302:
establishing an alliance with China. Several embassies from the Abbasid Caliphs to the Chinese court have been recorded in the
993:
375:
10797:
Wade, Geoffrey (2012). "Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century". In Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li (eds.).
15915:
15875:
15671:
15053:
13168:
12773:
12730:
11335:
10595:
10545:
10516:
10467:
10407:
10332:
10229:
10141:
10041:
10004:
9791:
9753:
9600:
9492:
9452:
9405:
9134:
8936:
8909:
8407:
8142:
7705:
7639:
7597:
7427:
Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
7338:
6616:
6532:
6116:
5964:
3027:
2985:
side. The leather-bound Qur'an would have been placed in the box which then would have been fitted with a locking mechanism.
2746:
then colored with yellow-brown, green, and purple glazes. Designs were diverse with geometric patterns, Kufic lettering, and
2599:, utilizing mud bricks and baked bricks with carved stucco. Other architectural innovations and styles were few, such as the
2077:
conquered most of the Eurasian land mass, including both China in the east and much of the old Islamic caliphate (as well as
1541:
In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, composed of non-Arab origin people, known as
1060:, who remained outside the kinship-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire.
886:
13146:
3738:
1109:
Ibrahim was captured by Marwan and was killed. The quarrel was taken up by Ibrahim's brother Abdallah, known by the name of
15880:
13604:
13511:
11423:
11372:
10564:
8899:
1434:
1410:
15577:
11541:
8660:
A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empire, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in Pre-Modern Islamic West-Asia
2960:
1620:
The city of Samarra is the only remaining Islamic capital that retains its original plan, architecture and artistic relics
15885:
13506:
1997:. After nearly 250 years of subjection to foreign dynasties, he successfully defended Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the
710:
6602:
6292:
6007:
5950:
3701:(non-Muslim monotheists), Jews and Christians were allowed to practice their religion and were not required to convert.
3001:
15723:
14723:
13857:
13773:
13496:
13461:
9431:
9071:
8667:
8482:
8457:
8432:
8330:
8297:
8259:
8008:
7436:
6790:
6763:
6675:
5897:
5872:
3994:
each town. The roads were provided with roadside inns, hospices, and wells and could reach eastward through Persia and
949:
was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function in much of the caliphate, the dynasty retained control of its
928:(Muslim community). Despite this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both non-Arab
9066:. Vol. 4: Walai and Darfur. Translated by Fisher, Allan G. B.; Fisher, Humphrey J. London: C. Hurst and Company.
3131:
Christians) contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Umayyads and the Abbasids by translating works of
1903:, and they retained a certain influence over Baghdad as well as religious life. As Buyid power waned with the rule of
1614:
1125:
fled to Egypt, where he was subsequently killed. The remainder of his family, barring one male, were also eliminated.
15920:
15870:
14367:
13901:
12625:
12579:
12239:
12233:
10787:
10737:
10641:
10489:
10380:
10288:
10199:
10170:
10106:
9973:
9954:
9925:
9892:
9873:
9772:
9656:
9573:
9546:
9519:
9376:
9334:
9000:
8961:
8692:
8642:
8617:
7741:
7658:
7399:
7307:
7221:
6815:
4157:
8612:. Vol. 4: The Period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 62.
7998:
6106:
3868:, not from western Iran or Azerbaijan. Most of the Khorasani soldiers who brought the Abbasids to power were Arabs.
2219:
in Baghdad, where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into
1993:
was the first Abbasid Caliph to regain the full military independence of the caliphate, with the help of his vizier
15895:
13989:
13974:
13570:
13558:
12496:
12352:
11829:
11725:
7587:
4030:
3247:, particularly in his approach to experimentation, and has been referred to as the "world's first true scientist".
812:
6263:
103:
15349:
13847:
13833:
13585:
13235:
12990:
12796:
10606:
9081:
5929:
4515:
3196:
14511:
6275:
1064:, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign in Persia for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the
15910:
13451:
13055:
12603:
12501:
10838:
10507:
Pavlidis, T. (2010). "11: Turks and Byzantine Decline". In Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Davidson, Lawrence (eds.).
10162:
The Muslim Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas
9163:
8538:
6577:
5672:
5195:
3774:
2669:, vassals of the Abbasids. The styles utilized were mainly Abbasid. In Egypt, Ahmad Ibn Tulun commissioned the
2041:
1519:
3458:. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century.
2661:
Outside the Abbasid heartlands, architecture was still influenced by the capital. In present-day Tunisia, the
2570:'Amad al-Dawla wrote a poem about this palace. During the medieval period, it was referred to as "al-Ma'shuq (
2347:
tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in
2138:. These Mamluks decided to directly overthrow their masters and came to power in 1250 in what is known as the
15787:
12413:
12172:
11849:
10995:
9200:
5632:. Seeing the population's deviation from Islam, he "pushed further" until he found the Abu Sinun mountain in
1099:
4760:
1278:. The Abbasids, or "Black Flags" as they were commonly called, were known in Tang dynasty chronicles as the
15782:
15666:
13597:
12975:
12952:
12562:
12418:
12408:
12314:
11967:
4026:
3547:
3517:
agricultural and industrial tasks. Abbasid engineers also developed machines (such as pumps) incorporating
3351:
3244:
2425:
were closely connected to the caliphal court in Baghdad during the early 9th century, while others such as
10847:
8574:
3074:
1662:
892–902). He brought parts of Egypt, Syria, and Khorasan back into Abbasid control. Especially after the "
1098:. Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in Merv.
15945:
15792:
14829:
14146:
13911:
13874:
13806:
13575:
13077:
12942:
12748:
12516:
12309:
11686:
9708:
Dimand, Maurice S. (1969b). "Islamic Pottery and Tiles". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).
8181:(by Natana J. Delong-Bas, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), I 651–54 (at p. 652) ed.).
5598:
3289:
2584:
2464:
2326:
2134:
Similarly to how a Mamluk Army was created by the Abbasids, a Mamluk Army was created by the Egypt-based
1990:
1020:
clan. The Abbasids claimed to be the true successors of Muhammad in replacing the Umayyad descendants of
10429:
10323:
Lewis, Bernard (1995). "The Middle East". In Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).
9674:
Dimand, Maurice S. (1969). "Islamic Glass and Crystal". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).
9228:
6145:"الكتاب : التاريخ الإسلامي – الموضوع : المتوكل على الله "الثالث" محمد بن يعقوب المستمسك بالله"
4690:
3179:
is derived. He is thus considered to be the father of algebra by some, although the Greek mathematician
1899:
amirs, the Abbasids retained a highly ritualized court in Baghdad, as described by the Buyid bureaucrat
15985:
15855:
14324:
13999:
13979:
13821:
13811:
13801:
13501:
13491:
13270:
12827:
12710:
12227:
11646:
11131:
10051:
10014:
9256:
8811:"Abbasids (A.D. 750 to 1258): Rise, History, Wealth | Middle East And North Africa — Facts and Details"
8635:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century
4207:
were effectively independent in Africa. The Abbasid authority began to deteriorate during the reign of
4071:
3250:
3063:
2480:
1690:
had a short reign from 944 to 946, and it was during this period that the Persian faction known as the
1327:
1298:
and established good relations with them. After the war, these embassies remained in China with Caliph
9485:
The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
2972:
ornamental elements were often concentrated at the beginning and end of volumes as well as in between
1930:
With the Buyid dynasty on the wane, a vacuum was created that was eventually filled by the dynasty of
15865:
15750:
14898:
14462:
13951:
13796:
13366:
13161:
12920:
12907:
12608:
12437:
12133:
11855:
11818:
10867:
10832:
8205:
6593:
5937:
5594:
4126:
3901:
into a private army, which allowed him to take over the reins of the caliphate. He abolished the old
3803:
3767:
3383:
from China. The use of paper spread from China into the caliphate in the 8th century CE, arriving in
3282:. The work of him and many others directly influenced the research of European scientists during the
3097:
A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting
2498:. They also wrote influential original philosophical works, and their thinking was incorporated into
2105:
1390:(vizier) developed in this period. It was initially akin to a secretary, but under the tenure of the
1009:
819:
17:
7544:"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus"
6956:
4066:
358:
15900:
15708:
15683:
15533:
15192:
15187:
14038:
14009:
13653:
13072:
12791:
12615:
12388:
11868:
10988:
6271:
6075:
5439:
3630:
3387:(Islamic Spain) and then the rest of Europe in the 10th century. It was easier to manufacture than
3321:
3240:
3159:
family served as private doctors to caliphs and sultans between the eighth and eleventh centuries.
2662:
2458:
2351:. This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by
2178:
2147:
2086:
1440:
10806:
Wilber, Donald N. (1969). "Abbasid Architecture". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).
10707:
Toomer, G. J. (December 1964). "Book Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm".
5636:
where he converted the local people to Islam and taught them its rules, after which they made him
5628:
on pilgrimage in Mecca met him and, impressed by his knowledge, invited him to return with him to
3986:
As a result of such a vast Empire, the caliphate was decentralized and divided into 24 provinces.
3930:
solidly that, one contemporary wrote "you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze".
3786:, whose corpse had been brought to Iraq during the first migration of the Jews out of the Levant.
3093:
as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims.
2158:
to Constantinople where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.
1698:
swept into power and assumed control over the bureaucracy in Baghdad. According to the history of
1346:. It was after this victory, in 762, that al-Mansur finally established a proper Abbasid capital,
15980:
15860:
15775:
15656:
15197:
15150:
15093:
14792:
14736:
14484:
14266:
14014:
13678:
13411:
12930:
11741:
11310:
11295:
11011:
10659:
Söylemez, Mehmet Mahfuz (2005). "The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions".
10581:
9309:
7179:
6923:
Murray, S.A.P. (2012). The library: An illustrated history. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, p. 54.
5687:
5682:
5667:
5185:
4229:
4204:
4130:
2902:
2747:
2698:
2312:
2196:
2050:
2037:
2021:
1998:
1674:(934–941) was forced to acknowledge their power by creating the position of "Prince of Princes" (
1602:
1237:
1061:
831:
703:
345:
213:
11895:
9725:
Dimand, Maurice S. (1969c). "Islamic Textiles". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).
9691:
Dimand, Maurice S. (1969a). "Islamic Painting". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).
9595:. International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
8956:. Vol. 2: Kawar, Bornu, Kanem, Borku, Ennedi. University of California Press. p. 206.
6061:
3662:
had an additional home or flat, with her own enslaved staff of eunuchs and maidservants. When a
2820:
Dignitary in loose-fitting dress and turban. Illustrations from the 1237 Baghdad edition of the
945:, who captured Baghdad in 945 and 1055, respectively. Although Abbasid leadership over the vast
648:
15797:
15698:
15693:
15381:
15329:
15249:
15182:
15086:
15071:
14964:
14731:
14685:
14526:
14413:
13969:
13828:
13698:
13673:
13543:
13295:
13087:
13016:
12985:
12915:
11839:
11834:
11752:
11499:
11320:
10680:
9729:. Vol. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 216–220.
9712:. Vol. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 211–216.
9695:. Vol. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 205–211.
8397:
5290:
5235:
3144:
2968:
2614:
2484:
2265:
2013:
1994:
1565:
986:
797:
10588:
17th International Congress of Historical Sciences: Madrid, From 26 August to 2 September 1990
10133:
9743:
9061:
8990:
8810:
7763:
7297:
5994:
3462:
was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the
2296:
Remains of a large circular pool surrounded by reception halls in the Dar Al-Baraka Palace in
15728:
15688:
15501:
15376:
14440:
14430:
14389:
14360:
14334:
14073:
13941:
13553:
13426:
13405:
13325:
13285:
13176:
13033:
13011:
11762:
11639:
11595:
11270:
11217:
10777:
10684:
10477:
10425:
9442:
9395:
9050:محمد أعظم؛ (العباسي)بني عباسيان بستكي (1993م). أحداث و وقائع و مشايخ بستك و خنج و لنجة و لار.
8926:
5862:
5280:
5250:
3955:
employed in Western medieval times. From the seventh century onward, it had largely replaced
3652:
3335:
3313:
3272:
2666:
2654:
2592:
1681:
1445:
1399:
1347:
1316:
835:
15616:
10535:
9124:
3712:(714–775 CE), it was common for Jews and Christians to influence the overall culture in the
2993:
2005:(d. 1225) brought the caliphate back into power throughout Iraq, based in large part on the
1740:
1260:
15821:
15651:
15621:
15496:
15427:
15398:
15317:
14651:
14489:
14479:
14168:
14050:
13984:
13946:
13842:
13768:
13763:
13688:
13536:
13154:
12690:
12597:
12542:
11607:
11340:
11064:
10217:
7625:
6937:
5424:
5305:
4118:
were faster than most merchant ships. It is said that many of the adventures at sea in the
3956:
3875:
3663:
3554:
passed on knowledge of chemistry and instrument making in particular. The agricultural and
3309:
2868:
2643:
2634:
2607:. Unfortunately, much was lost due to the ephemeral nature of the stucco and luster tiles.
2588:
2550:
2499:
2397:
1572:
responded by sending his troops into Anatolia again, sacking and marauding until they were
1021:
15601:
10877:
10583:
17e Congrès international des sciences historiques: Madrid, du 26 août au 2 septembre 1990
9229:"Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part II: Transmission of Islamic Engineering"
5633:
3891:
infantry and the Khurasaniyya heavy cavalry, led by their own semi-autonomous commanders (
3481:
2862:, a robe made from silver or gold brocade and buttons in the front of the sleeves. Caliph
2665:
was founded under the Umayyad dynasty but completely rebuilt in the 9th century under the
87:
8:
15975:
15513:
15393:
15359:
15261:
15081:
15076:
14888:
14607:
14543:
14418:
14403:
14110:
14068:
13994:
13869:
13791:
13320:
13290:
13275:
12925:
12801:
12695:
12511:
11950:
11747:
6808:
The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 4: The Period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
5514:
4525:
4001:
Early in the days of the caliphate, the Barmakids took the responsibility of shaping the
3550:, including early industries for textiles, sugar, rope-making, matting, silk, and paper.
3278:
3200:
3041:
2898:
2892:
2715:
2670:
2339:
2017:
1887:
1335:
1271:
1148:
902:
668:
203:
15229:
15219:
10967:
9281:
6225:
4830:
3191:
are derived from the name of al-Khwarizmi, who was also responsible for introducing the
1290:
850:). The Abbasid Revolution had its origins and first successes in the easterly region of
15626:
15606:
15589:
15540:
15405:
15214:
15165:
15098:
15016:
14957:
14952:
14947:
14903:
14873:
14765:
14663:
14531:
14506:
14241:
14236:
14221:
14183:
14158:
14095:
13956:
13891:
13526:
13335:
13250:
13092:
13006:
12937:
12847:
12783:
12591:
12567:
12244:
12222:
12182:
12024:
11927:
11878:
11844:
11735:
11439:
10359:
10264:
10085:
10029:
9992:
9862:
9811:
9745:
Caveman Chemistry: 28 Projects, from the Creation of Fire to the Production of Plastics
9644:
9353:
9182:
8378:
8370:
6597:
5723:
5677:
5220:
4985:
4870:
4730:
4455:
4390:
4153:
4137:
3742:
3698:
3678:
3648:
3466:, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as
3132:
2924:
2913:
2827:
2768:
Egypt being a center of the textile industry was part of Abbasid cultural advancement.
2454:
2389:
2335:
2269:
2257:
2172:
1911:, for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia with writings such as the
1768:
1663:
1585:
1573:
1531:
1213:, where he built a new settlement for his Khurasani soldiers and a palace for himself.
1042:, "The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of
1033:
898:
843:
696:
615:
318:
305:
14083:
12090:
11392:
6148:
4810:
1247:) who firmly consolidated Abbasid rule and faced down internal challenges. His uncle,
15735:
15631:
15567:
15562:
15491:
15388:
15103:
15031:
15026:
14868:
14797:
14780:
14770:
14570:
14521:
14310:
14261:
14226:
14063:
14004:
13906:
13816:
13786:
13781:
13648:
13643:
13627:
13516:
13456:
13371:
13280:
13067:
13062:
12967:
12957:
12947:
12620:
12506:
12458:
12301:
12212:
11915:
11905:
11900:
11885:
11718:
11481:
11475:
11445:
11365:
11355:
11325:
10926:
10811:
10783:
10764:
10743:
10733:
10695:
10647:
10637:
10591:
10541:
10522:
10512:
10495:
10485:
10463:
10413:
10403:
10386:
10376:
10363:
10328:
10284:
10268:
10235:
10225:
10205:
10195:
10189:
10176:
10166:
10147:
10137:
10126:
10112:
10102:
10089:
10037:
10000:
9979:
9969:
9950:
9931:
9921:
9898:
9888:
9869:
9848:
9829:
9797:
9787:
9768:
9749:
9730:
9713:
9696:
9679:
9662:
9652:
9596:
9579:
9569:
9552:
9542:
9525:
9515:
9498:
9488:
9458:
9448:
9427:
9401:
9382:
9372:
9330:
9159:
9140:
9130:
9067:
8996:
8957:
8932:
8905:
8904:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press in association with the Aga Khan University.
8688:
8663:
8638:
8613:
8478:
8453:
8428:
8403:
8382:
8326:
8293:
8255:
8225:
8138:
8004:
7737:
7701:
7635:
7593:
7432:
7395:
7363:
7334:
7303:
7217:
7195:
6811:
6786:
6759:
6671:
6612:
6528:
6302:
6112:
6017:
5960:
5893:
5868:
5727:
5330:
5175:
4780:
4420:
4400:
4285:
4141:
4119:
3861:
3830:
3478:
crossing Central Asia passed through the Abbasid caliphate between China and Europe.
3400:
3226:
3082:
3037:
2600:
2559:
2331:
2261:
2151:
2113:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1465:
1339:
1248:
1114:
997:
870:
839:
658:
653:
630:
620:
501:
446:
277:
9257:"Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part I: Avenues of Technology Transfer"
7561:
6378:
6376:
3882:, is a large, rectangular fortress erected in 775 AD with a unique defensive style.
3054:
15584:
15371:
15366:
15322:
15309:
15239:
15207:
15202:
15066:
15061:
15043:
15004:
14937:
14920:
14861:
14851:
14846:
14787:
14743:
14713:
14673:
14656:
14639:
14602:
14353:
14153:
14088:
14078:
13752:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13663:
13638:
13097:
13082:
12832:
12537:
12259:
12197:
12187:
12177:
12162:
11910:
11813:
11785:
11673:
11511:
11493:
11463:
11345:
11285:
11234:
11192:
10716:
10668:
10351:
10256:
10077:
9077:
8362:
8318:
8285:
8217:
7775:
6585:
6520:
5769:
5484:
5480:
5469:
5450:
5115:
5095:
5075:
4995:
4790:
4670:
4595:
4585:
4535:
4465:
4365:
4315:
3682:
3572:
3301:
3078:
3045:
2410:
2401:
2393:
2376:
2228:
2139:
2129:
1954:, the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad to Sunni rule and took Iraq for his dynasty.
1842:
1730:
1640:
1636:
1500:
1473:
1469:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1403:
1304:
1191:
1084:
978:
962:
851:
734:
663:
473:
362:
172:
9917:
9911:
8206:""The sheikh of the translators": The translation methodology of Hunayn ibn Ishaq"
7391:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
3492:
Engineers in the Abbasid caliphate made a number of innovative industrial uses of
2533:
was later established as a result. Other influential Abbasid philosophers include
1917:. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itself, attempting to prevent the outbreak of
1472:
and died while there. Military operations by the caliphate were minimal while the
1266:
In 756, al-Mansur had also sent over 4,000 Arab mercenaries to assist the Chinese
15802:
15770:
15643:
15611:
15594:
15550:
15545:
15523:
15518:
15476:
15469:
15444:
15304:
15299:
15140:
15021:
14915:
14910:
14878:
14703:
14693:
14587:
14580:
14575:
14560:
14516:
14398:
14384:
14251:
14216:
14105:
14100:
14019:
13930:
13668:
13521:
13433:
13421:
13345:
13340:
13330:
13265:
13240:
13225:
13212:
13200:
13023:
12720:
12665:
12465:
12151:
12111:
12000:
11956:
11730:
11565:
11535:
11505:
11315:
11300:
11290:
11260:
11227:
11053:
10959:
10951:
10947:
10943:
10907:
10631:
10556:
10457:
10160:
9944:
9842:
9153:
7389:
6944:
6581:
6373:
5645:
5420:
5390:
5155:
5145:
5055:
5035:
4925:
4860:
4820:
4800:
4710:
4635:
4625:
4615:
4575:
4545:
4485:
4475:
4355:
4305:
4225:
4099:
4036:
3857:
3783:
3373:
3334:
influenced medieval European alchemists, particularly the writings attributed to
3192:
3140:
3136:
3118:
3098:
3086:
3033:
3010:
2776:
was famous for its factories and had over 5,000 looms. Examples of textiles were
2739:
2596:
2571:
2522:
2433:
2385:
2352:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2135:
2101:
2094:
1871:
dynasty of Cairo contested the Abbasids for the titular authority of the Islamic
1787:
1756:
1561:
1550:
1418:
1363:
1299:
1205:
generally served as the administrative capital, but the caliphs were wary of the
1183:
1103:
1080:
990:
989:, the dynasty continued to claim religious authority until a few years after the
974:
907:
890:
878:
827:
788:
515:
460:
262:
247:
150:
54:
31:
15224:
10590:] (in French). Vol. 1. Comité international des sciences historiques .
9478:] (in French). Vol. 5 (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
7356:"Story of cities #3: the birth of Baghdad was a landmark for world civilisation"
3143:. Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation of Arab culture, with the
600:
15745:
15740:
15703:
15678:
15661:
15572:
15557:
15528:
15486:
15334:
15294:
15289:
15244:
15170:
15130:
15120:
15110:
14925:
14804:
14698:
14565:
14447:
14231:
14206:
13486:
13416:
13135:
12852:
12705:
12547:
12249:
11601:
11589:
11577:
11529:
11330:
11222:
11162:
11115:
11110:
11095:
11075:
10899:
10858:
9824:
9252:
9224:
9196:
8579:
8570:
8543:
6589:
6287:
6279:
6002:
5998:
5945:
5933:
5495:
5405:
5349:
5125:
5015:
4945:
4645:
4161:
4136:
The Abbasids engaged in extensive trade with the Italian maritime republics of
4125:
The Abbasids also established overland trade with Africa, largely for gold and
4060:
3964:
3626:
3430:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Apart from the
3399:
was also transmitted from China via the caliphate, where the formulas for pure
3231:
3222:
3101:
to the Christian West. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the
2836:
2538:
2503:
2441:
2371:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2240:
2109:
2078:
1838:
1734:
1655:
1557:
1546:
1308:, the most important being those of al-Saffah, al-Mansur, and Harun al-Rashid.
1095:
985:
in 1261. Though lacking in political power, with the brief exception of Caliph
946:
94:
10260:
10081:
8366:
7779:
5742:
s. Their rivals chose other colours in reaction; among these, forces loyal to
2730:
1553:
created a division between the caliphate and the people they claimed to rule.
15849:
15826:
15713:
15508:
15481:
15454:
15432:
15410:
15177:
15160:
15145:
14989:
14942:
14930:
14856:
14748:
14622:
14617:
14592:
14474:
14304:
14256:
14246:
14211:
14163:
14140:
14115:
13879:
13708:
13703:
13580:
13381:
13230:
13038:
12865:
12715:
12254:
12217:
12192:
12029:
11571:
11559:
11547:
11523:
11187:
11100:
11085:
10699:
10672:
10239:
10065:
9833:
9678:. Vol. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
9308:. Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. 1998. Archived from
8322:
8289:
8229:
8130:
7367:
6955:
Szczepanski, Kallie. "How the Mongols Took Over Baghdad in 1258." ThoughtCo.
6306:
6283:
6267:
6220:
6021:
5990:
5941:
5864:
A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen
5375:
4880:
4740:
4056:
4052:
4002:
3980:
3942:
3888:
3705:
3659:
3592:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3463:
3447:
3360:
3317:
2686:
inscriptions. Colored lead glass, typically blue or green, has been found in
2301:
2279:
2236:
2074:
2025:
1986:
1977:
1966:
1676:
1569:
966:
942:
543:
529:
487:
15254:
15234:
10831:
10307:
8355:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
7698:
The art of the Qurʼan: treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts
4248:
2932:
The earliest style of calligraphy used for Abbasid Qur'ans was known as the
2046:
1810:
961:. The Abbasids' age of cultural revival and fruition ended in 1258 with the
937:
The political power of the caliphs was limited with the rise of the Iranian
918:
family) for governing the territories as well as an increasing inclusion of
15718:
15459:
15449:
15415:
15344:
15339:
15266:
15056:
15038:
14999:
14994:
14974:
14969:
14841:
14834:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14708:
14646:
14627:
14612:
14548:
14130:
13896:
13693:
13401:
13396:
13386:
13220:
13125:
13050:
12700:
12552:
12430:
12146:
11995:
11980:
11694:
11360:
11350:
11305:
11202:
11182:
11070:
10768:
10355:
7630:
6524:
5617:
5582:
5379:
4850:
4605:
4103:
4083:
4040:
3995:
3128:
3090:
2940:
2880:
2526:
2426:
2224:
2070:
2062:
1918:
1783:
1772:
1718:
1527:
1515:
1507:
1422:
1380:
1355:
1343:
1320:
1295:
1267:
1210:
1179:
1175:
950:
847:
686:
10730:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans: 1185–1365
8353:
Sirry, Mun'im (2011). "The public role of Dhimmīs during ʿAbbāsid times".
8221:
4063:
minted gold coins similar to those of the Abbasids in the eighth century.
3975:
3070:, established in 1227, one of the few Abbasid-era madrasas remaining today
2610:
15437:
15422:
15271:
14984:
14893:
14883:
14809:
14457:
14452:
14314:
14276:
14125:
13961:
13886:
13683:
13245:
12677:
12167:
12075:
11975:
11862:
11280:
11275:
11157:
11152:
11125:
11090:
10915:
10779:
Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq
10453:
10276:
5239:
5005:
4915:
4700:
4555:
4505:
4179:
set up an independent state in North Africa in 801. Within 50 years, the
4010:
3865:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3725:
3576:
3513:
3497:
3380:
3369:
3365:
3283:
2906:
2863:
2647:
2082:
2054:
1951:
1931:
1865:
1803:
1759:. In the East, governors decreased their ties to the center as well. The
1687:
1632:
1535:
1187:
1039:
1017:
970:
911:
9619:
9564:
Clinton, Jerome W. (2000). Talattof, Kamran; Clinton, Jerome W. (eds.).
8374:
3637:
2089:
in 1258 is traditionally seen as the approximate end of the Golden Age.
1907:, the caliphate was able to regain some measure of strength. The caliph
1311:
15464:
15281:
15155:
15115:
15048:
13391:
12980:
12062:
12019:
11990:
11619:
11613:
11265:
11207:
11197:
11177:
11147:
11120:
11105:
8399:
The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity
5697:
5525:
5165:
5135:
4965:
4770:
4335:
4044:
3834:
3746:
3555:
3518:
3501:
3493:
3427:
3411:
3384:
3297:
3293:
3236:
3180:
3155:
and early Abbasid periods. Notably, eight generations of the Nestorian
3124:
3102:
2848:
2757:
2530:
2472:
2418:
1958:
1875:. They commanded some support in the Shia sections of Baghdad (such as
1854:
1744:
1256:
1143:
1091:
1065:
954:
823:
557:
396:
9424:
The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad
6235:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
3558:
industries also experienced high levels of growth during this period.
15354:
15125:
15009:
14979:
14760:
14634:
14425:
14201:
14173:
14120:
13658:
13350:
13310:
12685:
12116:
12058:
12005:
11873:
11487:
11469:
11080:
11038:
11033:
10933:
9126:
Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience
7296:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
5743:
5510:
5465:
5435:
5360:
5345:
4750:
4720:
4565:
4325:
4265:
4176:
4111:
3952:
3713:
3709:
3667:
3540:
3509:
3485:
3475:
3439:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3325:
3188:
3156:
3114:
2949:
2876:
2772:
were employed in the textile industry and produced linens and silks.
2630:
2514:
2491:
2476:
2437:
2422:
2244:
2208:
2200:
1962:
1760:
1699:
1644:
1530:
ruled for 20 years of relative calm interspersed with a rebellion in
1449:
1391:
1275:
1221:
1186:. Al-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and
1171:
1160:
1152:
1122:
1110:
1076:
915:
882:
866:
808:
583:
232:
206:
8861:
7543:
3512:
in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-
3243:) was particularly important. Ibn al-Haytham was significant in the
3105:
mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of
2187:
1495:
had imprisoned and declared amnesty for all political groups of the
14755:
14538:
14496:
14435:
13718:
13548:
13531:
13305:
13300:
13028:
12524:
12382:
12334:
12128:
12034:
11985:
11713:
11553:
11517:
11457:
11212:
11167:
11137:
11043:
10720:
8174:
5294:
5065:
5025:
4975:
4935:
4840:
4495:
4445:
4345:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4076:
4006:
3938:
3934:
3919:
3898:
3871:
3838:
3720:. Jews and Christians did this by participating in scholarly work.
3505:
3415:
3305:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3184:
3148:
2805:
2687:
2534:
2518:
2510:
2364:
2204:
2002:
1939:
1908:
1776:
1726:
1481:
1395:
1138:
1013:
958:
815:
11385:
indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only
10980:
10747:
10526:
10499:
10417:
10116:
10036:. Vol. VIII : Menage – Ottawa (15th ed.). Chicago.
9935:
9765:
The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present
9502:
9462:
9386:
9144:
7035:
4213:
2964:
Later example (13th century) of vegetal and geometric illumination
14668:
14597:
14553:
14408:
14178:
14135:
13315:
13260:
13043:
12639:
12327:
12207:
12085:
12080:
12067:
12051:
12044:
12039:
11771:
11427:
11142:
11058:
11048:
11023:
6957:
https://www.thoughtco.com/the-mongol-siege-of-baghdad-1258-195801
5454:
5364:
5334:
5269:
5105:
5085:
5045:
4955:
4890:
4680:
4295:
4208:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4107:
4095:
3960:
3926:, and other geostrategic locations in order to quell any unrest.
3911:
3879:
3826:
3750:
3717:
3685:
was an influential translator, scholar, physician, and scientist.
3622:
3451:
3443:
3392:
3255:
3210:
3162:
3152:
3110:
3067:
3059:
2752:
2719:
2707:
2618:
2604:
2563:
2495:
2405:
2356:
2344:
2297:
2155:
2009:
1943:
1935:
1923:
1868:
1791:
1764:
1748:
1711:
1671:
1648:
1628:
1606:
1545:. This force, created by al-Ma'mun and his brother and successor
1542:
1523:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1083:, the fourth in descent from Abbas. Supported by the province of
1069:
874:
331:
190:
143:
14469:
10815:
10651:
10390:
10209:
10191:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
10180:
10151:
10068:(1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo".
9983:
9902:
9883:
Grant, John; Clute, John (1999). "The Encyclopedia of Fantasy".
9852:
9801:
9734:
9717:
9700:
9683:
9666:
9583:
9556:
9529:
8836:"Cross-Cultural Trade and Cultural Exchange During the Crusades"
7295:
1294:, the word for "Arab"). Al-Rashid sent embassies to the Chinese
1228:
754–775) from the genealogy (silsilanāma) "Cream of Histories" (
14501:
14376:
14058:
13713:
12557:
12531:
12490:
12451:
12368:
12281:
12202:
12104:
12014:
11945:
11940:
11707:
11631:
11246:
11019:
10371:
Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds. (1990). "'Abbasids".
9514:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. pp. 7–10.
8539:"Baghdad i. The Iranian Connection: Before the Mongol Invasion"
6224:
5637:
5629:
5610:
5602:
5529:
5409:
5265:
4275:
3915:
3845:
3807:
3778:
3763:
3690:
3599:
3580:
3467:
3435:
3423:
3419:
3214:
3106:
2859:
2822:
2785:
2773:
2381:
2360:
2212:
2066:
1896:
1858:
1846:
1827:
1795:
1695:
1691:
1461:
1453:
1375:
1118:
1047:
938:
930:
855:
818:. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle,
402:
123:
10810:. Vol. 1: Aa–Ceylon. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
10459:
Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate
9822:
Frazier, Ian (25 April 2005). "Invaders: Destroying Baghdad".
9649:
Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy
5768:
The Abbasids resided in Cairo as ceremonial figures under the
3933:
The Abbasid army amassed an array of siege equipment, such as
3810:
hung lights. It was said that Baghdad "glittered 'like a bride
1767:
began breaking away around this time, cultivating a much more
1605:, built in 851 CE (237 AH) on the western side of the city of
1366:
who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads.
1259:(present-day Spain and Portugal) in 756, founding the Umayyad
15135:
14271:
13255:
12806:
12631:
12585:
12573:
12375:
12361:
12320:
12097:
11935:
11792:
11778:
11699:
11662:
11583:
11250:
9470:
Bosworth, C.; Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. (1983).
9469:
9096:
9027:
8425:
A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East
8252:
A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East
8096:(1st Gorgias Press ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
5747:
5625:
5621:
5590:
5499:
5254:
5224:
4172:
4087:
3694:
3670:
and also received apartments and (slave) servants as a gift.
3634:
3618:
3471:
3459:
2973:
2933:
2793:
2789:
2735:
2703:
2683:
2626:
2468:
2305:
2143:
2117:
1876:
1872:
1834:
1799:
1722:
1659:
1631:
had begun the process of exercising independent authority in
1477:
1398:(centered in present-day Tunisia) as a hereditary emirate to
1331:
1225:
1156:
1056:
982:
924:
919:
183:
157:
10099:
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West
7164:"قصر العاشق" في سامراء : تاريخ وأطلال وقصة عشق لا تنتهي
6701:
6699:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6178:
5867:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 97f.
5613:
where their khanate was established in the 17th century CE.
3959:. By Harun al-Rashid's time, the Abbasid army employed fire
13466:
13443:
13186:
13180:
12472:
12444:
12394:
12341:
12286:
11799:
9566:
The Poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric
8317:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–110.
8284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–103.
5772:
after the fall of Baghdad in 1258. See article for details.
5586:
5394:
4167:
4091:
3923:
3822:
3522:
3431:
2769:
2567:
2006:
1972:
1850:
1830:
1707:
1703:
1667:
1206:
1202:
1164:
1051:
1043:
862:
770:
737:
408:
136:
14345:
10871:
10755:
Verma, R. L. (1969). "Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics".
10679:
9369:
The Chinese Machiavelli: 3,000 Years of Chinese Statecraft
7792:
7631:
Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires
6349:
977:. The Abbasid line of rulers re-centred themselves in the
10972:
10400:
Persian Historiography: To the End of the Twelfth Century
8706:
8704:
8427:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–54.
8254:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–30.
8109:
Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn al Rashīd
8073:
7606:
6696:
6630:
6628:
6496:
6484:
6472:
6325:
6313:
6175:
4122:
were based on historical fiction of mariners of the day.
3777:
were incorporated into the Arab community and considered
3262:
was described during this time. Famous Persian scientist
2937:
were most popular in the second half of the 8th century.
2123:
1518:, who had the support of Khorasan. This war ended with a
776:
764:
752:
746:
10685:"Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D."
10247:
Labib, Subhi Y. (1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam".
9916:. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. pp.
9784:
African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design
9593:
Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past
9397:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
8928:
Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History
6043:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
4133:, Jews served as a link between the two hostile worlds.
3206:
11422:
10327:. Vol. 1A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10101:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9767:(2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
9441:
Bonner, Michael; Ener, Mine; Singer, Amy, eds. (2003).
8137:. Vol. II. New York: Routledge. pp. 865–867.
6337:
3356:
Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world
3296:, who improved the precision of the measurement of the
3050:
Timeline of science and technology in the Islamic world
1790:, a Shia sect tracing its roots to Muhammad's daughter
1647:, from Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, and the
861:
The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in
10799:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
10070:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
9999:. Vol. I: A–Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago.
8701:
8637:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson/Longman. p. 134.
8491:
8185:
6684:
6625:
6517:
Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750–334/945)
2875:
in kaftans and turbans. Even as far as the streets of
1882:
30:
For the dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate, see
9512:
Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography
9304:
8898:
Savant, Sarah Bowen; de Felipe, Helena, eds. (2014).
7230:
7105:
6541:
6250:
6163:
6028:
4234:
2928:
Folio from an 8th-9th century Qur'an, Abbasid dynasty
2653:
Baghdad, the epicenter of the empire, was originally
2436:
in 751. As prisoners of war, they were dispatched to
773:
749:
10715:(4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 463–465.
10224:. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale.
9367:
Bloodworth, Ching Ping; Bloodworth, Dennis (2004) .
9366:
8893:
8891:
8575:"Iraq i. In the Late Sasanid and Early Islamic Eras"
7764:"Transcribing God's Word: Qur'an Codices in Context"
7586:
Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009).
7302:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 216.
6382:
6196:
5736:
3951:, a type of siege weapon that was comparable to the
2912:
dissemination of the Qur'an also came the growth of
2001:, thus securing Iraq for the Abbasids. The reign of
1837:
and ruled the entire province from their capital of
1579:
802:
779:
767:
755:
743:
175:(central administration); various regional languages
60:
10580:Ruano, Eloy Benito; Burgos, Manuel Espadas (1992).
8792:
8790:
8777:
8775:
8762:
8760:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8520:
8518:
8100:
7997:Phillips, Douglas A.; Gritzner, Charles F. (2010).
7653:
7651:
7140:"The Islamic Scholar Who Gave Us Modern Philosophy"
5640:, thus laying the foundations of the Wadai Empire.
4043:thrived, with Arab vessels trading as far south as
3979:The provinces of Abbasid Caliphate in c. 850 under
3673:
3606:It was narrated from Ibn Abbas that Muhammad said:
1853:that had been in more common usage, signifying the
761:
740:
10801:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
10125:
9861:
9810:
8657:
6824:
3454:may derive from an earlier Arab ship known as the
1194:conducted raids during these early distractions.
1046:with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their
957:and extended into Iran during the reign of Caliph
10132:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
8982:
8888:
3910:could be assembled along the Byzantine frontier,
3666:gave birth to a son, she was elevated in rank to
3546:A number of industries were generated during the
3300:of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the
3165:was significantly developed by Persian scientist
2324:The best-known fiction from the Islamic world is
1079:, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of
1024:by virtue of their closer bloodline to Muhammad.
15847:
10476:
9612:"The Story of Islam's Gift of Paper to the West"
9440:
8787:
8772:
8757:
8728:
8515:
8477:. Harlow: Pearson Educated Limited. p. 38.
8452:. Scranton: Haddon Craftsmen. pp. 196–197.
8067:
7996:
7856:
7648:
7624:
7059:
7057:
6847:
6835:
6778:
6751:
6125:
3348:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
2207:to Baghdad. The Abbasids were influenced by the
2183:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
1506:After Rashid's death, the empire was split by a
1421:pushed for peace. After several years of peace,
838:in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the
834:for most of the caliphate from their capital in
10661:The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
10370:
9786:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
9346:Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak
8897:
7122:
7120:
6739:
5650:Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak
2529:with other ideas introduced through Islam, and
2429:received their patronage from regional courts.
1950:was unable to defeat him without outside help.
1383:, that its reputation and power were created.
1369:
1027:
15926:States and territories established in the 750s
9539:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc
9447:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
9444:Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts
9155:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
8135:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
7081:
6665:
6059:Bosworth, C. E. (1982). "ʿAbbasid Caliphate".
4216:decreasing in the 9th and the 10th centuries.
3504:, and petroleum (notably by distillation into
3414:and farming, using new technology such as the
2642:, which is the first known monumental tomb in
2625:creation of Baghdad, also planned the city of
1464:. Rashid decided to focus on the rebellion of
869:founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient
334:and beginning of Later Abbasid era (940–1258)
15941:States and territories disestablished in 1517
15931:States and territories disestablished in 1258
14361:
13162:
11647:
11408:
10996:
10511:(9th ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
9828:. Vol. 81, no. 10. pp. 48–55.
9343:
9107:
9015:
8976:
7736:. New York: MetPublications. pp. 25–34.
7548:Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia
7054:
6932:Frazier, I., "Invaders: Destroying Baghdad",
5557:
2195:The Abbasid historical period lasting to the
1460:Rashid's navy also proved successful, taking
1283:
704:
15818:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
10782:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher.
7695:
7216:. Milan: Electa Architecture. pp. 7–9.
7117:
6962:
6779:Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004).
6752:Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004).
5980:
5978:
5976:
5593:also claimed Abbasid descent, alongside the
3946:
3892:
3488:were among Abbasid inventions in technology.
1417:, and his sons continued the conflict until
996:in 1517, with the last Abbasid caliph being
587:
46:
10579:
10424:
9859:
9763:Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986).
9175:Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian
8931:. Oakland: University of California Press.
8901:Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies
8085:
7868:
7585:
6984:
6968:
6864:
5813:Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian
5693:Category:Governors of the Abbasid Caliphate
4166:Abbasids found themselves at odds with the
1755:By the 870s, Egypt became autonomous under
1444:Decorated niche from the Abbasid mosque of
15936:States and territories established in 1261
14368:
14354:
13169:
13155:
11654:
11640:
11415:
11401:
11003:
10989:
10630:Smith, Bradley; Weng, Wango H. C. (1973).
10216:
10056:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10019:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9882:
9808:
9762:
9394:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009).
9393:
9358:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9279:
9261:History of Science and Technology in Islam
9251:
9233:History of Science and Technology in Islam
9223:
9205:History of Science and Technology in Islam
9187:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8312:
8279:
8179:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
8045:
8023:
7914:
7796:
7612:
7592:. Vol. 1–3. New York: Facts on File.
7248:
7087:
7063:
6899:
6887:
6810:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
6653:
6603:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6466:
6293:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6261:
6190:
6008:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5951:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5734:for which their partisans were called the
5564:
5550:
3183:has also been given this title. The terms
2408:story of undying love much like the later
2104:, a direct descendant of Muhammad's uncle
2031:
2020:, in an attempt to eclipse the Seljuq-era
1921:in the capital, often contending with the
1128:
1113:, who defeated the Umayyads in 750 in the
711:
697:
102:
13477:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
10732:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10629:
10402:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
10375:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10283:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10165:. Vol. 1. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
9968:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
9909:
9591:Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008).
9590:
9195:
9172:
9158:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9151:
9059:
9039:
8951:
8924:
8685:The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates
8472:
8450:Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate
8121:
7974:
7935:
7933:
7550:. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232.
7537:
7535:
7394:. Yale University Press. pp. 28–32.
7205:
7011:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6911:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6442:
6343:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6016:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 265–266.
5973:
4102:. Land routes were also utilized through
4098:ports to travel and trade with India and
3016:
2944:Example of the "New Abbasid Style" script
2065:established a powerful dynasty among the
1946:banner in Baghdad in 1056–57, the caliph
1499:. Large scale hostilities broke out with
1288:) ("Tazi" being a borrowing from Persian
865:, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph
15966:13th-century disestablishments in Africa
13301:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
10688:Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
10683:; Azo, R.F.; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927).
10658:
10533:
10506:
10187:
10027:
9942:
9487:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8447:
8172:
7844:
7832:
7793:Stapleton, Azo & Hidayat Husain 1927
7731:
7696:Farhad, Massumeh; Rettig, Simon (2016).
7659:"Islamic Art Network - Comité Bulletins"
7236:
6853:
6705:
6690:
6666:Allegranzi, Viola; Aube, Sandra (2022).
6634:
6502:
6490:
6478:
6430:
6355:
6331:
6319:
6219:
6104:
5860:
4065:
3974:
3870:
3737:
3677:
3480:
3359:
3205:
3073:
3053:
3000:
2992:
2959:
2939:
2923:
2815:
2800:near Tinnis. Fine silk was also made in
2729:
2697:
2609:
2554:
2311:
2291:
2186:
2146:. The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was
2045:
1976:
1973:Revival of military strength (1118–1258)
1886:
1809:
1739:
1439:
1310:
1215:
1132:
1008:The Abbasid caliphs were descended from
15642:
10604:
10397:
10275:
10158:
10123:
9990:
9821:
9724:
9707:
9690:
9643:
9563:
9536:
9421:
8859:
8796:
8781:
8766:
8751:
8739:
8722:
8710:
8687:. Pearson Education. pp. 156–169.
8682:
8632:
8536:
8524:
8509:
8497:
8422:
8315:Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire
8282:Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire
8249:
8191:
8111:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8017:
7985:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7526:
7514:
7502:
7490:
7478:
7474:
7472:
7353:
7279:
7277:
7111:
7099:
7075:
6979:
6841:
6717:
6670:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 181.
6547:
6514:
6418:
6394:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6169:
6047:
5984:
4129:. When trade with Europe ceased due to
3970:
3407:gunpowder effect were first developed.
3169:during this time in his landmark text,
2349:The Book of One Thousand and One Nights
1654:An exception was the 10-year period of
14:
15848:
10805:
10775:
10727:
10706:
10297:
10128:A History of African Societies to 1870
9781:
9673:
9609:
9568:. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
9509:
9482:
9239:from the original on 24 September 2015
9211:from the original on 20 September 2015
9033:
8988:
8876:from the original on 13 September 2018
8599:
8569:
8402:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 166.
8395:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8106:
8091:
8050:
7951:
7930:
7903:
7880:
7820:
7589:Handbook to Life in the Medieval World
7532:
7463:
7451:
7426:
7414:
7299:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
7283:
7268:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7137:
7126:
6996:
6875:
6830:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6564:
6553:
6208:
5923:
5921:
5833:
5601:states in Pakistan and the Khanate of
3552:Latin translations of the 12th century
2646:and may be the final resting place of
2370:A famous example of Islamic poetry on
2154:, who was taken away as a prisoner by
2124:Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)
2012:organizations that the caliph headed.
901:. It was also during this period that
15906:Medieval countries in the Middle East
14349:
14036:
13928:
13750:
13625:
13198:
13150:
12892:
12660:
12276:
11635:
11396:
10984:
10973:Articles related to Abbasid Caliphate
10971:
10754:
10554:
10484:(6th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
10452:
10440:from the original on 29 December 2014
10341:
10322:
10246:
10194:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
9860:Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2002).
9840:
9809:Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1961) .
9634:
9324:
9122:
8587:from the original on 29 February 2012
8551:from the original on 17 November 2011
8352:
8203:
8122:Qutbuddin, Tahera (31 October 2005).
8079:
8056:
8034:
7939:
7925:
7892:
7761:
7541:
7420:
7387:
7322:
7242:
7144:National Endowment for the Humanities
6990:
6575:
6454:
6406:
6202:
6086:from the original on 22 November 2015
5927:
5912:
5848:
5834:Tabari (1995). Jane McAuliffe (ed.).
4048:suq was dedicated to Chinese goods.
3860:origin, the vast majority being from
3426:fruit were brought to Europe through
3028:Science in the medieval Islamic world
2883:, the Persian kaftan was in fashion.
2384:story which was further developed by
2203:and the transfer of the capital from
2166:
1522:of Baghdad and the eventual death of
1319:between 767 and 912 CE, according to
15956:8th-century establishments in Africa
14330:
14272:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
12661:
12277:
10796:
10567:from the original on 9 November 2016
10509:A Concise History of the Middle East
10304:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10096:
10076:(3). University of London: 501–507.
10064:
9963:
9868:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
9741:
9637:The Nativist Prophets of Early Islam
9610:Cotter, Holland (29 December 2001).
9327:Hong Kong Images: People and Animals
8605:
8583:. Vol. XIII. pp. 543–550.
8210:Translation and Interpreting Studies
8197:
7962:
7808:
7750:
7714:
7676:
7469:
7274:
7211:
7022:
6611:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 185.
6367:
6301:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 485.
6262:Streck, M. & Duri, A.A. (1960).
6239:
6131:
5959:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 347.
5887:
4242:Historical Arab states and dynasties
3697:, a tax on non-Muslims. However, as
3629:(714–801 CE), the princess and poet
3379:In technology, the Abbasids adopted
2988:
2676:
1429:, culminating with a victory at the
15971:Historical transcontinental empires
14320:
11010:
10561:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10480:; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004).
8547:. Vol. III. pp. 412–415.
8339:
8268:
8236:
7445:
7257:
7184:Cultural Property Training Resource
6893:
6869:
6722:
6640:
5918:
4082:Muslim merchants employed ports in
3821:In addition to these two holidays,
2575:
2502:during the Middle Ages, notably by
1981:Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244
1883:Buyid and Seljuq control (945–1118)
1714:would take over from the Persians.
1354:('City of Peace') – located on the
1090:On 9 June 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129),
792:
588:
47:
24:
10537:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
9292:from the original on 26 April 2015
9280:Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009).
8658:Jo Van Steenbergen (2020). "2.1".
8475:Anti-Semitism Before the Holocaust
7381:
7173:
7157:
6668:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
5838:. Vol. 28. SUNY. p. 124.
4235:Dynasties claiming Abbasid descent
4219:
4175:Islam. Shortly thereafter, Berber
3586:
2318:More tales from the Arabian nights
1861:, or struck it off their coinage.
1178:, where his forces fought against
25:
15997:
10824:
10373:Cambridge Biographical Dictionary
9541:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
8204:Osman, Ghada (31 December 2012).
7354:Marozzi, Justin (16 March 2016).
7333:]. Harvard University Press.
4212:well, with tax revenues from the
3745:cleric. Mural from the Palace of
3320:were later incorporated into the
2706:wall painting fragments found in
2566:, constructed during 877–882 CE.
1580:Political fragmentation (861–945)
1170:Immediately after their victory,
1050:". The Abbasids also appealed to
953:domain during the rule of Caliph
15891:Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate
14329:
14319:
14309:
14300:
14299:
13605:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
13179:
13131:
13130:
13119:
12640:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
11830:Timeline of the history of Islam
11661:
10555:Rabin, Sheila (15 August 2015).
10430:"The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt"
10188:Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (1989).
9946:The Abbasid Caliphate: A History
9887:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
9101:
9090:
9053:
9044:
9021:
9009:
8970:
8945:
8918:
8853:
8828:
8808:
8802:
8745:
8716:
8676:
8651:
8626:
8563:
8537:Kennedy, H. (15 December 1988).
8530:
8503:
8466:
8441:
8416:
8389:
8306:
8166:
8115:
8061:
8039:
8028:
7990:
7979:
7968:
7956:
7945:
7919:
7908:
7897:
7886:
7874:
7862:
7850:
7838:
7826:
7814:
7802:
7786:
7618:
7579:
7554:
7253:Architecture (IV. c. 750–c. 900)
6805:
6383:Bloodworth & Bloodworth 2004
5805:
5795:
5585:which ruled parts of modern-day
4663:Western dynasties and caliphates
4247:
4061:King Offa of Mercia (in England)
4055:and made it as far north as the
4031:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
3967:and ambulances drawn by camels.
3796:one marked by the end of Ramadan
3674:Treatment of Jews and Christians
2780:, a fine linen for turbans, and
2073:. During the 13th century, this
1613:
1594:
1117:and was subsequently proclaimed
1012:, one of the youngest uncles of
733:
680:
599:
562:
548:
534:
520:
506:
492:
478:
453:
439:
86:
15951:1510s disestablishments in Asia
14084:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
13507:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
13497:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
13236:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
12991:List of ex-Muslim organisations
10617:from the original on 6 May 2015
10249:The Journal of Economic History
10028:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010a).
9966:Islamic Science and Engineering
9964:Hill, Donald Routledge (1993).
9913:Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith
9813:China: A Short Cultural History
9651:. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House.
9267:from the original on 7 May 2014
8995:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
7734:How to read Islamic Calligraphy
7520:
7508:
7496:
7484:
7457:
7408:
7347:
7316:
7289:
7189:
7131:
7093:
7069:
7028:
7016:
6973:
6949:
6926:
6917:
6905:
6881:
6858:
6799:
6772:
6745:
6711:
6659:
6569:
6519:. Damascus: Presses de l’Ifpo.
6508:
6460:
6448:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6361:
6255:
6137:
6098:
6068:
6053:
5785:
5775:
5762:
3730:
3496:, and early industrial uses of
2955:
2655:organized in a circular fashion
2617:(circa 1152), in a cemetery at
2591:was particularly influenced by
2544:
2191:Manuscript from the Abbasid era
1242:
1137:Early 14th century copy of the
885:. Baghdad became the center of
649:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus
15961:1258 disestablishments in Asia
13367:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
10861:: BBC Radio 4, 2 February 2006
10839:New International Encyclopedia
10636:. New York: Harper & Row.
10613:. Texas A & M University.
10281:A History of Islamic Societies
10159:Jenkins, Everett Allo (1999).
9991:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
9847:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
9329:. Hong Kong University Press.
8606:Frye, Richard N., ed. (1975).
8094:Iraq after the Muslim conquest
7857:Bonner, Ener & Singer 2003
7562:"Abbasid Clothing and Fashion"
6576:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2002).
6147:. 11 June 2008. Archived from
5906:
5881:
5854:
5842:
5827:
5753:
5716:
5673:Political history of the world
5663:Abbasid-Ziyarid War of 930-935
3566:
3167:Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
2979:
2919:
2886:
2784:for upper-class garments. The
2042:Mongol invasions of the Levant
1564:. The Byzantines responded by
1236:It was al-Saffah's successor,
1102:followed the fleeing governor
858:center of Umayyad influence.
830:takes its name. They ruled as
13:
1:
13626:
10808:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art
10398:Meisami, Julie Scott (1999).
10325:The Cambridge History of Iran
9864:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
9727:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art
9710:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art
9693:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art
9676:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art
8609:The Cambridge History of Iran
7566:The School of Abbasid Studies
7542:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017).
7429:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
7036:"قصر البركة الاثري في سامراء"
6959:(accessed February 10, 2021).
6782:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
6755:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
6065:, vol. I, Fasc. 1, pp. 89–95.
5892:. Darwin Press. p. 153.
5890:Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic
5704:
4158:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)
4039:, maritime trade through the
3963:. The Abbasids also utilized
3641:
3341:
3225:(Alhazen) developed an early
2858:Abbasid Caliphs wore elegant
2448:
2251:
1816:
1763:of Herat and the Samanids of
1476:was fighting Abbasid rule in
1326:In 762, al-Mansur suppressed
109:
15916:History of the Mediterranean
15876:Countries in medieval Africa
13863:in ISIL-controlled territory
13751:
12976:Apostasy in Islam by country
12843:Liberalism and progressivism
9282:"The "First True Scientist""
9173:Al-Abbasi, A. M. M. (1986).
8860:Michele, Campopiano (2012).
8815:africame.factsanddetails.com
8068:Ochsenwald & Fisher 2004
7202:. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
7186:. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
7170:. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
5821:
4027:History of Islamic economics
4005:. The family had roots in a
3825:celebrated the birthdays of
3548:Arab Agricultural Revolution
3391:, less likely to crack than
3352:Arab Agricultural Revolution
3245:history of scientific method
3147:being prominent in the late
2509:Three speculative thinkers,
1370:Abbasid Golden Age (775–861)
1028:Abbasid Revolution (750–751)
897:in what became known as the
7:
15881:States in medieval Anatolia
14375:
14037:
13929:
13774:Council of Representatives
13512:Weapons of mass destruction
13199:
10605:Schwarz, George R. (2013).
10306:. Routledge. Archived from
10124:Isichei, Elizabeth (1997).
9949:. Cambridge History Press.
9400:. Oxford University Press.
9306:"The Islamic World to 1600"
7768:Journal of Qur'anic Studies
7388:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
6740:Magnusson & Goring 1990
5737:
5655:
4383:Arab empires and caliphates
3947:
3893:
3851:
3789:
3617:Even so, slave courtesans (
3290:Astronomy in medieval Islam
3197:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
3172:Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala
3005:Page from the Amajur Qur'an
2997:Page from the Amajur Qur'an
2950:Abu 'Ali Muhammad Ibn Muqla
2830:(1054–1122). Baghdad, 1237.
2811:
2763:
2693:
2465:Logic in Islamic philosophy
2327:One Thousand and One Nights
1891:Southwest Asia – c. 970 A.D
1833:that had gained control of
1747:minted during the reign of
803:
793:الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة
61:
48:الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة
10:
16002:
15886:Former countries in Europe
13502:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
12893:
10482:The Middle East: A History
9910:Gregorian, Vartan (2003).
9371:. Transaction Publishers.
9344:Baniabbassian, M. (1960).
9325:Baker, Hugh D. R. (1990).
9115:
9060:Nachtigal, Gustav (1971).
8952:Nachtigal, Gustav (1971).
8473:Lindemann, Albert (2000).
8448:Nicholls, William (1993).
8396:Baumer, Christoph (2016).
8313:Levy-Rubin, Milka (2011).
8280:Levy-Rubin, Milka (2011).
7042:(in Arabic). 20 April 2020
6251:University of Calgary 1998
5836:Abbāsid Authority Affirmed
4223:
4151:
4147:
4072:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
4024:
3590:
3561:
3508:). The industrial uses of
3345:
3251:Medicine in medieval Islam
3064:Al-Mustansiriya University
3031:
3025:
3021:
2896:
2890:
2738:Inscription, 9th century,
2725:
2667:patronage of the Aghlabids
2548:
2481:Illuminationist philosophy
2462:
2452:
2273:
2255:
2197:Mongol conquest of Baghdad
2176:
2170:
2161:
2127:
2093:burned to the ground. The
2035:
1965:, as well as their vizier
1702:, they began distributing
1601:The spiral minaret of the
1583:
1282:, "The Black-robed Tazi" (
1031:
1003:
95:The Abbasid Black Standard
29:
15811:
15763:
15280:
14684:
14383:
14295:
14194:
14049:
14045:
14032:
13937:
13924:
13759:
13746:
13634:
13621:
13442:
13359:
13211:
13207:
13194:
13114:
12999:
12966:
12906:
12902:
12888:
12815:
12782:
12754:Geography and cartography
12729:
12676:
12672:
12656:
12482:
12404:
12351:
12300:
12296:
12272:
12142:
11966:
11926:
11809:
11761:
11685:
11681:
11670:
11435:
11383:
11245:
11018:
10978:
10956:
10931:
10923:
10895:
10534:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
10462:. Yale University Press.
10261:10.1017/S0022050700097837
10082:10.1017/s0041977x00113710
9510:Brauer, Ralph W. (1995).
9476:The Encyclopedia of Islam
9152:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
8925:Gilmartin, David (2015).
8884:– via Academia.edu.
8423:Sharkey, Heather (2017).
8367:10.1017/S0041977X11000024
8250:Sharkey, Heather (2017).
8092:Morony, Michael (2005) .
7780:10.3366/E1465359109000242
7762:Blair, Sheila S. (2008).
7732:Ekhtiyar, Maryam (2018).
7634:. Yale University Press.
6515:Tillier, Mathieu (2009).
3768:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
2796:was made in a town named
2578:)" which means "beloved".
2106:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
1895:Despite the power of the
1437:, led by Rashid himself.
1284:
1151:(10th century) depicting
1115:battle near the Great Zab
1010:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
820:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
589:
418:
389:
385:
372:
355:
342:
328:
315:
302:
298:
290:
286:
271:
256:
241:
226:
222:
212:
199:
189:
179:
168:
129:
119:
108:The Abbasid Caliphate in
101:
83:
69:
41:
15921:Medieval history of Iran
15871:Former countries in Asia
13853:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
13764:Administrative divisions
13073:Islamic view of miracles
10673:10.35632/ajiss.v22i2.455
10607:"History of the Caravel"
9943:El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021).
9748:. Universal Publishers.
9635:Crone, Patricia (2012).
9426:. Simon & Schuster.
9422:Bobrick, Benson (2012).
8840:The Sultan and The Saint
8323:10.1017/cbo9780511977435
8290:10.1017/cbo9780511977435
6105:Richards, D. S. (2020).
5709:
4691:Umayyad state of Córdoba
4020:
2663:Great Mosque of Kairouan
2603:, and a dome erected on
2459:Early Islamic philosophy
2179:Early Islamic philosophy
1159:750–754) as he receives
804:al-Khilāfa al-ʿAbbāsiyya
251:(last caliph in Baghdad)
62:Al-Khilāfa al-ʿAbbāsiyya
15896:History of North Africa
13412:Mandate for Mesopotamia
13286:First Babylonian Empire
12828:Creationism (evolution)
11490:(970–11th/12th century)
11132:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz
10876:(entry), archived from
10833:"Abbassides, The"
10776:Visser, Reidar (2005).
10728:Vásáry, István (2005).
10633:China: A History in Art
10298:Leaman, Oliver (1998).
10034:Encyclopedia Britannica
9997:Encyclopedia Britannica
9841:Ghosh, Stanley (1961).
9742:Dunn, Kevin M. (2003).
9537:Chapuis, Oscar (1995).
9472:Encyclopedie de l'Islam
8175:"Medieval Court Poetry"
8003:. Infobase Publishing.
7869:Ruano & Burgos 1992
7323:Brend, Barbara (1991).
7180:Samarra – Qasr al-Ashiq
7138:Pasnau, Robert (2011).
6969:Glassé & Smith 2002
6232:Encyclopædia Britannica
5861:Hathaway, Jane (2012).
5688:List of Sunni dynasties
5683:List of largest empires
5668:List of Abbasid caliphs
4230:List of Abbasid caliphs
3364:Illustration showing a
3322:Copernican heliocentric
2903:Manuscript Illumination
2392:and other poets in the
2038:Siege of Baghdad (1258)
2032:Mongol invasion and end
1999:siege of Baghdad (1157)
1603:Great Mosque of Samarra
1435:massive invasion of 806
1129:Rise to power (752–775)
1111:Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah
376:Caliphal title handover
266:(first caliph in Cairo)
27:Third Islamic caliphate
13571:Insurgency (2011–2013)
13492:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
13296:Middle Assyrian Empire
13088:Persecution of Muslims
12986:List of former Muslims
11835:Succession to Muhammad
10939:750–1258 and 1261–1517
10426:Mikaberidze, Alexander
10356:10.1353/tech.2005.0026
10344:Technology and Culture
10097:Huff, Toby E. (2003).
8989:Sarkar, R. N. (2006).
8683:Kennedy, Hugh (2004).
8633:Kennedy, Hugh (2004).
8107:Abbott, Nabia (1946).
7613:Bloom & Blair 2009
7249:Bloom & Blair 2009
7212:Hoag, John D. (2004).
7088:Grant & Clute 1999
7064:Grant & Clute 1999
6900:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986
6888:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986
6654:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986
6525:10.4000/books.ifpo.673
6191:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986
5928:Djaït, Hichem (1986).
5730:adopted black for its
4079:
4051:Arabs traded with the
4009:monastery in northern
3983:
3883:
3816:the Feast of Sacrifice
3800:the Feast of Sacrifice
3754:
3733: 908–932 CE
3686:
3633:(777–825 CE), and the
3615:
3489:
3410:Advances were made in
3376:
3266:(known to the West as
3218:
3175:, from which the term
3145:Academy of Gondishapur
3094:
3071:
3017:Science and technology
3006:
2998:
2965:
2945:
2929:
2831:
2742:
2710:
2621:
2579:
2485:Transcendent Theosophy
2321:
2309:
2266:Arabic epic literature
2192:
2087:destruction of Baghdad
2058:
2053:by the Mongols led by
1982:
1892:
1822:
1752:
1574:eventually annihilated
1457:
1411:restarted the fighting
1323:
1233:
1167:
1068:, during the reign of
281:(last caliph in Cairo)
15911:History of South Asia
15788:Medieval great powers
13858:in post-invasion Iraq
13564:U.S. troop withdrawal
13326:Neo-Babylonian Empire
12872:Conversion to mosques
12739:Alchemy and chemistry
10873:Encyclopaedia Iranica
10851:(streaming RealAudio)
10557:"Nicolaus Copernicus"
9483:Brague, Rémi (2009).
9348:(in Persian). Tehran.
9129:. London: Routledge.
9123:Abbas, Tahir (2011).
8992:Islam Related Naipual
8222:10.1075/tis.7.2.04osm
7626:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim
6912:Cooper & Yue 2008
6443:Smith & Weng 1973
6080:Encyclopaedia Iranica
6076:"Abū Moslem Ḵorāsānī"
5281:Sultanate of Zanzibar
5196:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
4152:Further information:
4069:
3978:
3874:
3741:
3681:
3631:'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi
3608:
3484:
3363:
3273:The Canon of Medicine
3209:
3077:
3057:
3032:Further information:
3004:
2996:
2963:
2943:
2927:
2897:Further information:
2819:
2733:
2714:lively carved stucco
2701:
2613:
2593:Sasanian architecture
2558:
2463:Further information:
2315:
2295:
2274:Further information:
2190:
2177:Further information:
2049:
2036:Further information:
1980:
1890:
1813:
1743:
1639:, and the succeeding
1584:Further information:
1443:
1400:Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab
1314:
1219:
1182:expansion during the
1161:pledges of allegiance
1136:
973:and the execution of
169:Common languages
15798:European colonialism
15783:Ancient great powers
13807:Council of Ministers
13689:Mesopotamian Marshes
12598:Ma malakat aymanukum
12173:Association football
12072:Moderate Kharijites
11620:Hashemites of Jordan
11065:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
10913:Cadet branch of the
10611:Nautical Arcaheology
10300:"Islamic Philosophy"
9782:Eglash, Ron (1999).
9097:Bosworth et al. 1983
9028:Bosworth et al. 1983
7799:, vol. II, pp. 41–42
7795:, pp. 338–340;
7214:Islamic Architecture
6934:New Yorker Magazine,
6062:Encyclopædia Iranica
5985:Lassner, J. (1971).
5888:Cook, David (2002).
5576:Centuries after the
3971:Civil administration
3841:, freed 500 slaves.
3749:, dated 837–839 CE,
3310:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2644:Islamic architecture
2640:Qubbat al-Sulaibiyya
2635:Al-Ukhaidir Fortress
2615:Zumurrud Khatun Tomb
2589:Abbasid architecture
2551:Abbasid architecture
2500:Christian philosophy
2338:, Mesopotamian, and
1849:, as opposed to the
1350:– officially called
1338:, a descendant from
1238:Abu Ja'far al-Mansur
1075:During the reign of
846:of 750 CE (132
15793:Modern great powers
14069:Mesopotamian Arabic
13875:Freedom of religion
13321:Neo-Assyrian Empire
13291:Old Assyrian Period
13276:Neo-Sumerian Empire
11574:(16th–19th century)
11568:(15th–19th century)
11520:(11th–12th century)
11472:(10th–11th century)
10868:"Abbasid Caliphate"
10681:Stapleton, Henry E.
10478:Ochsenwald, William
10434:The Napoleon Series
9645:de Camp, L. Sprague
9253:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
9225:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
9197:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
9177:(in Persian). Doha.
8082:, pp. 112–115.
7663:www.islamic-art.org
6785:. Scarecrow Press.
6758:. Scarecrow Press.
4258:Ancient Arab states
3878:, located south of
3766:, Ibn al-Furat and
3279:The Book of Healing
3201:Indian subcontinent
3042:Islamic mathematics
2899:Islamic calligraphy
2893:Islamic manuscripts
2404:languages. It is a
2018:Mustansiriya School
1510:between the caliph
1272:An Lushan Rebellion
1174:sent his forces to
1121:. After this loss,
899:Golden Age of Islam
669:Sharifian Caliphate
643:Parallel caliphates
319:Decline of Abbasids
147:(762–836, 892–1258)
15946:750 establishments
14000:Telecommunications
13975:Foreign Investment
13912:Wars and conflicts
13848:in pre-Saddam Iraq
13812:Presidency Council
13598:2019–2021 protests
13527:Invasion of Kuwait
13351:Sassanid Asorestan
13346:Parthian Babylonia
13341:Seleucid Babylonia
13336:Achaemenid Assyria
13251:Jemdet Nasr period
13093:Quran and miracles
13007:Criticism of Islam
12711:Geometric patterns
12563:Gender segregation
12134:Non-denominational
11614:Hashemites of Iraq
9616:The New York Times
9108:Baniabbassian 1960
9016:Baniabbassian 1960
8977:Baniabbassian 1960
8154:on 7 February 2014
7529:, pp. 216–217
7466:, pp. 199–200
6943:2018-06-12 at the
6936:, April 25, 2005,
6890:, pp. 265–266
6358:, pp. 41, 86.
6276:Lévi-Provençal, E.
5724:Abbasid Revolution
5678:Iranian Intermezzo
5323:Current monarchies
4986:Sharifate of Mecca
4456:Emirate of Tbilisi
4446:Emirate of Armenia
4296:Kingdom of Osroene
4154:Anarchy at Samarra
4080:
3984:
3884:
3755:
3743:Church of the East
3716:, specifically in
3699:people of the book
3687:
3653:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
3627:Raabi'a al-Adwiyya
3490:
3377:
3314:Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
3219:
3139:and afterwards to
3133:Greek philosophers
3095:
3072:
3007:
2999:
2966:
2946:
2930:
2914:Arabic calligraphy
2879:during the era of
2869:Emperor Theophilus
2832:
2828:Al-Hariri of Basra
2743:
2711:
2622:
2601:four-centered arch
2580:
2455:Islamic philosophy
2322:
2316:Illustration from
2310:
2270:Persian literature
2258:Islamic literature
2193:
2173:Islamic Golden Age
2167:Islamic Golden Age
2059:
1983:
1893:
1845:took the title of
1823:
1769:Persianate culture
1753:
1682:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq
1664:Anarchy at Samarra
1586:Anarchy at Samarra
1458:
1402:, who founded the
1336:al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
1324:
1261:Emirate of Córdoba
1234:
1168:
1054:Muslims, known as
1034:Abbasid Revolution
903:Islamic manuscript
844:Abbasid Revolution
616:Rashidun Caliphate
306:Abbasid Revolution
15986:Former monarchies
15856:Abbasid Caliphate
15843:
15842:
15837:
15836:
15759:
15758:
15724:Polish–Lithuanian
14899:Gurjara-Pratihara
14343:
14342:
14291:
14290:
14287:
14286:
14277:Mandaean New Year
14028:
14027:
13920:
13919:
13902:Political parties
13797:Foreign relations
13742:
13741:
13649:Lower Mesopotamia
13644:Upper Mesopotamia
13617:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13377:Abbasid Caliphate
13372:Umayyad Caliphate
13281:Isin-Larsa period
13144:
13143:
13110:
13109:
13106:
13105:
13078:Domestic violence
13068:Islamic terrorism
13063:Islamic extremism
12884:
12883:
12880:
12879:
12652:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12438:Marriage contract
12268:
12267:
12228:Political aspects
11957:Story of Prophets
11726:Prophets of Islam
11629:
11628:
11424:Islamic dynasties
11390:
11389:
11366:al-Mutawakkil III
11356:al-Mutawakkil III
10966:
10965:
10957:Succeeded by
10848:"Abbasid Caliphs"
10597:978-84-600-8154-8
10547:978-0-203-20387-3
10518:978-0-8133-4388-4
10469:978-0-300-05583-2
10409:978-0-7486-1276-5
10334:978-0-5212-9135-4
10231:978-3-487-09115-0
10143:978-0-5214-5599-2
10052:cite encyclopedia
10043:978-1-59339-837-8
10015:cite encyclopedia
10006:978-1-59339-837-8
9993:"Abbasid Dynasty"
9793:978-0-8135-2614-0
9755:978-1-5811-2566-5
9602:978-0-4445-3243-5
9494:978-0-2260-7080-3
9454:978-0-7914-5737-5
9407:978-0-19-530991-1
9312:on 5 October 2008
9136:978-0-4155-7225-5
8938:978-0-520-28529-3
8911:978-0-7486-4498-8
8409:978-1-83860-934-4
8144:978-0-415-96690-0
7707:978-1-58834-578-3
7641:978-0-300-18235-4
7599:978-1-4381-0907-7
7340:978-0-674-46866-5
6708:, pp. 84–88.
6618:978-90-04-12756-2
6534:978-2-35159-028-7
6505:, pp. 48–49.
6493:, pp. 55–57.
6481:, pp. 51–55.
6334:, pp. 43–45.
6322:, pp. 43–55.
6118:978-1-351-89281-0
5987:"al-Hās̲h̲imiyya"
5966:978-90-04-07819-2
5728:Umayyad Caliphate
5574:
5573:
5539:
5538:
5314:
5313:
5306:Tippu Tip's State
5204:
5203:
5176:Emirate of Beihan
4908:Arabian Peninsula
4899:
4898:
4654:
4653:
4438:Eastern dynasties
4429:
4428:
4374:
4373:
4286:Nabataean Kingdom
4276:Kingdom of Lihyan
3957:torsion artillery
3876:Ukhaidir Fortress
3831:Ali ibn Abi Talib
3658:Each wife in the
3401:potassium nitrate
3332:Muslim alchemists
3227:scientific method
3213:, "the father of
3083:organic chemistry
3038:Islamic astronomy
2989:The Amajur Qur'an
2677:Glass and crystal
2262:Arabic literature
2239:, North African,
2152:Al-Mutawakkil III
2114:Battle of Karbala
1985:While the caliph
1942:took up the Shia
1914:Baghdad Manifesto
1725:-Shia dynasty of
1670:, and the caliph
1627:Even by 820, the
1466:Rafi ibn al-Layth
1364:Khorasanian Arabs
1340:Ali ibn Abi Talib
1230:Zübdet-üt Tevarih
1062:Muhammad ibn 'Ali
998:al-Mutawakkil III
994:conquest of Egypt
840:Umayyad Caliphate
826:), from whom the
801:
725:Abbasid Caliphate
721:
720:
659:Almohad Caliphate
654:Fatimid Caliphate
631:Ottoman Caliphate
626:Abbasid Caliphate
621:Umayyad Caliphate
578:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
502:Fatimid Caliphate
466:
465:
447:Umayyad Caliphate
278:Al-Mutawakkil III
273:• 1508–1517
258:• 1261–1262
243:• 1242–1258
43:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
15993:
15866:Muslim dynasties
15640:
15639:
15305:Austro-Hungarian
15005:Chagatai Khanate
14370:
14363:
14356:
14347:
14346:
14333:
14332:
14323:
14322:
14313:
14303:
14302:
14047:
14046:
14034:
14033:
13965:
13926:
13925:
13777:
13748:
13747:
13734:Sinjar Mountains
13724:Zagros Mountains
13664:Hamrin Mountains
13623:
13622:
13586:Mosul liberation
13559:Iraqi insurgency
13481:National Command
13470:
13306:Simurrum culture
13209:
13208:
13196:
13195:
13185:
13184:
13183:
13171:
13164:
13157:
13148:
13147:
13134:
13133:
13126:Islam portal
13124:
13123:
13122:
12904:
12903:
12896:
12890:
12889:
12731:Medieval science
12674:
12673:
12664:
12658:
12657:
12315:Economic history
12298:
12297:
12274:
12273:
12260:Islam by country
12045:Bektashi Alevism
11683:
11682:
11674:Outline of Islam
11656:
11649:
11642:
11633:
11632:
11417:
11410:
11403:
11394:
11393:
11373:Ottoman conquest
11346:al-Mutawakkil II
11005:
10998:
10991:
10982:
10981:
10969:
10968:
10942:also claimed by
10924:Preceded by
10893:
10892:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10880:on 16 April 2019
10862:
10852:
10843:
10835:
10819:
10802:
10793:
10772:
10751:
10724:
10703:
10676:
10655:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10601:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10551:
10530:
10503:
10473:
10449:
10447:
10445:
10421:
10394:
10367:
10338:
10319:
10317:
10315:
10294:
10272:
10243:
10213:
10184:
10155:
10131:
10120:
10093:
10061:
10055:
10047:
10024:
10018:
10010:
9987:
9960:
9939:
9906:
9879:
9867:
9856:
9844:Embers in Cathay
9837:
9818:
9816:
9805:
9778:
9759:
9738:
9721:
9704:
9687:
9670:
9640:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9618:. Archived from
9606:
9587:
9560:
9533:
9506:
9479:
9466:
9437:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9390:
9363:
9357:
9349:
9340:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9192:
9186:
9178:
9169:
9148:
9110:
9105:
9099:
9094:
9088:
9087:
9063:Sahara and Sudan
9057:
9051:
9048:
9042:
9037:
9031:
9025:
9019:
9013:
9007:
9006:
8986:
8980:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8954:Sahara and Sudan
8949:
8943:
8942:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8895:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8806:
8800:
8794:
8785:
8779:
8770:
8764:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8726:
8720:
8714:
8708:
8699:
8698:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8556:
8534:
8528:
8522:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8445:
8439:
8438:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8350:
8337:
8336:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8277:
8266:
8265:
8247:
8234:
8233:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8153:
8147:. Archived from
8128:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8054:
8048:
8043:
8037:
8032:
8026:
8021:
8015:
8014:
7994:
7988:
7983:
7977:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7949:
7943:
7937:
7928:
7923:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7901:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7759:
7748:
7747:
7729:
7712:
7711:
7693:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7655:
7646:
7645:
7622:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7539:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7476:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7424:
7418:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7272:
7266:
7255:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7209:
7203:
7193:
7187:
7177:
7171:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7135:
7129:
7124:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7102:, pp. 15–16
7097:
7091:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7009:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6953:
6947:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6865:Mikaberidze 2004
6862:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6638:
6632:
6623:
6622:
6598:Heinrichs, W. P.
6573:
6567:
6562:
6551:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6259:
6253:
6248:
6237:
6236:
6228:
6226:"Abbasids"
6217:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6072:
6066:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6026:
6025:
5982:
5971:
5970:
5925:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5858:
5852:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5831:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5766:
5760:
5757:
5751:
5740:
5720:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5327:
5326:
5291:Nabahani dynasty
5236:Nabahani dynasty
5221:Makhzumi dynasty
5217:
5216:
4912:
4911:
4667:
4666:
4466:Emirate of Crete
4442:
4441:
4387:
4386:
4366:Kingdom of Kinda
4316:Kingdom of Hatra
4266:Kingdom of Qedar
4262:
4261:
4251:
4239:
4238:
3950:
3896:
3835:recite the Koran
3813:
3734:
3732:
3683:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
3651:(d. 871 CE) and
3646:
3643:
3573:Fertile Crescent
3418:. Crops such as
3336:Jābir ibn Hayyān
3302:geocentric model
3292:was advanced by
3085:. The reigns of
3079:Jabir ibn Hayyan
3046:Islamic medicine
2843:" in his honor.
2671:Ibn Tulun Mosque
2587:and Persia. The
2577:
2411:Romeo and Juliet
2380:, an originally
2377:Layla and Majnun
2211:injunctions and
2140:Mamluk Sultanate
2130:Mamluk Sultanate
2051:Siege of Baghdad
1855:Ghaznavid Empire
1843:Mahmud of Ghazni
1821:
1818:
1786:was lost to the
1775:farther east in
1731:Aghlabid Emirate
1641:Saffarid dynasty
1637:Greater Khorasan
1617:
1598:
1566:sacking Damietta
1514:and his brother
1474:Byzantine Empire
1431:Battle of Krasos
1427:Taurus Mountains
1404:Aghlabid dynasty
1386:The position of
1352:Madinat al-Salam
1305:Old Book of Tang
1287:
1286:
1249:Abdallah ibn Ali
1246:
1244:
1016:and of the same
963:siege of Baghdad
920:non-Arab Muslims
873:capital city of
807:) was the third
806:
796:
794:
786:
785:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
713:
706:
699:
687:Islam portal
685:
684:
683:
664:Sokoto Caliphate
603:
594:
593:
591:
580:
579:
566:
565:
552:
551:
538:
537:
524:
523:
510:
509:
496:
495:
482:
481:
474:Saffarid dynasty
470:
469:
457:
456:
443:
442:
436:
435:
420:
419:
346:Siege of Baghdad
330:• Death of
282:
267:
252:
237:
173:Classical Arabic
114:
111:
106:
90:
64:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
21:
16001:
16000:
15996:
15995:
15994:
15992:
15991:
15990:
15901:History of Asia
15846:
15845:
15844:
15839:
15838:
15833:
15822:American Empire
15807:
15803:African empires
15755:
15638:
15330:Central African
15276:
15094:Romano-Germanic
14680:
14414:Middle Assyrian
14387:
14379:
14374:
14344:
14339:
14283:
14267:Public holidays
14190:
14041:
14024:
13963:
13933:
13916:
13775:
13755:
13738:
13669:Iraqi Kurdistan
13659:Euphrates river
13630:
13609:
13576:War (2014–2017)
13522:Operation Opera
13468:
13438:
13434:Arab Federation
13422:Kingdom of Iraq
13355:
13331:Fall of Babylon
13266:Akkadian Empire
13241:Samarra culture
13226:Hassuna culture
13203:
13190:
13178:
13177:
13175:
13145:
13140:
13120:
13118:
13102:
13024:Cultural Muslim
12995:
12962:
12908:Other religions
12898:
12894:
12876:
12811:
12778:
12725:
12668:
12666:Islamic studies
12662:
12644:
12478:
12423:
12400:
12347:
12292:
12291:
12264:
12213:Moral teachings
12156:
12138:
12112:Nation of Islam
12025:Twelver Shi'ism
11962:
11928:Religious texts
11922:
11840:Early conquests
11823:
11805:
11757:
11677:
11666:
11660:
11630:
11625:
11431:
11421:
11391:
11386:
11379:
11316:al-Mutawakkil I
11301:al-Mutawakkil I
11291:al-Mutawakkil I
11261:al-Mustansir II
11253:
11241:
11235:Mongol conquest
11054:Harun al-Rashid
11026:
11014:
11012:Abbasid Caliphs
11009:
10974:
10962:
10960:Ottoman dynasty
10952:Ottoman dynasty
10948:Umayyad dynasty
10944:Fatimid dynasty
10940:
10938:
10929:
10927:Umayyad dynasty
10919:
10911:
10908:Abbasid dynasty
10904:
10883:
10881:
10866:
10850:
10846:
10830:
10827:
10822:
10790:
10740:
10644:
10620:
10618:
10598:
10570:
10568:
10548:
10519:
10492:
10470:
10443:
10441:
10410:
10383:
10335:
10313:
10311:
10291:
10232:
10202:
10173:
10144:
10109:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10012:
10011:
10007:
9976:
9957:
9928:
9895:
9885:Arabian fantasy
9876:
9794:
9775:
9756:
9659:
9625:
9623:
9603:
9576:
9549:
9522:
9495:
9455:
9434:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9379:
9351:
9350:
9337:
9315:
9313:
9295:
9293:
9270:
9268:
9242:
9240:
9214:
9212:
9180:
9179:
9166:
9137:
9118:
9113:
9106:
9102:
9095:
9091:
9084:
9074:
9058:
9054:
9049:
9045:
9038:
9034:
9026:
9022:
9014:
9010:
9003:
8987:
8983:
8975:
8971:
8964:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8923:
8919:
8912:
8896:
8889:
8879:
8877:
8866:Studia Islamica
8858:
8854:
8844:
8842:
8834:
8833:
8829:
8819:
8817:
8809:Hays, Jeffrey.
8807:
8803:
8795:
8788:
8780:
8773:
8765:
8758:
8750:
8746:
8738:
8729:
8721:
8717:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8681:
8677:
8670:
8656:
8652:
8645:
8631:
8627:
8620:
8604:
8600:
8590:
8588:
8571:Morony, Michael
8568:
8564:
8554:
8552:
8535:
8531:
8523:
8516:
8508:
8504:
8496:
8492:
8485:
8471:
8467:
8460:
8446:
8442:
8435:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8394:
8390:
8351:
8340:
8333:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8278:
8269:
8262:
8248:
8237:
8202:
8198:
8190:
8186:
8171:
8167:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8145:
8126:
8120:
8116:
8105:
8101:
8090:
8086:
8078:
8074:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8051:
8046:al-Hassan 2002b
8044:
8040:
8033:
8029:
8024:al-Hassan 2002a
8022:
8018:
8011:
7995:
7991:
7984:
7980:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7950:
7946:
7938:
7931:
7924:
7920:
7915:Al-Khalili 2009
7913:
7909:
7902:
7898:
7891:
7887:
7879:
7875:
7867:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7807:
7803:
7797:Kraus 1942–1943
7791:
7787:
7760:
7751:
7744:
7730:
7715:
7708:
7694:
7677:
7667:
7665:
7657:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7623:
7619:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7584:
7580:
7570:
7568:
7560:
7559:
7555:
7540:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7513:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7489:
7485:
7477:
7470:
7462:
7458:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7425:
7421:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7386:
7382:
7372:
7370:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7321:
7317:
7310:
7294:
7290:
7282:
7275:
7267:
7258:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7210:
7206:
7194:
7190:
7178:
7174:
7162:
7158:
7148:
7146:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7086:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7062:
7055:
7045:
7043:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7021:
7017:
7010:
6997:
6989:
6985:
6978:
6974:
6967:
6963:
6954:
6950:
6945:Wayback Machine
6931:
6927:
6922:
6918:
6910:
6906:
6898:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6863:
6859:
6852:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6829:
6825:
6818:
6806:Frye, Richard.
6804:
6800:
6793:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6723:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6697:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6664:
6660:
6652:
6641:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6590:Bosworth, C. E.
6574:
6570:
6563:
6554:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6467:Fitzgerald 1961
6465:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6429:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6405:
6401:
6393:
6389:
6381:
6374:
6366:
6362:
6354:
6350:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6240:
6218:
6209:
6201:
6197:
6189:
6176:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6151:on 11 June 2008
6143:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6103:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6058:
6054:
6046:
6029:
5983:
5974:
5967:
5934:Bosworth, C. E.
5926:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5859:
5855:
5847:
5843:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5776:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5658:
5646:Karim Khan Zand
5616:Meanwhile, the
5570:
5541:
5540:
5324:
5316:
5315:
5251:Mahdali dynasty
5214:
5206:
5205:
5146:Muscat and Oman
4916:Imamate of Oman
4909:
4901:
4900:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4306:Emesene Dynasty
4259:
4237:
4232:
4226:Abbasid dynasty
4224:Main articles:
4222:
4220:List of caliphs
4164:
4150:
4100:South East Asia
4033:
4023:
3973:
3965:field hospitals
3854:
3811:
3792:
3729:
3676:
3649:Fadl Ashsha'ira
3644:
3595:
3589:
3587:Status of women
3575:region (namely
3569:
3564:
3374:Harun al-Rashid
3358:
3346:Main articles:
3344:
3304:by al-Battani,
3241:emitted by them
3221:Arab scientist
3193:Arabic numerals
3119:Abu Nasr Mansur
3099:Islamic science
3087:Harun al-Rashid
3081:, a pioneer in
3052:
3034:Alchemy (Islam)
3030:
3024:
3019:
3011:Amajur al-Turki
2991:
2982:
2958:
2922:
2909:
2895:
2889:
2814:
2766:
2740:Brooklyn Museum
2728:
2696:
2679:
2597:Sasanian Empire
2553:
2547:
2523:Aristotelianism
2487:
2461:
2453:Main articles:
2451:
2434:Battle of Talas
2353:Antoine Galland
2290:
2272:
2256:Main articles:
2254:
2217:House of Wisdom
2185:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2136:Ayyubid dynasty
2132:
2126:
2095:House of Wisdom
2081:) in the west.
2044:
2034:
1975:
1885:
1819:
1788:Fatimid dynasty
1757:Ahmad ibn Tulun
1733:from the 830s.
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1562:Sack of Amorium
1372:
1300:Harun al-Rashid
1241:
1184:Battle of Talas
1131:
1104:Nasr ibn Sayyar
1100:General Qahtaba
1081:Ibrahim al-Imam
1036:
1030:
1006:
908:House of Wisdom
854:, far from the
813:Islamic prophet
811:to succeed the
760:
736:
732:
717:
681:
679:
674:
673:
644:
636:
635:
611:
610:Main caliphates
586:
563:
549:
535:
521:
516:Ziyarid dynasty
507:
493:
479:
461:Dabuyid dynasty
454:
440:
414:
378:
365:
348:
335:
321:
308:
280:
274:
265:
263:Al-Mustansir II
259:
250:
244:
235:
229:
228:• 750–754
164:
160:
153:
146:
139:
115:
112:
97:
92:
91:
79:
65:
59:
52:
44:
35:
32:Abbasid dynasty
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15999:
15989:
15988:
15983:
15981:Former empires
15978:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15953:
15948:
15943:
15938:
15933:
15928:
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15903:
15898:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15873:
15868:
15863:
15861:Arab dynasties
15858:
15841:
15840:
15835:
15834:
15832:
15831:
15830:
15829:
15824:
15815:
15813:
15809:
15808:
15806:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15779:
15778:
15767:
15765:
15761:
15760:
15757:
15756:
15754:
15753:
15748:
15743:
15738:
15733:
15732:
15731:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15669:
15659:
15654:
15648:
15646:
15637:
15636:
15635:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15604:
15599:
15598:
15597:
15587:
15582:
15581:
15580:
15575:
15570:
15560:
15555:
15554:
15553:
15548:
15538:
15537:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15506:
15505:
15504:
15499:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15473:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15442:
15441:
15440:
15435:
15425:
15420:
15419:
15418:
15413:
15403:
15402:
15401:
15396:
15386:
15385:
15384:
15379:
15369:
15364:
15363:
15362:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15332:
15327:
15326:
15325:
15320:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15286:
15284:
15278:
15277:
15275:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15258:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15217:
15212:
15211:
15210:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15175:
15174:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15158:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15107:
15106:
15101:
15091:
15090:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15035:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15014:
15013:
15012:
15007:
15002:
14997:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14961:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14935:
14934:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14908:
14907:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14865:
14864:
14859:
14854:
14844:
14839:
14838:
14837:
14832:
14827:
14822:
14817:
14812:
14802:
14801:
14800:
14795:
14785:
14784:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14758:
14753:
14752:
14751:
14741:
14740:
14739:
14734:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14690:
14688:
14686:Post-classical
14682:
14681:
14679:
14678:
14677:
14676:
14666:
14661:
14660:
14659:
14654:
14644:
14643:
14642:
14632:
14631:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14584:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14558:
14557:
14556:
14551:
14541:
14536:
14535:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14514:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14493:
14492:
14487:
14485:Middle Kingdom
14482:
14472:
14467:
14466:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14445:
14444:
14443:
14441:Neo-Babylonian
14438:
14433:
14431:Old Babylonian
14423:
14422:
14421:
14416:
14406:
14401:
14395:
14393:
14381:
14380:
14373:
14372:
14365:
14358:
14350:
14341:
14340:
14338:
14337:
14327:
14317:
14307:
14296:
14293:
14292:
14289:
14288:
14285:
14284:
14282:
14281:
14280:
14279:
14274:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14198:
14196:
14192:
14191:
14189:
14188:
14187:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14156:
14151:
14150:
14149:
14144:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14093:
14092:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14061:
14055:
14053:
14043:
14042:
14030:
14029:
14026:
14025:
14023:
14022:
14017:
14012:
14007:
14005:Transportation
14002:
13997:
13995:Stock Exchange
13992:
13990:Reconstruction
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13970:Infrastructure
13967:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13938:
13935:
13934:
13922:
13921:
13918:
13917:
13915:
13914:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13883:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13867:
13866:
13865:
13855:
13850:
13840:
13839:
13838:
13837:
13836:
13829:Prime Minister
13826:
13825:
13824:
13814:
13809:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13771:
13766:
13760:
13757:
13756:
13744:
13743:
13740:
13739:
13737:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13706:
13701:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13681:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13646:
13641:
13635:
13632:
13631:
13619:
13618:
13615:
13614:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13607:
13602:
13601:
13600:
13590:
13589:
13588:
13583:
13573:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13561:
13556:
13546:
13541:
13540:
13539:
13537:1991 uprisings
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13487:Saddam Hussein
13484:
13473:
13472:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13448:
13446:
13440:
13439:
13437:
13436:
13431:
13430:
13429:
13419:
13417:Mandatory Iraq
13414:
13409:
13406:Mamluk dynasty
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13363:
13361:
13357:
13356:
13354:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13271:Gutian dynasty
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13217:
13215:
13205:
13204:
13192:
13191:
13174:
13173:
13166:
13159:
13151:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13138:
13128:
13115:
13112:
13111:
13108:
13107:
13104:
13103:
13101:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13059:
13058:
13048:
13047:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13026:
13021:
13020:
13019:
13014:
13003:
13001:
13000:Related topics
12997:
12996:
12994:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12972:
12970:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12934:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12912:
12910:
12900:
12899:
12886:
12885:
12882:
12881:
12878:
12877:
12875:
12874:
12869:
12862:
12857:
12856:
12855:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12819:
12817:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12788:
12786:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12735:
12733:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12682:
12680:
12670:
12669:
12654:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12636:
12635:
12623:
12621:Sources of law
12618:
12613:
12612:
12611:
12601:
12594:
12589:
12582:
12577:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12528:
12521:
12520:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12499:
12494:
12486:
12484:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12476:
12469:
12462:
12455:
12448:
12441:
12434:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12399:
12398:
12391:
12386:
12379:
12372:
12365:
12357:
12355:
12349:
12348:
12346:
12345:
12338:
12331:
12324:
12317:
12312:
12306:
12304:
12294:
12293:
12290:
12289:
12284:
12278:
12270:
12269:
12266:
12265:
12263:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12245:Social welfare
12242:
12237:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12159:
12157:
12155:
12154:
12149:
12143:
12140:
12139:
12137:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12125:
12124:
12114:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12102:
12101:
12100:
12095:
12094:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12070:
12056:
12055:
12054:
12049:
12048:
12047:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12017:
12012:
12011:
12010:
12009:
12008:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11972:
11970:
11964:
11963:
11961:
11960:
11953:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11932:
11930:
11924:
11923:
11921:
11920:
11919:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11871:
11866:
11859:
11852:
11850:Historiography
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11826:
11824:
11822:
11821:
11816:
11810:
11807:
11806:
11804:
11803:
11796:
11789:
11782:
11775:
11767:
11765:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11722:
11721:
11711:
11704:
11703:
11702:
11691:
11689:
11679:
11678:
11671:
11668:
11667:
11659:
11658:
11651:
11644:
11636:
11627:
11626:
11624:
11623:
11622:(1921–present)
11617:
11611:
11605:
11599:
11593:
11587:
11581:
11575:
11569:
11563:
11557:
11551:
11545:
11539:
11533:
11527:
11521:
11515:
11509:
11503:
11497:
11491:
11485:
11479:
11473:
11467:
11461:
11455:
11449:
11443:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11420:
11419:
11412:
11405:
11397:
11388:
11387:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11377:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11331:al-Mustakfi II
11328:
11326:al-Mu'tadid II
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11257:
11255:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11239:
11230:
11225:
11223:al-Mustansir I
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11030:
11028:
11016:
11015:
11008:
11007:
11000:
10993:
10985:
10979:
10976:
10975:
10964:
10963:
10958:
10955:
10930:
10925:
10921:
10920:
10912:
10905:
10900:Imperial house
10896:
10891:
10890:
10864:
10844:
10826:
10825:External links
10823:
10821:
10820:
10803:
10794:
10788:
10773:
10752:
10738:
10725:
10721:10.1086/349914
10704:
10694:(6): 317–418.
10677:
10656:
10642:
10627:
10602:
10596:
10577:
10552:
10546:
10531:
10517:
10504:
10490:
10474:
10468:
10450:
10422:
10408:
10395:
10381:
10368:
10339:
10333:
10320:
10310:on 6 June 2022
10295:
10289:
10273:
10244:
10230:
10214:
10200:
10185:
10171:
10156:
10142:
10121:
10107:
10094:
10066:Holt, Peter M.
10062:
10042:
10025:
10005:
9988:
9974:
9961:
9955:
9940:
9926:
9907:
9893:
9880:
9874:
9857:
9838:
9825:The New Yorker
9819:
9806:
9792:
9779:
9773:
9760:
9754:
9739:
9722:
9705:
9688:
9671:
9657:
9641:
9632:
9622:on 27 May 2015
9607:
9601:
9588:
9574:
9561:
9547:
9534:
9520:
9507:
9493:
9480:
9467:
9453:
9438:
9433:978-1416567622
9432:
9419:
9406:
9391:
9377:
9364:
9341:
9335:
9322:
9302:
9277:
9249:
9221:
9193:
9170:
9164:
9149:
9135:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9100:
9089:
9082:
9073:978-0900966538
9072:
9052:
9043:
9040:Al-Abbasi 1986
9032:
9020:
9008:
9001:
8981:
8979:, pp. 8–9
8969:
8962:
8944:
8937:
8917:
8910:
8887:
8852:
8827:
8801:
8786:
8771:
8756:
8744:
8727:
8715:
8700:
8693:
8675:
8669:978-1000093070
8668:
8650:
8643:
8625:
8618:
8598:
8580:Iranica Online
8562:
8544:Iranica Online
8529:
8514:
8502:
8490:
8484:978-0582369641
8483:
8465:
8459:978-0876683989
8458:
8440:
8434:978-0521186872
8433:
8415:
8408:
8388:
8361:(2): 187–204.
8338:
8332:978-1108449618
8331:
8305:
8299:978-1108449618
8298:
8267:
8261:978-0521186872
8260:
8235:
8216:(2): 161–175.
8196:
8184:
8173:Samer M. Ali.
8165:
8143:
8114:
8099:
8084:
8072:
8060:
8049:
8038:
8027:
8016:
8010:978-1438132389
8009:
7989:
7978:
7975:al-Hassan 2002
7967:
7955:
7944:
7929:
7918:
7907:
7896:
7885:
7873:
7861:
7849:
7837:
7825:
7813:
7801:
7785:
7749:
7742:
7713:
7706:
7675:
7647:
7640:
7617:
7605:
7598:
7578:
7553:
7531:
7519:
7507:
7495:
7483:
7468:
7456:
7444:
7438:978-9004161658
7437:
7419:
7417:, pp. 5–6
7407:
7400:
7380:
7346:
7339:
7315:
7308:
7288:
7273:
7256:
7241:
7229:
7222:
7204:
7196:Qasr al-'Ashiq
7188:
7172:
7156:
7130:
7116:
7104:
7092:
7080:
7068:
7053:
7027:
7015:
7012:Gregorian 2003
6995:
6983:
6972:
6961:
6948:
6925:
6916:
6904:
6892:
6880:
6868:
6857:
6846:
6834:
6823:
6816:
6798:
6792:978-0810865686
6791:
6771:
6765:978-0810865686
6764:
6744:
6721:
6710:
6695:
6683:
6677:978-8412527858
6676:
6658:
6639:
6624:
6617:
6594:van Donzel, E.
6582:Bearman, P. J.
6568:
6552:
6540:
6533:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6459:
6447:
6435:
6423:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6372:
6360:
6348:
6344:Abun-Nasr 1987
6336:
6324:
6312:
6272:Kramers, J. H.
6268:Gibb, H. A. R.
6254:
6238:
6223:, ed. (1911).
6221:Chisholm, Hugh
6207:
6205:, p. 102.
6195:
6193:, p. 233.
6174:
6162:
6136:
6124:
6117:
6097:
6067:
6052:
6027:
5972:
5965:
5938:van Donzel, E.
5917:
5905:
5899:978-0878501427
5898:
5880:
5874:978-0791486108
5873:
5853:
5841:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5804:
5794:
5784:
5774:
5770:Mamluk sultans
5761:
5752:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5350:Ras al Khaymah
5342:
5341:
5338:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5266:Mazrui dynasty
5262:
5261:
5258:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:Fihrid Emirate
4677:
4676:
4673:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4221:
4218:
4162:Zanj Rebellion
4149:
4146:
4022:
4019:
3972:
3969:
3943:battering rams
3853:
3850:
3798:; the other, "
3791:
3788:
3775:Baghdad's Jews
3675:
3672:
3655:(797–890 CE).
3588:
3585:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3343:
3340:
3232:Book of Optics
3223:Ibn al-Haytham
3211:Ibn al-Haytham
3127:(particularly
3026:Main article:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2957:
2954:
2921:
2918:
2891:Main article:
2888:
2885:
2826:, authored by
2813:
2810:
2765:
2762:
2727:
2724:
2695:
2692:
2678:
2675:
2560:Qasr al-'Ashiq
2549:Main article:
2546:
2543:
2539:Ibn al-Haytham
2504:Thomas Aquinas
2450:
2447:
2442:printing press
2288:Persian poetry
2284:Turkish poetry
2276:Islamic poetry
2253:
2250:
2245:Medieval Greek
2171:Main article:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2128:Main article:
2125:
2122:
2110:Husayn ibn Ali
2033:
2030:
1974:
1971:
1905:Baha' al-Daula
1901:Hilal al-Sabi'
1884:
1881:
1619:
1612:
1611:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1568:in Egypt, and
1558:Constantinople
1520:two-year siege
1371:
1368:
1245: 754–775
1130:
1127:
1096:Black Standard
1032:Main article:
1029:
1026:
1005:
1002:
947:Islamic empire
729:Abbasid Empire
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
690:
689:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
596:
595:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
560:
554:
553:
546:
540:
539:
532:
526:
525:
518:
512:
511:
504:
498:
497:
490:
484:
483:
476:
467:
464:
463:
458:
450:
449:
444:
432:
431:
426:
416:
415:
413:
412:
406:
400:
393:
391:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
373:
370:
369:
366:
356:
353:
352:
349:
344:• Mongol
343:
340:
339:
336:
329:
326:
325:
322:
316:
313:
312:
309:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
283:
275:
272:
269:
268:
260:
257:
254:
253:
245:
242:
239:
238:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
210:
209:
201:
197:
196:
193:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
163:
162:
155:
148:
141:
133:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
107:
99:
98:
93:
85:
84:
81:
80:
78:
77:
74:
70:
67:
66:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15998:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15944:
15942:
15939:
15937:
15934:
15932:
15929:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15853:
15851:
15828:
15827:Soviet empire
15825:
15823:
15820:
15819:
15817:
15816:
15814:
15812:Miscellaneous
15810:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15777:
15774:
15773:
15772:
15769:
15768:
15766:
15762:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15730:
15727:
15726:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15664:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15649:
15647:
15645:
15641:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15609:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15596:
15593:
15592:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15565:
15564:
15561:
15559:
15556:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15543:
15542:
15539:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15511:
15510:
15507:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15494:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15447:
15446:
15443:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15430:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15411:German Empire
15409:
15408:
15407:
15404:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15391:
15390:
15387:
15383:
15380:
15378:
15375:
15374:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15337:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15315:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15287:
15285:
15283:
15279:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15222:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15180:
15179:
15176:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15153:
15152:
15151:Turco-Persian
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15096:
15095:
15092:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15059:
15058:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15019:
15018:
15015:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14993:
14992:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14940:
14939:
14936:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14913:
14912:
14909:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14891:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14849:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14836:
14833:
14831:
14828:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14807:
14806:
14803:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14790:
14789:
14786:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14763:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14750:
14747:
14746:
14745:
14742:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14729:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14691:
14689:
14687:
14683:
14675:
14672:
14671:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14649:
14648:
14645:
14641:
14638:
14637:
14636:
14633:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14600:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14563:
14562:
14559:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14546:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14509:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14477:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14450:
14449:
14446:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14428:
14427:
14424:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14411:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14386:
14382:
14378:
14371:
14366:
14364:
14359:
14357:
14352:
14351:
14348:
14336:
14328:
14326:
14318:
14316:
14312:
14308:
14306:
14298:
14297:
14294:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14269:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14199:
14197:
14193:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14148:
14145:
14142:
14141:Iraqi Turkmen
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14098:
14097:
14094:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14066:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14056:
14054:
14052:
14048:
14044:
14040:
14035:
14031:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13939:
13936:
13932:
13927:
13923:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13864:
13861:
13860:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13845:
13844:
13841:
13835:
13832:
13831:
13830:
13827:
13823:
13820:
13819:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13804:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13776:(legislative)
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13761:
13758:
13754:
13749:
13745:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13709:Syrian Desert
13707:
13705:
13704:Shatt al-Arab
13702:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13639:Faw peninsula
13637:
13636:
13633:
13629:
13624:
13620:
13606:
13603:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13594:
13591:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13581:Fall of Mosul
13579:
13578:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13554:U.S. invasion
13552:
13551:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13538:
13535:
13534:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13517:Iran–Iraq War
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13482:
13478:
13475:
13474:
13471:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13449:
13447:
13445:
13441:
13435:
13432:
13428:
13425:
13424:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13407:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13382:Buyid dynasty
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13362:
13358:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13231:Halaf culture
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13218:
13216:
13214:
13210:
13206:
13202:
13197:
13193:
13188:
13182:
13172:
13167:
13165:
13160:
13158:
13153:
13152:
13149:
13137:
13129:
13127:
13117:
13116:
13113:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13057:
13054:
13053:
13052:
13049:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13039:Post-Islamism
13037:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13009:
13008:
13005:
13004:
13002:
12998:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12973:
12971:
12969:
12965:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12932:
12931:Protestantism
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12918:
12917:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12891:
12887:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12867:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12854:
12851:
12850:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12818:
12814:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12789:
12787:
12785:
12781:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12769:Ophthalmology
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12728:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12683:
12681:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12659:
12655:
12641:
12638:
12634:
12633:
12629:
12628:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12610:
12607:
12606:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12599:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12587:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12575:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12533:
12529:
12527:
12526:
12522:
12518:
12517:Death penalty
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12504:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12492:
12488:
12487:
12485:
12483:Other aspects
12481:
12475:
12474:
12470:
12468:
12467:
12463:
12461:
12460:
12456:
12454:
12453:
12449:
12447:
12446:
12442:
12440:
12439:
12435:
12433:
12432:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12406:
12403:
12397:
12396:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12384:
12380:
12378:
12377:
12373:
12371:
12370:
12366:
12364:
12363:
12359:
12358:
12356:
12354:
12350:
12344:
12343:
12339:
12337:
12336:
12332:
12330:
12329:
12325:
12323:
12322:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12303:
12299:
12295:
12288:
12287:Jurisprudence
12285:
12283:
12280:
12279:
12275:
12271:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12235:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12160:
12158:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12144:
12141:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12106:
12103:
12099:
12096:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12078:
12077:
12074:
12073:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12065:
12064:
12060:
12057:
12053:
12050:
12046:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12022:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12007:
12004:
12003:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11978:
11977:
11974:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11968:Denominations
11965:
11959:
11958:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11925:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11881:
11877:
11876:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11864:
11860:
11858:
11857:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11811:
11808:
11802:
11801:
11797:
11795:
11794:
11790:
11788:
11787:
11783:
11781:
11780:
11776:
11774:
11773:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11760:
11754:
11753:Holiest sites
11751:
11749:
11748:Judgement Day
11746:
11744:
11743:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11720:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11676:
11675:
11669:
11664:
11657:
11652:
11650:
11645:
11643:
11638:
11637:
11634:
11621:
11618:
11615:
11612:
11609:
11606:
11603:
11600:
11597:
11594:
11591:
11588:
11585:
11582:
11579:
11576:
11573:
11570:
11567:
11564:
11561:
11558:
11555:
11552:
11549:
11546:
11543:
11540:
11537:
11534:
11531:
11528:
11525:
11522:
11519:
11516:
11513:
11510:
11507:
11504:
11501:
11498:
11495:
11492:
11489:
11486:
11483:
11480:
11477:
11474:
11471:
11468:
11465:
11462:
11459:
11456:
11453:
11450:
11447:
11444:
11441:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11429:
11425:
11418:
11413:
11411:
11406:
11404:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11382:
11376:
11374:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11286:al-Mu'tadid I
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11271:al-Mustakfi I
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11238:
11236:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11188:al-Mustarshid
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11133:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11086:al-Mutawakkil
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11066:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11006:
11001:
10999:
10994:
10992:
10987:
10986:
10983:
10977:
10970:
10961:
10954:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10937:
10935:
10928:
10922:
10918:
10917:
10910:
10909:
10903:
10901:
10894:
10879:
10875:
10874:
10869:
10865:
10860:
10856:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10840:
10834:
10829:
10828:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10804:
10800:
10795:
10791:
10789:3-8258-8799-5
10785:
10781:
10780:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10739:0-5218-3756-1
10735:
10731:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10657:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10643:0-0601-3932-3
10639:
10635:
10634:
10628:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10603:
10599:
10593:
10589:
10585:
10584:
10578:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10553:
10549:
10543:
10540:. Routledge.
10539:
10538:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10514:
10510:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10491:0-07-244233-6
10487:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10465:
10461:
10460:
10455:
10451:
10439:
10435:
10431:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10405:
10401:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10382:0-521-39518-6
10378:
10374:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10340:
10336:
10330:
10326:
10321:
10309:
10305:
10301:
10296:
10292:
10290:0-521-77056-4
10286:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10233:
10227:
10223:
10220:(1942–1943).
10219:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10201:0-0289-7211-2
10197:
10193:
10192:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10172:0-7864-0431-0
10168:
10164:
10163:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10139:
10135:
10130:
10129:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10108:0-5218-2302-1
10104:
10100:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10053:
10045:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10026:
10022:
10016:
10008:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9975:0-7486-0455-3
9971:
9967:
9962:
9958:
9956:9781316634394
9952:
9948:
9947:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9927:0-8157-3282-1
9923:
9919:
9915:
9914:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9894:0-312-19869-8
9890:
9886:
9881:
9877:
9875:0-7591-0190-6
9871:
9866:
9865:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9845:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9826:
9820:
9815:
9814:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9789:
9785:
9780:
9776:
9774:0-06-181235-8
9770:
9766:
9761:
9757:
9751:
9747:
9746:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9658:0-87054-076-9
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9633:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9608:
9604:
9598:
9594:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9575:0-3122-2810-4
9571:
9567:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9548:0-313-29622-7
9544:
9540:
9535:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9521:0-87169-856-0
9517:
9513:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9490:
9486:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9446:
9445:
9439:
9435:
9429:
9425:
9420:
9409:
9403:
9399:
9398:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9378:0-7658-0568-5
9374:
9370:
9365:
9361:
9355:
9347:
9342:
9338:
9336:962-209-255-1
9332:
9328:
9323:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9278:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9184:
9176:
9171:
9167:
9161:
9157:
9156:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9109:
9104:
9098:
9093:
9085:
9079:
9075:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9056:
9047:
9041:
9036:
9030:, p. 671
9029:
9024:
9017:
9012:
9004:
9002:81-7625-693-5
8998:
8994:
8993:
8985:
8978:
8973:
8965:
8963:0-520-01789-7
8959:
8955:
8948:
8940:
8934:
8930:
8929:
8921:
8913:
8907:
8903:
8902:
8894:
8892:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8856:
8841:
8837:
8831:
8816:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8793:
8791:
8783:
8778:
8776:
8768:
8763:
8761:
8753:
8748:
8741:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8724:
8719:
8713:, p. 44.
8712:
8707:
8705:
8696:
8694:0-582-40525-4
8690:
8686:
8679:
8671:
8665:
8662:. Routledge.
8661:
8654:
8646:
8644:0-582-40525-4
8640:
8636:
8629:
8621:
8619:0-521-20093-8
8615:
8611:
8610:
8602:
8586:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8572:
8566:
8550:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8521:
8519:
8511:
8506:
8500:, p. 68.
8499:
8494:
8486:
8480:
8476:
8469:
8461:
8455:
8451:
8444:
8436:
8430:
8426:
8419:
8411:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8392:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8334:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8301:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8263:
8257:
8253:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8200:
8194:, p. 22.
8193:
8188:
8180:
8176:
8169:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8131:Josef W. Meri
8125:
8124:"Women Poets"
8118:
8110:
8103:
8095:
8088:
8081:
8076:
8069:
8064:
8058:
8053:
8047:
8042:
8036:
8031:
8025:
8020:
8012:
8006:
8002:
8001:
7993:
7987:
7982:
7976:
7971:
7965:, p. 166
7964:
7959:
7953:
7948:
7941:
7936:
7934:
7927:
7922:
7916:
7911:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7889:
7882:
7877:
7871:, p. 527
7870:
7865:
7858:
7853:
7846:
7845:Söylemez 2005
7841:
7835:, p. 612
7834:
7833:Hoiberg 2010a
7829:
7823:, p. 164
7822:
7817:
7810:
7805:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7745:
7743:9781588396303
7739:
7735:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7709:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7652:
7643:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7621:
7615:, p. 26.
7614:
7609:
7601:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7582:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7538:
7536:
7528:
7523:
7517:, p. 216
7516:
7511:
7505:, p. 212
7504:
7499:
7493:, p. 211
7492:
7487:
7481:, p. 206
7480:
7475:
7473:
7465:
7460:
7454:, p. 199
7453:
7448:
7440:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7411:
7403:
7401:9780300218701
7397:
7393:
7392:
7384:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7342:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7319:
7311:
7309:9780300088670
7305:
7301:
7300:
7292:
7285:
7280:
7278:
7270:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7254:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7237:Petersen 1996
7233:
7225:
7223:1-904313-29-9
7219:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7197:
7192:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7145:
7141:
7134:
7128:
7123:
7121:
7114:, p. 78.
7113:
7108:
7101:
7096:
7089:
7084:
7077:
7072:
7066:, p. 51.
7065:
7060:
7058:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6992:
6987:
6981:
6976:
6970:
6965:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6920:
6914:, p. 215
6913:
6908:
6902:, p. 266
6901:
6896:
6889:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6854:Pavlidis 2010
6850:
6844:, p. 192
6843:
6838:
6832:
6827:
6819:
6817:9781139054966
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6775:
6767:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6748:
6741:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6707:
6706:El-Hibri 2021
6702:
6700:
6693:, p. 69.
6692:
6691:El-Hibri 2021
6687:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6656:, p. 265
6655:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6637:, p. 88.
6636:
6635:El-Hibri 2021
6631:
6629:
6620:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6586:Bianquis, Th.
6583:
6579:
6572:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6550:, p. 40.
6549:
6544:
6536:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6503:El-Hibri 2021
6499:
6492:
6491:El-Hibri 2021
6487:
6480:
6479:El-Hibri 2021
6475:
6469:, p. 332
6468:
6463:
6456:
6451:
6445:, p. 129
6444:
6439:
6433:, p. 283
6432:
6431:Kitagawa 1989
6427:
6420:
6415:
6408:
6403:
6396:
6391:
6385:, p. 214
6384:
6379:
6377:
6370:, p. 138
6369:
6364:
6357:
6356:El-Hibri 2021
6352:
6346:, p. 41.
6345:
6340:
6333:
6332:El-Hibri 2021
6328:
6321:
6320:El-Hibri 2021
6316:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6258:
6252:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6234:
6233:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6204:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6172:, p. 54.
6171:
6166:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6120:
6114:
6111:. Routledge.
6110:
6109:
6101:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6064:
6063:
6056:
6050:, p. 10.
6049:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5995:Ménage, V. L.
5992:
5988:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5922:
5915:, p. 243
5914:
5909:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5876:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5857:
5851:, p. 122
5850:
5845:
5837:
5830:
5826:
5814:
5808:
5798:
5788:
5778:
5771:
5765:
5756:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5715:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:Umm al-Quwain
5437:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:Muslim Sicily
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4370:450 AD–550 AD
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4310:64 BC–300s AD
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4300:132 BC–244 AD
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4290:400 BC–106 AD
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:600 BC–100 BC
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4270:800 BC–300 BC
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:and soon the
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:British Isles
4054:
4053:Baltic region
4049:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4003:civil service
3999:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3981:al-Mutawakkil
3977:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3889:Abna al-dawla
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:Al-Mutawakkil
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3660:Abbasid harem
3656:
3654:
3650:
3639:
3636:
3635:singing-girls
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3594:
3593:Abbasid harem
3584:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3532:ancient times
3529:
3528:manual labour
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3464:Mediterranean
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:Mediterranean
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:Ibn al-Shatir
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:and Claudius
3108:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:, went about
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2303:
2302:Al-Mutawakkil
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:Arabic poetry
2277:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2241:Ancient Greek
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:Mongol Empire
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2026:Nizam al Mulk
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:al-Mustarshid
1979:
1970:
1968:
1967:Nizam al-Mulk
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:known as the
1933:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:By the 920s,
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:. In 793 the
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:amir al-umara
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:of Iran. The
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:Al-Mutawakkil
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:, 750–825 CE.
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Empress Irene
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
917:
914:(such as the
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
805:
799:
790:
784:
730:
726:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
692:
691:
688:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
640:
639:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
607:
606:
602:
598:
597:
585:
582:
581:
561:
559:
556:
555:
547:
545:
544:Mongol Empire
542:
541:
533:
531:
530:Buyid dynasty
528:
527:
519:
517:
514:
513:
505:
503:
500:
499:
491:
489:
488:Sajid dynasty
486:
485:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
462:
459:
452:
451:
448:
445:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
411:(copper coin)
410:
407:
405:(silver coin)
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
371:
367:
364:
360:
359:Reestablished
354:
350:
347:
341:
337:
333:
327:
323:
320:
314:
310:
307:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
279:
276:
270:
264:
261:
255:
249:
246:
240:
234:
231:
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
208:
205:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
105:
100:
96:
89:
82:
75:
72:
71:
68:
63:
56:
40:
37:
33:
19:
15578:Contemporary
15428:Indo-Persian
15416:Nazi Germany
15360:Contemporary
15262:Vijayanagara
15161:Great Seljuk
15072:Thessalonica
15000:Golden Horde
14775:
14640:Carthaginian
14419:Neo-Assyrian
14404:Neo-Sumerian
14169:Christianity
14051:Demographics
13985:Oil reserves
13980:Oil Industry
13947:Central Bank
13843:Human rights
13769:Constitution
13714:Tigris river
13694:Persian Gulf
13402:Ottoman Iraq
13387:Qara Qoyunlu
13376:
13221:Ubaid period
13051:Islamophobia
12916:Christianity
12864:
12797:Contemporary
12691:Architecture
12630:
12596:
12584:
12572:
12530:
12523:
12489:
12471:
12466:Nikah mut'ah
12464:
12457:
12450:
12443:
12436:
12429:
12393:
12381:
12374:
12367:
12360:
12340:
12333:
12326:
12319:
12232:
11955:
11890:
11879:
11861:
11854:
11798:
11791:
11784:
11777:
11770:
11763:Five Pillars
11740:
11706:
11695:God in Islam
11672:
11580:(1560s–1690)
11451:
11370:
11361:al-Mustamsik
11351:al-Mustamsik
11341:al-Mustanjid
11311:al-Musta'sim
11306:al-Wathiq II
11296:al-Musta'sim
11232:
11228:al-Musta'sim
11203:al-Mustanjid
11183:al-Mustazhir
11130:
11063:
10950:in 929, and
10941:
10932:
10914:
10906:
10897:
10882:, retrieved
10878:the original
10872:
10854:
10837:
10807:
10798:
10778:
10760:
10756:
10729:
10712:
10708:
10691:
10687:
10664:
10660:
10632:
10619:. Retrieved
10610:
10587:
10582:
10569:. Retrieved
10563:. Stanford.
10560:
10536:
10508:
10481:
10458:
10454:Ahmed, Leila
10442:. Retrieved
10433:
10399:
10372:
10347:
10343:
10324:
10312:. Retrieved
10308:the original
10303:
10280:
10277:Lapidus, Ira
10255:(1): 79–96.
10252:
10248:
10221:
10190:
10161:
10127:
10098:
10073:
10069:
10033:
9996:
9965:
9945:
9912:
9884:
9863:
9843:
9823:
9812:
9783:
9764:
9744:
9726:
9709:
9692:
9675:
9648:
9636:
9624:. Retrieved
9620:the original
9615:
9592:
9565:
9538:
9511:
9484:
9475:
9471:
9443:
9423:
9411:. Retrieved
9396:
9368:
9345:
9326:
9314:. Retrieved
9310:the original
9294:. Retrieved
9285:
9269:. Retrieved
9260:
9241:. Retrieved
9232:
9213:. Retrieved
9204:
9174:
9154:
9125:
9103:
9092:
9062:
9055:
9046:
9035:
9023:
9018:, p. 14
9011:
8991:
8984:
8972:
8953:
8947:
8927:
8920:
8900:
8878:. Retrieved
8869:
8865:
8855:
8843:. Retrieved
8839:
8830:
8818:. Retrieved
8814:
8804:
8799:, p. 75
8797:Bobrick 2012
8784:, p. 74
8782:Bobrick 2012
8769:, p. 47
8767:Bobrick 2012
8754:, p. 46
8752:Bobrick 2012
8747:
8742:, p. 45
8740:Bobrick 2012
8725:, p. 44
8723:Bobrick 2012
8718:
8711:Bobrick 2012
8684:
8678:
8659:
8653:
8634:
8628:
8608:
8601:
8589:. Retrieved
8578:
8565:
8553:. Retrieved
8542:
8532:
8527:, p. 71
8525:Bobrick 2012
8512:, p. 70
8510:Bobrick 2012
8505:
8498:Bobrick 2012
8493:
8474:
8468:
8449:
8443:
8424:
8418:
8398:
8391:
8358:
8354:
8314:
8308:
8281:
8251:
8213:
8209:
8199:
8192:Bobrick 2012
8187:
8178:
8168:
8156:. Retrieved
8149:the original
8134:
8117:
8108:
8102:
8093:
8087:
8075:
8070:, p. 69
8063:
8052:
8041:
8030:
8019:
7999:
7992:
7986:Schwarz 2013
7981:
7970:
7958:
7947:
7942:, p. 10
7921:
7910:
7899:
7888:
7883:, p. 61
7876:
7864:
7859:, p. 97
7852:
7840:
7828:
7816:
7804:
7788:
7774:(1): 72–97.
7771:
7767:
7733:
7697:
7666:. Retrieved
7662:
7629:
7620:
7608:
7588:
7581:
7569:. Retrieved
7565:
7556:
7547:
7527:Dimand 1969c
7522:
7515:Dimand 1969c
7510:
7503:Dimand 1969b
7498:
7491:Dimand 1969b
7486:
7479:Dimand 1969a
7459:
7447:
7428:
7422:
7410:
7390:
7383:
7371:. Retrieved
7360:The Guardian
7359:
7349:
7330:
7325:
7318:
7298:
7291:
7252:
7244:
7239:, p. 1.
7232:
7213:
7207:
7199:
7191:
7183:
7175:
7167:
7159:
7147:. Retrieved
7143:
7133:
7112:Bobrick 2012
7107:
7100:Clinton 2000
7095:
7090:, p. 52
7083:
7078:, p. 10
7076:de Camp 1976
7071:
7044:. Retrieved
7040:جامعة سامراء
7039:
7030:
7025:, p. 48
7018:
6986:
6980:Frazier 2005
6975:
6964:
6951:
6938:Online Issue
6933:
6928:
6919:
6907:
6895:
6883:
6878:, p. 19
6871:
6860:
6849:
6842:Isichei 1997
6837:
6826:
6807:
6801:
6781:
6774:
6754:
6747:
6718:Meisami 1999
6713:
6686:
6667:
6661:
6608:
6601:
6571:
6548:Bobrick 2012
6543:
6516:
6510:
6498:
6486:
6474:
6462:
6457:, p. 53
6450:
6438:
6426:
6421:, p. 92
6419:Chapuis 1995
6414:
6409:, p. 60
6402:
6397:, p. 61
6395:Jenkins 1999
6390:
6363:
6351:
6339:
6327:
6315:
6298:
6291:
6257:
6230:
6198:
6170:Lapidus 2002
6165:
6153:. Retrieved
6149:the original
6139:
6127:
6107:
6100:
6088:. Retrieved
6079:
6070:
6060:
6055:
6048:Hoiberg 2010
6013:
6006:
5956:
5949:
5908:
5889:
5883:
5863:
5856:
5844:
5835:
5829:
5812:
5807:
5797:
5787:
5777:
5764:
5755:
5735:
5731:
5726:against the
5718:
5649:
5642:
5618:Wadai Empire
5615:
5607:
5583:Wadai Empire
5577:
5575:
5535:1921–present
5520:1900–present
5505:1868–present
5490:1833–present
5475:1810–present
5460:1783–present
5445:1775–present
5430:1761–present
5415:1752–present
5400:1749–present
5385:1744–present
5380:Saudi Arabia
5370:1727–present
5355:1727–present
5340:1631–present
4410:
4350:300s–500s AD
4165:
4135:
4124:
4120:Sinbad tales
4116:
4104:Central Asia
4084:Bandar Siraf
4081:
4070:
4050:
4041:Persian Gulf
4034:
4015:
4000:
3996:Central Asia
3992:
3988:
3985:
3932:
3928:
3908:
3902:
3885:
3855:
3843:
3820:
3804:Great Mosque
3793:
3772:
3760:
3756:
3722:
3703:
3688:
3657:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3570:
3545:
3491:
3455:
3409:
3378:
3330:
3288:
3277:
3271:
3249:
3230:
3220:
3176:
3170:
3161:
3123:
3096:
3091:Arab culture
3008:
2983:
2969:Illumination
2967:
2956:Illumination
2947:
2931:
2910:
2881:Tang dynasty
2872:
2864:al-Muqtaddir
2857:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2821:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2744:
2712:
2702:9th-century
2680:
2660:
2652:
2639:
2629:, along the
2623:
2581:
2545:Architecture
2527:Neoplatonism
2508:
2488:
2431:
2427:al-Mutanabbi
2416:
2409:
2375:
2369:
2348:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2194:
2148:Al-Mustansir
2133:
2102:Al-Musta'sim
2099:
2091:
2071:central Asia
2063:Genghis Khan
2060:
2014:Al-Mustansir
1984:
1956:
1929:
1922:
1912:
1894:
1863:
1824:
1807:sympathies.
1784:North Africa
1781:
1773:Arab Muslims
1754:
1716:
1686:
1675:
1653:
1626:
1555:
1540:
1505:
1490:
1486:
1459:
1423:Nikephoros I
1408:
1387:
1385:
1373:
1360:
1356:Tigris River
1351:
1344:Isa ibn Musa
1325:
1321:William Muir
1303:
1296:Tang dynasty
1289:
1279:
1268:Tang dynasty
1265:
1253:
1235:
1229:
1220:Portrait of
1198:
1196:
1176:Central Asia
1169:
1142:
1108:
1089:
1074:
1055:
1037:
1007:
975:al-Musta'sim
951:Mesopotamian
943:Seljuq Turks
936:
929:
923:
860:
728:
724:
722:
625:
429:Succeeded by
428:
423:
248:al-Musta'sim
36:
15166:Khwarezmian
15099:Carolingian
14904:Rashtrakuta
14608:Shaishunaga
14507:Hellenistic
14490:New Kingdom
14480:Old Kingdom
14325:WikiProject
14126:Marsh Arabs
14111:Circassians
13792:Foreign aid
13684:Mesopotamia
13246:Uruk period
12921:Catholicism
12816:Other areas
12807:Theological
12802:Eschatology
12759:Mathematics
12696:Calligraphy
12626:Theological
12580:Inheritance
12497:Cleanliness
11869:Shi'a Imams
11863:Ahl al-Bayt
11616:(1921–1958)
11610:(1805–1952)
11604:(1726–1834)
11598:(1704–1831)
11592:(1697–1842)
11586:(1649–1850)
11562:(1382–1517)
11556:(1376–1843)
11550:(1250–1382)
11544:(1234–1262)
11538:(1171–1341)
11532:(1127–1250)
11526:(1104–1154)
11514:(1024–1080)
11321:al-Musta'in
11281:al-Hakim II
11276:al-Wathiq I
11254:(1261–1517)
11153:al-Mustakfi
11126:al-Muqtadir
11116:al-Mu'tadid
11111:al-Mu'tamid
11096:al-Musta'in
11091:al-Muntasir
11076:al-Mu'tasim
10916:Banu Hashim
10855:In Our Time
10667:(2): 1–27.
10571:27 November
10350:(1): 1–30.
10218:Kraus, Paul
10030:"Nestorian"
8872:(1): 1–37.
7952:Cotter 2001
7904:Toomer 1964
7881:Eglash 1999
7847:, p. 3
7821:Brague 2009
7811:, p. 4
7668:27 February
7571:10 February
7464:Dimand 1969
7452:Dimand 1969
7415:Wilber 1969
7326:Islamic Art
7286:, p. 6
7284:Wilber 1969
7271:, p. 5
7269:Wilber 1969
7127:Leaman 1998
6993:, p. 9
6876:Visser 2005
6831:Vásáry 2005
6742:, p. 2
6565:Brauer 1995
6288:Pellat, Ch.
6280:Schacht, J.
6090:20 November
6012:Volume III:
6003:Schacht, J.
5999:Pellat, Ch.
5946:Pellat, Ch.
5240:Pate Island
5213:East Africa
5006:Sulaymanids
4946:Ukhaidhirds
4731:Sulaymanids
4701:Muhallabids
4606:Munqidhites
4506:Shirvanshah
4360:300s–602 AD
4330:196–1100 AD
4320:100s–241 AD
4131:hostilities
4075:written by
4011:Afghanistan
3866:Transoxiana
3726:Al-Muqtadir
3577:Mesopotamia
3567:Arabization
3521:, employed
3519:crankshafts
3498:tidal power
3450:. The name
3381:papermaking
3370:Charlemagne
3366:water clock
3324:model. The
3284:Renaissance
3199:beyond the
3103:Alexandrian
2980:Bookbinding
2920:Calligraphy
2907:Bookbinding
2887:Manuscripts
2837:al-Muʿtasim
2648:al-Muntasir
2585:Mesopotamia
2541:(Alhacen).
2521:, combined
2398:Azerbaijani
2390:Azerbaijani
2300:, built by
2227:, Chinese,
2120:of Hulagu.
2083:Hulagu Khan
2079:Kievan Rus'
2055:Hulagu Khan
1995:Ibn Hubayra
1952:Toghril Beg
1932:Oghuz Turks
1804:Sunni Islam
1735:Al-Mu'tasim
1688:Al-Mustakfi
1656:Al-Mu'tadid
1633:Transoxiana
1547:al-Mu'tasim
1536:Khurramites
1328:a rebellion
1280:hēiyī Dàshí
1188:Mesopotamia
1040:Ira Lapidus
1022:Banu Umayya
1018:Banu Hashim
987:al-Musta'in
981:capital of
971:Hulagu Khan
934:(clients).
912:bureaucrats
424:Preceded by
399:(gold coin)
161:(1261–1517)
15976:Caliphates
15850:Categories
15736:Portuguese
15617:Revival Le
15607:Vietnamese
15250:Later Tran
15220:Vietnamese
15116:Singhasari
15104:Holy Roman
14728:Bulgarian
14664:Satavahana
14635:Phoenician
14571:Achaemenid
14532:Indo-Greek
14512:Macedonian
14426:Babylonian
14242:Television
14222:Literature
14184:Irreligion
14159:Secularism
14096:Minorities
13964:(currency)
13957:Corruption
13802:Government
13593:Insurgency
13392:Aq Qoyunlu
13213:Chronology
12981:Ex-Muslims
12866:Shu'ubiyya
12860:Psychology
12848:Literature
12838:Inventions
12784:Philosophy
12592:Leadership
12568:Honorifics
12223:Philosophy
12030:Isma'ilism
11991:Maturidism
11874:Caliphates
11845:Golden Age
11736:Revelation
11508:(990–1096)
11502:(990–1085)
11496:(990–1081)
11478:(909–1171)
11466:(890–1004)
11454:(750–1258)
11266:al-Hakim I
11208:al-Mustadi
11198:al-Muqtafi
11178:al-Muqtadi
11148:al-Muttaqi
11121:al-Muktafi
11106:al-Muhtadi
11101:al-Mu'tazz
11027:(749–1258)
10748:2005296238
10527:2009005664
10500:2003041213
10418:2012494440
10117:2002035017
9936:2003006189
9817:. Praeger.
9503:2008028720
9463:2002042629
9387:2003059346
9316:30 October
9165:0521337674
9145:2009050163
8880:19 October
8080:Ahmed 1992
8057:Labib 1969
8035:Lucas 2005
7940:Lucas 2005
7926:Rabin 2015
7893:Verma 1969
7149:3 February
6991:Abbas 2011
6607:Volume XI:
6455:Baker 1990
6407:Ghosh 1961
6264:"al-Anbār"
6203:Lewis 1995
5913:Crone 2012
5849:Crone 2012
5705:References
5698:Great Qadi
5599:Bahawalpur
5526:Hashemites
5481:Al Maktoum
5451:Al Khalifa
5136:Upper Yafa
5126:Ya'arubids
4966:Qarmatians
4851:Sumadihids
4340:220–638 AD
4336:Ghassanids
4177:Kharijites
4045:Madagascar
4025:See also:
3814:". During
3747:al-Mukhtar
3647:–870 CE),
3645: 815
3591:See also:
3556:handicraft
3536:mechanized
3510:watermills
3502:wind power
3494:hydropower
3428:al-Andalus
3412:irrigation
3385:al-Andalus
3342:Technology
3298:precession
3294:Al-Battani
3181:Diophantus
3125:Christians
2877:Ghuangzhou
2849:sandalwood
2758:lusterware
2734:Bowl with
2562:palace in
2531:Avicennism
2473:Avicennism
2449:Philosophy
2419:Abu Tammam
2252:Literature
2016:built the
1991:al-Muqtafi
1959:Alp Arslan
1820: 892
1745:Gold dinar
1532:Azerbaijan
1415:Byzantines
1257:al-Andalus
1192:Byzantines
1144:Tarikhnama
1092:Abu Muslim
1066:Hashemites
955:al-Muqtafi
871:Babylonian
558:Qarmatians
204:Hereditary
200:Government
191:Demonym(s)
113: 850
15729:Couronian
15367:Ethiopian
15355:Manchukuo
15310:Brazilian
15156:Ghaznavid
15126:Srivijaya
15077:Trebizond
15062:Byzantine
15044:North Sea
15039:Norwegian
15027:Almoravid
15010:Ilkhanate
14980:Majapahit
14953:Muromachi
14862:Solomonic
14847:Ethiopian
14761:Caliphate
14694:Aragonese
14522:Ptolemaic
14262:Squatting
14227:Education
14174:Mandaeism
14143:/Turkoman
14121:Mandaeans
14106:Assyrians
14101:Armenians
14064:Languages
13952:Companies
13907:Judiciary
13817:President
13787:Elections
13782:Democracy
13628:Geography
13544:Sanctions
13462:2003–2011
13457:1968–2003
13452:1958–1968
13311:Babylonia
13098:Symbolism
13056:Incidents
13034:Criticism
12926:Mormonism
12823:Astrology
12749:Cosmology
12744:Astronomy
12686:Arabesque
12553:Etiquette
12512:Blasphemy
12302:Economics
12117:Ahmadiyya
12059:Muhakkima
12006:Wahhabism
11996:Mu'tazili
11981:Ash'arism
11542:Lu'lu'ids
11512:Mirdasids
11500:Marwanids
11494:Numayrids
11488:Jarrahids
11484:(935–969)
11482:Ikhsidids
11470:Hadhabani
11464:Hamdanids
11460:(868–905)
11448:(661–750)
11442:(632–661)
11440:Rashiduns
11193:al-Rashid
11081:al-Wathiq
11071:al-Ma'mun
11039:al-Mansur
11034:al-Saffah
10934:Caliphate
10763:: 12–13.
10757:Al-'Arabi
10700:706947607
10364:109564224
10269:153962294
10240:468740510
10090:161092185
9834:0028-792X
9354:cite book
9286:BBC.co.uk
9255:(2002b).
9227:(2002a).
9183:cite book
9083:90096653X
8555:22 August
8383:146324749
8230:1932-2798
7963:Dunn 2003
7809:Hill 1993
7431:. Brill.
7368:0261-3077
7023:Huff 2003
6368:Wade 2012
6307:495469456
6297:Volume I:
6284:Lewis, B.
6132:Holt 1984
6022:495469525
5991:Lewis, B.
5955:Volume V:
5942:Lewis, B.
5930:"al-Kūfa"
5822:Citations
5782:century."
5744:Marwan II
5511:Al Sharqi
5466:Al Nuaimi
5436:Al Mualla
5425:Abu Dhabi
5421:Al Nahyan
5361:Al Qasimi
5346:Al Qasimi
5310:1860–1887
5300:1858–1895
5285:1856–1964
5275:1746–1828
5260:1277–1495
5245:1203–1894
5200:1926–1970
5190:1906–1934
5180:1903–1967
5170:1858–1967
5166:Qu'aitids
5160:1836–1921
5156:Rashidids
5150:1820–1970
5140:1800–1967
5130:1624–1742
5120:1597–1872
5110:1463–1521
5100:1454–1526
5090:1395–1967
5086:Kathirids
5080:1305–1487
5076:Jarwanids
5070:1253–1320
5060:1229–1454
5050:1159–1174
5040:1154–1624
5036:Nabhanids
5030:1083–1174
5020:1076–1253
5010:1063–1174
5000:1047–1138
4996:Sulayhids
4895:1837–1969
4891:Senussids
4885:1554–1659
4875:1230–1492
4865:1049–1078
4855:1041–1091
4845:1039–1110
4835:1031–1091
4831:Jawharids
4825:1027–1063
4821:Muzaynids
4815:1026–1057
4811:Hammudids
4805:1023–1062
4801:Yahsubids
4795:1023–1091
4785:1020–1086
4775:1013–1039
4765:1012–1051
4755:1004–1412
4721:Aghlabids
4650:1697–1842
4640:1517–1865
4630:1480–1677
4620:1517–1697
4610:1025–1157
4600:1024–1080
4596:Mirdasids
4586:Numayrids
4566:Jarrahids
4556:Mazyadids
4536:Hamdanids
4526:Hashimids
4486:Habbarids
4476:Dulafids
4326:Tanukhids
4201:Ikshidids
4189:Aghlabids
4112:Samarkand
4094:and some
3953:trebuchet
3939:mangonels
3935:catapults
3714:caliphate
3710:Al-Mansur
3668:umm walad
3664:concubine
3541:Catalonia
3486:Windmills
3476:Silk Road
3440:Euphrates
3405:explosive
3397:gunpowder
3389:parchment
3368:given to
3338:(Geber).
3326:astrolabe
3237:empirical
3189:algorithm
3157:Bukhtishu
3129:Nestorian
3115:Al-Biruni
2873:à l'arabe
2841:muʿtasimi
2748:arabesque
2631:Euphrates
2605:squinches
2515:al-Farabi
2492:Aristotle
2477:Averroism
2438:Samarkand
2423:Abu Nuwas
2308:847–861).
2201:Caliphate
2061:In 1206,
2024:built by
2022:Nizamiyya
1963:Malikshah
1761:Saffarids
1751:(809–813)
1700:Miskawayh
1658:'s rule (
1645:Saffarids
1528:Al-Ma'mun
1516:al-Ma'mun
1508:civil war
1501:Byzantium
1450:Samarkand
1413:with the
1409:Al-Mahdi
1392:Barmakids
1381:al-Ma'mun
1276:An Lushan
1222:al-Mansur
1172:al-Saffah
1153:al-Saffah
1077:Marwan II
895:invention
883:Ctesiphon
867:al-Mansur
856:Levantine
822:(566–653
809:caliphate
798:romanized
584:Caliphate
233:as-Saffah
207:caliphate
180:Religion
154:(836–892)
140:(750–762)
76:1261–1517
18:Abbassids
15709:Japanese
15672:Scottish
15652:American
15644:Colonial
15573:Imperial
15541:Moroccan
15477:Japanese
15455:Afsharid
15314:Burmese
15300:Austrian
15255:Later Le
15230:Early Le
15215:Venetian
15141:Tiwanaku
15054:Hellenic
15017:Moroccan
14948:Kamakura
14938:Japanese
14921:Saffarid
14874:Georgian
14788:Chalukya
14766:Rashidun
14756:Calakmul
14724:Bruneian
14603:Haryanka
14581:Sasanian
14576:Parthian
14527:Bactrian
14517:Seleucid
14497:Goguryeo
14475:Egyptian
14409:Assyrian
14399:Akkadian
14390:Colonies
14305:Category
14154:Religion
14131:Persians
14015:Railways
14010:Airlines
13892:Military
13753:Politics
13729:Wildlife
13719:Umm Qasr
13549:Iraq War
13532:Gulf War
13444:Republic
13397:Safavids
13360:638–1958
13136:Category
13029:Islamism
13012:Muhammad
12968:Apostasy
12943:Hinduism
12833:Feminism
12764:Medicine
12604:Military
12558:Gambling
12507:Apostasy
12502:Criminal
12414:Marriage
12383:Tayammum
12335:Murabaha
12208:Madrasas
12198:Holidays
12188:Clothing
12183:Children
12178:Calendar
12129:Quranism
12063:Khawarij
12035:Alawites
11986:Atharism
11880:Rashidun
11719:In Islam
11714:Muhammad
11608:Alawiyya
11554:Bahdinan
11536:Ayyubids
11518:Artuqids
11506:Uqaylids
11476:Fatimids
11458:Tulunids
11452:Abbasids
11446:Umayyads
11336:al-Qa'im
11218:al-Zahir
11213:al-Nasir
11173:al-Qa'im
11168:al-Qadir
11163:al-Ta'i'
11158:al-Muti'
11138:al-Qahir
11044:al-Mahdi
10946:in 909,
10936:dynasty
10816:68026314
10769:11634474
10652:72076978
10615:Archived
10565:Archived
10456:(1992).
10438:Archived
10428:(2004).
10391:90001542
10279:(2002).
10210:89008129
10181:98049332
10152:97159218
9984:94139614
9903:96037472
9853:61010347
9802:98026043
9735:68026314
9718:68026314
9701:68026314
9684:68026314
9667:76017991
9647:(1976).
9584:99056710
9557:94048169
9530:94078513
9413:15 March
9290:Archived
9265:Archived
9237:Archived
9209:Archived
9199:(2002).
8874:Archived
8591:30 March
8585:Archived
8573:(2006).
8549:Archived
8375:41287947
8158:29 March
7628:(2019).
7373:27 March
7168:Al-Hayat
6941:Archived
6600:(eds.).
6290:(eds.).
6084:Archived
6005:(eds.).
5957:Khe–Mahi
5948:(eds.).
5738:musawwid
5656:See also
5595:Khairpur
5578:Abbasids
5515:Fujairah
5496:Al Thani
5406:Al Sabah
5295:Wituland
5230:896–1279
5186:Idrisids
5116:Qasimids
5096:Tahirids
5066:Usfurids
5056:Rasulids
5026:Zurayids
4990:968–1925
4976:Wajihids
4970:899–1077
4960:897–1962
4950:865–1066
4936:Yufirids
4930:819–1138
4926:Ziyadids
4920:751–1970
4861:Tahirids
4791:Abbadids
4771:Tujibids
4745:831–1091
4711:Idrisids
4695:756–1031
4675:710–1019
4671:Salihids
4636:Harfushs
4626:Turabays
4590:990–1081
4580:990–1096
4576:Uqaylids
4570:970–1107
4560:961–1150
4550:955–1071
4546:Rawadids
4540:890–1004
4530:869–1075
4510:861–1538
4496:Kaysites
4490:854–1011
4460:736–1122
4425:909–1171
4421:Fatimids
4415:750–1258
4411:Abbasids
4401:Umayyads
4391:Rashidun
4356:Lakhmids
4346:Salihids
4197:Tulunids
4193:Ifriqiya
4181:Idrisids
4077:Istakhri
4007:Buddhist
3961:grenades
3948:manjaniq
3920:Damascus
3899:Samanids
3862:Khorasan
3852:Military
3839:Al-Mahdi
3790:Holidays
3773:Most of
3638:Shāriyah
3579:and the
3506:kerosene
3416:windmill
3306:Averroes
3268:Avicenna
3264:Ibn Sina
3260:smallpox
3185:algorism
3149:Sassanid
2812:Clothing
2806:Damietta
2788:for the
2764:Textiles
2694:Painting
2688:Nishapur
2535:al-Jahiz
2519:Avicenna
2511:al-Kindi
2365:Ali Baba
2340:Egyptian
2237:Egyptian
2209:Qur'anic
2205:Damascus
2003:al-Nasir
1948:al-Qa'im
1940:Basasiri
1909:al-Qadir
1866:Isma'ili
1777:Anatolia
1727:Idrisids
1649:Tulunids
1629:Samanids
1576:in 863.
1526:in 813.
1482:Anatolia
1470:Khorasan
1446:Afrasiab
1433:and the
1396:Ifriqiya
1315:Plan of
1274:against
1141:-period
1085:Khorasan
1052:non-Arab
1014:Muhammad
959:al-Nasir
941:and the
916:Barmakid
881:city of
879:Sassanid
852:Khorasan
816:Muhammad
390:Currency
73:750–1258
15776:largest
15771:Empires
15751:Swedish
15746:Spanish
15741:Russian
15704:Italian
15679:Chinese
15667:English
15662:British
15657:Belgian
15632:Vietnam
15622:Tay son
15568:Tsarist
15563:Russian
15558:Ottoman
15524:Dzungar
15519:Khoshut
15492:Mexican
15487:Maratha
15470:Pahlavi
15450:Safavid
15445:Iranian
15372:Haitian
15335:Chinese
15295:Ashanti
15267:Wagadou
15193:Eastern
15188:Western
15171:Timurid
15131:Tibetan
15121:Songhai
15111:Serbian
15032:Almohad
15022:Idrisid
14926:Samanid
14916:Tahirid
14911:Iranian
14889:Kannauj
14869:Genoese
14805:Chinese
14798:Eastern
14793:Western
14781:Fatimid
14776:Abbasid
14771:Umayyad
14744:Burmese
14704:Ayyubid
14699:Angevin
14669:Xianbei
14657:Eastern
14652:Western
14598:Magadha
14561:Iranian
14554:Xiongnu
14539:Hittite
14448:Chinese
14436:Kassite
14385:Ancient
14377:Empires
14335:Commons
14252:Smoking
14217:Culture
14212:Cuisine
14195:General
14179:Yazidis
14136:Solluba
14089:Persian
14079:Kurdish
14074:Aramaic
14039:Society
14020:Tourism
13931:Economy
13679:Islands
13654:Borders
13479: (
13469:present
13404:(incl.
13316:Assyria
13261:Subartu
13201:History
13083:Nursing
13044:Qutbism
12958:Sikhism
12953:Judaism
12948:Jainism
12938:Druzism
12774:Physics
12721:Pottery
12706:Gardens
12701:Carpets
12616:Slavery
12538:Divorce
12525:Dhabiĥa
12353:Hygiene
12328:Takaful
12310:Banking
12240:Science
12234:Qurbani
12203:Mosques
12163:Animals
12152:Culture
12086:Nukkari
12081:Azzabas
12068:Azariqa
12052:Zaydism
12040:Alevism
11916:Ottoman
11906:Almohad
11901:Fatimid
11896:Córdoba
11891:Abbasid
11886:Umayyad
11819:Leaders
11814:History
11772:Shahada
11687:Beliefs
11602:Jalilis
11596:Mamluks
11590:Shihabs
11566:Harfush
11530:Zengids
11428:Mashriq
11247:Caliphs
11143:al-Radi
11059:al-Amin
11049:al-Hadi
11024:Baghdad
11020:Caliphs
10884:15 June
10842:. 1905.
9116:Sources
8845:10 July
8820:10 July
8133:(ed.).
7200:Archnet
7046:21 June
6578:"Wazīr"
5802:harem's
5455:Bahrain
5391:Al Said
5376:Al Saud
5365:Sharjah
5335:Morocco
5331:'Alawis
5270:Mombasa
5106:Jabrids
5046:Mahdids
5016:Uyunids
4980:926–965
4956:Rassids
4940:847–997
4881:Saadids
4871:Nasrids
4781:Amirids
4761:Bakrids
4751:Kanzids
4735:814–922
4725:800–909
4715:788–974
4705:771–793
4685:745-757
4646:Shihabs
4616:Ma'nids
4520:864–928
4516:Alavids
4500:860–964
4480:840–897
4470:824–961
4450:654–884
4405:661–750
4395:632–661
4209:al-Radi
4185:Maghreb
4183:in the
4148:Decline
4108:Bukhara
4096:Red Sea
3912:Baghdad
3880:Karbala
3858:Iranian
3827:Fatimah
3764:viziers
3753:, Iraq.
3751:Samarra
3718:Baghdad
3691:dhimmis
3623:jawaris
3562:Society
3514:wheeled
3452:caravel
3444:sextant
3420:almonds
3403:and an
3393:papyrus
3256:measles
3229:in his
3177:algebra
3163:Algebra
3153:Umayyad
3111:Ptolemy
3068:Baghdad
3060:Madrasa
3022:Science
2860:kaftans
2823:Maqamat
2760:tiles.
2753:Samarra
2726:Pottery
2720:Tahirid
2708:Samarra
2619:Baghdad
2576:المعشوق
2564:Samarra
2496:ijtihad
2402:Turkish
2394:Persian
2386:Iranian
2372:romance
2357:Aladdin
2345:fantasy
2336:Persian
2298:Samarra
2233:Persian
2162:Culture
2156:Selim I
2112:in the
2067:Mongols
2057:in 1258
2010:futuwwa
1944:Fatimid
1936:Seljuqs
1924:ayyarun
1869:Fatimid
1839:Mansura
1792:Fatimah
1765:Bukhara
1749:al-Amin
1712:Seljuks
1672:al-Radi
1607:Samarra
1551:Samarra
1543:Mamluks
1534:by the
1524:Al-Amin
1512:al-Amin
1497:Quraysh
1493:Al-Hadi
1406:there.
1376:viziers
1348:Baghdad
1334:led by
1330:in the
1317:Baghdad
1270:in the
1232:, 1598)
1149:Bal'ami
1139:Samanid
1070:Umar II
1004:History
991:Ottoman
967:Mongols
965:by the
922:in the
891:culture
887:science
875:Babylon
842:in the
836:Baghdad
832:caliphs
828:dynasty
800::
592:
374:•
357:•
332:al-Radi
317:•
304:•
291:History
236:(first)
195:Abbasid
151:Samarra
144:Baghdad
130:Capital
15714:Mongol
15699:German
15694:French
15684:Danish
15627:Dainam
15602:Tongan
15590:Somali
15585:Sokoto
15551:'Alawi
15529:Kalmyk
15509:Mongol
15502:Second
15482:Korean
15433:Mughal
15423:Indian
15406:German
15399:Second
15389:French
15382:Second
15318:Second
15290:Afghan
15282:Modern
15208:Kyrgyz
15203:Uighur
15198:Second
15178:Turkic
15146:Toltec
15082:Epirus
15067:Nicaea
14990:Mongol
14943:Yamato
14879:Huetar
14737:Second
14674:Rouran
14623:Shunga
14618:Maurya
14593:Kushan
14566:Median
14544:Hunnic
14502:Harsha
14315:Portal
14257:Sports
14232:Health
14207:Cinema
14059:Iraqis
13962:Dinar
13897:Police
13699:Places
13189:topics
12895:
12853:poetry
12663:
12548:Ethics
12532:Dhimmi
12491:Baligh
12452:Mahram
12409:Family
12389:Toilet
12369:Miswak
12122:Lahori
12105:Najdat
12001:Salafi
11951:Seerah
11946:Tafsir
11941:Hadith
11911:Sokoto
11856:Sahaba
11731:Angels
11708:Tawhid
11665:topics
11578:Ridwan
11524:Burids
11430:region
10814:
10786:
10767:
10746:
10736:
10698:
10650:
10640:
10594:
10544:
10525:
10515:
10498:
10488:
10466:
10416:
10406:
10389:
10379:
10362:
10331:
10287:
10267:
10238:
10228:
10208:
10198:
10179:
10169:
10150:
10140:
10115:
10105:
10088:
10040:
10003:
9982:
9972:
9953:
9934:
9924:
9901:
9891:
9872:
9851:
9832:
9800:
9790:
9771:
9752:
9733:
9716:
9699:
9682:
9665:
9655:
9599:
9582:
9572:
9555:
9545:
9528:
9518:
9501:
9491:
9461:
9451:
9430:
9404:
9385:
9375:
9333:
9162:
9143:
9133:
9080:
9070:
8999:
8960:
8935:
8908:
8691:
8666:
8641:
8616:
8481:
8456:
8431:
8406:
8381:
8373:
8329:
8296:
8258:
8228:
8141:
8007:
7740:
7704:
7638:
7596:
7435:
7398:
7366:
7337:
7306:
7220:
6814:
6789:
6762:
6674:
6615:
6596:&
6531:
6305:
6286:&
6155:2 June
6115:
6020:
6014:H–Iram
6001:&
5963:
5944:&
5896:
5871:
5638:sultan
5630:Sennar
5611:Bastak
5603:Bastak
5530:Jordan
5410:Kuwait
4841:Hudids
4160:, and
4138:Venice
4127:slaves
4090:, and
4035:Under
3916:Medina
3846:Nowruz
3808:Tigris
3779:Arabic
3619:qiyans
3600:Hadith
3581:Levant
3534:to be
3474:. The
3468:Venice
3460:Hormuz
3436:Tigris
3424:citrus
3354:, and
3215:Optics
3141:Arabic
3137:Syriac
3107:Euclid
3048:, and
2905:, and
2786:kiswah
2782:badana
2774:Tinnis
2716:dadoes
2572:Arabic
2537:, and
2517:, and
2483:, and
2406:tragic
2400:, and
2382:Arabic
2361:Sinbad
2332:Arabic
2320:(1915)
2286:, and
2268:, and
2229:Indian
2221:Arabic
2213:hadith
1919:fitnas
1859:khutba
1851:"amir"
1847:sultan
1828:Soomro
1796:Fustat
1696:Daylam
1692:Buyids
1462:Cyprus
1454:Sogdia
1199:mawali
1190:. The
1123:Marwan
1119:caliph
1057:mawali
1048:Mawali
979:Mamluk
969:under
939:Buyids
931:mawali
893:, and
789:Arabic
590:خِلافة
403:Dirham
294:
218:
214:Caliph
124:Empire
120:Status
55:Arabic
51:
15764:Lists
15719:Omani
15689:Dutch
15595:Isaaq
15546:Saadi
15514:Oirat
15497:First
15465:Qajar
15394:First
15377:First
15350:China
15323:Third
15183:First
15136:Tikal
15087:Morea
15057:Roman
14975:Latin
14970:Khmer
14965:Kanem
14931:Buyid
14857:Zagwe
14852:Aksum
14842:Chola
14749:First
14732:First
14719:Bornu
14714:Benin
14709:Aztec
14647:Roman
14628:Gupta
14613:Nanda
14549:White
14247:Music
14237:Media
14164:Islam
14116:Kurds
13942:Banks
13880:Women
13674:Lakes
13467:2011–
13427:Kings
13256:Sumer
13017:Quran
12897:Other
12792:Early
12716:Music
12632:Kalam
12586:Jizya
12574:Hudud
12459:Nikah
12376:Najis
12362:Ghusl
12321:Sukuk
12250:Women
12218:Music
12193:Flags
12098:Sufri
12091:Wahbi
12076:Ibadi
11976:Sunni
11936:Quran
11793:Zakat
11779:Salah
11742:Qadar
11700:Allah
11663:Islam
11584:Baban
11572:Soran
11560:Burji
11548:Bahri
11251:Cairo
10621:3 May
10586:[
10444:3 May
10360:S2CID
10314:3 May
10265:S2CID
10086:S2CID
9918:26–38
9626:3 May
9474:[
9296:3 May
9271:3 May
9243:3 May
9215:3 May
8379:S2CID
8371:JSTOR
8152:(PDF)
8129:. In
8127:(PDF)
8000:Syria
7329:[
6580:. In
6266:. In
5989:. In
5932:. In
5792:time.
5748:Mahdi
5732:rāyaʾ
5710:Notes
5634:Wadai
5626:ulama
5622:Hijaz
5591:Sudan
5500:Qatar
5485:Dubai
5470:Ajman
5255:Kilwa
5225:Shewa
4214:Sawād
4173:Sunni
4142:Genoa
4088:Basra
4037:Harun
4021:Trade
3894:qa'id
3823:Shias
3784:Yusha
3695:jizya
3523:gears
3472:Genoa
3456:qārib
2974:Suras
2934:Kufic
2802:Dabik
2794:Mecca
2790:kaaba
2778:kasab
2770:Copts
2736:Kufic
2704:harem
2684:Kufic
2627:Raqqa
2469:Kalam
2225:Roman
2144:Cairo
2118:harem
1897:Buyid
1877:Karkh
1873:ummah
1835:Sindh
1831:Emirs
1800:Cairo
1723:Zaydi
1708:fiefs
1704:iqtas
1694:from
1668:emirs
1478:Syria
1388:wazir
1332:Hejaz
1211:Anbar
983:Cairo
925:ummah
397:Dinar
363:Cairo
184:Islam
158:Cairo
15534:Bogd
15460:Zand
15438:Sikh
15345:Qing
15340:Ming
15272:Wari
15240:Tran
15225:Dinh
14995:Yuan
14985:Mali
14894:Pala
14884:Inca
14835:Yuan
14825:Song
14820:Liao
14815:Tang
14588:Kush
14470:Dʿmt
14147:Jews
13870:LGBT
13834:List
13822:List
13187:Iraq
12678:Arts
12609:POWs
12543:Diet
12473:Zina
12445:Mahr
12431:Haya
12395:Wudu
12342:Riba
12255:LGBT
12147:Life
12020:Shia
12015:Sufi
11800:Hajj
11786:Sawm
10886:2007
10812:LCCN
10784:ISBN
10765:PMID
10744:LCCN
10734:ISBN
10709:Isis
10696:OCLC
10692:VIII
10648:LCCN
10638:ISBN
10623:2015
10592:ISBN
10573:2016
10542:ISBN
10523:LCCN
10513:ISBN
10496:LCCN
10486:ISBN
10464:ISBN
10446:2015
10414:LCCN
10404:ISBN
10387:LCCN
10377:ISBN
10329:ISBN
10316:2015
10285:ISBN
10236:OCLC
10226:ISBN
10206:LCCN
10196:ISBN
10177:LCCN
10167:ISBN
10148:LCCN
10138:ISBN
10113:LCCN
10103:ISBN
10058:link
10038:ISBN
10021:link
10001:ISBN
9980:LCCN
9970:ISBN
9951:ISBN
9932:LCCN
9922:ISBN
9899:LCCN
9889:ISBN
9870:ISBN
9849:LCCN
9830:ISSN
9798:LCCN
9788:ISBN
9769:ISBN
9750:ISBN
9731:LCCN
9714:LCCN
9697:LCCN
9680:LCCN
9663:LCCN
9653:ISBN
9628:2015
9597:ISBN
9580:LCCN
9570:ISBN
9553:LCCN
9543:ISBN
9526:LCCN
9516:ISBN
9499:LCCN
9489:ISBN
9459:LCCN
9449:ISBN
9428:ISBN
9415:2013
9402:ISBN
9383:LCCN
9373:ISBN
9360:link
9331:ISBN
9318:2008
9298:2015
9273:2015
9245:2015
9217:2015
9189:link
9160:ISBN
9141:LCCN
9131:ISBN
9068:ISBN
8997:ISBN
8958:ISBN
8933:ISBN
8906:ISBN
8882:2015
8847:2024
8822:2024
8689:ISBN
8664:ISBN
8639:ISBN
8614:ISBN
8593:2012
8557:2011
8479:ISBN
8454:ISBN
8429:ISBN
8404:ISBN
8327:ISBN
8294:ISBN
8256:ISBN
8226:ISSN
8160:2015
8139:ISBN
8005:ISBN
7738:ISBN
7702:ISBN
7670:2024
7636:ISBN
7594:ISBN
7573:2023
7433:ISBN
7396:ISBN
7375:2020
7364:ISSN
7335:ISBN
7304:ISBN
7218:ISBN
7151:2020
7048:2022
6812:ISBN
6787:ISBN
6760:ISBN
6672:ISBN
6613:ISBN
6529:ISBN
6303:OCLC
6157:2022
6113:ISBN
6092:2015
6018:OCLC
5961:ISBN
5894:ISBN
5869:ISBN
5722:The
5597:and
5589:and
5587:Chad
5395:Oman
4228:and
4205:Misr
4199:and
4187:and
4168:Shia
4140:and
4110:and
4092:Aden
4029:and
3924:Rayy
3903:jund
3864:and
3829:and
3621:and
3438:and
3432:Nile
3422:and
3316:and
3276:and
3258:and
3195:and
3187:and
3117:and
3058:The
2804:and
2798:Tuna
2568:Emir
2525:and
2457:and
2421:and
2374:was
2363:and
2243:and
2181:and
2040:and
2007:Sufi
1961:and
1864:The
1719:Rome
1635:and
1480:and
1291:Tāzī
1285:黑衣大食
1207:Alid
1203:Kufa
1180:Tang
1165:Kufa
1044:Merv
877:and
863:Kufa
723:The
409:Fals
381:1517
368:1261
351:1258
137:Kufa
15612:Mac
15049:Oyo
14958:Edo
14830:Jīn
14810:Sui
14463:Jin
14458:Han
14453:Qin
14202:Art
13887:Law
12419:Sex
12282:Law
12168:Art
11426:in
11249:of
11022:of
10717:doi
10669:doi
10352:doi
10257:doi
10134:192
10078:doi
9078:SBN
8870:107
8363:doi
8319:doi
8286:doi
8218:doi
7776:doi
6609:W–Z
6521:doi
6299:A–B
4203:of
4191:of
3530:in
3470:or
3372:by
3135:to
3066:in
3062:of
2792:in
2085:'s
2069:of
1798:in
1468:in
1452:in
1255:in
1163:in
1147:of
727:or
361:in
338:940
324:861
311:750
15852::
15245:Ho
15235:Ly
10898:—
10870:,
10859:UK
10857:,
10853:,
10836:.
10759:.
10742:.
10713:55
10711:.
10690:.
10665:22
10663:.
10646:.
10609:.
10559:.
10521:.
10494:.
10436:.
10432:.
10412:.
10385:.
10358:.
10348:46
10346:.
10302:.
10263:.
10253:29
10251:.
10234:.
10204:.
10175:.
10146:.
10136:.
10111:.
10084:.
10074:47
10072:.
10054:}}
10050:{{
10032:.
10017:}}
10013:{{
9995:.
9978:.
9930:.
9920:.
9897:.
9796:.
9661:.
9614:.
9578:.
9551:.
9524:.
9497:.
9457:.
9381:.
9356:}}
9352:{{
9288:.
9284:.
9263:.
9259:.
9235:.
9231:.
9207:.
9203:.
9185:}}
9181:{{
9139:.
9076:.
8890:^
8868:.
8864:.
8838:.
8813:.
8789:^
8774:^
8759:^
8730:^
8703:^
8577:.
8541:.
8517:^
8377:.
8369:.
8359:74
8357:.
8341:^
8325:.
8292:.
8270:^
8238:^
8224:.
8212:.
8208:.
8177:.
7932:^
7772:10
7770:.
7766:.
7752:^
7716:^
7678:^
7661:.
7650:^
7564:.
7546:.
7534:^
7471:^
7362:.
7358:.
7331:32
7276:^
7259:^
7251:,
7198:.
7182:.
7166:.
7142:.
7119:^
7056:^
7038:.
6998:^
6724:^
6698:^
6642:^
6627:^
6605:.
6592:;
6588:;
6584:;
6555:^
6527:.
6375:^
6295:.
6282:;
6278:;
6274:;
6270:;
6241:^
6229:.
6210:^
6177:^
6082:.
6078:.
6030:^
6010:.
5997:;
5993:;
5975:^
5953:.
5940:;
5936:;
5920:^
5605:.
4156:,
4114:.
4086:,
3941:,
3937:,
3922:,
3918:,
3914:,
3731:r.
3642:c.
3543:.
3500:,
3434:,
3350:,
3312:,
3308:,
3286:.
3217:".
3203:.
3151:,
3121:.
3044:,
3040:,
3036:,
2901:,
2650:.
2574::
2513:,
2506:.
2479:,
2475:,
2471:,
2467:,
2414:.
2396:,
2388:,
2367:.
2359:,
2334:,
2306:r.
2282:,
2278:,
2264:,
2260:,
2235:,
2231:,
2028:.
1927:.
1841:.
1817:c.
1779:.
1684:.
1660:r.
1448:,
1263:.
1243:r.
1226:r.
1157:r.
1072:.
1000:.
889:,
848:AH
824:CE
795:,
791::
787:;
110:c.
14392:)
14388:(
14369:e
14362:t
14355:v
13483:)
13408:)
13170:e
13163:t
13156:v
12061:/
11655:e
11648:t
11641:v
11416:e
11409:t
11402:v
11375:)
11371:(
11237:)
11233:(
11004:e
10997:t
10990:v
10902:—
10889:.
10863:.
10818:.
10792:.
10771:.
10761:8
10750:.
10723:.
10719::
10702:.
10675:.
10671::
10654:.
10625:.
10600:.
10575:.
10550:.
10529:.
10502:.
10472:.
10448:.
10420:.
10393:.
10366:.
10354::
10337:.
10318:.
10293:.
10271:.
10259::
10242:.
10212:.
10183:.
10154:.
10119:.
10092:.
10080::
10060:)
10046:.
10023:)
10009:.
9986:.
9959:.
9938:.
9905:.
9878:.
9855:.
9836:.
9804:.
9777:.
9758:.
9737:.
9720:.
9703:.
9686:.
9669:.
9639:.
9630:.
9605:.
9586:.
9559:.
9532:.
9505:.
9465:.
9436:.
9417:.
9389:.
9362:)
9339:.
9320:.
9300:.
9275:.
9247:.
9219:.
9191:)
9168:.
9147:.
9086:.
9005:.
8966:.
8941:.
8914:.
8849:.
8824:.
8697:.
8672:.
8647:.
8622:.
8595:.
8559:.
8487:.
8462:.
8437:.
8412:.
8385:.
8365::
8335:.
8321::
8302:.
8288::
8264:.
8232:.
8220::
8214:7
8162:.
8013:.
7782:.
7778::
7746:.
7710:.
7672:.
7644:.
7602:.
7575:.
7441:.
7404:.
7377:.
7343:.
7312:.
7226:.
7153:.
7050:.
6820:.
6795:.
6768:.
6680:.
6621:.
6537:.
6523::
6309:.
6159:.
6134:.
6121:.
6094:.
6024:.
5969:.
5902:.
5877:.
5565:e
5558:t
5551:v
5532:)
5528:(
5517:)
5513:(
5502:)
5498:(
5487:)
5483:(
5472:)
5468:(
5457:)
5453:(
5442:)
5438:(
5427:)
5423:(
5412:)
5408:(
5397:)
5393:(
5382:)
5378:(
5367:)
5363:(
5352:)
5348:(
5337:)
5333:(
5297:)
5293:(
5272:)
5268:(
5257:)
5253:(
5242:)
5238:(
5227:)
5223:(
3812:'
3728:(
3640:(
2304:(
1706:(
1240:(
1224:(
1155:(
783:/
780:d
777:ɪ
774:s
771:ə
768:b
765:æ
762:ˈ
759:,
756:d
753:ɪ
750:s
747:æ
744:b
741:ˈ
738:ə
735:/
731:(
712:e
705:t
698:v
57:)
53:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.