Ethiopian Empire - Knowledge

2252: 2912: 1774: 256: 148: 2962:. In 1932, it was renamed as "Bank of Ethiopia" following paid compensation by Emperor Haile Selassie. To promote industrial and manufacturing expansion, Haile Selassie, with assistance of National Economic Council, embarked development plan encompassing three Five-Years Master Plan from 1957 to 1974. Between 1960 and 1970, Ethiopia enjoyed an annual 4.4% growth rate in per capita and gross domestic product (GDP). There was an increase of manufacturing growth rate from 1.9% in 1960/61 to 4.4% in 1973/74, with wholesale, retail trade, transportation, and communication sectors increased from 9.5% to 15.6%. Ethiopia exported around 800,000 bushels of wheat, mainly to the 2437:, whereby he retained effective power, while extending political participation to the people by allowing the lower house of parliament to become an elected body. Party politics were not provided for. Modern educational methods were more widely spread throughout the Empire, and the country embarked on a development scheme and plans for modernization, tempered by Ethiopian traditions, and within the framework of the ancient monarchical structure of the state. Haile Selassie compromised when practical with the traditionalists in the nobility and church. He also tried to improve relations between the state and ethnic groups, and granted autonomy to 2647:; lay officials (including judges); men at arms giving personal protection to the wives of dignitaries and to princesses; the shimaglle, who were the lords and hereditary landowners; their farm labourers or serfs; traders; artisans; wandering singers; and the soldiers, who were called chewa. According to modern thinking, some of these categories are not true classes. But at least the shimaglle, the serfs, the chewa, the artisans and the traders constitute definite classes. Power was vested in the Emperor and those aristocrats he appointed to execute his power, and the power enforcing instrument consisted of a class of soldiers, the chewa. 3055: 121: 1444: 921: 4193: 2348: 244: 2044: 128: 1796:, but later withdrew. He returned two years later to begin a definite invasion of the empire, burning churches, forcibly converting Christians and massacring the inhabitants. According to the chroniclers everywhere he went his men "slew every adult Christian they found, and carried off the youths and the maidens and sold them as slaves." By the mid 1530s most of Ethiopia was under Adalite occupation and Lebna Dengel fled from mountain fortress to mountain fortress until he finally died of natural causes in 2554: 3595: 8334: 1871: 3948: 8278: 6659: 2535:

and by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made Haile Selassie's land reform proposals difficult to implement, and also damaged the standing of the government, costing Haile Selassie much of the goodwill he had once enjoyed. This bred resentment among the peasant population. Efforts to weaken unions also hurt his image. As these issues began to pile up, Haile Selassie left much of domestic governance to his Prime Minister,

1413:, but also protesting the Sultan's treatment of his Christian subjects in Egypt, stating that he was a protector of his own Muslim subjects in Ethiopia. Towards the end of his reign, Yagbe'u refused to appoint one of his sons to be his successors and instead decreed that each of them should rule for one year, he was succeeded by his sons in 1294 but this agreement immediately broke down, by 1299 one of his sons 2400:

emperor's attempts to alter its social and economic form by reforming its modes of taxation met with resistance from the nobility and clergy, which were eager to resume their privileges in the postwar era. Where Haile Selassie actually did succeed in effecting new land taxes, the burdens were often passed by the landowners to the peasants. Despite his wishes, the tax burden remained primarily on the peasants.

1321: 1388:, he would state his intention of friendly cooperation with the Muslims of Arabia, and described himself as being a protector of all Muslims in Abyssinia. A devout Christian, he would order the construction of the church of Genneta Maryam, commemorating his work with an inscription that reads, "By the grace of God, I king Yekuno Amlak, after I had come to the throne by the will of God, built this church." 1489:, but his most important campaigns were against his Muslim enemies to the east, which shifted the balance of power in favour of the Christians for the next two centuries. Around 1320, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad of the Mamluk Sultanate based in Cairo began persecuting Copts and destroying their churches. Amda Seyon then threatened to divert the flow of the Nile if the sultan did not stop his persecution. 1531: 2587:, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court were imprisoned. In August, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the Emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government to forestall further developments in that direction. The Derg 1461:, whose reign witnessed the composition of a very detailed and seemingly accurate account of the monarch's various campaigns against his Muslim enemies. This was the first of a series of royal chronicles which were written for the Ethiopian Emperors until modern times. These royal chronicles provided an unbroken chronological record of the entire medieval period in the 1053:(1434–1468). He consolidated the conquests of his predecessors, built numerous churches and monasteries, encouraged literature and art, centralized imperial authority by substituting regional warlords with administrative officials, and significantly expanded his hegemony over adjacent Islamic territories. 1846:

when the fate of Abyssinia was decided by the death of the Imam and the flight of his army. The invasion force collapsed and all the Abyssinians who had been cowed by the invaders returned to their former allegiance, the reconquest of Christian territories proceeded without encountering any effective

2534:

took root in large segments of the Ethiopian intelligentsia, particularly among those who had studied abroad and had thus been exposed to radical and left-wing sentiments that were becoming popular in other parts of the globe. Resistance by conservative elements at the Imperial Court and Parliament,

2473:

in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding the status of Eritrea, with the superpowers each vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the administrator at the time, suggested the partition of Eritrea between Sudan

3016:

As part of Emperor Haile Selassie's modernization efforts, the traditional monarchical regime was reformed through the introduction of the 1931 and 1955 constitutions, which introduced a unitary parliamentary system with two legislative bodies: the Chamber of Senate (Yeheggue Mewossegna Meker Beth)

2669:, or legions, formed the backbone of the Empire military forces. The Ge'ez term for these regiments is ṣewa (ጼዋ) while the Amharic term is č̣äwa (ጨዋ). The normal size of a regiment was several thousand men. Each regiment was allocated a fief (Gult), to ensure its upkeep ensured by the land revenue. 1652:

launched a strong campaign against survivals of pagan worship and "un-Christian practices" within the church. He also took measures to greatly centralize the administration of the country, bringing regions under much tighter imperial control. After hearing about the demolition of the Egyptian Debre

2301:

that it had signed seven years earlier. The Italian military dropped mustard gas in bombs, sprayed it from airplanes and spread it in powdered form on the ground. 150,000 chemical casualties were reported, mostly from mustard gas. In the aftermath of the war Italy annexed Ethiopia, uniting it with

2209:

was signed in October, which strictly delineated the borders of Eritrea and forced Italy to recognize the independence of Ethiopia. Due to the Entoto Reforms, which provided the Ethiopian Military with modern rifles, many Italian Commanders expressed shock when seeing that some Ethiopians had more

1640:

to dedicate much of his time to defending his eastern peripheral territories, he seems to have employed several Egyptian Christian advisors to drill his army and teach them how to make Greek fire. These advances were not enough to keep the Muslims at bay and Emperor Yeshaq was soon killed fighting

3012:

As feudalism became the central tenet in the Ethiopian Empire, it developed into an authoritarian system with institutionalized social inequality. As land became the prime commodity, its acquisition became the main driving force behind imperialism, especially from the reign of Menelik II onwards.

2399:

still found himself unable to push for all the programs he wanted. In 1942, he attempted to institute a progressive tax scheme, but this failed due to opposition from the nobility, and only a flat tax was passed; in 1951, he agreed to reduce this as well. Ethiopia was still "semi-feudal", and the

4253:

The old tradition of the Ethiopian emperors was travelling around the country accompanied by their many courtiers and innumerable soldiers, living off the produce of peasants, and dwelling in temporary encampments. These royal encampments or moving capitals would serve as the headquarters of the

2465:

and police. Nonetheless, the effort to depose the emperor had support among students and the educated classes. The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, the point at which Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the

2441:

lands that were difficult to control. Still, his reforms to end feudalism were slow and weakened by the compromises he made with the entrenched aristocracy. The Revised Constitution of 1955 has been criticized for reasserting "the indisputable power of the monarch" and maintaining the relative

2429:

elevated the Abuna to Patriarch-Catholicos. The Ethiopian Church remained affiliated with the Alexandrian Church. In addition to these efforts, Haile Selassie changed the Ethiopian church-state relationship by introducing taxation of church lands, and by restricting the legal privileges of the

1620:

settled in the Muslim territories "and from the ravaged mosques and they made churches". The followers of Islam were said to have been harassed for over twenty years. Following this victory, Ethiopian power would reach its zenith and this era would become legendary as a golden age of peace and

1521:

in present day eastern Ethiopia. Amda Seyon's conquests significantly expanded the territory of the Ethiopian Empire, more than doubling it by size and establishing complete hegemony over the region. Relations between the Muslims of the Horn and the Ethiopian Empire seems to have broken down

1256:

region, later ecclesiastical texts accused this dynasty of not having pure "Solomonic" stock and derided their achievements. Even at the zenith of their power, most Christians would consider them to be usurpers. However, the architecture of the Zagwe shows a connotation of earlier Aksumite

2483:

would have none of European attempts to draft a separate Constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 Constitution to apply in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the

230: 229: 1600:, After a battle between Sa'ad ad-Din and the Emperor, in which the Ifat army was defeated and "no less than 400 elders, each of whom carried an iron bar as his insignia of office" were killed, Sa'ad ad-Din with his remaining supporters were chased to as far as 228: 2478:

with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and would become the federal parliament. However,

231: 2466:

people's consent". Student populations began to empathize with the peasantry and poor, and to advocate on their behalf. The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.

2221:

to incorporate through conquest inhabited lands to the west, east and south of its realm. The territories that were annexed included those of the western Oromo (non-Shoan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta, and Dizi. Among the imperial troops was

1365:. He and his descendants (which included the Aksumite royal house) ruled Ethiopia until overthrown by the Zagwe usurpers. Yekuno Amlak, as a supposed direct descendant of Menelik I, was therefore claimed to have "restored" the Solomonic line. 2926:

with "primitive money" and currency of various kinds until the 20th century in the framework of feudal system. Peasants worked to produce and fixated their activities to taxation, marketing infrastructure and agrarian production.

227: 255: 3020:

In the parliamentary structure, the Chamber of Deputies consisted of 250 members elected every four years, whereas the Senate consisted of one-half of the Deputies (125) and were appointed by the Emperor in every six years.

2392:(the former Italian colony) into Ethiopia. Eritrea was to have its own constitution, which would provide for ethnic, linguistic, and cultural balance, while Ethiopia was to manage its finances, defense, and foreign policy. 1508:

who rallied the Muslims and waged a rebellion against the Ethiopian occupation. Amda Seyon responded by launching another campaign against his Muslim adversaries to the east, killing the Sultan and campaigning as far as

2603:

from medical treatment in Europe when he would assume the throne as a constitutional monarch. However, General Aman Andom quarrelled with the radical elements in the Derg over the issue of a new military offensive in

3017:

and Chamber of Deputies (Yeheggue Memeriya Meker Beth). Under the 1956 constitution Article 56, no one can be simultaneously a member of both chambers, who meet at the beginning or ending of each session.

1469:

or "Law of the Kings," which served as the country's legal code. Largely based on biblical principles, it codified the legal and social ideas of the time and remained in use until the early 20th century.

2233: – European powers whose colonial possessions lay next to Ethiopia – soon arrived in the Ethiopian capital to negotiate their own treaties with this newly-proven power. 225: 5872: 2627:

was proclaimed the new ideology of the state. Emperor Haile Selassie died under mysterious circumstances on 27 August 1975 while his personal physician was absent. It is commonly believed that

1264:

The Zagwe were not able to stop squabbling over the throne, diverting men, energy and resources that could have been used to affirm the dynasty's authority. By the late 13th century, a young

4344: 4194: 6271: 2226:'s Shewan Oromo militia. Many of the lands that they annexed had never been under the empire's rule, with the newly incorporated territories resulting in the modern borders of Ethiopia. 1807:, who faced a desperate situation but rallied his soldiers and people to resist the Muslim invasion. By 1540 Gelawdewos led a small force of around 70 men resisting in the highlands of 1693:

showing his approval for his persecution of pagans, the emperor ordered a church built on the site, and later constructed an extensive palace nearby, and a second church, dedicated to

1677:

decided to back down and did not move in to Adal territory. Zara Yaqob persecuted many idolaters who admitted to worshipping pagan gods, these idolators were decapitated in public.

226: 1950:

through the same period, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire. A contemporary account was recorded by the monk

2100:

against Emperor Tewodros. With the backing of most nobles in Ethiopia, the campaign was a success for Britain and the Ethiopian Emperor committed suicide rather than surrender.

1522:

completely around this era, with the chronicler referring to the Muslims in the east and along the coast as "liars, hyenas, dogs, children of evil who deny the son of Christ."

6318: 6028: 6009: 1788:

would rise to power in Adal after years of internal strife. The Adal Sultanate would stockpile on imported firearms, cannons and other advanced weaponry from Arabia and the

1276:. He was strongly supported by the Orthodox Church as he promised to make the church a semi independent institution, he had also enjoyed support from the neighboring Muslim 4366: 1501:, killing the sultan, sacking the capital and ravaging the Muslim territories, taking livestock, killing many inhabitants, destroying towns and mosques, and taking slaves. 8935: 2616:, the Derg removed General Aman from power and executed him on 23 November 1974, along with some of his supporters and 60 officials of the previous Imperial government. 1209:, the Italians were driven out of Ethiopia with the help of the British army. The Emperor returned from exile and the country became one of the founding members of the 896: 1641:

the Adalites in 1429. Yeshaq's death was followed by several years of dynastic confusion during which 5 emperors succeeded each other in 5 years. However in 1434,

10524: 2333:

with the help of Ethiopian freedom fighters, and the last organized Italian resistance in Italian East Africa surrendered in November 1941, ending Italian rule.

1954:, from the Gamo region. Subsequently, the empire organization changed progressively, with faraway provinces taking more independence. A remote province such as 6667: 5990: 5876: 4405: 2579:

In July, Emperor Haile Selassie gave the Derg key concessions to arrest military and government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers

2564:

The government's failure to adequately respond to the 1973 Wollo famine, the growing discontent of urban interest groups, and high fuel prices due to the

8818: 8555: 8460: 2938:

in December 1904, that used to monopolize all government public funds, loans, print banknotes, mint coins and other privileges. It expanded branches to

2643:, there were ten social groups in the feudal Ethiopia of his time, i.e. at the end of the 16th century. These social groups consisted of the monks; the 8981: 8686: 1343:, and hence the royal kings of Aksum. Through the Aksumite royal lineage, it was also claimed that Yekuno Amlak was a descendant of the biblical king 8833: 8720: 8384: 6727: 2174:

and the scramble for Eritrea's coastal regions between King Yohannes IV of Tembien and Italy. After the death of Emperor Yohannes IV, Italy signed a

1542:

Following Amda Seyon's campaigns to the east. Most of the Muslims in the Horn would become tributaries to the Ethiopian Empire, among them being the

8730: 8724: 6301: 4341: 2457:

as emperor. The coup d'état was crushed by the regular army and police forces. The coup attempt lacked broad popular support, was denounced by the

5898: 1003:

under Selassie's rule. Despite being surrounded by hostile forces throughout much of its history, the empire maintained a kingdom centered on its

8515: 6279: 2421:

in 1942 and 1945 to establish the independence of Ethiopian bishops, and when his appeals were denied he threatened to sever relations with the

2251: 1715:

comments that she "was practically co-monarch" during his reign. After the death of Baeda Maryam in 1478 he was succeeded by his 7 year old son

10645: 8950: 8945: 4989: 1661:

strongly protesting against the persecution of Egyptian Copts and threaten to divert the flow of the Nile. The Sultan would then encourage the

7115: 2511:

of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between

147: 3556: 3380: 1819:

where they would defeat much larger contingents of Adalite men. Alarmed by the success of the Portuguese, Gragn would send a petition to the

4309:"Barara, the Royal City of 15th and Early 16th Century (Ethiopia). Medieval and Other Early Settlements Between Wechecha Range and Mt Yerer" 9572: 9400: 9315: 9054: 3976: 2608:

and their proposal to execute the high officials of Selassie's former government. After eliminating units loyal to him: the Engineers, the

6712: 6682: 10650: 8854: 8681: 3449: 1942:

in 1589, thus containing them on a narrow coastline strip. The Afar Sultanate maintained the remaining Ethiopian port on the Red Sea, at

6702: 6697: 6687: 8769: 8661: 8656: 4462: 8671: 8258: 2066: 589: 5931:

Bulcha, Mekuria (1997). "The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of "Afaan Oromoo"".

1170:, and other kingdoms. Thus, by 1898 Ethiopia expanded into its modern territorial boundaries. In the northern region, he confronted 10625: 9469: 8884: 8859: 8706: 8701: 3409: 2270:. The war lasted seven months before an Italian victory was declared. The Ethiopian Empire was occupied into the Italian colony of 2388:, was granted to Ethiopia. On 2 December 1950, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 390 (V), establishing the federation of 9787: 4363: 3807: 3493: 2081:

and between them and the Muslims were often used as a pretext for mutual strife. The Princes Era ended with the reign of Emperor

1773: 5347: 1823:

and would receive 2,900 musket armed reinforcements. Together with his Turkish allies Gragn would attack the Portuguese camp at

1592:. Sultan Sa'ad as-Din would then raid the Ethiopian frontier provinces capturing much loot and slaves, this resulted in Emperor 9059: 6055:

Deresse Ayenachew, Evolution and Organisation of the Ç̌äwa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia, Annales d'Ethiopie, p. 88,

6043:

Deresse Ayenachew, Evolution and Organisation of the Ç̌äwa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia, Annales d'Ethiopie, p. 93,

5748: 5187: 3399: 2322: 6490: 2572:

also known as the Derg to maintain law and order due to the powerlessness of the civilian government following the widespread

2376:

throughout the empire and imposed severe penalties, including death, for slave trading. After World War II, Ethiopia became a

9839: 9394: 8377: 8068: 7450: 6641: 6615: 6596: 6554: 5485: 5384: 5357: 5330: 5303: 5259: 5145: 5092: 5065: 5038: 4833: 4760: 4701: 4658: 4592: 4568: 4547: 4291: 3217: 2911: 1973:

as a permanent capital, which became a highly stable, prosperous commercial center. This period saw profound achievements in

1214: 181: 9804: 5535:

International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". Issue 153 of ICG Africa report (4 September 2009) p. 2.

2281:

During the conflict, both Ethiopian and Italian troops committed war crimes. Ethiopian troops are known to have made use of

1759:(Lebna Dengel). His chronicles state that the Muslim threat was finished and the Emperor return to the highlands as a hero. 10665: 9024: 4063: 3791: 3312: 2330: 2246: 2171: 750: 243: 7974: 1573:. One step Newaya Krestos took was to imprison the Egyptian merchants in his kingdom, the Sultan was forced to back down. 1111:. It saw relative peace, the successful integration of the Oromo and a flourishing of culture. With the deaths of Emperor 10655: 10635: 10292: 2313:

On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France, as France was in the process of being conquered by

1372:'s reign he would enjoy friendly relations with the Muslims. He not only had established close ties with the neighboring 394: 5082: 570: 120: 10297: 8120: 7120: 5374: 3834: 3332: 3272: 3007: 2507:. In May of that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with 2458: 2408: 2286: 1033:. While initially a rather small and politically unstable entity, the Empire managed to expand significantly under the 1000: 763: 9562: 6764: 5232: 5170: 5120: 5011: 4965: 4937: 4909: 4858: 4069: 3549: 3510: 3322: 3054: 2568:

led to a revolt in February 1974 by the army and civilian populace. In June, a group of military officers formed the

2017:. The Early Modern period was one of intense cultural and artistic creation. Notable philosophers from that area are 1361:

where she conceived a son with King Solomon. On her return to her homeland of Ethiopia, she gave birth to the child,

6025: 6006: 10107: 8370: 3969: 2596: 2580: 1608:. There, the Ethiopian army besieged Zeila, finally capturing the city and killing Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din, ending the 1261:, the building of rock hewn churches first appeared in the late Aksumite era and reached its peak under the Zagwe. 5987: 2623:

became the new chairman of the Derg and the head of state. The monarchy was formally abolished in March 1975, and

2588: 980: 778: 9505: 9049: 7746: 2906: 2097: 1135: 551: 6908: 6473: 4342:

https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false

10084: 9587: 5475: 5401:

The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to The End of the 18th Century Asmara.

4384: 3292: 2355: 1815:

where they were reinforced by small contingents of Ethiopian warriors, this modest force made their way across

1673:. The Egyptian sultan then had the Patraich of Alexandria severely beaten and threaten to execute him, Emperor 9921: 8251: 8184: 4340:, Donham Donald Donham, Wendy James, Christopher Clapham, Patrick Manning. CUP Archive, Sep 4, 1986, p. 11, 3262: 2496: 2434: 2073:) and the Emperor, who had only limited power and only dominated the area around the contemporary capital of 719: 2077:. Both the development of society and culture stagnated in this period. Religious conflict, both within the 1927:

attempted to invade Ethiopia again however Sarsa Dengel successfully defended the Ethiopian frontier at the

10640: 10575: 9557: 9545: 9064: 8179: 8063: 4018: 4006: 3846: 3542: 3503: 3498: 3483: 3439: 3419: 3342: 3138: 3034: 2656: 2485: 2303: 2197:

of Shewa repudiated the protectorate status in 1893. Insulted, Italy declared war on Ethiopia in 1895. The

1438: 637: 5207: 10438: 10352: 10247: 10162: 10079: 9577: 9449: 9304: 8189: 7226: 6570:

Thirty Years of Italian History: From Antifascism to the Resistance (1915–1945) Lessons with Testimonials

6417: 6077: 5276: 4509: 4403:

Negash, Tekeste (2006). "The Zagwe Period and the Zenith of Urban Culture in Ethiopia, Ca. 930–1270 AD".

3962: 3574: 3099: 8362: 6056: 6044: 2970:, and Greece. The GDP of Ethiopia around 1934 was $ 1.3 billion, before dropping drastically due to the 10660: 10585: 10500: 10089: 9987: 8333: 5415:, Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays (Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 2002), p. 82 5376:

The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century

4045: 3909: 3594: 3389: 3185: 2971: 2267: 2242: 2156: 1886: 1785: 1562: 1186: 1092: 732: 490: 10277: 6717: 6672: 6566:

Trent'anni di storia italiana: dall'antifascismo alla Resistenza (1915–1945) lezioni con testimonianze

5057:

The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century

5030:

The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century

4540:

Around the World of Orthodox Christianity – Five Hundred Million Strong: The Unifying Aesthetic Beauty

10630: 10620: 10555: 10242: 10177: 10167: 10152: 9487: 9434: 9344: 8147: 7295: 6859: 6732: 4406:

Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente

4039: 4013: 2817: 2198: 2078: 2038: 1724: 1482: 1410: 996: 706: 693: 106: 17: 10377: 1158:, subjugated many peoples and kingdoms in what is now western, southern, and eastern Ethiopia, like 139: 134: 9997: 9977: 9942: 9895: 9849: 9201: 9017: 8244: 8105: 8080: 7930: 7589: 7584: 6522: 3996: 3429: 3242: 2842: 2761: 2736: 2474:

and Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be

2018: 1978: 1555: 1551: 1510: 4499: 3611: 2205:, in which Italy was decisively defeated by the numerically superior Ethiopians. As a result, the 1653:

Mitmaq monastery, he ordered a period of national mourning and built a church of the same name in

1636:

region. The Muslims then began to harass Christian held territories in the east prompting Emperor

10670: 9875: 9567: 9550: 9540: 9515: 9359: 9085: 8323: 8172: 8053: 7594: 7547: 7490: 7189: 7133: 6881: 3282: 2777: 2520: 1955: 1596:

declaring all the Muslims of the surrounding region to be "enemies of the Lord" and invading the

1559: 1518: 1072: 430: 4254:

empire. Despite this several Ethiopian rulers had attempted to establish fixed capitals such as

10595: 10510: 10357: 10069: 10002: 9870: 9819: 9751: 9651: 9641: 9439: 9374: 9181: 9110: 8930: 8440: 8194: 8095: 8090: 7778: 7726: 7646: 7579: 7483: 7468: 7361: 7128: 7082: 6923: 6810: 4308: 3252: 3163: 2935: 2120: 2002: 1828: 1711:, one of his father's wives. She was proved to be an effective member of the royal family, and 1443: 1302:

history, Getatchew Mekonnen Hasen, states that the last Zagwe king deposed by Yekuno Amlak was

1143: 654: 153: 6335: 4750: 4364:

https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false

2631:

killed him, either by ordering it done or by his own hand although the former is more likely.

10580: 10560: 10540: 10403: 10367: 10322: 10267: 10059: 10054: 9829: 9776: 9601: 9510: 9479: 9419: 9369: 9151: 9141: 8455: 8346: 8125: 8085: 7898: 7773: 6837: 6827: 6786: 6757: 4691: 4648: 3900: 2628: 2206: 2009:(1682-1706) was a major period of consolidation. It also saw the dispatching of embassies to 1612:. After Sa'ad ad-Din's death "the strength of the Muslims was abated", as Egyptian historian 1303: 1087:. Greatly weakened, much of the Empire's southern territory and vassals were lost due to the 1060:

began to threaten the empire by repeatedly attempting to invade it, finally succeeding under

330: 9731: 8013: 4582: 2433:

During the celebrations of his Silver Jubilee in November 1955, Haile Selassie introduced a

2302:

Italy's other colonies in eastern Africa to form the new colony of Italian East Africa, and

10565: 10484: 10448: 10398: 10257: 10182: 9967: 9844: 9636: 9411: 9389: 9384: 9349: 9291: 8565: 8475: 8351: 8218: 8048: 8018: 7893: 7824: 7795: 7714: 7048: 6886: 6876: 6098:

Ellis, Gene (1979). "Feudalism in Ethiopia: A Further Comment on Paradigms and Their Use".

5547:"An Amharic Manuscript on the Mythical History of the Adi kyaz (Dizi, South-West Ethiopia)" 4075: 3071: 2991: 2584: 2548: 1928: 1843: 1080: 849: 7998: 2893:

The modern army was created under Ras Tafari Makonnen, in 1917, with the formation of the

8: 10590: 10535: 10372: 10362: 10347: 10337: 10302: 10232: 10147: 10117: 10064: 9781: 9535: 9530: 9429: 9424: 9191: 9146: 9105: 9010: 8510: 8480: 7910: 7790: 7756: 7658: 7478: 7473: 7285: 7004: 6940: 6815: 6800: 5944: 5591:

Edward C. Keefer (1973). "Great Britain and Ethiopia 1897–1910: Competition for Empire".

4120: 4081: 4051: 4001: 3991: 3871: 3779: 3775: 3668: 3527: 3488: 3352: 3302: 3043: 2983: 2613: 2462: 2450: 2373: 2271: 2163: 2010: 1406: 1235: 1194: 1178:

in 1896, utilizing modern imported weaponry, Menelik ensured Ethiopia's independence and

736: 440: 325: 7626: 7616: 2990:), pieces of cloth or iron and later cartridges. It's only in the 19th century that the 2469:

The emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West, while pursuing a firm policy of

2417:, a bishop who answered to the Patriarchate in Egypt. Haile Selassie applied to Egypt's 10489: 10312: 10307: 10272: 10252: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10192: 10187: 10132: 10039: 9885: 9756: 9646: 9626: 9582: 9525: 9520: 9497: 9464: 9454: 9444: 9326: 8991: 8900: 8823: 8580: 8575: 8540: 8450: 8430: 8318: 8023: 8003: 7986: 7937: 7802: 7611: 7562: 7495: 7413: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7300: 7270: 7162: 7060: 6928: 6903: 6455: 6399: 6362:"Industry and Industrialization in Ethiopia: Policy Dynamics and Spatial Distributions" 6252: 6227:

Schaefer, Charles (1992). "The Politics of Banking: The Bank of Abyssinia, 1905–1931".

6209: 6166: 6158: 6115: 5956: 5787: 5608: 5566: 5518: 5456: 4629: 4504: 4447: 4414: 4028: 3724: 3583: 3515: 2347: 2140: 1768: 1658: 1589: 1335:

would rise to the throne by 1270 AD. He was allegedly a descendant of the last king of

1202: 1163: 215: 8277: 2065:). This was a period of Ethiopian history with numerous conflicts between the various 10515: 10505: 10468: 10342: 10327: 10202: 10172: 10142: 10137: 10112: 10049: 10044: 10034: 9905: 9854: 9741: 9736: 9459: 9095: 9080: 8966: 8774: 8560: 8505: 8500: 8490: 8470: 8435: 8132: 8028: 7964: 7959: 7888: 7785: 7500: 7428: 7423: 7265: 7194: 7177: 7172: 7167: 6967: 6918: 6637: 6611: 6592: 6573: 6550: 6447: 6391: 6244: 6201: 6170: 6150: 6107: 5948: 5906: 5779: 5570: 5481: 5380: 5353: 5326: 5299: 5255: 5228: 5166: 5141: 5116: 5088: 5061: 5034: 5007: 4961: 4933: 4905: 4854: 4829: 4756: 4697: 4654: 4621: 4588: 4564: 4543: 4287: 4176: 4102: 4023: 3708: 3520: 3128: 2967: 2931: 2915: 2871: 2536: 2358: 2275: 2175: 1855: 1723:

would serve as his regent. She would attempt to establish peace with the Adal Sultan

1720: 1708: 1498: 1418: 1315: 1294: 1084: 1004: 972: 417: 357: 56: 6133:

Cohen, John M. (1974). "Ethiopia: A Survey on the Existence of a Feudal Peasantry".

4338:

The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology

1842:. The Emperor did not hesitate to take the offensive and won a major victory at the 10531: 10495: 10413: 10237: 10007: 9952: 9915: 9890: 9880: 9814: 9766: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9661: 9354: 9100: 8971: 8940: 8905: 8874: 8828: 8805: 8651: 8545: 8535: 8495: 8425: 7981: 7768: 7719: 7706: 7636: 7604: 7599: 7463: 7458: 7440: 7401: 7334: 7317: 7248: 7184: 7140: 7110: 7070: 7053: 7036: 6999: 6750: 6497: 6236: 6193: 6142: 5940: 5600: 5558: 5510: 4525:

The Royal Chronicle of his reign is translated in part by Richard K. P. Pankhurst,

4485: 4320: 4136: 3930: 3921: 3859: 3652: 3197: 3173: 3108: 2963: 2863: 2624: 2426: 2318: 2294: 2282: 2260: 2182:(an autonomous kingdom within the empire), creating the protectorate of Abyssinia. 2136: 2124: 1947: 1894: 1890: 1839: 1834:

After the catastrophe at Wofla, the surviving Portuguese were able to meet up with

1625: 1417:

seized the throne. Wedem Arad seems to have been in conflict with the neighbouring

1392: 1381: 1373: 1336: 1281: 1277: 1241: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1108: 1088: 1015: 667: 80: 4718: 2599:

graduate, to be acting head of state. This was pending the return of Crown Prince

2530:

Student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life in the 1960s and 1970s.

2329:

returned to Ethiopia from England to help rally the resistance. The British began

1669:

to distract the Emperor, however this invasion was repulsed by the Emperor at the

1588:

had begun to resist Ethiopian hegemony and assert their independence under Sultan

1217:

and domestic discontent led to the fall of the Empire in 1974 and the rise of the

10408: 10157: 10127: 10122: 9982: 9972: 9937: 9927: 9910: 9746: 9701: 9616: 9334: 9309: 9156: 8869: 8864: 8691: 8616: 8550: 8445: 8267: 8199: 8167: 8040: 8008: 7991: 7947: 7942: 7920: 7915: 7873: 7866: 7841: 7701: 7696: 7537: 7418: 7312: 7307: 7275: 7100: 7090: 6984: 6977: 6972: 6957: 6913: 6795: 6781: 6634:

The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations, 1402–1555

6586: 6544: 6184:

Cohen, John M. (1974). "Peasants and Feudalism in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia".

6032: 6026:

https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=chewa%20ehiopia&pg=PA49

6013: 6007:

https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=chewa%20ehiopia&pg=PA49

5994: 5837: 5639: 5320: 5293: 5249: 5055: 5028: 4370: 4348: 4213: 4033: 3763: 3207: 2959: 2787: 2673: 2666: 2565: 2524: 2422: 2298: 2034: 2025:. After the death of Iyasu I the empire fell into a period of political turmoil. 1824: 1816: 1670: 1570: 1377: 1285: 1244:

in the 10th century AD, the Ethiopian Highlands would fall under the rule of the

1198: 1179: 1134:, reunified the Empire and led it into the modern period before dying during the 1131: 1120: 680: 620: 366: 344: 7621: 6361: 5899:"Ethiopia Executes 60 Former Officials, Including 2 Premiers and Military Chief" 2508: 1811:. However, in 1541 four hundred well armed Portuguese musketeers had arrived in 1747:

was eventually killed defending Ethiopian territory from Adalite raids. In 1517

1493:, sultan of Ifat, seized and imprisoned an Ethiopian envoy on his way back from 1123:

where regional warlords fought for power, with the emperor being a mere puppet.

10550: 10332: 10317: 10282: 10022: 10017: 9900: 9834: 9706: 9364: 9339: 9244: 9161: 9115: 8976: 8910: 8838: 8784: 8735: 8415: 8394: 8142: 8137: 8100: 8075: 8058: 7969: 7954: 7925: 7883: 7731: 7691: 7686: 7641: 7567: 7527: 7517: 7507: 7322: 7201: 7095: 6962: 6844: 5988:

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/720181468749078939/pdf/multi-page.pdf

4203: 3952: 2955: 2947: 2887: 2744: 2557: 2492: 2480: 2470: 2396: 2377: 2369: 2351: 2342: 2326: 2290: 2289:) and mutilated captured soldiers (often with castration). Italian troops used 2263: 2218: 2202: 2093: 2051: 1924: 1916: 1900: 1851: 1820: 1789: 1704: 1694: 1662: 1629: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1566: 1547: 1543: 1462: 1354: 1298:, his name was removed from the official records. A more recent chronicler of 1210: 1190: 1175: 1119:(1769) the realm eventually entered a period of decentralization, known as the 1057: 1046: 1023: 988: 861: 542: 512: 479: 379: 6146: 5562: 2731: 2043: 10614: 10197: 9962: 9957: 9379: 9237: 9196: 9176: 8986: 8879: 8520: 8420: 8292: 8287: 8223: 8110: 7905: 7878: 7851: 7829: 7807: 7574: 7557: 7542: 7386: 7339: 7327: 7253: 7145: 7019: 7014: 6989: 6871: 6577: 6451: 6395: 6248: 6205: 6154: 6111: 5952: 5910: 5783: 4625: 4223: 3751: 3680: 3118: 2923: 2894: 2609: 2600: 2591:

and imprisoned the Emperor on 12 September 1974 and chose Lieutenant General

2500: 2454: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2057:

From 1769 to 1855, the Ethiopian empire passed through a period known as the

1974: 1904: 1712: 1617: 1581: 1505: 1490: 1265: 1245: 1147: 1049:. The Ethiopian Empire would reach its peak during the long reign of Emperor 1030: 901: 427: 424: 9726: 7651: 7631: 6067:

Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood, Boydell & Brewer, p. 104

4324: 2488:. The emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962. 2430:

clergy, who had formerly been tried in their own courts for civil offenses.

2395:

Despite his centralization policies that had been made before World War II,

1280:. Yekuno Amlak then rebelled against the Zagwe king and defeated him at the 10287: 9809: 9771: 9671: 9254: 8813: 8611: 8585: 8115: 7856: 7846: 7812: 7741: 7736: 7663: 7453: 7435: 7396: 7391: 7371: 7366: 7238: 7231: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7105: 7043: 7024: 7009: 6945: 5986:

Transitional government of Ethiopia, National Conservation Strategy, 1994,

5514: 4263: 3795: 3620: 2867: 2620: 2325:

in August 1940 was successful, but the war turned against Italy afterward.

2314: 2190: 2189:

translations of the treaty, Italy believed they had subsumed Ethiopia as a

2022: 1982: 1935: 1875: 1682: 1474: 1466: 1458: 1448: 1434: 1369: 1349: 1340: 1332: 1325: 1269: 1206: 1068: 1038: 1011: 976: 641: 624: 463: 351: 127: 5858:

Semere Haile "The Origins and Demise of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation",

5425: 10519: 10028: 9824: 9716: 9711: 9631: 9222: 9206: 8746: 8626: 8392: 7834: 7819: 7668: 7381: 7290: 7280: 7206: 6854: 6849: 6438:

Lewis, William H. (1956). "The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems".

4650:

The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem: From African Slave to Power-Broker

2792: 2662: 2504: 2438: 2404: 2362: 2167: 2108: 2082: 2014: 1347:. The canonical form of the claim was set out in legends recorded in the 1273: 1249: 1155: 1139: 1127: 1027: 603: 583: 564: 527: 384: 303: 289: 261: 6403: 6379: 6119: 5460: 4776: 4418: 2570:

Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army

2553: 963:, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of 10074: 10012: 9931: 9171: 9136: 8302: 7861: 7678: 7552: 7512: 7445: 6459: 5791: 5522: 4981: 4633: 4609: 3459: 3362: 2998:

finally started minting local currency around the turn of the century.

2995: 2677: 2592: 2475: 2418: 2223: 2214: 2194: 2089: 2047: 1835: 1804: 1797: 1700: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1649: 1642: 1613: 1605: 1535: 1454: 1414: 1151: 1076: 1050: 992: 6572:]. Reprints Einaudi (in Italian). Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore. 6256: 6213: 6162: 5960: 5612: 5106: 5104: 1870: 1792:. He invaded Ethiopia in 1529 and inflicted a heavy defeat on Emperor 10433: 10423: 9992: 9299: 9186: 8485: 8307: 8297: 7751: 7522: 7406: 7376: 7157: 7031: 6822: 6057:

https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2014_num_29_1_1559.pdf

6045:

https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2014_num_29_1_1559.pdf

4057: 2951: 2943: 2804: 2721: 2307: 2116: 1986: 1966: 1362: 1358: 1100: 35: 5529: 1174:'s expansion. Through a resounding victory over the Italians at the 1091:. In the north, in what is now Eritrea, Ethiopia managed to repulse 10570: 10453: 10443: 10262: 9761: 9033: 8666: 8631: 8601: 8465: 8311: 7152: 6935: 6893: 6832: 6240: 6197: 5604: 5101: 4740:(Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 75 4674: 4479: 4255: 2862:

Regiments in border regions, or more autonomous provinces, such as

2859:

Regiments in the provinces, under regional Rases or other officials

2830: 2128: 1994: 1793: 1777: 1756: 1744: 1743:

but was killed in an ambush returning home. His successor, Emperor

1736: 1716: 1707:. Emperor Baeda Maryam would give the title of the Queen Mother to 1654: 1637: 1289: 1258: 1112: 1034: 964: 943: 607: 321: 190: 8236: 6658: 5825:

The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge.

2445:

On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to

10463: 10418: 10393: 9947: 9656: 9274: 9227: 9166: 9090: 9044: 8794: 8789: 8754: 8696: 8646: 8641: 8570: 7065: 6994: 6950: 6805: 4172: 3891: 2740: 2644: 2605: 2531: 2516: 2512: 2389: 2385: 2186: 2112: 2104: 2006: 1990: 1908: 1812: 1752: 1593: 1577: 1550:

in 1344. Newaya Krestos would put down several Muslim revolts in

1486: 1396: 1385: 1344: 1116: 1096: 1042: 1019: 968: 939: 404: 389: 316: 296: 6866: 5447:

Caulk, Richard (1971). "The Occupation of Harar: January 1887".

3636: 3081: 2874:, under azmač who were military officials appointed by the king. 1981:, and innovations such as the construction of the royal complex 10545: 10458: 9721: 9621: 9264: 9120: 8779: 8764: 8530: 8525: 6898: 6773: 5873:"Ethiopia: New African Union Building and Kwame Statue (Video)" 4431:

Constitution of Ethiopia, 4 November 1955, Article 76 (source:

4259: 2994:

had become the medium of exchange for large transactions until

2757: 2713: 2640: 2573: 2503:(AU). The new organization would establish its headquarters in 2446: 2381: 2230: 2074: 1998: 1970: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1912: 1879: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1666: 1514: 1478: 1320: 1104: 1064: 282: 4142: 2403:

Between 1941 and 1959, Haile Selassie worked to establish the

1958:

is last recorded paying tribute to the imperial throne during

1827:

killing 200 of their rank and file including their commander,

9002: 8759: 8716: 8711: 8676: 8636: 8621: 8606: 7532: 2939: 2765: 2709: 2413: 2179: 2132: 1959: 1920: 1859: 1808: 1728: 1633: 1601: 1530: 1494: 1465:. A no less important work produced during his reign was the 1422: 1401: 1299: 1253: 844: 5637:

Peter P. Hinks, John R. McKivigan, R. Owen Williams (2007).

5501:

John Young (1998). "Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia".

4951: 4949: 4145: 2519:. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the 1099:

to them. Reacting to these challenges, in the 1630s Emperor

1045:(1382–1413), temporarily becoming the dominant force in the 10428: 9269: 9259: 9249: 9232: 6272:"The Birth and Development of Banking Services in Ethiopia" 5546: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4148: 2717: 2569: 2217:, the empire's forces set off from the central province of 2170:

in Africa, was awarded Eritrea by Britain which led to the

2070: 1399:

asking him to allow the patriarch of Alexandria to send an

1218: 1061: 984: 914: 839: 833: 784: 6742: 5749:"Ethiopia Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution" 4720:

Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region

4587:. Vol. I: Nubia and Abyssinia. Routledge. p. 7. 1558:. Towards the end of his reign he aggressively helped the 5736:

50th Anniversary of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I

5619: 4946: 1690: 260:

The location of the Ethiopian Empire during the reign of

6302:"Haile Selassie I University – Five Year Plan 1967–1971" 5811:, second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), pp.220–26 5643:, Greenwood Publishing Group, p.248. ISBN 0-313-33143-X. 4826:

The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)

2680:

started garrisoning the provinces with Chewa regiments.

1989:. In the arts, the Gondarine period saw the creation of 264:(dark orange) compared with modern day Ethiopia (orange) 6229:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

4482:

Written Constitutions: A Computerized Comparative Study

4113: 2411:. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church had been headed by the 2185:

Due to significant differences between the Italian and

88: 64: 5551:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4923: 4921: 2685:

Imperial Ethiopian Army: Summary of known deployments

2210:

advanced rifles than the average Italian Infantryman.

1689:

light that in the sky. Believing this was a sign from

1628:

returned from their exile in 1415 and established the

5480:. Addis Ababa University Printing Press. p. 52. 5084:

The Cross and the River Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile

4139: 1858:, and his severed head was paraded in Adal's capital 1584:, as Emperor of Ethiopia. The tributary state of the 1107:, marking the start of a new golden age known as the 4521: 4519: 4157: 2236: 1903:

occupied parts of Ethiopia, from 1557, establishing

1739:

was of age, he invaded Adal and sacked its capital,

5278:

Islam Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber

4918: 4382:Nathaniel T. Kenney (1965). "Ethiopian Adventure". 4381: 4151: 2982:The most common currency of the earlier periods of 1850:In 1559 Gelawdewos was killed attempting to invade 1645:of Ethiopia would establish himself on the throne. 4890:(Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992), pp. 28–29 4580: 2856:Regiments at the court, under high court officials 2453:, briefly proclaiming Haile Selassie's eldest son 1803:The Emperor was succeeded by his 18 year old son, 5195:. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. 26–27. 4755:. Cambridge University Press. 1975. p. 167. 4516: 2278:, though not much was done to end the hostility. 1735:from making raids into Ethiopian territory. When 1150:before dying against the latter in 1889. Emperor 1142:engaged primarily in war and successfully fought 10612: 6491:"Revised Constitution of the Empire of Ethiopia" 6024:Mordechai ABIR, Ethiopia and the Red Sea, p. 49 6005:Mordechai ABIR, Ethiopia and the Red Sea, p. 51 5590: 5205: 2930:In 1905, Menelik II established the first bank, 2321:wished to expand Italy's colonial holdings. The 2123:, decisively beating the Egyptian forces at the 2096:government, the British engaged in the punitive 6319:"An Overview of Ethiopia's Planning Experience" 2213:Beginning in the 1890s, under the reign of the 2088:In 1868, following the imprisonment of several 1985:, and 44 churches that were established around 1525: 48: 5668:Shinn, David Hamilton and Ofcansky, Thomas P. 5652:Shinn, David Hamilton and Ofcansky, Thomas P. 4480:Henc van Maarseveen; Ger van der Tang (1978). 1391:In 1285 Yekuno Amlak was succeeded by his son 1353:, a 14th century text. According to this, the 1324:Non-contemporary portrait painting of Emperor 987:, which ended the reign of the final Emperor, 9018: 8378: 8252: 6758: 6591:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 299. 5705:Apartheid, Militarism, and the U.S. Southeast 5212:. Vol. 1. Methuen & co. p. 300. 4610:"The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems" 4529:(Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967). 4185: 4180: 3970: 3550: 2560:was the last Emperor of the Ethiopian Empire. 2005:, mostly with religious motifs. The reign of 206: 172: 166: 72: 8215:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 6270:Teklemedhin, Fasil Alemayehu and Merhatbeb. 4828:]. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. 4217: 2886:, in Oromo, lasted, and participated to the 2852:Major divisions of the military were : 2539:, and concentrated more on foreign affairs. 2103:From 1874 to 1876, the Empire expanded into 1095:attempts, although losing its access to the 776: 6605: 6563: 5977:. In C.F. Beckingham and G.B.W. Huntingford 5830: 5819: 5817: 5664: 5662: 5625: 5477:Society, State, and History Selected Essays 5318: 5291: 5247: 4877:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 68 n.1 4362:, Paul B. Henze, November 18, 2008, p. 78, 4207: 2934:following concession from British occupied 2499:(OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide 2266:, invaded Ethiopia in what is known as the 1907:, the province of Abyssinia, by conquering 971:. It existed from the establishment of the 822:1,221,900 km (471,800 sq mi) 9025: 9011: 8385: 8371: 8259: 8245: 6765: 6751: 5838:"General Assembly Resolutions 5th Session" 5500: 5345: 4653:. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. 4433:Constitutions of Nations: Volume I, Africa 4228: 3977: 3963: 3557: 3543: 1762: 1657:. He then sent envoys to Egyptian Sultan, 1357:, who supposedly came from Aksum, visited 991:. In the late 19th century, under Emperor 254: 242: 6631: 6584: 6542: 5690:Ofcansky, Thomas P., and Berry, Laverle. 5640:Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition 5544: 5372: 5135: 5053: 5026: 4955: 4899: 4848: 4752:The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 4306: 4281: 2878:One of the Chewa regiments, known as the 1755:, but was killed and ambushed by Emperor 1428: 1395:, who wrote a letter the Mamluke Sultan, 1384:. In a letter sent to the Mamluke Sultan 1309: 6549:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 6226: 5814: 5803: 5801: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5659: 5593:International Journal of African Studies 5346:Akyeampong, Emmanuel (2 February 2012). 5325:. Frank Cass & Company. p. 89. 5298:. Frank Cass & Company. p. 88. 5254:. Frank Cass & Company. p. 87. 5087:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 48. 4696:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 41. 4646: 2910: 2552: 2346: 2250: 2229:Delegations from the United Kingdom and 2042: 1869: 1772: 1529: 1442: 1319: 1067:. Mahfuz's ambush and defeat by Emperor 174:Ityopia tabetsih edewiha ḫabe Igziabiher 8393:Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval 8039: 6608:Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 1 6377: 6269: 5352:. Vol. 1–6. OUP USA. p. 451. 5209:History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia 4819: 2986:were essential items such as, "amole" ( 2922:The economy consisted of centuries old 2259:In 1935 Italian soldiers, commanded by 1497:. Amda Seyon responded by invading the 1257:traditions, among those can be seen in 1014:, who claimed to descend from the last 248:The Ethiopian Empire boundaries in 1952 14: 10613: 9060:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 5930: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5080: 4689: 4561:St George: The patron saint of England 4402: 2890:, only to be phased out in the 1920s. 2323:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 1865: 1648:During his first years on the throne, 1546:. Amda Seyon was succeeded by his son 1075:of the Ottoman-supported Adalite Imam 10646:13th-century establishments in Africa 9290: 9006: 8366: 8240: 6746: 6437: 6183: 6135:The Journal of Modern African Studies 6132: 6097: 5798: 5710: 5473: 5446: 5225:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 5222: 5185: 5163:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 5160: 5113:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 5110: 5004:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 5001: 4930:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 4927: 4607: 4445:"Ethiopia Ends 3,000 Year Monarchy". 4360:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 2676:, the chronicles record that Emperor 1911:, the Empire's main port and seizing 1580:succeeded the son of Newaya Krestos, 1421:who were trying to expand in eastern 1071:brought about the early 16th-century 797: 409:Endonym: Ethiopian Exonym: Abyssinian 182:Ethiopia Stretches Her Hands unto God 29:1270–1974 state in the Horn of Africa 6706:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. 6691:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. 6380:"Harari Coins: A Preliminary Survey" 5945:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007852 4822:የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት) 4064:East African campaign (World War II) 2380:of the United Nations. In 1948, the 2336: 2274:. The invasion was condemned by the 2247:East African Campaign (World War II) 1784:In 1527 a young imam by the name of 1727:, but could not prevent the Emir of 1621:stability for the Ethiopian Empire. 8266: 6676:. Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878. 6610:. London: Routledge. p. 1912. 6496:. 22 September 2022. Archived from 6418:"The Rise of Feudalism in Ethiopia" 6186:Canadian Journal of African Studies 6078:"The Rise of Feudalism in Ethiopia" 5770:"Ethiopia's Revised Constitution". 5675: 5274: 5227:. Hurst & Company. p. 75. 5165:. Hurst & Company. p. 68. 5115:. Hurst & Company. p. 67. 5006:. Hurst & Company. p. 59. 4932:. Hurst & Company. p. 58. 4726:. University of London. p. 22. 4693:The Nile Histories, Cultures, Myths 2542: 2495:presided over the formation of the 2461:, and was unpopular with the army, 2449:, his Imperial Guard forces staged 1447:The Ethiopian Empire under Emperor 1376:but had also made contact with the 1205:colonies to the south-east. During 90:Yäʾityop̣p̣ya Nägusä Nägäst Mängəśt 24: 10651:1974 disestablishments in Ethiopia 9055:List of current sovereign monarchs 6625: 5403:Red Sea Press, Inc., 1997. p. 390 5379:. The Red Sea Press. p. 375. 5319:Trimmingham, John Spencer (1952). 5292:Trimmingham, John Spencer (1952). 5248:Trimmingham, John Spencer (1952). 4716: 3008:Government of the Ethiopian Empire 2595:, a popular military leader and a 2523:, a proposition later taken up by 2331:their own invasion in January 1941 1751:invaded the Ethiopian province of 1193:occupied Ethiopia and established 764:Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea 223: 34:For the commonly used exonym, see 25: 10682: 6651: 5670:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia 5654:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia 4070:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia 2237:Italian invasion and World War II 1504:The Ifat sultan was succeeded by 1130:(r. 1855–1868) put an end to the 862:Ethiopian birr, thaler, or dollar 9573:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8409:Islamic sultanates & Empires 8332: 8276: 6657: 6515: 6483: 4988:(London, 1871), in his notes to 4135: 3946: 3593: 3053: 2581:Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold 2172:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 919: 894: 146: 126: 119: 10626:Countries in precolonial Africa 9050:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 8343:Multi-ethnic civic nationalism 6536: 6474:"1931 Constitution of Ethiopia" 6466: 6431: 6410: 6371: 6354: 6328: 6311: 6294: 6263: 6220: 6177: 6126: 6091: 6070: 6061: 6049: 6037: 6018: 5999: 5980: 5967: 5924: 5891: 5865: 5852: 5763: 5741: 5728: 5697: 5646: 5631: 5584: 5538: 5494: 5467: 5440: 5418: 5406: 5393: 5366: 5349:Dictionary of African Biography 5339: 5312: 5285: 5268: 5241: 5216: 5199: 5179: 5154: 5129: 5074: 5047: 5020: 4995: 4974: 4893: 4880: 4867: 4842: 4813: 4800: 4787: 4769: 4743: 4730: 4710: 4683: 4667: 4640: 4601: 4574: 4553: 4532: 4492: 4473: 4455: 4128: 4096: 3808:British Military Administration 3718:Late 13th century–18th century) 2907:Economy of the Ethiopian Empire 2442:powerlessness of the peasants. 1136:British Expedition to Abyssinia 9032: 8595:Christian kingdoms and Empires 6336:"Development plans – Ethiopia" 5474:Zewde, Bahru (25 March 2024). 4527:The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles 4438: 4425: 4396: 4375: 4353: 4331: 4300: 4275: 4247: 2306:adopted the title "Emperor of 1197:, merging it with neighboring 13: 1: 6543:Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007). 6340:African Studies Centre Leiden 5206:A. Wallace Budge, E. (1828). 5060:. Red Sea Press. p. 67. 5033:. Red Sea Press. p. 42. 4820:Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). 4240: 4125:'Kingdom of Ethiopia' 3715: 3687: 3659: 3643: 3627: 3001: 2497:Organisation of African Unity 2372:abolished the legal basis of 2162:The 1880s were marked by the 2028: 1934:The Ottomans were checked by 1565:, who had been imprisoned by 1292:, but due to a local form of 1229: 997:empire expanded significantly 854: 395:Traditional African religions 9065:List of monarchy referendums 8951:Second Ajuran-Portuguese war 6564:Antonicelli, Franco (1975). 6384:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 5809:A History of Modern Ethiopia 5449:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 4875:Church and State in Ethiopia 4463:"Ethiopia ends old monarchy" 4114: 4019:Army of the Ethiopian Empire 4007:List of emperors of Ethiopia 3847:Eritrean War of Independence 2657:Army of the Ethiopian Empire 2486:Eritrean War of Independence 2304:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 2143:. In 1889 Menelik's general 1526:Golden age of Solomonic Rule 1477:conducted many campaigns in 89: 65: 7: 10666:Former monarchies of Africa 8946:First Ajuran-Portuguese war 6772: 6606:Shillington, Kevin (2004). 6585:Pankhurst, Richard (2001). 5860:Issue: A Journal of Opinion 5373:Pankhurst, Richard (1997). 5136:Pankhurst, Richard (1982). 5054:Pankhurst, Richard (1997). 5027:Pankhurst, Richard (1997). 4956:Pankhurst, Richard (2001). 4900:Pankhurst, Richard (2001). 4849:Pankhurst, Richard (2001). 4581:E. A. Wallis Budge (2014). 4510:Central Intelligence Agency 4469:. 22 March 1975. p. 7. 4451:. 22 March 1975. p. 3. 4307:Pankhurst, Richard (2009). 4282:Pankhurst, Richard (1982). 4186: 3024: 2977: 2650: 2092:and representatives of the 2069:(equivalent to the English 1103:founded the new capital of 999:to the south, and in 1952, 319:(dynastic, official, court) 207: 173: 10: 10687: 10656:Former countries in Africa 10636:2nd millennium in Ethiopia 6733:Collier's New Encyclopedia 6632:Salvadore, Matteo (2016). 5138:History Of Ethiopian Towns 4679:. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. 4608:Lewis, William H. (1956). 4284:History Of Ethiopian Towns 4106: 4046:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 3293:Second Italo–Ethiopian War 3005: 2972:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2904: 2900: 2654: 2634: 2546: 2340: 2268:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2255:The Emperor's palace, 1934 2243:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2240: 2131:. In 1887 Menelik king of 2032: 1887:Ottoman conquest of Habesh 1884: 1786:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 1766: 1665:to invade the province of 1457:was succeeded by his son, 1432: 1380:in Yemen and the Egyptian 1313: 1288:argued that this king was 1233: 1224: 1187:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1005:ancient Christian heritage 733:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 168:ኢትዮጵያ ታበፅዕ እደዊሃ ኀበ እግዚአብሔር 49: 33: 10477: 10386: 10100: 9863: 9797: 9609: 9600: 9496: 9478: 9410: 9325: 9283: 9215: 9129: 9073: 9040: 8959: 8936:Adal conquest of Ethiopia 8923: 8893: 8847: 8803: 8744: 8594: 8408: 8401: 8341: 8330: 8283: 8274: 8208: 8160: 7677: 7081: 6780: 6588:The Ethiopians: A History 6147:10.1017/S0022278X00014312 6100:Northeast African Studies 5692:Ethiopia: A Country Study 5563:10.1017/S0041977X00078836 5428:. Encyclopedia Britannica 4986:The Travels Of Marco Polo 4958:The Ethiopians: A History 4902:The Ethiopians: A History 4886:Getachew Mekonnen Hasen, 4851:The Ethiopians: A History 4538:Markessini, Joan (2012). 4181: 4040:First Italo-Ethiopian War 4014:Crown Council of Ethiopia 3343:Eritrean Independence War 3263:First Italo–Ethiopian War 2459:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 2409:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 2384:, a region disputed with 2199:First Italo-Ethiopian War 2139:after his victory at the 2079:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 2039:First Italo-Ethiopian War 1439:Amda Seyon I's Expansions 1411:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 1180:confined Italy to Eritrea 1018:king and ultimately King 935: 873: 826: 818: 813: 809: 794: 773: 760: 747: 729: 716: 707:First Italo-Ethiopian War 703: 690: 677: 664: 651: 634: 617: 613: 599: 580: 561: 537: 533: 518: 503: 499: 489: 485: 470: 453: 449: 439: 413: 403: 361:(1270–1622 and 1632–1974) 336: 312: 269: 253: 241: 213: 198: 179: 167: 162: 115: 99: 73: 43: 9202:Self-proclaimed monarchy 6031:28 December 2022 at the 6012:28 December 2022 at the 5545:Haberland, Eike (1983). 5189:Ethiopia And The Red Sea 4435:by Amos Jenkins Peaslee) 4369:28 December 2022 at the 4347:28 December 2022 at the 4089: 3997:Ethiopian historiography 3835:Autonomy within Ethiopia 3450:Ethiopian civil conflict 3400:Eritrean border conflict 955:, historically known as 358:Orthodox Tewahedo Church 9470:Vatican City (Holy See) 6718:Encyclopædia Britannica 6703:Encyclopædia Britannica 6688:Encyclopædia Britannica 6673:Encyclopædia Britannica 6546:The History of Ethiopia 6378:Zekaria, Ahmed (1991). 5223:Henze, Paul B. (2000). 5161:Henze, Paul B. (2000). 5140:. Steiner. p. 58. 5111:Henze, Paul B. (2000). 5002:Henze, Paul B. (2000). 4928:Henze, Paul B. (2000). 4781:Encyclopædia Britannica 4736:J. Spencer Trimingham, 4647:Hathaway, Jane (2018). 4542:. Dorrance Publishing. 4325:10.3406/ethio.2009.1394 4286:. Steiner. p. 41. 3333:Federation with Eritrea 3218:Ottoman border conflict 3139:Amda Seyon's Expansions 2672:In 1445, following the 2521:United States of Africa 2098:Expedition to Abyssinia 2003:illuminated manuscripts 1938:victory and sacking of 1763:Adal Sultanate Invasion 1624:However, the remaining 1560:Patriarch of Alexandria 1473:The warlike emperor of 1252:that had come from the 1056:The neighboring Muslim 431:constitutional monarchy 380:P'ent'ay Evangelicalism 208:Ityoṗya hoy des ybelish 9752:Islands of Refreshment 9182:Legitimacy (political) 6721:(12th ed.). 1922. 5993:28 August 2017 at the 5703:Willcox Seidman, Ann. 5515:10.1080/01436599814415 5081:Erlikh, Ḥagai (2002). 4690:Erlikh, Hagai (2000). 4559:Morgan, Giles (2017). 4229: 4218: 4208: 3910:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 3390:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 3129:Early Solomonic period 2958:and transit office in 2936:National Bank of Egypt 2919: 2897:, the imperial guard. 2561: 2365: 2256: 2121:Ethiopian-Egyptian War 2115:, whose forces led by 2054: 1936:Emperor Sarsa Dengel's 1882: 1781: 1539: 1451: 1429:Amda Seyon's Conquests 1329: 1310:Early Solomonic Period 1248:. The new rulers were 1240:After the fall of the 979:around 1270 until the 777: 694:Menelik II's conquests 235: 9563:Saint Kitts and Nevis 9152:Criticism of monarchy 9142:Abolition of monarchy 8347:Ethiopian nationalism 8185:Medieval great powers 6662:Texts on Wikisource: 5751:. Country-studies.com 5503:Third World Quarterly 4960:. Wiley. p. 57. 4904:. Wiley. p. 46. 4853:. Wiley. p. 45. 4584:A History of Ethiopia 3792:East African Campaign 3323:Italian guerrilla war 2914: 2749:Eagle of the majesty 2629:Mengistu Haile Mariam 2556: 2350: 2285:(in violation of the 2254: 2241:Further information: 2207:Treaty of Addis Ababa 2201:resulted in the 1896 2046: 1885:Further information: 1873: 1776: 1767:Further information: 1616:states, and then the 1533: 1446: 1328:from the 17th century 1323: 1189:, Benito Mussolini's 1083:with the help of the 1001:Eritrea was federated 313:Common languages 234: 74:የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት መንግሥት 9395:United Arab Emirates 8352:Eritrean nationalism 8195:European colonialism 8180:Ancient great powers 6528:. 22 September 2022. 6479:. 17 September 2022. 6276:www.abyssinialaw.com 5975:History of the Galla 5905:. 24 November 1974. 5862:, 15 (1987), pp.9–17 5778:(2): 194–199. 1956. 4797:, p. 70; Özbaran, 87 4115:Mängəśtä ʾItyop̣p̣ya 4076:Ethiopian Revolution 3156:Early modern history 2992:Maria Theresa Thaler 2585:Endelkachew Makonnen 2549:Ethiopian Revolution 2451:an unsuccessful coup 2435:revised constitution 2425:. Finally, in 1959, 1929:Battle of Webi River 1844:Battle of Wayna Daga 1838:and his army in the 1534:Painting of Emperor 1031:kingdom of the Zagwe 850:Maria Theresa thaler 840:Salt blocks (Amoleh) 751:Sovereignty restored 720:Constitution adopted 66:Mängəśtä ʾItyop̣p̣ya 10641:1270 establishments 10591:Trinidad and Tobago 10478:Commonwealth realms 10363:United Baltic Duchy 9506:Antigua and Barbuda 9498:Commonwealth realms 9192:Order of succession 8190:Modern great powers 6440:Middle East Journal 5772:Middle East Journal 5672:. 2004, page 140-1. 5399:Richard Pankhurst, 5281:. pp. 376–381. 4614:Middle East Journal 4563:. Oldcastle Books. 4385:National Geographic 4082:Ethiopian Civil War 4052:Italian East Africa 4002:Emperor of Ethiopia 3992:History of Ethiopia 3872:Ethiopian Civil War 3780:Italian East Africa 3776:Eritrea Governorate 3669:Sultanate of Dahlak 3430:East Africa drought 3353:Ethiopian Civil War 3303:Italian East Africa 3253:Menelik's Invasions 2809:Spear of the eagle 2726:Enemy of the waǧät 2691: 2368:On 27 August 1942, 2272:Italian East Africa 2166:. Italy, seeking a 2164:Scramble for Africa 1962:reign (1590–1607). 1866:Early modern period 1632:centred around the 1236:History of Ethiopia 1195:Italian East Africa 1010:Founded in 1270 by 737:Italian East Africa 590:Chamber of Deputies 326:liturgical language 107:Government-in-exile 8931:Ethiopian–Adal war 8901:Kingdom of Wolaita 8576:Sultanate of Showa 8431:Sultanate of Harar 8319:People of Ethiopia 6503:on 9 February 2023 6282:on 21 January 2022 5903:The New York Times 5694:. 2004, page 63-4. 4990:Book 3, Chapter 35 4888:Wollo, Yager Dibab 4717:Hassen, Mohammed. 4505:The World Factbook 4448:Milwaukee Sentinel 4313:Annales d'Éthiopie 4029:Sultanate of Shewa 3953:Eritrea portal 3858:Annexation as the 3725:Sultanate of Aussa 3504:Army of the Empire 3191:1557 – 17th cent. 3179:1543 – 17th cent. 3164:Ethiopian–Adal War 2920: 2683: 2661:From the reign of 2619:Brigadier General 2610:Imperial Bodyguard 2562: 2366: 2257: 2215:Emperor Menelik II 2147:also defeated the 2141:Battle of Chelenqo 2055: 2011:Louis XIV's France 1883: 1782: 1769:Ethiopian-Adal War 1659:Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq 1540: 1452: 1330: 1203:Italian Somaliland 1154:, now residing in 1026:, it replaced the 857:18th–19th century) 798:Monarchy abolished 655:Ethiopian–Adal War 236: 216:Ethiopia, Be happy 10661:Former monarchies 10608: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10293:Piedmont-Sardinia 10045:Sip Song Chau Tai 9855:Thirteen Colonies 9596: 9595: 9000: 8999: 8967:Solomonic dynasty 8919: 8918: 8360: 8359: 8324:People of Eritrea 8234: 8233: 8156: 8155: 8121:Polish–Lithuanian 7296:Gurjara-Pratihara 6643:978-1-4724-1891-3 6617:978-1-57958-245-6 6598:978-0-631-22493-8 6556:978-0-313-32273-0 5656:. 2004, page 201. 5487:978-99944-52-15-6 5386:978-0-932415-19-6 5359:978-0-19-538207-5 5332:978-0-7146-1731-2 5322:Islam in Ethiopia 5305:978-0-7146-1731-2 5295:Islam in Ethiopia 5275:Cerulli, Enrico. 5261:978-0-7146-1731-2 5251:Islam in Ethiopia 5186:Mordechai, Abir. 5147:978-3-515-03204-9 5094:978-1-55587-970-9 5067:978-0-932415-19-6 5040:978-0-932415-19-6 4873:Taddesse Tamrat, 4835:978-0-7915-9662-3 4762:978-0-521-20981-6 4738:Islam in Ethiopia 4703:978-1-55587-672-2 4660:978-1-107-10829-5 4594:978-1-317-64915-1 4569:978-1-84344-967-6 4548:978-1-4349-1486-6 4293:978-3-515-03204-9 4124: 4112: 4024:Sultanate of Ifat 3987: 3986: 3938: 3937: 3882: 3881: 3818: 3817: 3735: 3734: 3709:Dankali Sultanate 3567: 3566: 3468: 3467: 3371: 3370: 3226: 3225: 3147: 3146: 3090: 3089: 2984:Ethiopian history 2968:Dutch East Indies 2932:Bank of Abyssinia 2916:Bank of Abyssinia 2850: 2849: 2822:Spear of the foe 2695:Name of regiment 2537:Aklilu Habte Wold 2359:Lyndon B. Johnson 2337:Post War Ethiopia 2287:Hague Conventions 2276:League of Nations 2168:colonial presence 1965:In 1636, Emperor 1856:Battle of Fatagar 1829:Cristóvão da Gama 1709:Eleni of Ethiopia 1703:was succeeded by 1538:at his coronation 1499:Sultanate of Ifat 1419:Sultanate of Ifat 1316:Solomonic Dynasty 1295:damnatio memoriae 1272:rose to power in 1215:1973 Wollo famine 1185:Later, after the 973:Solomonic dynasty 949: 948: 931: 930: 927: 926: 907: 906: 790:12 September 1974 769:11 September 1952 505:• 1909–1927 472:• 1930–1974 455:• 1270–1285 418:Absolute monarchy 232: 16:(Redirected from 10678: 10631:Christian states 10621:Ethiopian Empire 10532:Irish Free State 10298:Poland–Lithuania 9607: 9606: 9558:Papua New Guinea 9288: 9287: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9004: 9003: 8992:Makhzumi dynasty 8982:Goobroon dynasty 8972:Walashma dynasty 8941:Oromo migrations 8906:Kingdom of Damot 8894:Wolaita kingdoms 8875:Kingdom of Damot 8406: 8405: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8364: 8363: 8336: 8280: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8037: 8036: 7702:Austro-Hungarian 7402:Chagatai Khanate 6767: 6760: 6753: 6744: 6743: 6737: 6722: 6707: 6692: 6677: 6661: 6647: 6621: 6602: 6581: 6560: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6278:. Archived from 6267: 6261: 6260: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6022: 6016: 6003: 5997: 5984: 5978: 5973:Bahrey. (1954). 5971: 5965: 5964: 5939:(384): 325–352. 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5875:. Archived from 5869: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5840:. United Nations 5834: 5828: 5821: 5812: 5805: 5796: 5795: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5745: 5739: 5738:. 2004, page 30. 5734:Nathaniel, Ras. 5732: 5726: 5725:. 2000, page 56. 5721:Watson, John H. 5719: 5708: 5707:. 1990, page 78. 5701: 5695: 5688: 5673: 5666: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5635: 5629: 5626:Antonicelli 1975 5623: 5617: 5616: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4999: 4993: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4817: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4578: 4572: 4557: 4551: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4379: 4373: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4279: 4267: 4251: 4234: 4232: 4221: 4211: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4111:romanized: 4110: 4108: 4100: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3931:2010s in Eritrea 3922:2000s in Eritrea 3916: 3901:1990s in Eritrea 3897: 3896: 3892:State of Eritrea 3878: 3866: 3860:Eritrea Province 3853: 3841: 3831: 3830: 3814: 3802: 3786: 3770: 3758: 3748: 3747: 3731: 3719: 3717: 3703: 3697:Ethiopian Empire 3691: 3689: 3675: 3663: 3661: 3647: 3645: 3637:Kingdom of Dəmot 3631: 3629: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3587: 3569: 3568: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3484:Economic history 3386: 3385: 3239: 3238: 3198:Gondarine period 3192: 3180: 3174:Oromo migrations 3160: 3159: 3105: 3104: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3047: 3029: 3028: 2964:Kingdom of Egypt 2954:and agencies in 2882:in Geez, or the 2692: 2682: 2625:Marxism-Leninism 2558:Haile Selassie I 2543:Fall of monarchy 2427:Pope Kyrillos VI 2319:Benito Mussolini 2317:at the time and 2295:chemical warfare 2137:Emirate of Harar 2125:Battle of Gundet 1948:Oromo migrations 1915:from the allied 1895:Gondarine period 1891:Oromo migrations 1840:Semien Mountains 1778:Emperor Dawit II 1604:on the coast of 1382:Mamluk Sultanate 1374:Makhzumi dynasty 1282:Battle of Ansata 1278:Makhzumi dynasty 1242:Kingdom of Aksum 1138:. His successor 1109:Gondarine period 1093:Ottoman invasion 1089:Oromo migrations 1081:defeated in 1543 1041:(1314–1344) and 981:1974 coup d'état 953:Ethiopian Empire 923: 922: 911: 910: 898: 897: 891: 890: 875: 874: 866: 858: 856: 805: 782: 668:Gondarine period 595: 576: 557: 549: 523: 508: 475: 466: 458: 435: 422: 371: 362: 308: 301: 294: 287: 280: 277: 258: 246: 233: 219: 210: 204:ኢትዮጵያ ሆይ ደስ ይበልሽ 194: 185: 176: 170: 169: 150: 130: 123: 111: 110: 109: 94: 93: 92: 84: 76: 75: 70: 69: 68: 60: 52: 51: 45:Ethiopian Empire 41: 40: 21: 10686: 10685: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10600: 10525:princely states 10473: 10409:Kingdom of Fiji 10382: 10128:Austria-Hungary 10096: 9859: 9793: 9592: 9578:Solomon Islands 9492: 9474: 9406: 9321: 9279: 9211: 9157:Democratization 9125: 9069: 9036: 9031: 9001: 8996: 8955: 8915: 8889: 8848:Sidama kingdoms 8843: 8799: 8740: 8590: 8451:Aussa Sultanate 8397: 8391: 8361: 8356: 8337: 8328: 8281: 8270: 8268:Habesha peoples 8265: 8235: 8230: 8219:American Empire 8204: 8200:African empires 8152: 8035: 7727:Central African 7673: 7491:Romano-Germanic 7077: 6811:Middle Assyrian 6784: 6776: 6771: 6725: 6710: 6695: 6680: 6665: 6654: 6644: 6628: 6626:Further reading 6618: 6599: 6557: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6342:. 7 August 2012 6334: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6268: 6264: 6225: 6221: 6182: 6178: 6131: 6127: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6033:Wayback Machine 6023: 6019: 6014:Wayback Machine 6004: 6000: 5995:Wayback Machine 5985: 5981: 5972: 5968: 5933:African Affairs 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5879:on 15 June 2012 5871: 5870: 5866: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5827:1999, page 100. 5822: 5815: 5806: 5799: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5733: 5729: 5723:Among the Copts 5720: 5711: 5702: 5698: 5689: 5676: 5667: 5660: 5651: 5647: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5221: 5217: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5000: 4996: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4818: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4558: 4554: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4517: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4401: 4397: 4380: 4376: 4371:Wayback Machine 4358: 4354: 4349:Wayback Machine 4336: 4332: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4034:Zemene Mesafint 3983: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3914: 3894: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3864: 3851: 3839: 3828: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3800: 3784: 3768: 3764:Italian Eritrea 3756: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3713: 3701: 3685: 3673: 3657: 3653:Aksumite Empire 3641: 3625: 3605: 3585: 3578: 3563: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3478: 3470: 3469: 3410:Police massacre 3383: 3373: 3372: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3208:Zemene Mesafint 3190: 3178: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3102: 3092: 3091: 3065: 3045: 3038: 3027: 3010: 3004: 2980: 2909: 2903: 2827:č̣äwa Begemder 2674:Battle of Gomit 2667:Chewa regiments 2659: 2653: 2637: 2566:1973 oil crisis 2551: 2545: 2525:Muammar Gaddafi 2423:See of St. Mark 2345: 2339: 2299:Geneva Protocol 2297:, ignoring the 2283:Dum-Dum bullets 2249: 2239: 2063:Zemene Mesafint 2041: 2035:Zemene Mesafint 2033:Main articles: 2031: 2007:Iyasu the Great 1919:in what is now 1897: 1868: 1771: 1765: 1685:after seeing a 1671:Battle of Gomit 1590:Sa'ad ad-Din II 1571:Sultan of Egypt 1528: 1441: 1433:Main articles: 1431: 1318: 1312: 1304:Na'akueto La'ab 1286:Taddesse Tamrat 1268:nobleman named 1238: 1232: 1227: 1213:. However, the 1132:Zemene Mesafint 1121:Zemene Mesafint 942: 920: 895: 869: 864: 852: 803: 800: 787: 766: 753: 740: 722: 709: 696: 683: 681:Zemene Mesafint 670: 657: 644: 627: 593: 592: 586: 574: 573: 567: 555: 554: 550: 547: 546: 524: 521: 509: 506: 476: 473: 462: 459: 456: 433: 423: 420: 399: 369: 367:Catholic Church 360: 345:State religions 329: 320: 306: 302: 299: 295: 292: 288: 285: 281: 278: 273: 265: 249: 237: 224: 221: 211: 205: 203: 188: 187: 177: 171: 158: 157: 156: 151: 143: 142: 137: 131: 124: 104: 103: 102: 101: 95: 87: 86: 85: 78: 71: 63: 62: 61: 54: 46: 39: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10684: 10674: 10673: 10671:Former empires 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10606: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10529: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10390: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10283:Ottoman Empire 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10243:Kartli-Kakheti 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10104: 10102: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10094: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9925: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9652:Central Africa 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9588:United Kingdom 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9484: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9416: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9331: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9296: 9294: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9245:Prince regnant 9242: 9241: 9240: 9230: 9225: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9162:Decolonization 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9116:Personal union 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9086:Constitutional 9083: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9030: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9007: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8977:Gareen dynasty 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8810: 8808: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8751: 8749: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8395:Horn of Africa 8390: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8367: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8043: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8001: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7957: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7614: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7083:Post-classical 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6882:Middle Kingdom 6879: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6838:Neo-Babylonian 6835: 6830: 6828:Old Babylonian 6820: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6723: 6708: 6693: 6678: 6653: 6652:External links 6650: 6649: 6648: 6642: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6616: 6603: 6597: 6582: 6561: 6555: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6514: 6482: 6465: 6446:(3): 257–268. 6430: 6409: 6370: 6367:. 4 July 2022. 6353: 6327: 6324:. 4 July 2022. 6310: 6307:. 4 July 2022. 6293: 6262: 6241:10.2307/219391 6235:(2): 361–389. 6219: 6198:10.2307/483880 6192:(1): 155–157. 6176: 6141:(4): 665–672. 6125: 6090: 6069: 6060: 6048: 6036: 6017: 5998: 5979: 5966: 5923: 5890: 5864: 5851: 5829: 5823:Mammo, Tirfe. 5813: 5797: 5762: 5740: 5727: 5709: 5696: 5674: 5658: 5645: 5630: 5618: 5605:10.2307/216612 5583: 5537: 5528: 5493: 5486: 5466: 5439: 5417: 5405: 5392: 5385: 5365: 5358: 5338: 5331: 5311: 5304: 5284: 5267: 5260: 5240: 5233: 5215: 5198: 5178: 5171: 5153: 5146: 5128: 5121: 5100: 5093: 5073: 5066: 5046: 5039: 5019: 5012: 4994: 4973: 4966: 4945: 4938: 4917: 4910: 4892: 4879: 4866: 4859: 4841: 4834: 4812: 4799: 4786: 4768: 4761: 4742: 4729: 4709: 4702: 4682: 4666: 4659: 4639: 4620:(3): 257–268. 4600: 4593: 4573: 4552: 4531: 4515: 4491: 4472: 4454: 4437: 4424: 4413:(1): 120–137. 4395: 4374: 4352: 4330: 4319:(1): 209–249. 4299: 4292: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4127: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3752:Eyalet-i Habeş 3746: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662:150 BC–AD 960) 3655: 3649: 3648: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3440:Oromo protests 3436: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3420:War in Somalia 3416: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3384: 3381:Recent history 3379: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3237: 3235:Modern history 3234: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3050: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3006:Main article: 3003: 3000: 2979: 2976: 2905:Main article: 2902: 2899: 2888:Battle of Adwa 2876: 2875: 2860: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2655:Main article: 2652: 2649: 2636: 2633: 2547:Main article: 2544: 2541: 2493:Haile Selassie 2481:Haile Selassie 2471:decolonization 2397:Haile Selassie 2378:charter member 2370:Haile Selassie 2352:Haile Selassie 2343:Haile Selassie 2341:Main article: 2338: 2335: 2327:Haile Selassie 2291:sulfur mustard 2264:Emilio De Bono 2238: 2235: 2203:Battle of Adwa 2052:Battle of Adwa 2030: 2027: 1925:Adal Sultanate 1923:. In 1573 the 1917:Funj Sultanate 1901:Ottoman Empire 1867: 1864: 1852:Adal Sultanate 1821:Ottoman Empire 1790:Ottoman Empire 1780:(Lebna Dengel) 1764: 1761: 1705:Baeda Maryam I 1695:Saint Cyriacus 1681:later founded 1663:Adal Sultanate 1630:Adal Sultanate 1610:Ifat Sultanate 1598:Ifat Sultanate 1586:Ifat Sultanate 1567:As-Salih Salih 1548:Newaya Krestos 1544:Ifat Sultanate 1527: 1524: 1463:Horn of Africa 1430: 1427: 1355:Queen of Sheba 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1234:Main article: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1211:United Nations 1191:Italian Empire 1176:Battle of Adwa 1058:Adal Sultanate 1047:Horn of Africa 1024:Queen of Sheba 989:Haile Selassie 947: 946: 937: 933: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 917: 908: 905: 904: 899: 887: 886: 881: 871: 870: 868: 867: 859: 847: 842: 837: 830: 828: 824: 823: 820: 816: 815: 811: 810: 807: 806: 801: 795: 792: 791: 788: 774: 771: 770: 767: 761: 758: 757: 754: 748: 745: 744: 743:3 October 1935 741: 735:(annexed into 730: 727: 726: 723: 717: 714: 713: 710: 704: 701: 700: 697: 691: 688: 687: 684: 678: 675: 674: 671: 665: 662: 661: 658: 652: 649: 648: 645: 635: 632: 631: 628: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 601: 600:Historical era 597: 596: 587: 581: 578: 577: 568: 562: 559: 558: 543:rule by decree 539: 535: 534: 531: 530: 525: 519: 516: 515: 513:Habte Giyorgis 510: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 491:Prime Minister 487: 486: 483: 482: 480:Haile Selassie 477: 471: 468: 467: 460: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 437: 436: 415: 411: 410: 407: 401: 400: 398: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 363: 354: 349: 340: 338: 334: 333: 314: 310: 309: 271: 267: 266: 259: 251: 250: 247: 239: 238: 222: 196: 195: 160: 159: 152: 145: 144: 132: 125: 118: 117: 116: 113: 112: 97: 96: 47: 44: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10683: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10404:Easter Island 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10091: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9943:Jabal Shammar 9941: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9435:Liechtenstein 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9238:Queen regnant 9236: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9197:Republicanism 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9177:Head of state 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9128: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111:Non-sovereign 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9028: 9023: 9021: 9016: 9014: 9009: 9008: 9005: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987:Zagwe dynasty 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8802: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8743: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8426:Aussa Imamate 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8388: 8383: 8381: 8376: 8374: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8225: 8224:Soviet empire 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209:Miscellaneous 8207: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7808:German Empire 7806: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7548:Turco-Persian 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6761: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6645: 6639: 6636:. Routledge. 6635: 6630: 6629: 6619: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6524: 6518: 6499: 6492: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6419: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6363: 6357: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6320: 6314: 6303: 6297: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6079: 6073: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5855: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5810: 5807:Bahru Zewde, 5804: 5802: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5731: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5700: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5655: 5649: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5628:, p. 79. 5627: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5280: 5279: 5271: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5244: 5236: 5234:1-85065-393-3 5230: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5174: 5172:1-85065-393-3 5168: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5122:1-85065-393-3 5118: 5114: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5013:1-85065-393-3 5009: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4969: 4967:0-631-22493-9 4963: 4959: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4939:1-85065-393-3 4935: 4931: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4911:0-631-22493-9 4907: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4862: 4860:0-631-22493-9 4856: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4488:. p. 47. 4487: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4449: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4233: 4231: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4188: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4131: 4122: 4116: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3944: 3943: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3827:Post-Colonial 3824: 3823: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3681:Zagwe Dynasty 3679: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3273:Modernization 3271: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3186:Habesh Eyalet 3184: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3119:Zagwe dynasty 3117: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3064:Early history 3061: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2924:barter system 2917: 2913: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2895:Kebur Zabagna 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2639:According to 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:African Union 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2153:Hassan Enjamo 2150: 2146: 2145:Gobana Dacche 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061:(in Amharic: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Ethiopian art 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:Habesh Eyalet 1902: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:Paul B. Henze 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:Newaya Maryam 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1532: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1506:Sabr ad-Din I 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:Haqq ad-Din I 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1393:Yagbe'u Seyon 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:Zagwe Dynasty 1243: 1237: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:the Egyptians 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 945: 941: 938: 936:Today part of 934: 918: 916: 913: 912: 909: 903: 902:Zagwe dynasty 900: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 872: 863: 860: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 835: 832: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 808: 804:21 March 1975 802: 799: 793: 789: 786: 781: 780: 772: 768: 765: 759: 755: 752: 746: 742: 738: 734: 728: 724: 721: 715: 711: 708: 702: 698: 695: 689: 685: 682: 676: 672: 669: 663: 659: 656: 650: 646: 643: 639: 633: 629: 626: 622: 616: 612: 609: 605: 602: 598: 591: 588: 585: 579: 572: 569: 566: 560: 553: 544: 540: 536: 532: 529: 526: 517: 514: 511: 502: 498: 494: 492: 488: 484: 481: 478: 469: 465: 461: 452: 448: 444: 442: 438: 432: 429: 428:parliamentary 426: 419: 416: 412: 408: 406: 402: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 368: 364: 359: 355: 353: 350: 348: 346: 342: 341: 339: 335: 332: 328:, literature) 327: 323: 318: 315: 311: 305: 298: 291: 284: 276: 272: 268: 263: 257: 252: 245: 240: 217: 209: 201: 197: 192: 183: 175: 165: 161: 155: 149: 141: 136: 129: 122: 114: 108: 98: 91: 82: 67: 58: 42: 37: 32: 27: 19: 10581:South Africa 10576:Sierra Leone 10523: 10353:Two Sicilies 10288:Papal States 10088: 10027: 9920: 9786: 9666: 9546:Cook Islands 9399: 9385:Saudi Arabia 9314: 8612:Akkele Guzay 7975:Contemporary 7825:Indo-Persian 7813:Nazi Germany 7763: 7757:Contemporary 7659:Vijayanagara 7558:Great Seljuk 7469:Thessalonica 7397:Golden Horde 7258: 7243: 7037:Carthaginian 6816:Neo-Assyrian 6801:Neo-Sumerian 6731: 6716: 6701: 6686: 6671: 6633: 6607: 6587: 6569: 6565: 6545: 6537:Bibliography 6517: 6507:22 September 6505:. Retrieved 6498:the original 6485: 6468: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6423:17 September 6421:. Retrieved 6412: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6356: 6344:. Retrieved 6339: 6330: 6313: 6296: 6284:. Retrieved 6280:the original 6275: 6265: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6106:(3): 91–97. 6103: 6099: 6093: 6081:. Retrieved 6072: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6020: 6001: 5982: 5974: 5969: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5914:. Retrieved 5902: 5893: 5881:. Retrieved 5877:the original 5867: 5859: 5854: 5842:. Retrieved 5832: 5824: 5808: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5755:12 September 5753:. Retrieved 5743: 5735: 5730: 5722: 5704: 5699: 5691: 5669: 5653: 5648: 5638: 5633: 5621: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5574:. Retrieved 5554: 5550: 5540: 5531: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5476: 5469: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5430:. Retrieved 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5375: 5368: 5348: 5341: 5321: 5314: 5294: 5287: 5277: 5270: 5250: 5243: 5224: 5218: 5208: 5201: 5188: 5181: 5162: 5156: 5137: 5131: 5112: 5083: 5076: 5056: 5049: 5029: 5022: 5003: 4997: 4985: 4976: 4957: 4929: 4901: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4874: 4869: 4850: 4844: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4807: 4802: 4794: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4751: 4745: 4737: 4732: 4719: 4712: 4692: 4685: 4675: 4669: 4649: 4642: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4583: 4576: 4560: 4555: 4539: 4534: 4526: 4503: 4494: 4481: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4446: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4359: 4355: 4337: 4333: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4283: 4277: 4264:Debre Birhan 4249: 4230:Itiyoophiyaa 4227: 4130: 4098: 3796:World War II 3696: 3630:2500–980 BC) 3621:Land of Punt 3604:Pre-colonial 3454:2018–present 3313:World War II 3113:100 – 940 AD 3086:980 – 400 BC 3019: 3015: 3011: 2987: 2981: 2929: 2921: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2868:Bahir Negash 2851: 2814:Bäṣär šotäl 2801:Bäṣur amora 2706:Bäṣär waǧät 2701:Translation 2689:15th century 2686: 2684: 2671: 2660: 2638: 2621:Tafari Benti 2618: 2601:Asfaw Wossen 2578: 2563: 2529: 2509:Modibo Keïta 2490: 2468: 2444: 2432: 2412: 2402: 2394: 2367: 2315:Nazi Germany 2312: 2280: 2258: 2228: 2212: 2191:protectorate 2184: 2161: 2155:and annexed 2135:invaded the 2102: 2090:missionaries 2087: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2023:Walda Heywat 1983:Fasil Ghebbi 1979:architecture 1964: 1933: 1898: 1876:Fasil Ghebbi 1849: 1847:opposition. 1833: 1802: 1783: 1699: 1683:Debre Berhan 1647: 1623: 1575: 1541: 1503: 1475:Amda Seyon I 1472: 1467:Fetha Nagast 1459:Amda Seyon I 1453: 1449:Amda Seyon I 1435:Amda Seyon I 1407:metropolitan 1400: 1390: 1370:Yekuno Amlak 1367: 1350:Kebra Nagast 1348: 1333:Yekuno Amlak 1331: 1326:Yekuno Amlak 1293: 1270:Yekuno Amlak 1263: 1239: 1207:World War II 1184: 1125: 1069:Lebna Dengel 1055: 1039:Amda Seyon I 1012:Yekuno Amlak 1009: 977:Yekuno Amlak 960: 956: 952: 950: 884:Succeeded by 883: 878: 725:16 July 1931 642:Amda Seyon I 625:Yekuno Amlak 548:(until 1931) 520:• 1974 464:Yekuno Amlak 374: 352:Christianity 343: 274: 199: 164:Motto: 163: 154:Coat of arms 31: 26: 10520:British Raj 10492:(Sri Lanka) 10378:Württemberg 10090:South Yemen 9978:Maguindanao 9871:Afghanistan 9632:Barotseland 9568:Saint Lucia 9541:New Zealand 9450:Netherlands 9223:Chhatrapati 9207:Sovereignty 9147:Aristocracy 8804:Kingdom of 8747:Beta Israel 8745:Kingdom of 7563:Khwarezmian 7496:Carolingian 7301:Rashtrakuta 7005:Shaishunaga 6904:Hellenistic 6887:New Kingdom 6877:Old Kingdom 5576:18 December 5455:(2): 1–20. 4806:Pankhurst, 4793:Pankhurst, 4107:መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ 4084:(1974–1991) 4072:(1941–1943) 4060:(1936–1941) 4054:(1936–1941) 4048:(1935–1936) 4042:(1895–1896) 4036:(1755–1855) 3915:(1998–2000) 3877:(1974–1991) 3865:(1962–1993) 3852:(1961–1991) 3840:(1952–1962) 3813:(1941–1952) 3801:(1940–1941) 3785:(1936–1941) 3769:(1882–1936) 3757:(1554–1872) 3730:(1734–1936) 3702:(1270–1974) 3646:980–400 BC) 3584:History of 3494:Aristocracy 3283:World War I 3243:Unification 3100:Middle Ages 3044:History of 2839:č̣äwa Ifat 2774:č̣äwa Bale 2754:Ǧan sagana 2663:Amde Tseyon 2505:Addis Ababa 2455:Asfa Wossen 2405:autocephaly 2363:White House 2159:territory. 2109:Yohannes IV 2083:Tewodros II 2059:Princes Era 2015:Dutch India 1952:Abba Bahrey 1368:Throughout 1274:Bete Amhara 1156:Addis Ababa 1140:Yohannes IV 1128:Tewodros II 1115:(1755) and 879:Preceded by 865:(from 1894) 779:Coup d'état 604:Middle Ages 594:(1931–1974) 584:Lower house 575:(1931–1974) 565:Upper house 556:(1931–1974) 538:Legislature 528:Mikael Imru 434:(1931–1974) 421:(1270–1931) 385:Sunni Islam 375:Unofficial: 370:(1622–1632) 331:many others 307:(1889–1974) 304:Addis Ababa 300:(1881–1889) 293:(1855–1881) 290:Debre Tabor 286:(1635–1855) 279:(1270–1635) 262:Yohannes IV 191:Psalm 68:31 105:1936–1941: 50:መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ 10615:Categories 10586:Tanganyika 10501:The Gambia 10429:Niuē-Fekai 10368:Yugoslavia 10268:Montenegro 10075:Upper Yafa 10070:Upper Asir 9707:Madagascar 9440:Luxembourg 9172:Government 9137:Abdication 9106:Hereditary 9034:Monarchies 8133:Portuguese 8014:Revival Le 8004:Vietnamese 7647:Later Tran 7617:Vietnamese 7513:Singhasari 7501:Holy Roman 7125:Bulgarian 7061:Satavahana 7032:Phoenician 6968:Achaemenid 6929:Indo-Greek 6909:Macedonian 6823:Babylonian 6523:"ETHIOPIA" 5844:16 October 5599:(3): 470. 5557:(2): 240. 5509:(2): 192. 5413:Braukämper 4982:Henry Yule 4500:"Ethiopia" 4241:References 4209:Itoophiyaa 3690:1137–1270) 3674:(960–1557) 3612:Prehistory 3460:Tigray war 3363:Ogaden War 3072:Prehistory 3002:Government 2793:Medre Bahr 2678:Zara Yaqob 2593:Aman Andom 2419:Holy Synod 2224:Ras Gobena 2195:Menelik II 2048:Menelik II 2029:Modern era 2019:Zera Yacob 1836:Gelawdewos 1805:Gelawdewos 1798:Debre Damo 1719:, to whom 1701:Zara Yaqob 1687:miraculous 1679:Zara Yaqob 1675:Zara Yaqob 1650:Zara Yaqob 1643:Zara Yaqob 1614:al-Maqrizi 1606:Somaliland 1536:Zara Yaqob 1455:Wedem Arad 1415:Wedem Arad 1230:Background 1152:Menelik II 1085:Portuguese 1079:, who was 1077:Ahmed Gran 1051:Zara Yaqob 993:Menelik II 959:or simply 756:5 May 1941 552:Parliament 414:Government 405:Demonym(s) 212:(English: 178:(English: 140:Civil Flag 135:State Flag 10556:Mauritius 10449:Rarotonga 10434:Nuku Hiva 10424:Mangareva 10399:Bora Bora 10278:Neuchâtel 10248:Lithuania 10153:Catalonia 10040:Sri Lanka 9993:Manchukuo 9968:Kurdistan 9922:Indonesia 9845:Talamanca 9805:Araucanía 9788:and other 9767:Wassoulou 9511:Australia 9187:Oligarchy 8960:Dynasties 8855:Bahargamo 8682:Mai-Tsade 8441:Mogadishu 8126:Couronian 7764:Ethiopian 7752:Manchukuo 7707:Brazilian 7553:Ghaznavid 7523:Srivijaya 7474:Trebizond 7459:Byzantine 7441:North Sea 7436:Norwegian 7424:Almoravid 7407:Ilkhanate 7377:Majapahit 7350:Muromachi 7259:Solomonic 7244:Ethiopian 7158:Caliphate 7091:Aragonese 6919:Ptolemaic 6728:Abyssinia 6713:Abyssinia 6683:Abyssinia 6668:Abyssinia 6578:878595757 6452:0026-3141 6396:0304-2243 6390:: 23–46. 6249:0361-7882 6206:0008-3968 6171:154715719 6155:0022-278X 6112:0740-9133 5953:0001-9909 5911:0362-4331 5883:12 August 5784:0026-3141 5571:162587450 4980:Cited in 4626:0026-3141 4187:ʾĪtyōṗṗyā 4058:Arbegnoch 3511:Expansion 3464:2020–2022 3444:2014–2016 3434:2011–2012 3424:2006–2009 3404:1998–2018 3394:1998–2000 3367:1977–1978 3357:1974–1991 3347:1961–1991 3337:1952–1962 3327:1941–1943 3307:1936–1941 3297:1935–1936 3287:1914–1918 3277:1913–1974 3267:1895–1896 3257:1878–1904 3247:1855–1913 3222:1832–1848 3212:1769–1855 3202:1632–1769 3168:1527–1543 3143:1314–1344 3133:1270–1529 2988:salt bars 2952:Dembidolo 2944:Dire Dawa 2732:Ǧan amora 2614:Air Force 2597:Sandhurst 2491:In 1963, 2476:federated 2463:air force 2356:President 2308:Abyssinia 2117:Ras Alula 1995:triptychs 1987:Lake Tana 1967:Fasilides 1576:In 1382, 1363:Menelik I 1359:Jerusalem 1341:Dil Na'od 1101:Fasilides 957:Abyssinia 712:1895–1896 699:1878–1904 686:1769–1855 673:1632–1769 660:1529–1543 647:1314–1344 638:Conquests 621:Ascension 337:Religion 100:1270–1974 36:Abyssinia 18:Abbysinia 10571:Rhodesia 10566:Pakistan 10485:Barbados 10454:Rimatara 10444:Rapa Iti 10373:Valencia 10348:Tavolara 10338:Scotland 10303:Portugal 10263:Moldavia 10148:Bulgaria 10143:Brittany 10118:Asturias 9998:Mongolia 9988:Maldives 9850:Trinidad 9840:Suriname 9798:Americas 9782:Zimbabwe 9777:Zanzibar 9762:Wituland 9737:Ngazidja 9732:Ndzuwani 9667:Ethiopia 9390:Thailand 9370:Malaysia 9350:Cambodia 9300:Eswatini 9096:Elective 9081:Absolute 8870:Kambaata 8770:Waldebba 8667:Hamasien 8662:Gheralta 8657:Entitcho 8632:Begemder 8602:Ambassel 8466:Aymallal 8456:Arababni 8312:Tigrinya 8298:Tigrayan 8106:Japanese 8069:Scottish 8049:American 8041:Colonial 7970:Imperial 7938:Moroccan 7874:Japanese 7852:Afsharid 7711:Burmese 7697:Austrian 7652:Later Le 7627:Early Le 7612:Venetian 7538:Tiwanaku 7451:Hellenic 7414:Moroccan 7345:Kamakura 7335:Japanese 7318:Saffarid 7271:Georgian 7185:Chalukya 7163:Rashidun 7153:Calakmul 7121:Bruneian 7000:Haryanka 6978:Sasanian 6973:Parthian 6924:Bactrian 6914:Seleucid 6894:Goguryeo 6872:Egyptian 6806:Assyrian 6796:Akkadian 6787:Colonies 6698:Ethiopia 6404:41965992 6120:43660024 6029:Archived 6010:Archived 5991:Archived 5916:8 August 5461:41967469 5426:"Gonder" 4810:, p. 119 4419:40761842 4367:Archived 4345:Archived 4219:Itoobiya 4177:Tigrinya 3744:Colonial 3575:a series 3573:Part of 3521:Aksumite 3516:Currency 3499:Military 3123:900–1270 3046:Ethiopia 3035:a series 3033:Part of 3025:See also 2978:Currency 2960:Djibouti 2884:Weregenu 2880:Abe Lahm 2831:Begemder 2651:Military 2612:and the 2193:, while 2129:Hamasien 2119:won the 2111:King of 2107:, under 1991:diptychs 1969:founded 1794:Dawit II 1757:Dawit II 1737:Eskender 1725:Muhammad 1717:Eskender 1638:Yeshaq I 1626:Walashma 1409:for the 1378:Rasulids 1290:Yetbarak 1259:Lalibela 1201:and the 1148:Mahdists 1126:Emperor 1113:Iyasu II 1035:crusades 1022:and the 1016:Aksumite 965:Ethiopia 961:Ethiopia 944:Ethiopia 827:Currency 608:Cold War 138:Bottom: 10561:Nigeria 10536:Ireland 10464:Tahuata 10439:Raiatea 10419:Huahine 10394:Abemama 10387:Oceania 10358:Tuscany 10313:Romania 10308:Prussia 10273:Navarre 10253:Majorca 10233:Ireland 10228:Imereti 10223:Iceland 10218:Hungary 10213:Hanover 10208:Granada 10198:Germany 10193:Georgia 10188:Galicia 10178:Finland 10168:Corsica 10163:Cilicia 10133:Bavaria 10123:Austria 10108:Albania 10080:Vietnam 10023:Sarawak 10013:Qu'aiti 9948:Kathiri 9911:Dapitan 9886:Bukhara 9835:Miskito 9757:Tunisia 9747:Shilluk 9657:Dahomey 9647:Burundi 9637:Bagirmi 9617:Adamawa 9536:Jamaica 9531:Grenada 9516:Bahamas 9480:Oceania 9430:Denmark 9425:Belgium 9420:Andorra 9335:Bahrain 9310:Morocco 9305:Lesotho 9284:Current 9275:Pharaoh 9228:Emperor 9167:Dynasty 9121:Regency 9101:Federal 9091:Diarchy 9045:Monarch 8911:Welayta 8839:Wolayta 8824:Janjero 8795:Wolqayt 8790:Tsegede 8755:Dembiya 8697:Tselemt 8687:Tembien 8672:Haramat 8652:Enderta 8647:Dembela 8642:Delanta 8581:Tankish 8571:Sharkha 8491:Dankali 8476:Baqulin 8461:Argobba 8173:largest 8168:Empires 8148:Swedish 8143:Spanish 8138:Russian 8101:Italian 8076:Chinese 8064:English 8059:British 8054:Belgian 8029:Vietnam 8019:Tay son 7965:Tsarist 7960:Russian 7955:Ottoman 7921:Dzungar 7916:Khoshut 7889:Mexican 7884:Maratha 7867:Pahlavi 7847:Safavid 7842:Iranian 7769:Haitian 7732:Chinese 7692:Ashanti 7664:Wagadou 7590:Eastern 7585:Western 7568:Timurid 7528:Tibetan 7518:Songhai 7508:Serbian 7429:Almohad 7419:Idrisid 7323:Samanid 7313:Tahirid 7308:Iranian 7286:Kannauj 7266:Genoese 7202:Chinese 7195:Eastern 7190:Western 7178:Fatimid 7173:Abbasid 7168:Umayyad 7141:Burmese 7101:Ayyubid 7096:Angevin 7066:Xianbei 7054:Eastern 7049:Western 6995:Magadha 6958:Iranian 6951:Xiongnu 6936:Hittite 6845:Chinese 6833:Kassite 6782:Ancient 6774:Empires 6736:. 1921. 6460:4322824 5792:4322802 5523:3993156 5432:30 July 4808:History 4795:History 4676:Barsbay 4634:4322824 4512:. 1987. 4467:The Day 4256:Tegulet 4173:Amharic 4123: 3586:Eritrea 3528:Famines 3489:Emperor 3076: 2996:Menelik 2956:Gambela 2918:in 1934 2901:Economy 2741:Tselemt 2698:Region 2645:debtera 2635:Society 2606:Eritrea 2589:deposed 2532:Marxism 2517:Algeria 2513:Morocco 2407:of the 2390:Eritrea 2386:Somalia 2374:slavery 2361:at the 2261:Marshal 2187:Amharic 2151:leader 2113:Tembien 2105:Eritrea 2094:British 2050:at the 2013:and to 1909:Massawa 1854:at the 1813:Massawa 1753:Fatager 1655:Tegulet 1594:Dawit I 1578:Dawit I 1563:Mark IV 1487:Eritrea 1397:Qalawun 1386:Baybars 1345:Solomon 1225:History 1199:Eritrea 1164:Welayta 1117:Iyoas I 1097:Red Sea 1043:Dawit I 1020:Solomon 983:by the 969:Eritrea 940:Eritrea 796:• 783:by the 775:• 762:• 749:• 731:• 718:• 705:• 692:• 679:• 666:• 653:• 636:• 619:• 582:• 563:• 507:(first) 457:(first) 441:Emperor 425:Unitary 390:Judaism 317:Amharic 297:Mekelle 270:Capital 200:Anthem: 81:Amharic 10596:Uganda 10546:Malawi 10511:Guyana 10490:Ceylon 10469:Tahiti 10459:Rurutu 10414:Hawaii 10343:Serbia 10328:Saxony 10318:Russia 10203:Greece 10183:France 10173:Cyprus 10158:Crimea 10138:Bosnia 10113:Aragon 10101:Europe 10065:Taiwan 10035:Sikkim 10018:Ryukyu 10003:Najran 9901:Chehab 9881:Bengal 9830:Mexico 9815:Brazil 9742:Rwanda 9722:Maravi 9622:Ankole 9610:Africa 9602:Former 9583:Tuvalu 9526:Canada 9521:Belize 9465:Sweden 9455:Norway 9445:Monaco 9412:Europe 9365:Kuwait 9360:Jordan 9345:Brunei 9340:Bhutan 9292:Africa 9265:Sultan 9216:Titles 9130:Topics 8924:Events 8885:Sigamo 8880:Sidamo 8860:Buzamo 8819:Enarya 8780:Wegera 8775:Semien 8765:Gojjam 8721:Efrata 8707:Semada 8702:Salowa 8692:Tigray 8617:Amhara 8586:Werjih 8566:Qita'a 8561:Nagash 8536:Hadiya 8531:Gurage 8526:Gidaya 8516:Gabaal 8511:Dawaro 8501:Belgin 8486:Dobe'a 8481:Dahlak 8421:Ajuran 8402:States 8308:Tegaru 8293:Gurage 8288:Amhara 8111:Mongol 8096:German 8091:French 8081:Danish 8024:Dainam 7999:Tongan 7987:Somali 7982:Sokoto 7948:'Alawi 7926:Kalmyk 7906:Mongol 7899:Second 7879:Korean 7830:Mughal 7820:Indian 7803:German 7796:Second 7786:French 7779:Second 7715:Second 7687:Afghan 7679:Modern 7605:Kyrgyz 7600:Uighur 7595:Second 7575:Turkic 7543:Toltec 7479:Epirus 7464:Nicaea 7387:Mongol 7340:Yamato 7276:Huetar 7134:Second 7071:Rouran 7020:Shunga 7015:Maurya 6990:Kushan 6963:Median 6941:Hunnic 6899:Harsha 6640: 6614: 6595: 6576: 6553: 6458: 6450: 6402: 6394: 6346:4 July 6286:6 July 6257:219391 6255: 6247: 6214:483880 6212: 6204: 6169: 6163:159996 6161: 6153: 6118: 6110: 6083:4 July 5961:723182 5959: 5951: 5909: 5790: 5782: 5613:216612 5611: 5569: 5521: 5484: 5459: 5383: 5356: 5329: 5302: 5258: 5231: 5169: 5144: 5119: 5091: 5064: 5037: 5010: 4964: 4936: 4908: 4857: 4832: 4777:"Adal" 4759: 4700: 4657: 4632: 4624: 4591: 4567: 4546: 4417: 4392:: 555. 4290: 4260:Emfraz 4214:Somali 4196:listen 4078:(1974) 4066:(1941) 3577:on the 3477:Topics 3037:on the 2966:, The 2864:Hadiya 2786:č̣äwa 2762:Dobe'a 2758:Dawaro 2737:Dobe'a 2714:Dawaro 2641:Bahrey 2574:mutiny 2447:Brazil 2382:Ogaden 2231:France 2176:treaty 2157:Hadiya 2149:Hadiya 2075:Gondar 1999:murals 1971:Gondar 1944:Baylul 1940:Arqiqo 1913:Suakin 1893:, and 1880:Gonder 1817:Tigray 1749:Mahfuz 1741:Dakkar 1733:Mahfuz 1667:Dawaro 1618:Amhara 1569:, the 1515:Dawaro 1479:Gojjam 1266:Amhara 1105:Gondar 1065:Mahfuz 995:, the 571:Senate 541:None ( 522:(last) 495: 474:(last) 445: 283:Gondar 202: 77: 53: 10551:Malta 10541:Kenya 10516:India 10506:Ghana 10333:Savoy 10323:Samos 10238:Italy 10085:Yemen 10060:Tibet 10055:Syria 10008:Nepal 9983:Mahra 9963:Kumul 9958:Korea 9953:Khiva 9932:Qajar 9916:Hejaz 9906:China 9891:Burma 9820:Haiti 9810:Aztec 9727:Mwali 9717:Maore 9697:Libya 9692:Kongo 9687:Kaffa 9682:Gumma 9677:Gomma 9672:Ghana 9662:Egypt 9642:Bornu 9627:Aussa 9488:Tonga 9460:Spain 9380:Qatar 9355:Japan 8834:Sheka 8829:Kaffa 8814:Dawro 8806:Damot 8785:Qwara 8760:Gafat 8731:Shire 8725:Geshe 8717:Shewa 8712:Serae 8677:Lasta 8637:Bugna 8622:Angot 8607:Agame 8546:Jarin 8541:Harar 8496:Bazin 8446:Tunni 8161:Lists 8116:Omani 8086:Dutch 7992:Isaaq 7943:Saadi 7911:Oirat 7894:First 7862:Qajar 7791:First 7774:First 7747:China 7720:Third 7580:First 7533:Tikal 7484:Morea 7454:Roman 7372:Latin 7367:Khmer 7362:Kanem 7328:Buyid 7254:Zagwe 7249:Aksum 7239:Chola 7146:First 7129:First 7116:Bornu 7111:Benin 7106:Aztec 7044:Roman 7025:Gupta 7010:Nanda 6946:White 6568:[ 6526:(PDF) 6501:(PDF) 6494:(PDF) 6477:(PDF) 6456:JSTOR 6400:JSTOR 6365:(PDF) 6322:(PDF) 6305:(PDF) 6253:JSTOR 6210:JSTOR 6167:S2CID 6159:JSTOR 6116:JSTOR 5957:JSTOR 5788:JSTOR 5609:JSTOR 5567:S2CID 5519:JSTOR 5457:JSTOR 5193:(PDF) 4824:[ 4724:(PDF) 4630:JSTOR 4486:Brill 4415:JSTOR 4204:Oromo 4182:ኢትዮጵያ 4103:Ge'ez 4090:Notes 3109:Aksum 2940:Harar 2818:Damot 2766:Angot 2745:Gedem 2710:Serae 2414:abuna 2354:with 2219:Shewa 2180:Shewa 2178:with 2133:Shewa 2127:, in 2071:dukes 1960:Yaqob 1921:Sudan 1860:Harar 1825:Wofla 1809:Shewa 1745:Na'od 1729:Harar 1721:Eleni 1634:Harar 1602:Zeila 1495:Cairo 1483:Damot 1423:Shewa 1402:abuna 1337:Aksum 1300:Wollo 1254:Lasta 1250:Agaws 1172:Italy 1168:Harar 1160:Kaffa 1073:jihad 845:Dinar 322:Ge'ez 133:Top: 57:Ge'ez 10496:Fiji 10050:Sulu 10029:Shan 9973:Laos 9938:Iraq 9928:Iran 9896:Cebu 9876:Asir 9864:Asia 9825:Inca 9772:Yeke 9712:Mali 9702:Luba 9551:Niue 9401:list 9375:Oman 9327:Asia 9316:list 9270:Shah 9260:Tsar 9255:khan 9250:Raja 9233:King 9074:Type 8865:Garo 8627:Bahr 8556:Mora 8551:Maya 8521:Ganz 8506:Dara 8471:Bale 8436:Ifat 8416:Adal 7931:Bogd 7857:Zand 7835:Sikh 7742:Qing 7737:Ming 7669:Wari 7637:Tran 7622:Dinh 7392:Yuan 7382:Mali 7291:Pala 7281:Inca 7232:Yuan 7222:Song 7217:Liao 7212:Tang 6985:Kush 6867:Dʿmt 6638:ISBN 6612:ISBN 6593:ISBN 6574:OCLC 6551:ISBN 6509:2022 6448:ISSN 6425:2022 6392:ISSN 6348:2022 6288:2022 6245:ISSN 6202:ISSN 6151:ISSN 6108:ISSN 6085:2022 5949:ISSN 5918:2021 5907:ISSN 5885:2023 5846:2007 5780:ISSN 5757:2010 5578:2017 5482:ISBN 5434:2022 5381:ISBN 5354:ISBN 5327:ISBN 5300:ISBN 5256:ISBN 5229:ISBN 5167:ISBN 5142:ISBN 5117:ISBN 5089:ISBN 5062:ISBN 5035:ISBN 5008:ISBN 4962:ISBN 4934:ISBN 4906:ISBN 4855:ISBN 4830:ISBN 4757:ISBN 4698:ISBN 4655:ISBN 4622:ISSN 4589:ISBN 4565:ISBN 4544:ISBN 4288:ISBN 4262:and 4224:Afar 4175:and 4121:lit. 3414:2005 3317:1941 3082:Dʿmt 2950:and 2948:Gore 2872:Bale 2843:Ifat 2805:Gamo 2788:Maya 2778:Bali 2722:Gamo 2718:Menz 2583:and 2515:and 2439:Afar 2245:and 2037:and 2021:and 2001:and 1993:and 1956:Bale 1899:The 1874:The 1556:Mora 1554:and 1552:Adal 1519:Bali 1517:and 1511:Adal 1485:and 1437:and 1219:Derg 1146:and 1062:Imam 1028:Agaw 985:Derg 967:and 951:The 915:Derg 834:Gold 819:1954 814:Area 785:Derg 630:1270 275:None 10258:Man 8736:Wag 8303:Zay 8009:Mac 7446:Oyo 7355:Edo 7227:Jīn 7207:Sui 6860:Jin 6855:Han 6850:Qin 6730:". 6715:". 6700:". 6685:". 6670:". 6237:doi 6194:doi 6143:doi 5941:doi 5601:doi 5559:doi 5511:doi 4390:127 4321:doi 3794:of 3778:of 2310:". 2293:in 2067:Ras 1878:in 1691:God 1405:or 1037:of 975:by 836:tax 640:of 623:of 606:to 10617:: 10534:/ 10522:, 8723:, 7642:Ho 7632:Ly 6454:. 6444:10 6442:. 6398:. 6388:24 6386:. 6382:. 6338:. 6274:. 6251:. 6243:. 6233:25 6231:. 6208:. 6200:. 6188:. 6165:. 6157:. 6149:. 6139:12 6137:. 6114:. 6102:. 5955:. 5947:. 5937:96 5935:. 5901:. 5816:^ 5800:^ 5786:. 5776:10 5774:. 5712:^ 5677:^ 5661:^ 5607:. 5595:. 5565:. 5555:46 5553:. 5549:. 5517:. 5507:19 5505:. 5451:. 5103:^ 4984:, 4948:^ 4920:^ 4779:. 4628:. 4618:10 4616:. 4612:. 4518:^ 4508:. 4502:. 4484:. 4465:. 4411:61 4409:. 4388:. 4317:24 4315:. 4311:. 4258:, 4226:: 4222:, 4216:: 4212:, 4206:: 4202:, 4190:, 4179:: 4171:; 4155:oʊ 4143:iː 4118:, 4109:, 4105:: 3716:c. 3688:c. 3660:c. 3644:c. 3628:c. 2974:. 2946:, 2942:, 2870:, 2866:, 2764:, 2760:, 2743:, 2739:, 2720:, 2716:, 2712:, 2687:c. 2665:, 2576:. 2527:. 2085:. 1997:, 1977:, 1946:. 1931:. 1889:, 1862:. 1831:. 1800:. 1731:, 1697:. 1513:, 1481:, 1425:. 1339:, 1306:. 1284:. 1221:. 1182:. 1166:, 1162:, 1007:. 855:c. 739:) 10528:) 10518:( 10093:) 10087:( 9934:) 9930:( 9026:e 9019:t 9012:v 8727:) 8719:( 8386:e 8379:t 8372:v 8310:- 8260:e 8253:t 8246:v 6789:) 6785:( 6766:e 6759:t 6752:v 6726:" 6711:" 6696:" 6681:" 6666:" 6646:. 6620:. 6601:. 6580:. 6559:. 6511:. 6462:. 6427:. 6406:. 6350:. 6290:. 6259:. 6239:: 6216:. 6196:: 6190:8 6173:. 6145:: 6122:. 6104:1 6087:. 5963:. 5943:: 5920:. 5887:. 5848:. 5794:. 5759:. 5615:. 5603:: 5597:6 5580:. 5561:: 5525:. 5513:: 5490:. 5463:. 5453:9 5436:. 5389:. 5362:. 5335:. 5308:. 5264:. 5237:. 5175:. 5150:. 5125:. 5097:. 5070:. 5043:. 5016:. 4992:. 4970:. 4942:. 4914:. 4863:. 4838:. 4783:. 4765:. 4706:. 4663:. 4636:. 4597:. 4571:. 4550:. 4421:. 4327:. 4323:: 4296:. 4266:. 4167:/ 4164:ə 4161:i 4158:p 4152:ˈ 4149:i 4146:θ 4140:ˌ 4137:/ 3978:e 3971:t 3964:v 3714:( 3686:( 3658:( 3642:( 3626:( 3558:e 3551:t 3544:v 853:( 545:) 365:– 356:— 347:: 324:( 220:) 218:" 214:" 193:) 189:( 186:) 184:" 180:" 83:) 79:( 59:) 55:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index