793:
471:
695:
2762:
968:
3500:
1565:, Yohannes refused to yield on grounds that he was not going to destroy an effective power, which Menelik diligently built up for the sake of eliminating a possible threat to himself. Finally, Yohannes heard that both his vassal kings have defected and during his campaign in Gojjam, Tekle Haymant confessed that they had concluded an agreement to help one another and rebel against the authority of the Emperor. At this juncture, the temptation was great to cross the Abbay River (
653:
745:(based in Gojjam and Lasta) â tried to defend their respective doctrines. Yohannes readily accepted corrections made by a notable on procedural matters. Apparently, he had a long-prepared plan for the council, as he had a letter from the patriarch of Alexandria read out at the end of the disputation which endorsed the imperial tenet. The policy transcended Yohannes's reign, though there were indications that the suppressed tenets had by no means been eradicated.
3488:
920:, the Emperor stood as his godfather at his baptism. The new convert was given Menelik of Shewa's other daughter, Shewarega Menelik, as his wife. Yohannes went one step further and pressured Menelik to expel all of the Roman Catholic missionaries from Shewa. However this time, instead of a single Archbishop, he requested that Patriarch Cyril send four to serve the large number of Christians in Ethiopia, who arrived in 1881. They were led by
1427:
1173:
1495:
perpetrated by the
Egyptians, the Italians, and the Mahdists. Yohannes succeeded to a large extent in pacifying the country and expanding the empire by the device of power-sharing and accommodation. Guiding principles of his administration were patience, tolerance, and forgiveness, as well as a tendency to preserve the status quo. Above all, his concerns were focused on promoting peace rather than his own personal or dynastic gain.
240:
1091:
1533:
976:
3512:
37:
1561:, in 1875 and 1876, respectively. This advantage remained on Yohannes's side throughout his reign. Despite repeated pressure from his advisers on two occasions, in 1878, at the time of Menelik's submission and in 1881, after his two vassal kings, Menelik and Teklé Haymanot fought against each other at Embabo, to remove Menelik and replace him if need be, by one of his cousins, such as
482:, KaĆa rebelled against the rule of Tewodros. What prompted his rebellion is not well established. Often two explanations, which are not essentially contradictory, are forwarded by the sources: the first is related to his dissatisfaction with the rank and function given to him by the sovereign, while the second interprets his rebellion as a response to the appeal of
836:. Yohannes pleaded with the British to stop their Egyptian allies and even withdrew from his own territory in order to show the Europeans that he was the wronged party and that the Khedive was the aggressor. However, Yohannes soon realized that the Europeans would not stop the Khedive of Egypt and so he gathered up his armies and marched to meet the Egyptian force.
673:
the contemporary
English vice-consul put it, "to hold the scales of justice with a firm and even hand"; "it was in 1884 the boast of King Yohannes that a child could pass through his dominions unharmed". In the first six years of his reign, he succeeded in achieving the unity of the predominantly Christian provinces, including Wag and Lasta, Semien and Begemder,
1502:. By preserving the status quo in the regional administration, the uncertainty and fear which were prevalent under previous reigns due to constant changes were reduced. The self-confidence and charitable attitude he displayed toward his vanquished enemies and rivals earned him the high esteem of his subjects.
1516:, who was responsible for the death of his own mother Woizero Silas Dimtsu, not only did he forgive him, but within a year, Gabre Mikael was reinstated as councilor and appeared as one of the important dignitaries during the mission of Major Grant to Adwa, in February 1868. Subsequently, Gabre Mikael's son,
840:
with its many officers of
European and North American background, were killed. News of this huge defeat was suppressed in Egypt for fear that it would undermine the government of the Khedive. A new Egyptian force was assembled and sent to avenge the defeat at Gundet. The Egyptians were defeated again at the
1494:
Yohannes undoubtedly had his weaknesses; they were not his own making, but rather imposed on him either by external pressure or inherited by his deep-seated values and traditional norms. During the eighteen years of his reign, he was preoccupied with defending his country against external aggressions
1110:
near the
Sudanese border. Evidence suggests that Emperor Yohannes had acted rashly and had made himself vulnerable, going beyond enemy lines in a range of enemy shots as victory was going to his side. Mortally wounded from a gunshot, he had been carried to his tent, where he announced that his nephew
672:
by trying to unite
Ethiopia. To ensure the realization of this policy, he toured each region and meeting appointed governors, usually from the local nobility, regardless of their former attitudes toward him, as long as they submitted and expressed to him their unflinching loyalty. He thus managed, as
634:
Atnatyos sent from
Alexandria in June 1869, and kept him in his dominion. However, Tekle Giyorgis is not fooled and he quickly understands Yohannes' intentions. Although having a much larger army in numbers, Tekle Giyorgis does not have the modern weapons which Yohannes have. In addition to that, his
450:
The story of the first half of his life is poorly documented. Even the date of his birth is uncertain; various sources place it between 1831 and 1837. The available sources merely indicate that he was the youngest of his siblings, that he had a seriously ailing childhood, that he received some church
1277:
at the hands of
Emperor Menelik II. The Tigrean nobility retained influence at the Imperial court of Menelik and his successors, although not at the level they enjoyed under Yohannes IV. The descendants of Yohannes ruled Tigray as hereditary Princes until the Ethiopian Revolution and the fall of the
582:. Napier refused but maintained the possibility, after the campaign, of military assistance which Yohannes and his 10,000 men greatly needed. On April 10, 1868, the expeditionary force arrived at the foot of Magdala and, three days later, after refusing to surrender to the British, the NÉgusĂ€ nĂ€gĂ€st
378:
which ended in
Tewodros' suicide, from which Yohannes was rewarded in ammunition and artillery. He regarded Islam as a hindrance to the stability of the state and worked to strengthen Christian dominance in Ethiopia. Its estimated that he had converted 550,000 Oromos and Jebertis to Christianity. In
890:
at Boru Meda later in 1878, which brought an end to the ongoing theological dispute in the local church; Christians, Muslims, and pagans were given respectively two, three and five years to conform to the council's decisions. Non-Christians were forbidden from participating in the government unless
606:
and rifles, ammunition, powder and 585,480 primers percussion. This armament is added to the already important arsenal of
Yohannes. After the Magdala expedition, the British disengaged completely and Yohannes' offers of cooperation were rejected or ignored. Even after his seizure of imperial power,
1572:
Throughout his reign, Yohannes demonstrated selfless devotion to the defense of the territorial integrity of
Ethiopian Empire against successive waves of external aggression, by Egyptians, Italians, and Mahdists Sudan. He also strove within the parameters of what was possible in his day to promote
1147:
Areya announced "that he was now old and done for, that his time had come, and it was useless at his age to serve another master that he knew little about, and it was better to die like a man fighting unbelievers, than like a mule in a stable." The Mahdists brought the Emperor's body back to their
1071:
Alula took it upon himself to attack Italian units that were on both sides of the ill-defined frontier between the two powers. Domestic problems increased when the Neguses of both Gojjam and Shewa rebelled against Yohannes, and the Emperor had to turn his attention from the encroaching Italians to
839:
The two armies met at Gundet (also called Guda-gude) on the morning of 16 November 1875. The Egyptians were tricked into marching into a narrow and steep valley and were wiped out by Ethiopian gunners surrounding the valley from the surrounding mountains. Virtually the entire Egyptian force, along
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and he fears their change of camp in favor of Yohannes. Thus, Tekle Giyorgis seeks the collaboration of Menelik in order to consolidate a purely numerical advantage. However, the Negus of Shewa refuses to join in the fight, preferring to see the two great Warlords confront each other and tire each
756:
towards Islam. Someone who knew him told me that if he saw a Muslim in the morning it would depress him so that he would immediately take the cross which he worships and put it over his face." During the council at Boru Meda, he summoned the major Oromo chiefs of Wollo. According to an Ethiopian
586:
committed suicide. Napier's victory and the ease with which the expedition reached Magdala was made possible by Yohannes. The British officers themselves admit that they were "lucky" to have obtained the cooperation of the leader of Tigray. A report written by one of the British officers stating
1138:
Areya was last seen standing alongside the box containing the king's body, after having expended all his ammunition, with his shield and sword in his hands, defending himself, till at last he was speared by a Dervish from behind, and died fighting gamely, "like the fine old warrior that he
1552:
and return to Shoa, in 1865. The submission of Menelik to Yohannes was not effected until 1878 after Yohannes gained substantial advantage over his rivals in terms of quality and quantity of firearms as a result of the booty gathered in his successive victories over the Egyptian army at
1234:
1269:. The death of Yohannes reduced the influence of Tigrayans in the Ethiopian government and opened the way for Italians to occupy more districts previously held by Tigrayan nobles. The seizures made by the Italians at this time ultimately resulted in the creation of the colony of
1256:
Mengesha as the son of Yohannes, having long known him as his nephew. Tigray was torn assunder by the rebellions of various members of the Emperor's family against Mengesha and each other. Menelik of Shewa took advantage of Tigrean disorder, and after the Italians occupied
1119:
Araya Selassie had died a few years earlier). He died hours later. Although the Ethiopian army had almost annihilated their opponents in this battle, hearing that their ruler had been slain shattered their morale and they were scattered by the nearly beaten Sudanese army.
506:
Tekle Giyorgis Qalos of Shire. Barya'u transferred his allegiance to KaĆa whom he served faithfully until he was killed in a battle some ten years later. Tekle Giyorgis (who had killed KaĆa's mother, Silass) fell in battle, and KaĆa subsequently assumed his title of
1528:
Desta Tedla Gualu, the newly appointed governor by Yohannes and submitted to Yohannes and asked for forgiveness, not only was he forgiven but he was given the command over Gojjam and eventually elevated as King of Gojjam and Keffa, under the name of Tekle Haymanot.
1569:) to Showan territory and eliminate the internal threat. Yohannes's priority, however, was to avert the external threat and he decided to face the Mahdists who had penetrated twice as far as Gonder and burnt the churches, pillaged the country, and enslaved people.
728:
By 1878, Yohannes was ready to tackle the problems by summoning a council at Boru Meda, Wollo. Most of the high dignitaries and notables of Ethiopia were present at the council. The leading theologians of the three major disputing groups of the EOC â
690:
in June 1882. Yohannes reprimanded both of them for fighting without his permission, punished them by taking away a province from the jurisdiction of each of them and defined the direction of territories to be conquered by each of the two kings.
451:
education, and that he was initiated to manhood after killing some wild animals (lions and/or elephants) for trophies. The first mention of his appearance in the political arena comes up in connection with his visit to the imperial court of
567:." After three hearings, Yohannes officially agrees to help Napier. This then facilitates the provisioning of the troops by installing markets near the main camp sites. Yohannes assures the British that he will help them âwith all power."
907:
Mohammed was siding with Muslim Affiliates of Turkey. After meeting with King Yohannes and in learning that if he were to assist the Turks, in the end, he and the rest of Ethiopia would become a slave to the Arab/Muslim world.
374:; having risen to power in the 1860s, he maintained the policy of Tewodros, that of continued unification and also implemented a policy of touring entire regions and meetings with governors. He assisted the British in their
486:
Salama who in 1867 wrote from prison to many notables condemning his perceived injustices of Tewodros. In any case, for some time he (together with his followers) retired to the eastern lowlands and found refuge among the
891:
they converted and were baptized; the Muslims were given three months, while the pagans had to become Christians immediately. "Having concluded that Wollo was worth a mass," as Harold Marcus wryly puts it, his retainer
611:, agrees to stay in Ethiopia to train the troops of Yohannes. He is responsible for training the troops of Yohannes and preparing them for the use of modern weapons received from the British. According to the Historian
1252:(the "natural" son of Yohannes) as Emperor, many of the dead monarch's other relatives on both the Enderta and Tembien sides of his family objected and went into open rebellion against Mengesha. Many refused to accept
1331:
by the King of Italy. However, following the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941, Haile Selassie Gugsa was placed under house arrest and regarded as a traitor. Emperor Haile Selassie refused to acknowledge the title of
831:
as a renegade province of Ethiopia, and Egyptian seizure of the Emirate was not welcomed to either of them. The Egyptians then marched into northern Ethiopia from their coastal possessions around the port of
685:
King of Gojjam and Kaffa in 1881 and encouraged them to expand their empire to the south, east, and west. However, this advice created rivalry between the two regional kings, which came to a climax in the
423:. He thus descended from the ruling families of Tembien, Agame, and Enderta. Yohannes Solomonic lineage is through his paternal grandmother Woizero Workewoha KaleKristoss of Adwa, the granddaughter of Ras
551:; as early as 1867, he presented himself, during a correspondence with the British, as ruler of Ethiopia. During the same year, a diplomatic dispute between Tewodros and the British government led the
1498:
The way he shared his authority with Menelik and Tekle Haymanot eventually resulted in undermining his own authority, but it contributed greatly to accelerating the process of reunification of the
1344:
regime in 1974 following the fall of the monarchy. He died shortly thereafter. There are other descendants of Emperor Yohannes IV in this "legitimate" line, but because of the wartime actions of
1409:, a granddaughter of Emperor Haile Selassie and is the current head of the Tigrean branch of the Solomonic dynasty. Mengesha Seyum is the last person alive today who bears the title of
607:
he failed to arouse the interest of the British. Nevertheless, the Napier expedition had an impact on the struggle for power; in addition to military equipment, a British instructor,
555:
in order to free the European captives imprisoned there by Tewodros. From February 1868, Yohannes came into contact with British officers, including the commander of the expedition,
1131:
Araya stood beside the body of his dead master with "a few of his soldiers and the bravest of the king's servants, who had lost their all, and had no more prospects to live for".
1072:
deal with his rebellious vassals. Yohannes brutally crushed the Gojjame rebellion, but before he could turn his attention to Shewa news arrived that the Mahdist forces had sacked
765:
ruined and misled it. Now let all, whether Muslim or Galla , believe in the name of Jesus Christ! If you wish to live in peace and preserve your belongings, become Christians.
1481:
A nobleman by birth, a cleric by education, a zealot by faith, moralist by tendency, a monk by practice, a nationalist by policy, and a soldier and emperor by profession
1573:
the welfare of his people. His devotion to his country and people culminated in the supreme sacrifice of his life at the border of his empire, in the Battle of Metemma.
1127:, who captured the sovereign's body. Augustus B. Wylde, who claimed to have heard the story from a priest who managed to escape the slaughter, wrote how Yohannes' uncle
1039:
to import weapons and ammunition in the event that Egypt was forced to withdraw from them. This was formalized in a treaty signed with the British at Adwa known as the
1027:
and at various posts in the south. Yohannes agreed to British requests to allow these Egyptian soldiers to evacuate through his lands, with the understanding that the
563:, a British explorer, to meet the ruler of Tigray. Yohannes is then perceived by James as a âweak and easily manipulated man, aspiring to become a great leader of the
852:. This victory was followed by Menelik's submission to Yohannes on 20 March 1878, and in return, Yohannes recognized Menelik's hereditary right to the title of King (
2728:
895:
Mohammed of Wollo became disobedient of the tax rules, which he and the entire Wollo refused to pay tax to the government in which Emperor Yohannes had discovered,
1067:
Yohannes attempted to work out some kind of understanding with the Italians, so he could turn his attention to the more pressing problem of the Mahdists, although
3577:
1581:"His Imperial Majesty John IV, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, za'imnaggada yÄ«hĆ«da, nigĆ«sa TSion, nigĆ«sa nagast za'Ä«tyĆáčáčyÄ, siyĆ«ma 'igzÄ«'a'bihÄr").
1405:
who served as Governor and hereditary Prince of Tigray until the 1974 Revolution toppled the Ethiopian monarchy. Ras Mengesha Seyoum is married to Princess
903:
Mohammed was brought to Emperor Yohannes and was confronted of his conspiracy in helping the Muslim colonizer and to bring down the Judeo Christian empire.
587:
that: âThe British army could not have reached Magdala during this season, without having received the help of the chiefs and the people of the countryâ.
1294:
1562:
1323:
Haile Selassie became the first high-ranking Ethiopian nobleman to defect to the Italians when the Fascist forces invaded Ethiopia. The people of
3567:
1382:) of all of Tigray in 1936. He commanded troops against the Italians, but was forced to surrender and spent most of the Italian occupation under
860:, and re-crowned him on 26 March. Yohannes took this opportunity to tie the Shewan King more closely to him by arranging for Menelik's daughter
2750:
1717:
1509:
721:
Yohannes inherited the empire encumbered with three religious questions which provoked him to seek a solution: the internal dissensions of the
436:
428:
2651:
1486:
467:, was bestowed upon KaĆa, who was subsequently assigned to administer a sub-district within the governorship of his elder brother, Gugsa.
3542:
725:(EOC), Islam, and Christian foreign missionary activities. He regarded all of them as menaces to the unity and stability of the state.
578:. In return, Yohannes asked Napier during a meeting on February 28, 1868, for the participation of British forces in his fight against
556:
1123:
Yohannes's body was carried back to Tigray guarded by a small party, who were overtaken by the Mahdist troops of Zeki Tummal near the
2758:
1099:
1048:
1286:
There are two lines of descent from Yohannes IV, one "legitimate" and one "natural." The legitimate line is through his elder son,
1554:
494:
Returning to the highlands, he raised more men and began his military campaign: in the years 1864â1867, he consecutively defeated
1558:
880:
3572:
1620:
1367:
Mengesha Yohannes ended his days under house arrest for his repeated rebelling against Emperor Menelik II. Ras Mengesha's son
1348:
Haile Selassie Gugsa, this branch of the family fell into disfavor at the Imperial court and lost its position and influence.
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2181:
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539:) Woldemichael Solomon who had actively participated in KaĆa's military campaign against the imperial officials in Tigray.
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1043:. According to the treaty, the Ethiopians would allow the Egyptians to safely evacuate out of certain cities such as
844:(7â9 March 1876), where the Ethiopians were led again by the Emperor, and his loyal general, the capable (and future
819:
flirted with encouraging Menelik of Shewa against the King, but earned Menelik's enmity by marching from the port of
1202:
1061:
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Gobez Gebre Medhin of Lasta against Tewodros and began to harass the imperial representatives on both sides of the
1691:
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Atnatewos. It was the first time that the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria had appointed four Bishops for Ethiopia.
630:
Wolde Maryam of Begemender and Fares Ali of Yejju. Yohannes however, refused to acknowledge the new metropolitan
552:
375:
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In return for the help that Yohannes provided the British, he received military equipment, estimated at 500,000
2501:
1448:
1198:
792:
3547:
2736:
800:
Throughout his reign, Yohannes was embroiled in military struggles on his northern frontiers. First was from
2770:
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1444:
1194:
491:, from which ethnic group he married a Muslim after she had been baptized with the name Tebaba Sellasie.
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1390:
Seyoum was restored to his governorate of Tigray, recognized as the hereditary Prince of that province.
1023:, his followers successfully drove part of the Egyptian garrisons out of Sudan and isolated the rest at
615:, the combination of new weapons and the training provided by John Kirkham determined the fight against
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773:(Tigrinya speaking Muslims) and 500,000 Oromos had been forced to convert to Christianity from Islam.
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Henze, Paul B. (2000). "Yohannes IV and Menelik II: The Empire Restored, Expanded, and Defended".
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644:, but was defeated and confined to Enda Abba Selma, Tembien, where he would die two years later.
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and burned its holy churches. He marched north from Gojjam to confront the armies of the Mahdi.
988:
872:
787:
470:
1762:
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King Menelik's ambition to seize the imperial crown was clearly evident since his escape from
1311:
who governed eastern Tigray in the 1930s and was married to Emperor Haile Selassie's daughter
1360:
1249:
899:
Mohammed was conspiring with the Turks the Ottoman empire because of his Muslim affiliation.
641:
160:
547:
The imperial ambitions of Behaile Selassie are consolidated towards the end of the reign of
363:
from 1869 to 1871. During his reign he successfully defended Ethiopia against a large-scale
3537:
3532:
1319:
Haile Selassie Gugsa's relationship with Emperor Haile Selassie deteriorated, and in 1936,
1308:
1301:
560:
1336:
granted to his former son-in-law by the King of Italy, and so he reverted to the title of
864:(the future Empress of Ethiopia in her own right), to be married to his own son and heir,
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in 1864â1865 in the company of his brothers, Gugsa and Maru. Gugsa was given the title of
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Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi
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took control of the port of Massawa, frustrating Ethiopian hopes and angering Yohannes.
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Haylu Tewolde Medhen, who contemplated resistance, was confined and replaced with
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first became governor of western Tigray, and following the treason of his cousin
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ransacked his house when this news was revealed. He was elevated to the title of
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420:
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Emperor Yohannes IV with his son and heir at right, Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes.
752:, a Sudanese official was reported stating "Yohannes is the most hateful of the
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Mengesha was actually his natural son, and named him his heir (his elder son
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Markos died shortly after arriving, so his diocese was included with that of
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Following the death of Tewodros, Gobeze Gebre Medhin, had himself crowned as
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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then chose to become a Christian to later inherit a Christian name (later
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The principle of Yohannes's internal policy was to continue the legacy of
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3125:
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which was his seat for a decade before he shifted the capital in 1881 to
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2255:"Ethiopian Treasures - Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema - Ethiopia"
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in Addis Ababa. Following the return of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1941,
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other. Finally, on 11 July 1871, Tekle Giyorgis confronted KaĆa in the
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Ethiopian Treasures â Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema â Ethiopia
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foreign policy, he had disagreements and military conflicts with both
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where both his father and grandfather bore the traditional title of
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Haggai Erlich. "Ras Alula and Tigray - Revisiting Modern History".
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Wax & gold : tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture
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Yohannes undertakes to protect the supply routes from the coast to
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167:
1155:
On 2 May of the same year 1889, Emperor Menelik signed then the
761:
We are your apostles. All this used to be Christian land until
705:
When Yohannes was crowned emperor he established his capital in
3061:
1513:
1073:
1024:
975:
948:
940:
674:
603:
2084:
Hancock, Graham; Pankhurst, Richard; Willetts, Duncan (1983).
1233:
1094:
An Amharic inscription remembering Yohannes IV's call to arms.
971:
World heads of state in 1889. Yohannes is first from the left.
713:, but he still retained Debre Tabor as his primary residence.
419:
Demtsu of Enderta and Tabotu Woldu of Agame, hence a niece of
3272:
3258:
3202:
2997:
2983:
2448:"The Martyred King of Kings: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia"
2404:"The Martyred King of Kings: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia"
1008:
932:
857:
828:
824:
820:
808:
749:
356:
1621:"Giovanni IV Imperatore d'Etiopia in "Dizionario di Storia""
1159:
with the Italians which later on led to the Battle of Adwa.
879:, in 1878 Yohannes was at the high point of his reign. (See
626:
Tekle Giyorgis II. He successfully suppressed rebellions of
1993:
1537:
1394:
Seyoum Mengesha was killed during the abortive coup by the
1341:
827:
on 11 October 1875. Both Menelik and Yohannes had regarded
2349:"Review of Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: A Political Biography"
1647:"A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans"
2083:
886:
Emperor Yohannes also convened a general council of the
1934:, Londres, 1870, ii. 95-6; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
2534:
Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (11 April 2013).
2276:(2nd ed.). Oxford : James Curry. pp. 56â59.
2173:
The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile
2157:
The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile
1928:
Report from the Select Committee on the Abyssinian War
1760:
1031:
would then support his claims on important ports like
3476:
2474:
1913:, Londres, 1870, ii. 50; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1896:, Londres, 1870, i. 416; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1879:, Londres, 1870, i. 415; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1844:, Londres, 1870, i. 396; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1827:, Londres, 1870, i. 394; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
748:
Yohannes was known to harbor deep resentment towards
3454:
During that time, the imperial title was claimed by
2322:"Text of Wuchale Treaty | 1889 Ethio-Italian Treaty"
2231:
The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844â1913
2045:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1982:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1936:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1915:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1898:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1881:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1864:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1846:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1829:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1812:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
987:, Grand General of Yohannes IV, participated in the
415:, while his mother, Silas Dimtsu, was a daughter of
1951:, University of California Press, 2002, p. 72.
1909:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1892:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1875:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1840:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1823:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1798:, University of California Press, 2002, p. 71.
1693:
Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture
1011:(a prophesied Islamic leader who would precede the
1750:. Vol. 5: Y-Z. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 73.
1718:"Kassa Mercha - Yohannes IV (John IV) Throne name"
2661:Imperial Ethiopia Homepages â Emperor Yohannes IV
2576:(1st ed.). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
2047:, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, p. 34.
2039:
2037:
1866:, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, p. 31.
1858:
1856:
1854:
1814:, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, p. 30.
1505:Early in his career after he defeated and seized
3524:
2618:Lewis, David Levering (1987). "Pawns of Pawns".
2233:. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. pp. 57â59.
1941:
1806:
1804:
1788:
1524:Adal of Gojjam, after he killed his own cousin,
1265:Alula) he was proclaimed Emperor of Ethiopia as
3448:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the
2571:
1980:, 27 juillet 1871; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1293:. Araya Selassie Yohannes was born to his wife
407:, Yohannes descended from the ruling family of
2574:Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: A Political Biography
2034:
1851:
26:
3578:Ethiopian military personnel killed in action
2744:
2533:
2477:Yohannes IV of Ethiopia A Political Biography
2445:
2401:
1801:
1653:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 63â78.
1651:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1315:. However, following the death of his wife,
1261:, (a district Yohannes IV had bestowed upon
443:. Therefore Yohannes is descendent from the
2303:
2301:
2271:
2134:. Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
1959:
1957:
1201:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1060:on 23 September 1885. About the same time,
1047:, which aggravated the Mahdists even more.
439:, who was a Solomonic prince and nephew of
2751:
2737:
2592:Chronicle of Emperor Yohannes IV (1872-89)
1967:, James Currey, Londres, 2002, p. 49.
1281:
1241:Although a group of Tigrean nobles led by
519:. He defeated the governors of Selewa and
370:In his earlier years, he rebelled against
238:
35:
2430:
2148:
1467:Learn how and when to remove this message
1297:. The son of Araya Selassie Yohannes was
1221:Learn how and when to remove this message
1143:According to Wylde, as he saw death come
1056:defeated an invading Mahdist army at the
781:
769:It is estimated that by 1880 some 50,000
347:; 11 July 1837 â 10 March 1889) was
2580:
2298:
2176:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 73.
2127:
2000:. Vol. 6. OUP USA. pp. 5â164.
1954:
1689:
1531:
1245:Alula attempted to promote the claim of
1232:
1089:
974:
966:
791:
693:
651:
469:
398:
2499:
2274:A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991
1987:
1965:A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991
1378:Haile Selassie Gugsa, became Governor (
1363:and is the better-known line. Although
881:Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
741:(prevalent in Begemeder and Shewa) and
3568:Ethiopian Oriental Orthodox Christians
3525:
2583:The Survival of Ethiopian Independence
2228:
2216:"01. The Reign of Emperor Yohannes IV"
2169:
2110:
2056:
1994:Akyeampong, E.K.; Gates, H.L. (2012).
1754:
1690:Mekonnen, Yohannes (29 January 2013).
1356:The second, "natural" line is through
1106:that took place on 9â10 March 1889 in
677:, Gojjam, Wollo and Shewa. He crowned
656:The conquests of Yohannes IV, Emperor
351:from 1871 to his death in 1889 at the
2732:
2617:
2601:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
2598:
2346:
2029:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
1976:John C. Kirkham, lettre Ă lâĂ©diteur,
1932:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1911:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1894:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1877:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1842:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1825:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1745:
1644:
1489:, Chronicle of Yohannes, Introduction
1398:in 1960 and was succeeded by his son
574:and to repress those who disturb the
16:Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to 1889
2622:. New York: Olympic Marketing Corp.
2063:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 385.
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1449:adding citations to reliable sources
1420:
1351:
1199:adding citations to reliable sources
1166:
698:Atse Yohannes IV castle (museum) in
511:. KaĆa then formed an alliance with
2500:Milkias, Paulos (2 December 2017).
2131:Muslim societies in African history
2128:Robinson, David (12 January 2004).
1278:monarchy in 1974 ended their rule.
716:
13:
2565:
2154:
2031:(New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 146
1696:. Yohannes Mekonnen. p. 265.
1638:
1520:Birru, also held important posts.
1313:Princess Zenebework Haile Selassie
723:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
647:
635:troops include many soldiers from
14:
3594:
3543:19th-century emperors of Ethiopia
2637:
2589:
2537:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1926:Great Britain, House of Commons,
1761:Prunier, G.; Ficquet, Ă. (2015).
1728:
962:
811:, who sought to bring the entire
776:
757:chronicler, Yohannes told them:
3510:
3498:
3486:
2760:
2603:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1425:
1171:
823:and occupying the city-state of
542:
502:Barya'u Gebre Sadeq of Adwa and
2572:Gabre-Sellassie, Zewde (1975).
2527:
2493:
2468:
2439:
2424:
2395:
2340:
2314:
2265:
2247:
2222:
2208:
2190:
2163:
2121:
2104:
2077:
2050:
2021:
1997:Dictionary of African Biography
1970:
1920:
1903:
1886:
1869:
1834:
1817:
1436:needs additional citations for
1273:and the defeat of Italy at the
474:Portrait of Emperor Yohannes IV
376:British expedition to Abyssinia
2585:. Heinemann Educational Books.
2475:Zewde Gabre-Sellassie (2014).
2311:(London: Methuen, 1901), p. 43
2111:Levine, Donald Nathan (1965).
1710:
1683:
1613:
1591:
1162:
478:Shortly after their return to
1:
3573:Ethiopian Orthodox Christians
1584:
1576:
3563:People of the Abyssinian War
2259:www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk
733:(predominant in the north),
54:11 July 1871 â 10 March 1889
7:
2921:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I)
2090:. Ăditions HL. p. 88.
1659:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4
1304:. His son was the infamous
1098:Yohannes was killed by the
403:On the side of his father,
203:Silass Dimtsu of Chelekot,
10:
3599:
3450:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2935:Eskender (Kwestantinos II)
2229:Marcus, Harold G. (1995).
1083:
815:basin under his rule. The
785:
681:King of Shewa in 1878 and
447:of the Solomonic Dynasty.
3558:People from Tigray Region
3553:Monarchs killed in action
3430:
3359:
3099:
3014:
2807:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I)
2787:
2778:
2717:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2668:
2557:– via Google Books.
2523:– via Google Books.
2365:10.1017/S0041977X00044207
1416:
997:First Italo-Ethiopian War
310:(lit. "Our master" (pl.))
300:
292:
277:
269:
256:
246:
237:
224:
210:
196:
178:
166:
150:
139:
119:
92:
88:
78:
68:
58:
50:
43:
34:
27:
23:
1748:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
1746:Uhlig, Siegbert (2014).
1079:
2581:Rubenson, Sven (1976).
2347:Demoz, Abraham (1977).
2057:Briggs, Philip (2018).
1291:Araya Selassie Yohannes
1282:Araya Selassie Yohannes
1021:long and violent revolt
1007:proclaimed himself the
553:expedition to Abyssinia
463:. The lowest title, of
231:Yohannes IV of Ethiopia
2654:4 October 2009 at the
2594:(in Geez and English).
2170:Erlikh, កagai (2002).
1545:
1536:Yohannes' monument in
1483:
1340:. He was freed by the
1238:
1095:
1000:
989:Egyptian-Ethiopian War
972:
924:Petros as Archbishop,
873:Egyptian-Ethiopian War
797:
788:Egyptian-Ethiopian War
782:War with Ottoman Egypt
767:
702:
665:
475:
2087:Under Ethiopian Skies
1949:A History of Ethiopia
1796:A History of Ethiopia
1535:
1479:
1236:
1093:
1084:Further information:
978:
970:
795:
786:Further information:
759:
697:
655:
473:
399:Origin and early life
284:Your Imperial Majesty
3548:Emperors of Ethiopia
2767:Emperors of Ethiopia
2272:Bahru Zewde (2001).
2202:ethiopianhistory.com
1724:on 25 November 2022.
1445:improve this article
1309:Haile Selassie Gugsa
1302:Gugsa Araya Selassie
1195:improve this section
602:, approximately 900
561:James Augustus Grant
391:during the latter's
264:His Imperial Majesty
3459:Victor Emmanuel III
2711:Emperor of Ethiopia
2620:The Race to Fashoda
2540:. Scarecrow Press.
2455:www.africanidea.org
2446:Ghelawdewos Araia.
2411:www.africanidea.org
2402:Ghelawdewos Araia.
2307:Augustus B. Wylde,
459:, and Maru that of
349:Emperor of Ethiopia
307:Our Lord (familiar)
45:Emperor of Ethiopia
3101:Era of the Princes
2043:Harold G. Marcus,
1947:Harold G. Marcus,
1862:Harold G. Marcus,
1810:Harold G. Marcus,
1794:Harold G. Marcus,
1546:
1396:Imperial Bodyguard
1239:
1104:Battle of Gallabat
1096:
1086:Battle of Gallabat
1001:
973:
798:
703:
666:
559:, who sends Major
476:
405:Mercha Wolde Kidan
385:Khedivate of Egypt
353:Battle of Gallabat
215:Ethiopian Orthodox
186:Mercha Wolde Kidan
157:Ras Araya Selassie
3474:
3473:
3466:Emperor-in-exile.
3379:Tekle Giyorgis II
3133:Tekle Haymanot II
3119:Tekle Haymanot II
2789:Solomonic dynasty
2727:
2726:
2718:Succeeded by
2704:Tekle Giyorgis II
2675:Solomonic dynasty
2479:. Red Sea Press.
2183:978-1-55587-970-9
2097:978-0-946825-00-4
2070:978-1-78477-099-0
1703:978-1-4823-1117-4
1668:978-3-030-04954-6
1645:Smidt, W (2019).
1477:
1476:
1469:
1361:Mengesha Yohannes
1352:Mengesha Yohannes
1250:Mengesha Yohannes
1231:
1230:
1223:
1157:Treaty of Wuchale
594:, including: six
557:Sir Robert Napier
365:Egyptian invasion
316:
315:
311:
293:Alternative style
288:
287:(lit. "O royal")
220:
219:
73:Tekle Giyorgis II
3590:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3467:
3462:
3440:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3266:Baeda Maryam III
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3231:Tekle Giyorgis I
3226:
3219:
3212:
3210:Tekle Giyorgis I
3205:
3198:
3191:
3189:Tekle Giyorgis I
3184:
3177:
3175:Tekle Giyorgis I
3170:
3163:
3161:Tekle Giyorgis I
3156:
3149:
3147:Tekle Giyorgis I
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3048:Tekle Haymanot I
3043:
3036:
3029:
3016:Gondarine period
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2802:
2765:
2764:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2701:Preceded by
2691:
2684:
2666:
2665:
2633:
2614:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2328:. 17 August 2011
2318:
2312:
2309:Modern Abyssinia
2305:
2296:
2295:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1907:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1849:
1838:
1832:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1726:
1725:
1720:. Archived from
1714:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1500:Ethiopian Empire
1490:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1429:
1421:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1175:
1167:
1013:Day of Judgement
888:Ethiopian Church
871:. Victor of the
717:Religious policy
688:Battle of Embabo
565:Ethiopian Empire
433:Empress Mentewab
309:
302:
286:
279:
258:
242:
232:
227:
222:
221:
173:House of Solomon
126:
114:Ethiopian Empire
102:
100:
39:
30:
29:
21:
20:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3453:
3443:
3434:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3361:Modern Ethiopia
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3182:Baeda Maryam II
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3041:Iyasu the Great
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2816:: Senfa Ared IV
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2774:
2759:
2757:
2723:
2714:
2706:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2656:Wayback Machine
2640:
2630:
2611:
2568:
2566:Further reading
2563:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2299:
2284:
2270:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2155:Erlikh, កagai.
2153:
2149:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2027:Paul B. Henze,
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1925:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1755:
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1372:Seyoum Mengesha
1354:
1295:Wolete Selassie
1284:
1227:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1192:
1176:
1165:
1088:
1082:
1058:Battle of Kufit
1015:), and incited
965:
918:Mikael of Wollo
875:and undisputed
790:
784:
779:
719:
650:
648:Internal policy
609:John C. Kirkham
592:Pounds sterling
545:
441:Emperor Bakaffa
421:Sabagadis Woldu
401:
327:Rabaiy YĆáž„Ännes
308:
306:
285:
283:
262:
248:Reference style
230:
228:
225:
159:
146:Tibebe Selassie
128:
124:
104:
98:
96:
64:12 January 1872
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3596:
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3583:Dogu'a Tembien
3580:
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3410:
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2924:
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2910:
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2638:External links
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1478:
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1005:Muhammad Ahmad
964:
963:War with Sudan
961:
869:Araya Selassie
842:Battle of Gura
783:
780:
778:
777:Foreign policy
775:
718:
715:
683:Tekle Haymanot
649:
646:
642:Battle of Adwa
617:Tekle Giyorgis
580:Wagshum Gobeze
544:
541:
521:Kilte Awulaelo
498:Gebre Mikael,
431:, daughter of
400:
397:
389:Muhammad Ahmad
345:Kahssai Mercha
336:also known as
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3301:Gebre Krestos
3298:
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3287:Gebre Krestos
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2942:Amda Seyon II
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2865:Newaya Maryam
2862:
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2690:10 March 1889
2689:
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2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2629:1-55584-058-2
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2610:0-312-22719-1
2606:
2602:
2597:
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2575:
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2569:
2549:
2547:9780810874572
2543:
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2538:
2530:
2515:
2513:9781598842579
2509:
2505:
2504:
2496:
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2486:9781569020432
2482:
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2283:9780821445723
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2242:
2240:1-56902-010-8
2236:
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2217:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2198:"Yohannes IV"
2193:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2159:. p. 73.
2158:
2151:
2143:
2141:9780521533669
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2046:
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2038:
2030:
2024:
2009:
2007:9780195382075
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1984:, p. 33.
1983:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1963:Bahru Zewde,
1960:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1938:, p. 32.
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1917:, p. 31.
1916:
1912:
1906:
1900:, p. 31.
1899:
1895:
1889:
1883:, p. 31.
1882:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1848:, p. 30.
1847:
1843:
1837:
1831:, p. 30.
1830:
1826:
1820:
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1807:
1805:
1797:
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1776:
1774:9781849046183
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1440:
1439:
1434:This section
1432:
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1423:
1422:
1414:
1412:
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1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
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1385:
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1196:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1180:This section
1178:
1174:
1169:
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1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1041:Hewett Treaty
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Turkish Sudan
1014:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
986:
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969:
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889:
884:
882:
878:
877:Neguse Negest
874:
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867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:Isma'il Pasha
803:
794:
789:
774:
772:
766:
764:
758:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
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692:
689:
684:
680:
676:
671:
663:
659:
654:
645:
643:
638:
633:
629:
625:
624:nÉgusĂ€ nĂ€gĂ€st
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:Rise to power
540:
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530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
485:
481:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
448:
446:
445:Gondar-Branch
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:and his wife
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:Isma'il Pasha
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
344:
339:
335:
332:
328:
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320:
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209:
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199:
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181:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
158:
155:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:Mahdist Sudan
131:
123:10 March 1889
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
33:
22:
19:
3456:Italian King
3385:
3350:Sahle Dengel
3343:Yohannes III
3336:Sahle Dengel
3329:Yohannes III
3322:Sahle Dengel
3315:Yohannes III
3308:Sahle Dengel
3294:Sahle Dengel
3245:Egwale Seyon
2977:Sarsa Dengel
2907:Sarwe Iyasus
2900:Takla Maryam
2851:Amda Seyon I
2800:Yekuno Amlak
2709:
2687:
2683:11 July 1837
2680:
2673:
2670:Yohannes IV
2619:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2551:. Retrieved
2536:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2506:. ABC-CLIO.
2502:
2495:
2476:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:
2397:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:Horn Affairs
2325:
2316:
2308:
2273:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2230:
2224:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2130:
2123:
2113:
2106:
2086:
2079:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2028:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1795:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1763:
1756:
1747:
1722:the original
1712:
1692:
1685:
1650:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1601:. Rulers.org
1593:
1580:
1571:
1547:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:Gabre Mikael
1506:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1463:
1454:
1443:Please help
1438:verification
1435:
1410:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1384:house arrest
1379:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1298:
1287:
1285:
1262:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1217:
1211:January 2021
1208:
1193:Please help
1181:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1125:Atbara River
1122:
1116:
1112:
1097:
1068:
1066:
1054:Alula Engida
1049:
1002:
985:Alula Engida
980:
956:
952:
944:
936:
925:
921:
913:
910:Ras Mohammed
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
865:
853:
850:Alula Engida
845:
838:
799:
768:
760:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:
720:
704:
667:
664:in 1879â1889
660:and general
631:
627:
623:
621:
589:
569:
546:
536:
532:
528:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
493:
483:
477:
464:
460:
456:
449:
437:Melmal Iyasu
425:Mikael Sehul
416:
412:
402:
369:
342:
341:
337:
333:
326:
318:
317:
303:
280:
270:Spoken style
259:
229:
200:
189:
182:
161:Ras Mengesha
143:
125:(1889-03-10)
103:11 July 1837
24:Yohannes IV
18:
3538:1889 deaths
3533:1837 births
3386:Yohannes IV
3372:Tewodros II
3364:(1855â1974)
3217:Salomon III
3196:Salomon III
3126:Susenyos II
3112:Yohannes II
3104:(1769â1855)
3019:(1632â1769)
2914:Amda Iyasus
2826:Qedma Asgad
2821:Hezba Asgad
2792:(1270â1632)
2781:Family tree
2644:Yohannes IV
2460:25 November
2416:25 November
1625:Treccani.it
1487:Bairu Tafla
1163:Descendants
1148:capital at
993:Mahdist War
947:Markos for
796:Yohannes IV
754:Abyssinians
707:Debre Tabor
670:Tewodros II
613:Bahru Zewde
584:Tewodros II
549:Tewodros II
517:Mareb River
453:Tewodros II
429:Aster Iyasu
413:ĆĄum Tembien
393:Mahdist War
372:Tewodros II
334:Abba Bezbiz
319:Yohannes IV
69:Predecessor
3527:Categories
3393:Menelik II
3140:Salomon II
3034:Yohannes I
3005:Susenyos I
2963:Gelawdewos
2879:Tewodros I
2844:Wedem Arad
2836:Saba Asgad
2721:Menelik II
2715:1871â1889
2553:2 December
2519:2 December
2332:2 December
1630:2 December
1605:2 December
1585:References
1577:Full title
1544:, Ethiopia
1507:Dejazmatch
1457:April 2021
1407:Aida Desta
1376:Dejazmatch
1346:Dejazmatch
1338:Dejazmatch
1321:Dejazmatch
1317:Dejazmatch
1267:Menelik II
995:, and the
939:Luqas for
813:Nile River
739:Ćost LÉdĂ€t
496:ĆĄum seraye
465:balambaras
461:fitâawrari
331:horse name
325:: áźááá” áŹá
192:of Tembien
183:Dejazmatch
99:1837-07-11
83:Menelik II
60:Coronation
3446:1936â1941
3400:Lij Iyasu
3154:Iyasu III
3069:Dawit III
3027:Fasilides
2991:Za Dengel
2831:Jin Asgad
2389:154015214
2373:0041-977X
2013:8 January
1978:The Times
1780:8 January
1767:. Hurst.
1677:199170267
1599:"Index Y"
1567:Blue Nile
1518:Dejazmach
1306:Dejazmach
1182:does not
817:Egyptians
662:Ras Alula
600:howitzers
576:telegraph
226:Styles of
79:Successor
3505:Monarchy
3493:Ethiopia
3444:Between
3280:Iyasu IV
3252:Iyoas II
3238:Demetros
3224:Demetros
3168:Hezqeyas
3083:Iyasu II
3055:Tewoflos
2956:Dawit II
2893:Andreyas
2886:Yeshaq I
2652:Archived
2503:Ethiopia
2292:70782212
2060:Ethiopia
1411:Leul Ras
1259:Hamasien
1150:Omdurman
771:Jebertis
533:dĂ€jazmaÄ
529:dĂ€jazmaÄ
525:Hamasien
509:dĂ€jazmaÄ
504:dĂ€jazmaÄ
500:dĂ€jazmaÄ
457:dĂ€jazmaÄ
323:Tigrinya
253:Tigrinya
211:Religion
130:Gallabat
106:May Baha
3517:History
3479:Portals
3437:crowned
3407:Zewditu
3090:Iyoas I
3076:Bakaffa
2872:Dawit I
2433:Ityopis
1550:MÀqdalÀ
1325:Mekelle
1271:Eritrea
1203:removed
1188:sources
1108:Metemma
1102:at the
1100:Mahdits
1045:Kassala
1037:Red Sea
1035:on the
1033:Massawa
1019:into a
929:Matewos
862:Zewditu
834:Massawa
802:Khedive
711:Mekelle
700:Mekelle
679:Menelik
658:Menelik
604:muskets
596:mortars
572:Magdala
535:(later
513:wag ĆĄum
417:balgÀda
409:Tembien
383:of the
340:; born
338:KahĆsai
312:yohanes
304:getochu
297:Amharic
281:djÄnhoi
274:Amharic
260:girmÄwÄ«
205:Enderta
201:Woizero
168:Dynasty
144:Woizero
110:Tembien
28:áźááá” áŹá
3435:Never
3062:Yostos
2686:
2626:
2607:
2544:
2510:
2483:
2387:
2381:615300
2379:
2371:
2290:
2280:
2237:
2180:
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2094:
2067:
2004:
1771:
1700:
1675:
1665:
1555:Gundet
1542:Tigray
1514:Seraye
1417:Legacy
1074:Gondar
1025:Suakin
991:, the
949:Gondar
941:Gojjam
675:Sayint
637:Tigray
598:, six
480:Tigray
361:Tigray
355:, and
197:Mother
179:Father
140:Spouse
3273:Gigar
3259:Gigar
3203:Yonas
2998:Yaqob
2984:Yaqob
2970:Menas
2949:Na'od
2688:Died:
2681:Born:
2451:(PDF)
2407:(PDF)
2385:S2CID
2377:JSTOR
1673:S2CID
1559:Gurae
1139:was".
1080:Death
1062:Italy
1009:Mahdi
1003:When
957:Abuna
953:Abuna
945:Abuna
937:Abuna
933:Shewa
926:Abuna
922:Abuna
914:Negus
858:Shewa
856:) of
854:Negus
829:Harar
825:Harar
821:Zeila
809:Egypt
763:Gragn
750:Islam
743:QÉbat
735:SĂ€gga
731:Karra
632:abunÀ
523:. In
484:abunÀ
152:Issue
51:Reign
2814:Sons
2771:List
2624:ISBN
2605:ISBN
2555:2017
2542:ISBN
2521:2017
2508:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2462:2022
2418:2022
2369:ISSN
2334:2019
2288:OCLC
2278:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2015:2017
2002:ISBN
1782:2017
1769:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1632:2017
1607:2017
1557:and
1538:Axum
1380:Shum
1342:Derg
1186:any
1184:cite
943:and
931:for
489:Afar
435:and
387:and
357:king
278:áááá
257:áááá
190:Shum
120:Died
93:Born
2361:doi
1655:doi
1526:Ras
1522:Ras
1512:of
1447:by
1400:Ras
1392:Ras
1388:Ras
1369:Ras
1365:Ras
1358:Ras
1334:Ras
1329:Ras
1299:Ras
1288:Ras
1263:Ras
1254:Ras
1247:Ras
1243:Ras
1197:by
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1136:Ras
1129:Ras
1117:Ras
1113:Ras
1069:Ras
1050:Ras
981:Ras
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901:Ras
897:Ras
893:Ras
883:).
866:Ras
846:Ras
807:of
737:or
628:ras
537:ras
359:of
343:Lij
301:áá¶áč
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2036:^
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