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monotheism, developed arts, invented science and gave the world a stunning administration. These factors enabled the
Egyptians to survive while other cultures and nations withered and died ... Throughout history Egyptians have felt that their mission is to tend to life. They were proud to turn the land green, to make it blossom with life. The other thing is that Egyptians invented morality long before the major religions appeared on earth. Morality is not just a system for control but a protection against chaos and death ... Egypt gave Islam a new voice. It didn't change the basic tenets of Islam, but its cultural weight gave Islam a new voice, one it didn't have back in Arabia. Egypt embraced an Islam that was moderate, tolerant and non-extremist. Egyptians are very pious, but they know how to mix piety with joy, just as their ancestors did centuries ago. Egyptians celebrate religious occasions with flair. For them, religious festivals and the month of Ramadan are occasions to celebrate life.
1334:, and more than two-fifths of the population lives in urban areas. Along the Nile, the population density is one of the highest in the world, in excess of 5,000 persons per square mile (1,900 persons/km) in a number of riverine governorates. The rapidly growing population is young, with roughly one-third of the total under age 15 and about three-fifths under 30. In response to the strain put on Egypt's economy by the country's burgeoning population, a national family planning program was initiated in 1964, and by the 1990s it had succeeded in lowering the birth rate. Improvements in health care also brought the infant mortality rate well below the world average by the turn of the 21st century. Life expectancy averages about 72 years for men and 74 years for women. Egyptians also form smaller minorities in neighboring countries, North America, Europe and Australia.
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contributions from the
Arabian peninsula rather than Levant for their Non-African genetic component. The study also found that Egyptian Muslims and Sudanese Copts are genetically most similar to Middle Eastern groups rather than the other African populations, and they estimated the Admixture date for Egyptians with Eurasians to have occurred around the 14th century, however the authors noted that "most, if not all, of the populations in this study have or have had admixture with populations from the Middle East during the Arab expansion, and this newer admixture is obscuring older admixture patterns". The study overall points that the distribution of eurasian ancestry in modern eastern and northeast Africa is the result of more recent migrations that many of which is recorded in historical texts rather than ancient ones.
6374:, an Egyptologist at University College London, expressed caution about the paper by Schuenemann et al. (2017), saying that "There has been this very strong attempt throughout the history of Egyptology to disassociate ancient Egyptians from the modern population." He added that he was "particularly suspicious of any statement that may have the unintended consequences of asserting—yet again from a Northern European or North American perspective—that there's a discontinuity there ". Gourdine et al. criticised the methodology of the Scheunemann et al. study and argued that the Sub-Saharan "genetic affinities" may be attributed to "early settlers" and "the relevant Sub-Saharan genetic markers" do not correspond with the geography of known trade routes".
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pointing to the perceived failures of Arab and pan-Arab nationalist policies. Egyptian anthropologist Laila el-Hamamsy illustrates the modern-day relationship between the two trends, stating: "in light of their history, Egyptians ... should be conscious of their national identity and consider themselves, above all, Egyptians. How is the
Egyptian, with this strong sense of Egyptian identity, able to look himself as an Arab too?" Her explanation is that Egyptianization translated as Arabization with the result being "an increased tempo of Arabization, for facility in the Arabic language opened the windows into the rich legacy of Arabic culture. ... Thus in seeking a cultural identity, Egypt has revived its Arab cultural heritage."
2359:(AD 1258–1517) as a whole were, some of the most enlightened rulers of Egypt, not only in the arts and in providing for the welfare of their subjects, but also in many other ways, such as efficient organisation of law and order and postal services, and the building of canals, roads, bridges and aqueducts. Though turbulent, often treacherous and brutal in their feuds, and politically and economically inept, the later Mameluks maintained the splendour and artistic traditions of their predecessors. The reign of Kait Bey (1468–1496) was one of high achievement in architecture, showing great refinement of taste in the building of elegant tombs, mosques and palaces. It was a period in which learning flourished.
10468:"There is no evidence, no archaeological signal, for a mass migration (settler colonization)" into Egypt from southwest Asia at the time of the writing. Core Egyptian culture was well established. A total peopling of Egypt at this time from the Near East would have meant the mass migration of Semitic speakers. The ancient Egyptian language - using the usual academic language taxonomy - is a branch within Afroasiatic with one member (not counting place of origin/urheimat is within Africa, using standard linguistic criteria based on the locale of greatest diversity, deepest branches, and least moves accounting for its five or six branches or sevem, if Ongota is counted".
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haplogroup J, and one to haplogroup E1b1b1 common in North Africa. The absolute estimates of sub-Saharan
African ancestry in these three individuals ranged from 6 to 15%, which is slightly less than the level of sub-Saharan African ancestry in modern Egyptians (the modern Egyptian samples were taken from Cairo and the Bahariya Oasis), which ranged from 14 to 21%. The ranges depend on the method and choice of reference populations. The study's authors cautioned that the mummies may not be representative of the ancient Egyptian population as a whole, since they were recovered from the northern part of middle Egypt.
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about the male-lineage variation in North Africa: "The lineages that are most prevalent in North Africa are distinct from those in the regions to the immediate north and south: Europe and sub-Saharan Africa ... two haplogroups predominate within North Africa, together making up almost two-thirds of the male lineages: E3b2 and J* (42% and 20%, respectively). E3b2 is rare outside North Africa, and is otherwise known only from Mali, Niger, and Sudan to the immediate south, and the Near East and
Southern Europe at very low frequencies. Haplogroup J reaches its highest frequencies in the Middle East".
7343:"Owlad-el-Beled, which signify People of Masr, Children of. Masr, and Children of the Town : the singular forms of these appellations are "Maasree, "Ibn-Masr," and "Ibn-el-Beled." Of these three terms, the last is most common in the town itself. The country people are called "El-Fellaheen" (or the agriculturists), in the singular" Fellah. P4 |quote=The modern Egyptian metropolis, to the inhabitants of which most of the contents of the following pages relate, is now called " Masr", more properly, "Misr" but was formerly named " El-Kahireh;" whence Europeans have formed the name of Cairo"
76:
3400:. This is because Egyptian movies and Egyptian music have been the most influential in the region and are therefore the most widespread, and also because of the political and cultural influence Egypt has on the region. As a result, most of the countries in the region have grown up listening to Egyptian Arabic and therefore have no trouble understanding it, even though they actually speak their own, but they tend to adopt many elements of Egyptian Arabic. This situation is not reciprocal, however, meaning that the Egyptians do not understand any of the dialects of the region.
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among
Egyptian Nationalists , who sought to revive the Pharaonic culture as the main pre-Islamic/pre-Christian civilization of Egypt. Questions of identity came to fore in the late 19th century and in the 20th century as Egyptians sought to free themselves from British occupation, leading to the rise of ethno-territorial secular Egyptian nationalism (also known as "Pharaonism"). After Egyptians gained their independence from Great Britain, other political ideologies that were rejected earlier by the Egyptians, such as
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River Valley. We collected 81 tooth, hair, bone, and soft tissue samples from 14 mummies and 17 skeletal remains. The samples span approximately 4000 years of
Egyptian history and originate from six different excavation sites covering the whole length of the Egyptian Nile River Valley. NGS 127 based ancient DNA 8 were applied to reconstruct 18 high-quality mitochondrial genomes from 10 different individuals. The determined mitochondrial haplogroups match the results from our Abusir el-Meleq study.
9076:"Before Nasser, Egypt, which had been ruled by Britain since 1882, was more in favor of territorial, Egyptian nationalism and distant from the pan-Arab ideology. Egyptians generally did not identify themselves as Arabs, and it is revealing that when the Egyptian nationalist leader met the Arab delegates at Versailles in 1918, he insisted that their struggles for statehood were not connected, claiming that the problem of Egypt was an Egyptian problem and not an Arab one." Makropoulou, Ifigenia.
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Crescent back into Africa with the spread of agriculture over the past 10,000 years, and migrations in the seventh century with the spread of Islam from the
Arabian Peninsula. The East African component likely reflects localized movement up the navigable Nile River, while the Southern Europe and Asia Minor components reflect the geographic and historical role of Egypt as a historical player in the economic and cultural growth across the Mediterranean region.
6358:(mtDNA) sequences were obtained for 90 of the mummies and were compared with each other and with several other ancient and modern datasets. The scientists found that the ancient Egyptian individuals in their own dataset possessed highly similar mitochondrial profiles throughout the examined period. Modern Egyptians generally shared this maternal haplogroup pattern. The study was able to measure the mitochondrial DNA of 90 individuals, and it showed that the
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1735:'. The Egyptians also celebrated life, as is shown by tomb reliefs and inscriptions, papyri and other sources depicting Egyptians farming, conducting trade expeditions, hunting, holding festivals, attending parties and receptions with their pet dogs, cats and monkeys, dancing and singing, enjoying food and drink, and playing games. The ancient Egyptians were also known for their engaging sense of humor, much like their modern descendants.
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1966:
1381:, is reflected in sights, sounds and atmosphere that are meaningful to all Egyptians. Dominating the intangible pull of Egypt is the ever present Nile, which is more than a constant backdrop. Its varying colors and changing water levels signal the coming and going of the Nile flood that sets the rhythm of farming in a rainless country and holds the attention of all Egyptians. No Egyptian is ever far from his river and, except for the
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2817:. Saad Zaghloul was born in a small Egyptian village, he held several ministerial positions before he was elected to the Legislative Assembly and organized a mass movement demanding an end to the British Protectorate. He garnered such massive popularity among the Egyptian people that he came to be known as 'Father of the Egyptians'. When on March 8, 1919, the British arrested Zaghloul and his associates and exiled them to
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2238:. The greatest was one in which disaffected Muslim Egyptians joined their Christian compatriots around AD 830 in an unsuccessful attempt to repel the Arabs. The Egyptian Muslim historian Ibn Abd al-Hakam spoke harshly of the Abbasids—a reaction that according to Egyptologist Okasha El-Daly can be seen "within the context of the struggle between proud native Egyptians and the central Abbasid caliphate in Iraq."
656:
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1873:. Prophetic writings circulated among Egyptians promising expulsion of the Greeks, and frequent revolts by the Egyptians took place throughout the Ptolemaic period. A revival in animal cults, the hallmark of the Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods, is said to have come about to fill a spiritual void as Egyptians became increasingly disillusioned and weary due to successive waves of foreign invasions.
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surname "Al Hawary", is from the Berber Hawara. The concept of surname, however, is extremely rare in Egypt, and the mentioned surnames are extremely rare. Historical Arabic names in general are most likely just historically adopted as status names, which is something that happened with Greek names as well in Greek-Roman times where
Egyptians would adopt Greek names as status names.
1834:
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9016:, "Kwakab el Sharq", August 12th 1933: إن الفرعونية متأصلة فى نفوس المصريين ، وستبقى كذلك بل يجب أن تبقى وتقوى ، والمصرى فرعونى قبل أن يكون عربياً ولا يطلب من مصر أن تتخلى عن فرعونيتها وإلا كان معنى ذلك : اهدمى يا مصر أبا الهول والأهرام، وانسى نفسك واتبعينا ... لا تطلبوا من مصر أكثر مما تستطيع أن تعطى ، مصر لن تدخل فى وحدة عربية سواء كانت العاصمة القاهرة أم دمشق أم بغداد
1232:. The term "Misr" in Arabic refers to Egypt, but sometimes also to the Cairo area, as a consequence, and because of the habit of identifying people with cities rather than countries (i.e. Tunis (capital of Tunisia), Tunsi). The term Masreyeen originally referred only to the native inhabitants of Cairo or "City of Misr" before its meaning expanded to encompass all Egyptians.
6128:" Y-chromosome lineage for a significant population component which moved north from that region into Egypt and the Levant. Ehret argued that this genetic distribution paralleled the spread of the Afrasian language family with the movement of people from the Horn of Africa into Egypt and added a new demic component to the existing population of Egypt 17,000 years ago.
6477:"such as Nubia and the northern Horn of Africa". He further commented that the Naqada and Badarian populations did not migrate "from somewhere else but were descendants of the long-term inhabitants of these portions of Africa going back many millennia". Ehret also criticised the study for asserting that there was "no sub-Saharan" component in the Egyptian population.
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4131:. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives, and the country became disillusioned with Arab politics. Although the Arabism instilled in the country by Nasser was not deeply embedded in society, a certain kinship with the rest of the Arab world was firmly established and Egypt saw itself as the leader of this larger cultural entity. Nasser's version of
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6330:(0.053), and 26th–30th Dynasty Giza (0.027) do not exhibit a directional increase through time... Thus, despite increasing foreign influence after the Second Intermediate Period, not only did Egyptian culture remain intact (Lloyd, 2000a), but the people themselves, as represented by the dental samples, appear biologically constant as well...
6162:. 3200 BC, the distinction began to blur, resulting in a more homogeneous population in Egypt, though the distinction remains true to some degree to this day. Some biological anthropologists such as Shomarka Keita believe the range of variability to be primarily indigenous and not necessarily the result of significant intermingling of widely
6116:, connects the predominant Y chromosome lineage found in Africa overall after the modern human left Africa. P2/M215-55 is found from the Horn of Africa up through the Nile Valley and west to the Maghreb, and P2/V38/M2 is predominant in most of infra-Saharan tropical Africa". Similarly, Ehret cited genetic evidence which had identified the
5170:
support to the establishment, before the Middle
Kingdom, of the observed distributions of the most prevalent haplotypes V, XI, and IV. It is suggested that the pattern of diversity for these variants in the Egyptian Nile Valley was largely the product of population events that occurred in the late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene through the
2664:. In 1866, the Assembly of Delegates was founded to serve as an advisory body for the government. Its members were elected from across Egypt, including villages, which meant that native Egyptians came to exert increasing political and economic influence over their country. Several generations of Egyptians exposed to the ideas of
4142:, both through public policy and his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. According to Dawisha, the terms "Arab", "Arabism" and "Arab unity", save for the new official name, became conspicuously absent. (See also
2769:, the architects of modern Egyptian nationalism. Mustafa Kamil had been a student activist in the 1890s involved in the creation of a secret nationalist society that called for British evacuation from Egypt. He was famous for coining the popular expression, "If I had not been an Egyptian, I would have wished to become one."
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3329:, and their surroundings) by the name of "Miṣr", which was also the name used to refer to the entire land of Egypt. As a consequence, and because of the Egyptian habit of identifying people in the capital with the entire country's name, the word Miṣriyeen (Egyptian Arabic: Masreyeen) which is derived from the
3385:. This is widely thought to be the effects of being the victim of several invasions, including that of the Ottoman Empire as well as the French invasion. As each invasion came and went, the Egyptians kept the few words and phrases that made the language seem easier. Egyptian Arabic is also influenced by
6084:, archaeological and genetic data which does not support the hypothesis of a mass migration from the Levantine during the prehistoric period. According to historian William Stiebling and archaeologist Susan N. Helft, this view posits that the ancient Egyptians are the same original population group as
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Al Khutat Al Maqrizia, An Account of the City of Misr Today and its Description، ذكر ما قيل في مدينة مصر الآن وصفتها. |quote= قال ابن رضوان، والمدينة الكبرى اليوم بمصر ذات أربعة أجزاء: الفساط والقاهرة والجيزة والجزيرة. |Translation=According to Ibn Radwan: The greatest city in Misr now is of 4 parts:
6324:
that are similar to those in populations from greater North Africa (Irish, 1993, 1998a–c, 2000) and, to a lesser extent, western Asia and Europe (Turner, 1985a; Turner and Markowitz, 1990; Roler, 1992; Lipschultz, 1996; Irish, 1998a). Similar craniofacial measurements among samples from these regions
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pattern of Y-chromosomal variation, including in Egypt, is largely of Neolithic origin. The study analyzed North African populations, including North Egyptians and South Egyptians, as well as samples from southern Europe, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa, and revealed the following conclusions
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The majority of Egyptians, however, have last names that are their great-grandparents' first names, this habit is especially dominant among the fellahin (rural Egyptians), where the concept of surnames is not really a strong tradition. For example, if a person named "Khaled Emad Salama Ali" has a son
4071:
The Egyptians are not Arabs, and both they and the Arabs are aware of this fact. They are Arabic-speaking, and they are Muslim... But the Egyptian, during the first thirty years of the century, was not aware of any particular bond with the Arab East... Egypt sees in the Arab cause a worthy object of
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by the name of "Masr", which was also the name used to refer to the entire land of Egypt. As a consequence, and because of the Egyptian habit of identifying people with their city names, the word Misreyeen/Masreyeen sometimes referred to the people of the greater Cairo area. The Orabi movement in the
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factors among the ancient populations themselves. there is a general consensus among Egyptologists that physical differences such as skin color wasn't as important to Ancient Egyptians as it is to modern westerners, and that the main criteria in which Ancient Egyptians used to define and distinguish
2741:
Egyptian self-government, education, and the continued plight of Egypt's peasant majority deteriorated most significantly under British occupation. Slowly, an organized national movement for independence began to form. In its beginnings, it took the form of an Azhar-led religious reform movement that
1853:
was Alexander's father. This made Alexander in the eyes of the Egyptians a legitimate heir to the native pharaohs. The new Ptolemaic rulers, however, exploited Egypt for their own benefit and a great social divide was created between Egyptians and Greeks. The local priesthood continued to wield power
1398:
did not begin to form until well into the 1980s, when political and economic conditions began driving Egyptians out of the country in significant numbers. Today, the diaspora numbers nearly 4 million (2006 est). Generally, those who emigrate to the United States and western European countries tend to
8718:
Many Egyptians do not consider themselves Africans. Some take offense even to being identified with Africa at all. When speaking to Egyptians who have traveled to countries below the Sahara, nearly all of them speak of going to Africa, or going down to Africa, as if Egypt were separate from the rest
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Al Khutat Al Maqrizia, An Account of the City of Fustat Misr Today and its Description، ذكر ما قيل في مدينة مصر الآن وصفتها. |quote= قال ابن رضوان، والمدينة الكبرى اليوم بمصر ذات أربعة أجزاء: الفساط والقاهرة والجيزة والجزيرة. |Translation=According to Ibn Radwan: The greatest city in Fustat Misr now
7332:
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,LONDON & TORONTO PUBLISHED BY J·M·DENT &SONS IN NEW YORK BY E·P ·DUTTON & CO. P4 |quote=The modem Egyptian metropolis, to the inhabitants of which most of the contents of the following pages relate, is now called " Masr", more
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concluded that the majority of the samples, which included the genetic remains of Tutankhamun and Rameses III had a population "affinity with "Sub-Saharan" Africans in one affinity analysis". However, Keita cautioned that this does not mean that the royal mummies "lacked other affiliations" which he
3898:
mentions the opinion of an Upper Egyptian man on the Ahmad Al Tayeb Uprising that happened during her stay. She puts what he said thus: "Truly in all the world none are miserable like us Arabs. The Turks beat us, and the Europeans hate us and say quite right. By God, we had better lay down our heads
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or religious scholars, who directed the religious and social affairs of the native Egyptian population and interceded on their behalf when dealing with the Turko-Circassian elite. It is also believed that during the late periods of the Ottoman era of Egypt, native Egyptians were allowed and required
1798:
The importance of the Nile in Egyptian life, ancient and modern, cannot be overemphasized. The rich alluvium carried by the Nile inundation was the basis of Egypt's formation as a society and a state. Regular inundations were a cause for celebration; low waters often meant famine and starvation. The
1438:
have been reported by the Egyptian Human Rights Organization and different media outlets. Arab nationals have in the past expressed fear over an "'Egyptianization' of the local dialects and culture that were believed to have resulted from the predominance of Egyptians in the field of education" (see
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populations and had significantly more affinity with south-eastern Europeans than with sub-Saharan Africans. Genome-wide data could only be successfully extracted from three of these individuals. Of these three, the Y-chromosome haplogroups of two individuals could be assigned to the Middle-Eastern
6329:
distance between samples from the first and second halves of this almost 3,000-year-long period. For example, phenetic distances between First-Second Dynasty Abydos and samples from Fourth Dynasty Saqqara (MMD ¼ 0.050), 11–12th Dynasty Thebes (0.000), 12th Dynasty Lisht (0.072), 19th Dynasty Qurneh
4173:
stressed that Egyptian identity was unique, but that Egypt was the center and "cultural hub" of the Arab world, arguing that "Egypt in the Arab world is like Cairo in Egypt." Hamdan further contended "We do not see the Egyptian personality, no matter how distinct it may be, as anything other than a
4026:
Pharaonism is deeply rooted in the spirits of the Egyptians. It will remain so, and it must continue and become stronger. The Egyptian is Pharaonic before being Arab. Egypt must not be asked to deny its Pharaonism because that would mean: Egypt, destroy your Sphinx and your pyramids, forget who you
3143:
won in a landslide, capturing 97% of the vote according to the government. Some regarded the election as undemocratic claiming that several political opponents were being detained or banned from running,, but: "The European Union's Election Observation Mission (EOM) released a preliminary statement
3131:
a year after he came to power, and subsequently arrested and sentenced to death (later overturned), and died in prison six years later. The Muslim Brotherhood (officially listed as a terrorist group by Egypt after the coup) claimed that his death was due to being "prevented medicine and poor food."
2679:
Ismail's massive modernization campaign, however, left Egypt indebted to European powers, leading to increased European meddling in local affairs. This led to the formation of secret groups made up of Egyptian notables, ministers, journalists and army officers organized across the country to oppose
2532:
In order to consolidate his power in Egypt, Mohammed Ali worked to eliminate the Turko-Circassian domination of administrative and army posts. For the first time since the Roman period, native Egyptians filled the junior ranks of the country's army. The army would later conduct military expeditions
2378:
Ultimately, Mamluk rule rested on force. The chronicles of the period are replete with examples of Mamluk violence against the indigenous population of Egypt...From horseback, they simply terrorized those lesser breeds who crossed their paths. The sudden and arbitrary use of force by the government
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In a previous study, we assessed the genetic history of a single site: Abusir el-Meleq from 1388 BCE to 426 CE. We now focus on widening the geographic scope to give a general overview of the population genetic background, focusing on mitochondrial haplogroups present among the whole Egyptian Nile
6404:
A follow-up study by Scheunemann & Urban et al. (2021) was carried out collecting samples from six excavation sites along the entire length of the Nile valley spanning 4000 years of Egyptian history. Samples from 17 mummies and 14 skeletal remains were collected, and high quality mitochondrial
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populations. Remarking on Lucotte's Y-chromosome study, which found that haplotypes V, XI, and IV are most common, Keita states that "a synthesis of evidence from archaeology, historical linguistics, texts, distribution of haplotypes outside Egypt, and some demographic considerations lends greater
4310:
As a result of the Islamic history of Egypt, and as a result of the subsequent Arabization, some Egyptians adopted historical Berber, Arabic, and Iranian names. For example, the surname "Al Juhaini", is from the Arabic Juhainah, which is very rare, except in a few instances in North Egypt, and the
4177:
Many Egyptians today feel that Egyptian and Arab identities are inextricably linked, and emphasize the central role that Egypt plays in the Arab world. Others continue to believe that Egypt and Egyptians are simply not Arab, emphasizing indigenous Egyptian heritage, culture and independent polity,
3990:
Following the French campaign in Egypt, western ideas started becoming prevalent among Egyptian intellectuals , which continued after the British occupation of Egypt. Among the western ideas, the French Enlightenment notion of reviving Pre-Christian civilizations and cultures found a special place
1402:
Prior to 1974, only few Egyptian professionals had left the country in search for employment. Political, demographic and economic pressures led to the first wave of emigration after 1952. Later more Egyptians left their homeland first after the 1973 boom in oil prices and again in 1979, but it was
4589:
In a 2019 study that analyzed the autosomal make-up of 21 modern North African genomes and other populations using Ancient DNA reference populations, this sample of Egyptian genomes were found to share more affinity with Middle Eastern populations compared to other North Africans. Egyptians carry
2412:
From the Egyptian side, literary works from both the Mamluk and Ottoman eras indicate that literate Egyptians had not totally submerged their identity within Islam, but retained an awareness of Egypt's distinctiveness as a uniquely fertile region of the Muslim world, as a land of great historical
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period, the New Testament had been entirely translated into Coptic. But while Christianity continued to thrive in Egypt, the old pagan beliefs which had survived the test of time were facing mounting pressure. The Byzantine period was particularly brutal in its zeal to erase any traces of ancient
1943:
Consequently, many sites believed to have been the resting places of the holy family during their sojourn in Egypt became sacred to the Egyptians. The visit of the holy family later circulated among Egyptian Christians as fulfillment of the Biblical prophecy "When Israel was a child, then I loved
1390:. Most of all, they have a sense of all-encompassing familiarity at home and a sense of alienation when abroad ... There is something particularly excruciating about Egyptian nostalgia for Egypt: it is sometimes outlandish, but the attachment flows through all Egyptians, as the Nile through Egypt.
7243:
Egypt= 71% North and East African. As ancient populations first migrated from Africa, they passed first through northeast Africa to southwest Asia. The Northern Africa and Arabian components in Egypt are representative of that ancient migratory route, as well as later migrations from the Fertile
4585:
Mohamed, T et al. (2009) in their study of nomadic Bedouins featured a comparative study with a worldwide population database and a sample size of 153 Bedouin males. Their analysis discovered that both Muslim Egyptians and Coptic Christians showed a distinct North African cluster at 65%. This is
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in 1872. He was educated at al-Azhar where he attended lectures by Mohammed Abduh. Abduh came to have a profound influence on Lutfi's reformist thinking in later years. In 1907, he founded the Umma Party newspaper, el-Garida, whose statement of purpose read: "El-Garida is a purely Egyptian party
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and el-Busiri. Few people might also have surnames like el-Shamy ("the Levantine"), suggesting a possible Levantine origin, or, in the upper classes, Dewidar, suggesting a possible Ottoman-Mamluk remnant, but these names are very rare and could also be just historically adopted as status names.
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Originally the Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics. At first the meaning of the hieroglyphics was unknown, until in the year 1799 Napoleón Bonaparte's soldiers dug up the Rosetta stone. The Rosetta Stone was found broken and incomplete. It features 14 lines in the hieroglyphic script, 32 lines in
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troops drove out the French in 1801. Its impact on the social and cultural fabric of Egyptian society, however, was tremendous. The Egyptians were deeply hostile to the French, whom they viewed as yet another foreign occupation to be resisted. At the same time, the French expedition introduced
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Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Trombetta B, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Colomb EB, Dugoujon JM, Crivellaro F, Benincasa T, Pascone R, Moral P, Watson E, Melegh B, Barbujani G, Fuselli S, Vona G, Zagradisnik B, Assum G, Brdicka R, Kozlov AI, Efremov GD, Coppa A, Novelletto A, Scozzari R (June 2007).
1896:
advocated the expulsion of all ethnic Egyptians from the city of Alexandria, saying "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech." This attitude lasted until AD 212 when Roman citizenship was finally granted to all the inhabitants of Egypt, though ethnic
1345:, an estimated 2.7 million Egyptians live abroad and contribute actively to the development of their country through remittances (US$ 7.8 billion in 2009), circulation of human and social capital, as well as investment. Approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600 in
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The Arab World consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa: Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and
6480:
A study by Hammarén et al. (2023) isolated the Non-African components of the genomes of modern day Northeast Africans, and found that Sudanese Copts and Egyptian Muslims from Cairo bore most similarities to Levantines, unlike the other populations in the region which had predominant genetic
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Egypt is not just a piece of land. Egypt is the inventor of civilisation ... The strange thing is that this country of great history and unsurpassed civilisation is nothing but a thin strip along the banks of the Nile ... This thin strip of land created moral values, launched the concept of
4239:
is lacking in Egypt. Rather, Egyptians tend to carry their father's name as their first middle name, and stop at the 2nd or 3rd first name, which thus becomes one's surname. In this manner, surnames continuously change with generations, as first names of 4th or 5th generations get dropped.
3148:
with 97% of the vote, in an election denounced by human rights groups as unfair and "farcical". A BBC article mentioned that "Three potential candidates dropped out of the race, while a fourth – a former military chief – was arrested and accused of running for office without permission."
2379:
and its dominant military elite; frequent resort to cruelty to make a point; ingenious methods of torture employed both for exemplary purpose and to extract wealth from others: all these measures were routine in the Mamluk era. Egypt under the Mamluks was not a very secure place to live.
7342:
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, P 27.LONDON & TORONTO PUBLISHED BY J·M·DENT &SONS IN NEW YORK BY E·P ·DUTTON & CO. |quote=""The native Muslim inhabitants of Cairo commonly call themselves " El-Masreeyeen," "Owlad-Maasr " (or " Ahl Masr "), and
5165:) found that the main haplotype V has higher frequency in the North than in the South, and haplotype XI has higher frequency in the South than in the North, whereas haplotype IV is found in the South (highest in Lower Nubia). The study states that haplotype IV is also characteristic of
1897:
divisions remained largely entrenched. The Romans, like the Ptolemies, treated Egypt like their own private property, a land exploited for the benefit of a small foreign elite. The Egyptian peasants, pressed for maximum production to meet Roman quotas, suffered and fled to the desert.
1399:
do so permanently, with 93% and 55.5% of Egyptians (respectively) settling in the new country. On the other hand, Egyptians migrating to Arab countries almost always only go there with the intention of returning to Egypt; virtually none settle in the new country on a permanent basis.
2177:, a Chalcedonian, as Patriarch. Cyrus was determined to convert the Egyptian Miaphysites by any means. He expelled Coptic monks and bishops from their monasteries and sees. Many died in the chaos, and the resentment of the Egyptians against their Byzantine conquerors reached a peak.
2351:
period it had acquired a Sunni orientation. The Fatimids with some exceptions were known for their religious tolerance and their observance of local Muslim, Coptic and indigenous Egyptian festivals and customs. Under the Ayyubids, the country for the most part continued to prosper.
3973:
is considered to be a turning point in Egyptian History , as it fought for the Egyptian identity, where Egyptians rejected any other identity, and identified only as Egyptians (Masreyeen). It is worth noting that in the past, Egyptians sometimes also used to refer to the area of
1880:
annexed Egypt in 30 BC, the social structure created by the Greeks was largely retained, though the power of the Egyptian priesthood diminished. The Roman emperors lived abroad and did not perform the ceremonial functions of Egyptian kingship as the Ptolemies had. The art of
4127:(UAR), which lasted for about 3 years. When the union was dissolved, Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971, when Egypt adopted the current official name, the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism was particularly questioned after the 1967
2009:(Bahnasa), which suggests that Christianity already began to spread south of Alexandria at an early date. By the mid-third century, a sizable number of Egyptians were persecuted by the Romans on account of having adopted the new Christian faith, beginning with the Edict of
4047:
Arab-Islamic political sentiment was fueled by the solidarity felt between, on the one hand, Egyptians struggling for independence from Britain and, on the other hand, those across the Arab world engaged in similar anti-imperialist struggles. In particular, the growth of
2580:
and the cultural achievements that were inspired by it. Along with this interest came an indigenous, Egypt-centered orientation, particularly among the Egyptian intelligentsia that would affect Egypt's autonomous development as a sovereign and independent nation-state.
6283:
in 2020 between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups, Muslims and Christians, each group represented by a sample of 100 unrelated healthy individuals, supported the conclusion that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors.
6143:
3065:
in an attempt to liberate Egyptian territories captured by Israel six years earlier. The October War presented Sadat with a political victory that later allowed him to regain the Sinai. In 1977, Sadat made a historic visit to Israel leading to the signing of the 1978
2119:
convened in AD 451, signaling the Byzantine Empire's determination to assert its hegemony over Egypt. When it declared that Jesus was of two natures embodied in his person, the Egyptian reaction was swift, rejecting the decrees of the council as incompatible with the
6315:
period. All the samples, particularly those of the Dynastic period, were significantly divergent from a neolithic West Saharan sample from Lower Nubia. Biological continuity was also found intact from the dynastic to the post-pharaonic periods. According to Irish:
8890:
3018:
process that initially had profound effects on the socioeconomic strata of Egyptian society. According to one historian, "Egypt had, for the first time since 343 BC, been ruled not by a Macedonian Greek, nor a Roman, nor an Arab, nor a Turk, but by an Egyptian."
11754:
2064:
and part of the New Testament were translated at the school from Greek to Egyptian, which had already begun to be written in Greek letters with the addition of a number of demotic characters. This stage of the Egyptian language would later come to be known as
4072:
real and active sympathy and, at the same time, a great and proper opportunity for the exercise of leadership, as well as for the enjoyment of its fruits. But she is still Egyptian first and Arab only in consequence, and her main interests are still domestic.
7294:
Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. – Arthur
6178:
crania. He found that the predynastic Badarian series clustered closer with the tropical African series. The comparative samples were selected based on "Brace et al.'s (1993) comments on the affinities of an upper Egyptian/Nubian epipalaeolithic series".
5118:
of E1b1b is suggested to have originated in Northeast Africa in the area of Egypt and Libya, and is more predominant in Egypt. These two haplogroups and their various subclades in general are distributed in high frequencies in the Middle East and North
3317:(lit. "The Removal of the Burden from the Language of the People of Egypt") This suggests the language that by then was spoken in the majority of Miṣr (Egypt/Cairo). It's also worth noting that the Egyptians commonly referred to the modern day area of
3979:
1870s and 1880s was the first major Egyptian nationalist movement that demanded an end to the alleged despotism of the Muhammad Ali family and demanded curbing the growth of European influence in Egypt, it campaigned under the nationalist slogan of "
10615:"Fulvio Cruciani and others, Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 24, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 1300–1311"
4043:
The later 1930s would become a formative period for Arab nationalism without the involvement of Egypt. Arab nationalism developed as a regional nationalism initially based on the efforts of Syrian, Palestinian, and Lebanese political intellectuals.
4198:
Egyptian culture boasts five millennia of recorded history. Ancient Egypt was among the earliest and greatest civilizations during which the Egyptians maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later cultures of Europe, the
2879:
Under the parliamentary monarchy, Egypt reached the peak of its modern intellectual Renaissance that was started by Rifa'a el-Tahtawi nearly a century earlier. Among those who set the intellectual tone of a newly independent Egypt, in addition to
1708:. The king of Egypt, as a living personification of Horus, could claim the throne after burying his predecessor, who was typically his father. When the role of the king waned, the country became more susceptible to foreign influence and invasion.
2549:. Many Egyptians student missions were sent to Europe in the early 19th century to study at European universities and acquire technical skills such as printing, shipbuilding, and modern military techniques. One of these students, whose name was
2132:
Jill Kamil notes, the position taken by the Egyptians "paved for the Coptic church to establish itself as a separate entity...No longer even spiritually linked with Constantinople, theologians began to write more in Coptic and less in Greek.
2836:
representative system. Saad Zaghloul became the first popularly elected Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. Egyptian independence at this stage was provisional, as British forces continued to be physically present on Egyptian soil. In 1936, the
3100:, in practice it rested almost solely with the president. In late February 2005, for the first time since the 1952 coup d'état, the Egyptian people had an apparent chance to elect a leader from a list of various candidates, most prominently
11644:
Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Yehia Z.; Ismail, Somaia; Khairat, Rabab; Fathalla, Dina; Hasan, Naglaa; Ahmed, Amal; Elleithy, Hisham; Ball, Markus; Gaballah, Fawzi; Wasef, Sally; Fateen, Mohamed; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Selim, Ashraf (2010-02-17).
2800:
Both the People and National parties came to dominate Egyptian politics until World War I, but the new leaders of the national movement for independence following four arduous years of war (in which Great Britain declared Egypt a British
2297:
built in the 11th century over the ruins of a pharaonic temple. The ancient Opet festival associated with this temple is mirrored in the present day festival of Abu-l Haggag celebrated similarly by boat processions through the streets of
8917:
Fahmy, All The Pasha's Men, P 246 |quote=The names of the military ranks used in Sultan Selim's army were changed since they were unfamiliar to the cadets. Moreover, although according to an initial plan it was possible to promote evlad
2114:
One of the defining moments in the history of the Church in Egypt is a controversy that ensued over the nature of Jesus, which culminated in the final split of the Coptic Church from both the Byzantine and Roman Catholic Churches. The
4104:. Nasser's politics was shaped by his conviction that all the Arab states were contending with anti-imperialist struggles and thus solidarity between them was imperative for independence. He viewed the earlier Egyptian nationalism of
2325:
Egyptians continued to live socially and politically separate from their foreign conquerors, but their rulers like the Ptolemies before them were able to stabilize the country and bring renewed economic prosperity. It was under the
6416:(STR) published data from studies by Hawass et al. 2010;2012 which sought to determine familial relations and research pathological features such as potential, infectious diseases among the New Kingdom royal mummies which included
2396:(Turks) indiscriminately to the Ottomans and Mamluks, who were at the top of the social pyramid, while Egyptians, most of whom were farmers, were at the bottom. Frequent revolts by the Egyptian peasantry against the Ottoman-Mamluk
1142:
after the Muslim conquest. Islam became the dominant religion centuries after the Muslim conquest in Egypt. This is due to centuries of conversion from Christianity to Islam. The modern term then became exclusively associated with
5197:
The major downstream mutations within the M35 subclade are M78 and M81. There are also other M35 lineages, e.g., M123. In Egypt, haplotypes VII and VIII are associated with the J haplogroup, which is predominant in the Near East.
2604:
Tahtawi was instrumental in sparking indigenous interest in Egypt's ancient heritage. He composed a number of poems in praise of Egypt and wrote two other general histories of the country. He also co-founded with his contemporary
1770:. Foreigners in Egyptian texts were described in derogatory terms, e.g., 'wretched Asiatics' (Semites), 'vile Kushites' (Nubians), and 'Ionian dogs' (Greeks). Egyptian beliefs remained unchallenged when Egypt fell to the Hyksos,
1406:
Egyptian emigration today is motivated by even higher rates of unemployment, population growth and increasing prices. Political repression and human rights violations by Egypt's ruling régime are other contributing factors (see
8871:
2776:, when following an altercation between a group of British soldiers and Egyptian farmers, four of the farmers were hanged while others were condemned to public flogging. Dinshaway, a watershed in the history of Egyptian anti-
1944:
him, and called my son out of Egypt" (Hosea 11:1). The feast of the coming of the Lord of Egypt on June 1 became an important part of Christian Egyptian tradition. According to tradition, Christianity was brought to Egypt by
1385:
whose personality is split by looking outward toward the Mediterranean, the Egyptians are a hinterland people with little appetite for travel, even inside their own country. They glorify their national dishes, including the
2600:
authority and political rights and liberty; his ideas regarding how a modern civilized society ought to be and what constituted by extension a civilized or "good Egyptian"; and his ideas on public interest and public good.
11746:
10471:
6408:
In 2022, archaeologist Danielle Candelora stated that there were several limitations with the 2017 Scheunemann et al. study such as "new (untested) sampling methods, small sample size and problematic comparative data".
1854:
as they had during the Dynastic age. Egyptians continued to practice their religion undisturbed and largely maintained their own separate communities from their foreign conquerors. The language of administration became
6220:"the Egyptians have been in place since back in the Pleistocene and have been largely unaffected by either invasions or migrations. As others have noted, Egyptians are Egyptians, and they were so in the past as well."
8758:"Egypt is part of the Arab world, and any place in the Arab world is your home," said Reda Sada El-Hafnawy, a member of the Shura Council's Human Rights Committee and the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood.
3369:
is also significant in Egyptian literary works, as Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated.
11894:
An account of the manners and customs of the modern Egyptians: written in Egypt during the years 1833, −34, and −35, partly from notes made during a former visit to that country in the years 1825, −26, −27, and
6194:) respectively. He shows that a progressive change in Upper Egypt toward the northern Egyptian pattern of Lower Egypt takes place through the predynastic period. The southern pattern continues to predominate in
9999:
8038:
Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (28 May 2015).
2245:, though very early in this period Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices that had survived through Coptic Christianity. Just as Egyptians had been pioneers in early
7032:
6256:
suggested a historical, regional and ethnolinguistic continuity, asserting that "the mummies and skeletons of ancient Egyptians indicate they were similar to the modern Egyptians and other people of the
2621:, who studied ancient Egyptian history, language and antiquities. Tahtawi encouraged his compatriots to invite Europeans to come and teach the modern sciences in Egypt, drawing on the example of Pharaoh
2715:
ruling the country, though now with British supervision and according to British directives. The Egyptian army was disbanded and a smaller army commanded by British officers was installed in its place.
2028:
in which dating of the years began with the start of Diocletian's reign. When Egyptians were persecuted by Diocletian, many retreated to the desert to seek relief. The practice precipitated the rise of
1742:
or "the people" (i.e., Egyptians.) This attitude was facilitated by the Egyptians' more frequent contact with other peoples during the New Kingdom when Egypt expanded to an empire that also encompassed
8367:
7593:
7431:
7006:
2517:
as governor of Egypt. Mohammed Ali is credited for having undertaken a massive campaign of public works, including irrigation projects, agricultural reforms and the cultivation of cash crops (notably
1916:
at the coming of Christianity, and continued to be the main competitor with Christianity in its early years. The main temple of Isis remained a major center of worship in Egypt until the reign of the
11111:
Manni F, Leonardi P, Barakat A, Rouba H, Heyer E, Klintschar M, McElreavey K, Quintana-Murci L (2002). "Y-chromosome analysis in Egypt suggests a genetic regional continuity in Northeastern Africa".
2989:
in parliamentary affairs, government corruption, and the widening gap between the country's rich and poor led to the eventual toppling of the monarchy and the dissolution of the parliament through a
2588:, who was born in the village of Tahta in upper Egypt. In 1831, Tahtawi undertook a career in journalism, education and translation. Three of his published volumes were works of political and moral
2204:
that ended with the Byzantines' defeat. The relationship between the Greek Melkites and the Egyptian Copts had grown so bitter that most Egyptians did not put up heavy resistance against the Arabs.
1889:
occupied the middle stratum, while Egyptians, who constituted the vast majority, were at the bottom. Egyptians paid a poll tax at full rate, Greeks paid at half-rate and Roman citizens were exempt.
11818:"In the ancient Egyptian language the same word meant 'person' and 'Egyptian'" "Outsiders were all thought to be somewhat inferior, but that was because of their cultures, not their skin colors."
8878:
The people with the exception of about 600,000 Christians, are Mohamedans. They call themselves arabs, but are probably descended from the ancient Egyptians, the native christians are called copts
6664:
4084:
met the Arab delegates at Versailles in 1918, he insisted that their struggles for statehood were not connected, maintaining that the problem of Egypt was an Egyptian problem and not an Arab one.
7501:
2668:
made up the emerging intellectual and political milieu that slowly filled the ranks of the government, the army and institutions which had long been dominated by an aristocracy of Turks, Greeks,
8308:
6964:
1924:
in the 6th century, when it was finally closed down. Egyptians, disaffected and weary after a series of foreign occupations, identified the story of the mother-goddess Isis protecting her child
1732:
11792:
3144:
on Thursday after voting commenced, stating that 'the Presidential Elections Commission (PEC) administered the election professionally and overall in line with the law'." In 2018 el-Sisi was
3252:
Although Arabic was spoken in parts of Egypt in the pre-Islamic era such as the Eastern Desert and Sinai, Coptic was the Language of the majority of Egyptians residing in the Nile Valley.
6338:
based on the 22-trait MMD (Table 4). For that matter, the Neolithic Western Desert sample is significantly different from all others is closest to predynastic and early dynastic samples.
8736:
MENA countries consist of Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
1631:
that had afflicted the Mesopotamian empires reached Egypt with some delay, and it was only in the 11th century BC that the Empire declined, falling into the comparative obscurity of the
4031:
Pharaonism became the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists of the pre-war and inter-war periods. In 1931, following a visit to Egypt, Syrian Arab nationalist
2931:
died in 2006, many Egyptians felt that perhaps the last of the Greats of Egypt's golden age had died. In his dialogues with close associate and journalist Mohamed Salmawy, published as
1865:
The Ptolemaic rulers all retained their Greek names and titles, but projected a public image of being Egyptian pharaohs. Much of this period's vernacular literature was composed in the
10565:"Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R. A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms"
4039:
did not possess an Arab nationalist sentiment; did not accept that Egypt was a part of the Arab lands, and would not acknowledge that the Egyptian people were part of the Arab nation.
4018:
and the mostly homogeneous indigenous non-Arab genetic ancestry/ethnicity of the inhabitants, regardless of current religious identity. One of Pharaonism's most notable advocates was
3909:, told one of his soldiers after criticizing Turks: "I am not a Turk, I came to Egypt when I was a child, and since that time, its sun has changed my blood, and I became fully Arab".
2392:
from the 16th to the 18th centuries lived within a social hierarchy similar to that of the Mamluks, Arabs, Romans, Greeks and Persians before them. Native Egyptians applied the term
1458:
ended, Egyptian workers in Iraq were subjected to harsh measures and expulsion by the Iraqi government and to violent attacks by Iraqis returning from the war to fill the workforce.
7053:
7643:
10141:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004"
2731:
6778:
4100:, became a state policy and a means with which to define Egypt's position in the Middle East and the world, usually articulated vis-à-vis Zionism in the neighboring new state of
4598:
related component than other North Africans, and also less of the Steppe / European hunter gatherer component, consistent with Egypt's geographical proximity to southwest Asia.
2370:
who had been captured as slaves then recruited into the army fighting on behalf of the Islamic empire. Native Egyptians were not allowed to serve in the army until the reign of
11458:
13579:
4353:
However, it is not unusual for many Egyptian families to adopt Ancient Egyptian-based names (especially Coptic ones) and have their first names or surnames beginning with the
2742:
was more concerned with the social conditions of Egyptian society. It gathered momentum between 1882 and 1906, ultimately leading to a resentment against European occupation.
1446:
A Newsweek article in 2008 featured Egyptian citizens objecting to a prudish "Saudization" of their culture due to Saudi Arabian petrodollar-flush investment in the Egyptian
12612:
3306:
with a document by the 17th-century Moroccan author Yusuf Al-Maghribi during after his travels to Egypt writing about the peculiarities of the speech of the Egyptian people
2562:
6897:"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2019 to December 2019"
6381:'s family members of the 18th Dynasty, using comprehensive control procedures to ensure quality results. The study found that the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the family was
4545:
The Egyptian peasantry, the fellahin (rural Egyptians), are more likely to retain indigenous names given their relative isolation throughout the Egyptian people's history.
4027:
are and follow us! Do not ask of Egypt more than it can offer. Egypt will never become part of some Arab unity, whether the capital were to be Cairo, Damascus, or Baghdad.
11747:"Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest"
10472:"Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest"
9691:
7575:
6623:
1869:
phase and script of the Egyptian language. It was focused on earlier stages of Egyptian history when Egyptians were independent and ruled by great native pharaohs such as
2223:
that all Egyptians irrespective of religion also had to pay. The authority of the Miaphysite doctrine of the Coptic Church was for the first time nationally recognized.
6405:
genomes were reconstructed from 10 individuals. According to the authors the analyzed mitochondrial genomes matched the results from the 2017 study at Abusir el-Meleq.
2400:
took place throughout the 18th century, particularly in Upper Egypt where the peasants at one point wrested control of the region and declared a separatist government.
2049:, are credited as pioneers. By the end of the 4th century, it is estimated that the mass of the Egyptians had either embraced Christianity or were nominally Christian.
1341:, towns and villages from which they hail. Therefore, return migrants, such as temporary workers abroad, come back to their region of origin in Egypt. According to the
12607:
12602:
8394:
6874:
6935:
2496:. In addition, the French introduced the printing press in Egypt and published its first newspaper. The monumental catalogue of Egypt's ecology, society and economy,
1781:
The ancient Egyptians used a solar calendar that divided the year into 12 months of 30 days each, with five extra days added. The calendar revolved around the annual
6342:
A study by Schuenemann et al. (2017) described the extraction and analysis of DNA from 151 mummified ancient Egyptian individuals, whose remains were recovered from
1738:
Another important continuity during this period is the Egyptian attitude toward foreigners—those they considered not fortunate enough to be part of the community of
1426:
Egyptians in neighboring countries face additional challenges. Over the years, abuse, exploitation and/or ill-treatment of Egyptian workers and professionals in the
9803:
Keita SO (2005). "History in the interpretation of the pattern of p49a,f TaqI RFLP Y-chromosome variation in Egypt: a consideration of multiple lines of evidence".
8873:
The Student's Cyclopaedia: A Ready Reference Library for School and Home, Embracing History, Biography, Geography, Discovery, Invention, Arts, Sciences, Literature
7028:
8858:
they adopted the Arabic language and began calling themselves Arabs. Those who remained Christian continued to identify themselves as non-Arab Egyptians or Copts.
9913:
Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V (October 2009). "Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert".
8014:
6393:. The Y-chromosome profiles for Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III were incomplete and the analysis produced differing probability figures despite having concordant
3007:, the real architect of the 1952 movement, mass protests by Egyptians erupted against the forced resignation of what became a popular symbol of the new regime.
7676:
6670:
8359:
7597:
7423:
7069:
2780:
resistance, galvanized Egyptian opposition against the British, culminating in the founding of the first two political parties in Egypt: the secular, liberal
8908:
Fahmy, All The Pasha's Men, P246 |quote=As a rule Egyptians, referred to as evlad-l Arab, were not allowed to be promoted beyond the rank of yuzbasi(captain)
6998:
6473:
Ehret specified that these studies revealed cranial and dental affinities with "closest parallels" to other longtime populations in the surrounding areas of
4494:
With the adoption of Christianity and eventually Islam, Egyptians began to take on names associated with these religions. Many Egyptian surnames also became
4235:
Today, Egyptians carry names that have Ancient Egyptian, Arabic, Turkish, Greek and Western meanings (especially Coptic ones) among others. The concept of a
3132:
Morsi was also charged with leading an outlawed group, detention and torture of anti-government protesters, and committing treason by leaking state secrets.
8897:
The fellahs, though calling themselves Arabs, are probably the descendants of the original inhabitants of the land, more or less intermixed with othee races
8477:
4350:
named "Ashraf", his son's full name may become "Ashraf Khaled Emad Salama". Thus, a son may have a last name that is different from his father's last name.
2408:
to join the army for the first time since the Roman period of Egypt, including Coptic Christians who were civil servants at the time of Mohammed Ali Pasha.
1147:
and Coptic Christians who are members of the Coptic Orthodox Church or Coptic Catholic Church. References to native Muslims as Copts are attested until the
11692:
Hawass, Zahi; et al. (2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study".
8607:
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, P 2.LONDON & TORONTO PUBLISHED BY J·M·DENT &SONS IN NEWYORK BY E·P ·DUTTON & CO.
8514:
Elisabeth Zack. Yusuf al-Maghribi's Egyptian-Arabic Word List. A Unique Manuscript in the St. Petersburg State University Library, Manuscripta orientalia (
6693:
2362:
By the 15th century most Egyptians had already been converted to Islam, while Coptic Christians were reduced to a minority. The Mamluks were mainly ethnic
9358:
Saunier JL, Irwin JA, Strouss KM, Ragab H, Sturk KA, Parsons TJ (June 2009). "Mitochondrial control region sequences from an Egyptian population sample".
9323:
Saunier JL, Irwin JA, Strouss KM, Ragab H, Sturk KA, Parsons TJ (June 2009). "Mitochondrial control region sequences from an Egyptian population sample".
9709:
7225:
7508:
6401:) had previously been confirmed in an earlier study, the haplogroup prediction of both mummies could be derived from the full profile of the KV55 data.
6389:. Haplogroup R1b is carried by modern Egyptians. Modern Egypt is also the only African country that is known to harbor all three R1 subtypes, including
3983:". The Orabi revolt is referred to in Egypt as the revolt of the fellahin (rural Egyptians), Ahmed Orabi himself was a rural Egyptian from a village in
2492:
to head a French-supervised government in Egypt, for some, it awakened a sense of nationalism and a patriotic desire for national independence from the
8302:
6956:
4052:
in neighboring Palestine was seen as a threat by many Egyptians, and the cause of resistance there was adopted by rising Islamic movements such as the
4006:" rose to political prominence in the 1920s and 1930s as an Egyptian movement resisting the British occupation, as Egypt developed separately from the
1789:), the first of three seasons into which the year was divided. The other two were Winter and Summer, each lasting for four months. The modern Egyptian
7659:
2857:
as "an Egyptian bank for Egyptians only", which restricted shareholding to native Egyptians and helped finance various new Egyptian-owned businesses.
13134:
11776:
11353:
10404:
1689:
and continued until the Roman conquest. The societal structure created by this system of government remained virtually unchanged up to modern times.
11576:
8646:
2306:
In the years to follow the Arab occupation of Egypt, a social hierarchy was created whereby Egyptians who converted to Islam acquired the status of
2107:, Christianity had already been proclaimed the religion of the Empire and all pagan cults were forbidden. When Egypt fell under the jurisdiction of
8706:
6385:, which is believed to have originated in the Western Asia/Near Eastern region, and dispersed from there to Europe and parts of Africa during the
4157:
studied the national discourse between 17 Egyptian intellectuals relating to Egypt's identity and peace with Israel. He noted that in 18 articles
12381:
11931:
10964:"Early Nile Valley Farmers From El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European"AgroNostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data"
2431:
9848:"History in the interpretation of the pattern of p49a,fTaqI RFLP Y-chromosome variation in Egypt: A consideration of multiple lines of evidence"
9393:
Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (19 February 2013).
11630:
10705:
9195:
6811:
2314:, but the Egyptians who converted to Islam were also called Copts until the Mamluk period. In time the power of the Arabs waned throughout the
7182:
7095:
13003:
7401:
1377:
Their characteristic rootedness as Egyptians, commonly explained as the result of centuries as a farming people clinging to the banks of the
9579:"Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12"
2737:(1874–1908), an anti-colonial nationalist famous for coining the phrase, "If I had not been an Egyptian, I would have wished to become one".
10630:
Egypt in its African context : proceedings of the conference held at the Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2-4 October 2009
3851:. Anyone who was born in Egypt, shared and practiced the Egyptian culture, and spoke the Egyptian language was an Egyptian, a true person.
10113:
6135:, some differences between the populations of Upper and Lower Egypt were ascertained through their skeletal remains, suggesting a gradual
3233:
letters. It is worth noting that other languages, such as Nubian, Arabic, and other Libyan languages also existed in Egypt outside of the
7639:
3373:
While Egyptian Arabic is considered derived from the formal Arabic language, it has also been influenced by many other languages such as
3299:
is reserved only for official documents, written educational material, and more formal contexts, and is not a naturally spoken language.
2699:, self-styled el-Masri ('the Egyptian'), against the Khedive, the Turko-Circassian elite, and the European stronghold. The revolt was a
12629:
12597:
10999:
7722:
7480:
4150:
sections.) However, despite Sadat's systematic attempts to root out Arab sentiment, Arab nationalism in Egypt remained a potent force.
10807:
Keita, SOY (1992). "Further studies of crania from ancient northern Africa: an analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs".
9266:
Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Lucas-Sanchez, Marcel; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Bekada, Asmahan; Zalloua, Pierre; Comas, David (18 November 2019).
9080:
9060:
4165:
opposed, while in eight articles Arab identity was acknowledged and neutrality supported and only in three articles written by author
2276:. He was keenly interested in ancient Egyptian sciences, and claimed to have received his knowledge of alchemy from Egyptian sources.
13794:
13458:
12986:
12468:
11442:
10368:
Zvelebil, M. (1989). "On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)".
8828:
When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.
7455:
4215:
culture. Today, many aspects of ancient Egyptian culture exist in interaction with newer elements, including the influence of modern
1311:
There are an estimated 105.3 million Egyptians. Most are native to Egypt, where Egyptians constitute around 99.6% of the population.
11543:
9993:
Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006).
9891:
13470:
12861:
8337:
6264:
Genetic studies revealed that due to the continuous middle eastern gene flow, Egyptians are genetically closer and more similar to
2081:. He traveled extensively to lecture in various churches around the world and has many important texts to his credit including the
1342:
7531:
Wakin, Edward. A Lonely Minority. The Modern Story of Egypt's Copts. New York: William, Morrow & Company, 1963. pp. 30–31, 37.
4080:
ideology. Egyptians generally did not identify themselves as Arabs, and it is revealing that when the Egyptian nationalist leader
3256:
was adopted by the rulers of Egypt after the Islamic invasion as an official language. Gradually, Egyptian Arabic came to replace
2792:
Party (National Party, 1908) headed by Mustafa Kamil. Lutfi was born to a family of farmers in a village in the Delta province of
2230:, repeated revolts by Egyptian Christians against the Muslim Arabs took place in the 8th and 9th centuries under the reign of the
1526:
12905:
12639:
8424:
3786:
1862:-speaking and concentrated in the countryside, while most Greeks lived in Alexandria and only few had any knowledge of Egyptian.
11171:
Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Haber, Marc; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Zalloua, Pierre; Elgaaied, Amel Benammar; Comas, David (2013-11-27).
9650:
7572:
6771:
6615:
3965:
Around the end of the 19th and early 20th century, the state started making efforts to shape a collective Egyptian Identity and
12182:
9716:
Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (August 2004).
9112:
3287:
in the Sinai, and Western Egyptian Arabic in the Western desert. The most prestigious and widely spread vernacular is known as
3070:, which was supported by the vast majority of Egyptians, in exchange for the complete Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat was
2347:, not very far from its ancient predecessor in Memphis. It became the preeminent Muslim center of learning in Egypt and by the
1521:
1506:
1504:
9619:"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y-Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa"
4014:. This ideology largely developed out of the country's lengthy pre-Islamic pre-Arabism history, the relative isolation of the
2458:
1778:, Persians and Greeks—their rulers assumed the role of the Egyptian Pharaoh and were often depicted praying to Egyptian gods.
1518:
13707:
11786:
11496:
11452:
10730:
10664:
10414:
8851:
8681:
8572:
7125:
3650:
1524:
1515:
1512:
1509:
9465:
Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (March 2004).
9047:
Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946), p. 519.
8522:) 2001, vol. 7, no3, pp. 46–49., literally "The lifting of the burden from the speech of the population of Egypt")) by
8390:
6862:
3245:, Nubian (referred to as Ethiopian By Herodotus) South of the first cataract of the Nile, and other Libyan Languages in the
13531:
13185:
13129:
13085:
12898:
12572:
12562:
12522:
7308:
6927:
6108:
groups who have known to have settled in Egypt during its long history. Keita stated that genetic data indicates that the "
4795:
In 2009 mitochondrial data was sequenced for 277 unrelated Egyptian individuals by Jessica L Saunier et al. in the journal
4208:
2021:
1361:
with the rest elsewhere in the region) and the remaining 30% are living mostly in Europe and North America (318,000 in the
1323:
1144:
13379:
11441:
Eltis, David; Bradley, Keith R.; Perry, Craig; Engerman, Stanley L.; Cartledge, Paul; Richardson, David (12 August 2021).
10682:"Ancient Egyptian "Origins and "Identity" In Ancient Egyptian society : challenging assumptions, exploring approaches
3887:
who remained identifying themselves as Copts, while the Muslim majority were defined and identified themselves as Arabs.
3260:
as the spoken language. Spoken Coptic was mostly extinct by the 17th century but may have survived in isolated pockets in
2403:
The only segment of Egyptian society which appears to have retained a degree of power during this period were the Muslim '
13190:
12930:
12816:
11924:
9618:
8234:
7548:
6870:
4542:
Conversely, some Levantines might carry the surname el-Masri ("the Egyptian") suggesting a possible Egyptian extraction.
3145:
3136:
3116:
1767:
1704:. Ascendancy to the Egyptian throne reflected the myth of Horus who assumed kingship after he buried his murdered father
1423:
failed to show up at their American host institutions for a cultural exchange program in the hope of finding employment.
7623:
6362:
composition of Egyptian mummies has shown a high level of affinity with the DNA of the populations of the Near East and
2111:
after the split of the Roman Empire, many ancient Egyptian temples were either destroyed or converted into monasteries.
1715:. Egyptians built tombs for their dead that were meant to last for eternity. This was most prominently expressed by the
13643:
13574:
13453:
13075:
12952:
12619:
12500:
12427:
12415:
12376:
10689:
10637:
10547:
8843:
The Everything Guide to the Middle East: Understand the people, the politics, and the culture of this conflicted region
7395:
7150:
6648:
6441:
might give different results" which reflected the complexity of biological heritage and the associated interpretation.
3685:
3568:
2421:) was an identifiable and emotionally meaningful entity within the larger Muslim polity of which it was now a province.
2215:
as its language. Native Egyptians filled administrative ranks and continued to worship freely so long as they paid the
2020:
This event became a watershed in the history of Egyptian Christianity, marking the beginning of a distinct Egyptian or
1632:
3003:
as the first President of the Republic. After Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 and later put under house arrest by
2505:
The withdrawal of French forces from Egypt left a power vacuum that was filled after a period of political turmoil by
1450:. Twice Libya was on the brink of war with Egypt due to mistreatment of Egyptian workers and after the signing of the
13178:
12707:
11614:
11062:
Arredi B, Poloni E, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah D, Makrelouf M, Pascali V, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (2004).
9977:
8986:
8271:
8007:
7989:
7672:
7318:
7287:
7210:
5150:
2846:
2498:
2053:
1700:, the principle of truth, justice, and order, and to enhance the country's agricultural economy by ensuring regular
13311:
12974:
12697:
10910:
Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples".
9651:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes"
7066:
6711:
2042:
1674:
8749:
6210:
patterns are observed also, thus making for great diversity." A group of noted physical anthropologists conducted
5107:
4518:
to Egyptian names such as, for example, Bayoumi to el-Bayoumi; Bayoumi, without the article, is even more common.
2553:(1801–1873), was the first in a long line of Egyptian intellectuals that started the modern Egyptian Renaissance.
2450:
2268:
Dhul-Nun was regarded as the Patron Saint of the Physicians and is credited with having introduced the concept of
13789:
13670:
13638:
13391:
13117:
12527:
12247:
10189:
8731:
6541:
5174:". Keita later states "Later, mid-Holocene climatic-driven migrations led to a major settlement of the valley in
3553:
2825:. Demonstrations and strikes across Egypt became such a daily occurrence that normal life was brought to a halt.
2124:
doctrine of Coptic Orthodoxy. The Copts' upholding of the Miaphysite doctrine against the pro-Chalcedonian Greek
1427:
10491:"Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa"
8469:
6690:
3128:
2749:, the son of a Delta farmer who was briefly exiled for his participation in the Orabi revolt and a future Azhar
2485:
which were to have a significant influence on their own self-perception and realization of modern independence.
1795:
calculate the agricultural seasons, with the months still bearing their ancient names, in much the same manner.
13239:
13033:
12996:
11917:
11871:
11845:
7697:
6900:
4514:
to Egyptian names such as, for example, Pakhom to Pakhomios; or by adding the Egyptian Arabic definite article
3237:
and in the mountains surrounding it since at least the time of Herodotus, with Arabic being used mainly in the
2996:
2954:
4590:
more of the Caucasus hunter gatherer / Iran Neolithic component compared to other North Africans, more of the
3859:
Even though Egypt is mostly located in North Africa, Egypt and the Egyptian people do not generally assert an
3408:, and 53 lines in Ancient Greek. Its decipherment lead to the understanding of the ancient Egyptian language.
3058:
economic reform policy. Like his predecessor, he also clamped down on religious and leftist opposition alike.
13799:
13526:
13321:
12727:
12252:
12235:
7231:
6304:
3202:
3089:
Hosni Mubarak was the president from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011, when he resigned under pressure of
2838:
2272:
into Islam, as well as of being able to decipher a number of hieroglyphic characters due to his knowledge of
2257:
were founded in the 8th century and flourished until the present day. One of the earliest Egyptian Sufis was
1636:
1569:
spanning three millennia. During this period, Egyptian culture underwent significant development in terms of
1451:
1337:
Egyptians also tend to be provincial, meaning their attachment extends not only to Egypt but to the specific
883:
13438:
8541:
Al Khutat Al Maqrizia, An Account of The City of Fustat Misr, الخطط المقريزية، ذكر ما قيل في مدينة فسطاط مصر
6325:
were reported as well (Brace et al., 1993)... an inspection of MMD values reveals no evidence of increasing
1670:
mercenaries under Ptolemy II had even attempted an ambitious but doomed coup d'état around the year 270 BC.
1643:
rulers was again briefly replaced by native nobility in the 7th century BC, and in 525 BC, Egypt fell under
1419:
in 1967, when migration rates began to rise. In August 2006, Egyptians made headlines when 11 students from
13502:
13306:
13274:
13090:
12722:
12592:
12515:
12109:
12005:
6299:
by Prof. Joel Irish shows dental traits characteristic of indigenous North Africans and to a lesser extent
3071:
3054:
allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972, and launched the
1711:
The attention paid to the dead, and the veneration with which they were held, were one of the hallmarks of
1655:
11566:"Human mitochondrial haplogroups and ancient DNA preservation across Egyptian history (Urban et al. 2021)"
11386:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods"
11309:
9516:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods"
4373:
2322:
were able to take control of Egypt and made it an independent political unit from the rest of the empire.
1885:
flourished, but Egypt became further stratified with Romans at the apex of the social pyramid, Greeks and
13753:
13665:
13507:
13249:
13139:
12962:
12757:
12624:
12567:
12463:
12338:
11983:
11565:
8618:
6279:
An allele frequency comparative study led by the Egyptian Army Major General Doctor Tarek Taha conducted
6147:
6136:
6021:
3779:
3740:
3365:
comprising novels, plays and poetry published over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
3124:
2822:
2753:, was its most notable advocate. Abduh called for a reform of Egyptian Muslim society and formulated the
1613:
1605:
1467:
1440:
8698:
5111:
2529:), increased industrialization, and a new educational system—the results of which are felt to this day.
2333:
from the 10th to the 12th centuries that Muslim Egyptian institutions began to take form along with the
2060:, becoming a major school of Christian learning as well as science, mathematics and the humanities. The
34:
13660:
13465:
13362:
13345:
13328:
13269:
13095:
13050:
12981:
12920:
12893:
12537:
12396:
12175:
12129:
11993:
11988:
11605:
Candelora, Danielle (31 August 2022). Candelora, Danielle; Ben-Marzouk, Nadia; Cooney, Kathyln (eds.).
10489:
Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (March 2014).
9395:"Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape"
9108:"1971 – Egypt's new constitution is introduced and the country is renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt."
3705:
2912:. They delineated a liberal outlook for their country expressed as a commitment to individual freedom,
2829:
2652:
in 1863. Ismail's reign witnessed the growth of the army, major education reforms, the founding of the
2170:
1693:
1617:
1268:). He also added that the Ottoman rulers of the region "stigmatized" the people of Egypt with the name
11308:
Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (2020-08-01).
10654:
13626:
13569:
13536:
13301:
13211:
13173:
13168:
13156:
13055:
12747:
12717:
12702:
12454:
8501:
as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in
8041:"The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape"
7333:
properly, "Misr" but was formerly named " El-Kahireh;" whence Europeans have formed the name of Cairo
6455:"major burial sites of those founding locales of ancient Egypt in the fourth millennium BCE, notably
6207:
4569:
4162:
3518:
3469:
3206:
2660:, the rise of an independent political press, a flourishing of the arts, and the inauguration of the
2337:
of Arabic, which was to eventually slowly supplant native Egyptian or Coptic as the spoken language.
1945:
55:
30:
6803:
6230:
4471:. In addition, Egyptian families often derive their name from places in Egypt, such as Minyawi from
13784:
13702:
13682:
13490:
13316:
13112:
13100:
12937:
12915:
12582:
12532:
12473:
12432:
12308:
12303:
12269:
12230:
12104:
10114:"Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004"
7179:
7091:
4204:
4076:
Until the 1940s, Egypt was more in favour of territorial Egyptian nationalism and distant from the
3700:
3528:
3097:
2872:
2162:
2154:
1997:
St. Mark is said to have founded the Holy Apostolic See of Alexandria and to have become its first
1644:
1488:
1210:
1158:
825:
804:
9947:
Dugoujon J.M., Coudray C., Torroni A., Cruciani F., Scozzari F., Moral P., Louali N., Kossmann M.
7385:
1236:, writing in the 1820s, said that the native Muslim inhabitants of Cairo commonly call themselves
13611:
13234:
12969:
12821:
12794:
12779:
12774:
12510:
12410:
12074:
10614:
10333:
Dokládal, M.; Brožek, J. (1961). "Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments".
9995:"The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form"
8619:"Ethnic Identities in Ancient Egypt and the Identity of Egyptology: Towards a "Trans-Egyptology""
6081:
4380:, but the Egyptians still have the phoneme /p/ in their spoken language). For example, Bashandy (
3895:
3186:
2435:
1686:
1216:(מִצְרַיִם / מִצְרָיִם), meaning "the two straits", a reference to the predynastic separation of
11898:. Vol. 1 of An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. C. Knight and co
11173:"Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa"
11031:"Clines and clusters versus "Race:" a test in ancient Egypt and the case of a death on the Nile"
10879:"Clines and clusters versus "race:" a test in ancient Egypt and the case of a death on the Nile"
9467:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations"
8519:
6303:
and European populations. Among the samples included in the study is skeletal material from the
13763:
13692:
13621:
13443:
13411:
13105:
13043:
13038:
12752:
12217:
12134:
12124:
11998:
10117:
6437:
argued had been obscured in typological thinking. Keita further added that different "data and
6351:
6233:
6199:
6038:
have left very little in the way of archaeological evidence, but by around the 9000 to 6000 BC
5171:
4135:
stressed Egyptian sovereignty and leadership of Arab unity instead of the eastern Arab states.
3902:
3772:
3578:
3486:
3296:
3272:
3090:
3079:
2893:
2700:
2470:
2445:
2189:
1956:, a city which had by then become a center of culture and learning in the entire Mediterranean
1929:
1828:
1758:
The Egyptian sense of superiority was given religious validation, as foreigners in the land of
1447:
1062:
929:
784:
8671:
8562:
8261:
6377:
A 2020 study by Gad, Hawass, et al. analysed mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups from
2502:, was written by scholars and scientists who accompanied the French army on their expedition.
2137:
developed its own national character, and the Copts stood united against the imperial power."
1600:. During this period, the Egyptian civilization rose to the status of an empire under Pharaoh
1134:
in Egypt. The term referred to the Egyptian locals, to distinguish them from the Arab rulers.
13697:
13589:
13559:
13448:
13428:
13374:
13286:
12925:
12883:
12878:
12856:
12664:
12654:
12439:
12318:
12286:
12168:
12149:
11978:
11940:
10431:
9268:"Heterogeneity in Palaeolithic Population Continuity and Neolithic Expansion in North Africa"
8589:
8525:
6258:
6249:
5190:
with haplotypes IV, XI, and V. These people fused with the indigenous valley peoples, as did
4786:
4756:
4746:
4716:
4676:
4626:
4616:
4011:
3690:
3635:
3594:
3459:
3362:
3214:
2657:
2506:
2371:
2310:
or "clients" to the ruling Arab elite, while those who remained Christian, the Copts, became
2197:
1882:
1838:
1338:
1327:
1286:
1217:
867:
763:
59:
11514:"Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship"
10963:
10720:
9969:
8801:
Egypt is the largest Arab country, and has played a central role in Middle Eastern politics.
7718:
7472:
2513:
ethnicity. He rallied support among the Egyptians until he was elected by the native Muslim
2211:
and, through the 7th century, retained the existing Byzantine administrative structure with
2073:. The third theologian to head the Catachetical School was a native Egyptian by the name of
1697:
75:
13804:
13564:
13514:
13384:
12488:
12478:
12079:
11961:
11397:
11254:
11184:
10257:
10067:
10008:
9527:
9406:
9279:
9077:
9057:
8052:
6551:
6397:
results. Because the relationships of these two mummies with the KV55 mummy (identified as
6347:
6292:
6066:
6046:
6039:
6015:
5115:
5034:
5030:
4980:
4776:
4766:
4736:
4726:
4706:
4696:
4686:
4666:
4656:
4646:
4636:
4124:
3966:
3839:
3558:
3464:
3140:
2885:
2833:
2806:
2785:
2766:
2712:
2593:
2585:
2565:
2550:
2462:
2294:
2201:
2116:
1998:
1701:
1682:
1597:
1574:
1542:
887:
190:
9765:
Lucotte G, Mercier G (May 2003). "Brief communication: Y-chromosome haplotypes in Egypt".
7452:
4203:
and Africa. After the Pharaonic era, the Egyptians themselves came under the influence of
3030:. Egypt became increasingly involved in regional affairs until three years after the 1967
8:
13675:
13655:
13475:
13423:
13418:
13357:
13259:
12942:
12873:
12868:
12587:
12291:
11966:
11513:
10246:"Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene"
9847:
6914:
4487:
orders such as el-Shazli and el-Sawy. More examples of prominent surnames are Qozman and
3710:
3695:
3680:
3675:
3620:
3585:
3538:
2762:
2734:
2725:
2174:
1651:
1628:
1420:
1233:
933:
871:
11401:
11285:
11258:
11242:
11188:
11029:
Brace, C. L.; Tracer, D. P.; Yaroch, L. A.; Robb, J.; Brandt, K.; Nelson, A. R. (1993).
10261:
10071:
10012:
9531:
9410:
9283:
8770:
8329:
8056:
13485:
13396:
13296:
13163:
12991:
12957:
12910:
12888:
12784:
12686:
12557:
12444:
12391:
12084:
12059:
12054:
11727:
11624:
11418:
11385:
11345:
11215:
11172:
11138:
11088:
11063:
10991:
10859:
10699:
10591:
10564:
10520:
10385:
10350:
10214:
10165:
10140:
10031:
9994:
9883:
9828:
9742:
9717:
9683:
9548:
9515:
9491:
9466:
9437:
9394:
9305:
9243:
9210:
9189:
8974:
8638:
8073:
8040:
7366:
6536:
6186:
period as "northern-Egyptian-Maghreb" and "tropical African variant" (overlapping with
6163:
4154:
4053:
3899:
in the dust (die) and let the strangers take our land and grow cotton for themselves".
3883:, and the term became a distinctive name for the Christian minority and members of the
3745:
3670:
3615:
3548:
3405:
3291:, being spoken by about 50% of the population, and the second, less prestigious, being
3230:
3158:
3094:
3067:
3004:
2958:
2842:
2773:
1866:
1681:
was the glue which held Egyptian society together. It was especially pronounced in the
1663:
1570:
1090:
859:
508:
11243:"Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process"
10205:
10090:
10055:
8945:
Duff Gordon, Letters From Egypt, Luxor, March 30th, 1865, To Sir Alexander Duff Gordon
8416:
3396:
It is also noteworthy that the Egyptian dialect is the most understood throughout the
1762:(Egypt) were anathema to the maintenance of Maat—a view most clearly expressed by the
13739:
13633:
13433:
13340:
13291:
13244:
13229:
13144:
13060:
12947:
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12826:
12659:
12333:
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12259:
12242:
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12099:
11971:
11948:
11867:
11841:
11834:
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11674:
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11610:
11535:
11492:
11486:
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11423:
11349:
11337:
11329:
11290:
11272:
11220:
11202:
11130:
11093:
10995:
10983:
10927:
10824:
10789:
10726:
10685:
10660:
10633:
10596:
10543:
10512:
10451:
10432:"Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state"
10410:
10389:
10354:
10285:
10280:
10245:
10219:
10170:
10095:
10036:
9973:
9962:
9930:
9875:
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9782:
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8078:
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7206:
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6390:
6359:
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6312:
6296:
6245:
6226:
6183:
6132:
6125:
6035:
5074:
5064:
5020:
5010:
4940:
4920:
4910:
4900:
4880:
4860:
4586:
their predominant ancestral component, and unique to the geographic region of Egypt.
4580:
4464:
4354:
4061:
4032:
3876:
3860:
3659:
3645:
3640:
3610:
3390:
3268:
3242:
3210:
3172:
2854:
2665:
2606:
2482:
2319:
2315:
2258:
2150:
2034:
1859:
1824:
1720:
1578:
1395:
1304:
1179:
961:
937:
898:
54:
This article is about the contemporary Nile Valley ethnic group. For other uses, see
13495:
11325:
11142:
10524:
9887:
9832:
9687:
9109:
3108:
and feared that power might ultimately be transferred to the president's first son,
2991:
2977:
2440:
1299:
13594:
13551:
13521:
13369:
13151:
13080:
13022:
12737:
12732:
12712:
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12350:
12281:
12264:
12205:
12094:
12026:
11709:
11701:
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11525:
11413:
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11321:
11280:
11262:
11210:
11192:
11122:
11083:
11075:
11042:
10975:
10919:
10890:
10851:
10816:
10781:
10586:
10576:
10502:
10443:
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10342:
10275:
10265:
10209:
10201:
10160:
10152:
10085:
10075:
10026:
10016:
9922:
9859:
9812:
9774:
9737:
9729:
9665:
9590:
9543:
9535:
9486:
9478:
9432:
9414:
9367:
9332:
9287:
9238:
9222:
8630:
8068:
8060:
6723:
6570:
6506:
6474:
6121:
6113:
6058:
5000:
4990:
4950:
4890:
4870:
4591:
4522:
4187:
3941:
3735:
3719:
3523:
3481:
3448:
3382:
3378:
3366:
3115:
After the resignation of Hosni Mubarak presidential powers were transferred to the
2966:
2905:
2645:
2637:
2356:
2099:
1917:
1473:
1191:
1086:
910:
716:
13406:
11485:
Gad, Yehia (2020). "Maternal and paternal lineages in King Tutankhamun's family".
11064:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa"
9718:"A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa"
3280:
13584:
13401:
13352:
13254:
13070:
12806:
12789:
12420:
12345:
12119:
12114:
12089:
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9064:
8841:
8792:
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7726:
7680:
7647:
7627:
7579:
7552:
7459:
7277:
7200:
7186:
7154:
7073:
6697:
6652:
6191:
6175:
6109:
5829:
Egyptians (sample includes people labeled as "berber" and people from the oases)
5054:
4960:
4507:
4468:
4432:
4417:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4369:
4216:
3808:
3730:
3625:
3563:
3533:
3511:
3476:
3374:
3276:
3257:
3253:
3222:
3218:
3166:
3162:
3123:
became the first democratically elected head of state in Egyptian history. After
3105:
3035:
3015:
3011:
3000:
2986:
2962:
2868:
2653:
2348:
2334:
2283:
2273:
2265:
in AD 796 and achieved political and social leadership over the Egyptian people.
2070:
2066:
2025:
1970:
1937:
1678:
1659:
1593:
1291:
1175:
1139:
1135:
985:
928:. A considerable percentage of Egyptians are Coptic Christians who belong to the
902:
830:
799:
775:
747:
712:
11310:"Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups"
6346:
in Middle Egypt. The specimens were living in a period stretching from the late
2957:
overthrew the Egyptian monarchy. The bottom row from left to right includes the
2013:. Christianity was tolerated in the Roman Empire until AD 284, when the Emperor
1138:
was the language of the Christian church and people, but lost its popularity to
13733:
13687:
13541:
13480:
13264:
13065:
12577:
12505:
12364:
12298:
12144:
12031:
11956:
10000:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7166:
6460:
6371:
6300:
6288:
6117:
4970:
4930:
4595:
4503:
4314:
Some Egyptians have their family names based on their traditional crafts, like
4212:
4139:
4097:
3945:
3630:
3543:
3430:
3386:
3346:
3288:
3238:
3226:
3062:
2928:
2901:
2881:
2746:
2708:
2704:
2622:
2477:
2367:
2327:
2212:
2108:
2078:
1978:
1855:
1763:
1716:
1403:
only in the second half of the 1980s that Egyptian migration became prominent.
1114:
1050:
1007:
879:
408:
10507:
10490:
10381:
9625:
9292:
9267:
8634:
8231:
7545:
6644:↑ Talani, Leila S. Out of Egypt. University of California, Los Angeles. 2005.
5125:
A study by Arredi et al., which analyzed 275 samples from five populations in
4243:
1330:)) according to estimates. Most of Egypt's people live along the banks of the
13778:
13616:
13604:
13599:
13279:
12369:
12038:
11670:
11607:
Ancient Egyptian society : challenging assumptions, exploring approaches
11333:
11276:
11241:
Hammarén, Rickard; Goldstein, Steven T.; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2023-11-08).
11206:
10987:
10979:
10516:
9871:
9428:
9234:
7619:
7356:. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2003. Rep. of 5th ed, 1860. pp. 26–27.
6195:
6105:
5044:
4549:
4495:
4377:
4193:
4158:
3975:
3933:
3884:
3573:
3420:
3318:
3303:
3284:
3120:
3109:
3083:
2909:
2864:
2793:
2577:
2493:
2466:
2389:
2092:
2002:
1775:
1712:
1640:
1609:
1562:
1484:
1362:
1127:
1039:
969:
891:
150:
11047:
11030:
10895:
10878:
10820:
10785:
10270:
10190:"Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool"
10021:
9670:
9595:
9578:
7148:
6712:"Egypt's International Migration after the Revolution: Is There Any Change?"
6645:
4227:
2413:
antiquity and splendor... At least for some Egyptians, 'the land of Egypt' (
909:. Additionally, a sizable minority of Egyptians living in Upper Egypt speak
13743:
13333:
12742:
12401:
11723:
11678:
11539:
11427:
11341:
11294:
11224:
11156:
Yurco, Frank (Sep–Oct 1989). "Were the Ancient Egyptians Black or White?".
11134:
11097:
10931:
10600:
10455:
10174:
10099:
10080:
10040:
9934:
9879:
9824:
9786:
9751:
9679:
9604:
9557:
9500:
9446:
9379:
9344:
9301:
9265:
9252:
9013:
8082:
7132:
People: Ethnic groups: Egyptians (98%), Bedouins, Berbers, Nubians, Greeks.
7067:
Présentation de l'Égypte – Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères
6741:
6498:
6413:
6363:
6331:
6280:
6211:
6203:
6101:
5142:
4472:
4170:
4105:
4081:
4019:
3762:
3358:
3338:
3292:
2999:
in 1952. The Egyptian Republic was declared on June 18, 1953, with General
2920:
view of the world and faith in science to bring progress to human society.
2897:
2810:
2802:
2688:
2684:
2121:
2104:
1990:
1913:
1877:
1850:
1748:
1601:
1346:
1183:
847:
743:
388:
130:
11662:
11530:
11126:
10828:
10793:
10289:
10223:
7993:
6727:
3177:
1948:
in the early 40s of the 1st century, under the reign of the Roman emperor
1408:
12762:
12493:
12483:
12276:
12139:
12064:
10842:
Berry AC, Berry RJ, Ucko PJ (1967). "Genetical change in ancient Egypt".
10305:
Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming
9209:
Mohammad, T.; Xue, Yali; Evison, M.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (November 2009).
8498:
7307:
Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014),
6999:"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination"
6521:
6516:
6421:
6417:
6378:
6265:
6253:
6151:
6070:
6054:
6027:
5183:
5175:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
4499:
4327:
4132:
4128:
4077:
4015:
3992:
3970:
3891:
3800:
3496:
3491:
3261:
3234:
3043:
3031:
3027:
2970:
2924:
2860:
2850:
2777:
2692:
2669:
2363:
2246:
2129:
2030:
2024:. It became known as the 'Era of the Martyrs' and is commemorated in the
2006:
1921:
1870:
1416:
1387:
1307:(bottom-right) is the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital.
1131:
965:
914:
863:
625:
527:
488:
11909:
11646:
11409:
9539:
9226:
8813:
7387:
Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013
5088:
3838:
occurred in Egyptian documents of state ideology and were contingent on
2761:
that took hold among younger generations of Egyptians. Among these were
2707:
forces occupied Egypt in 1882. Technically, Egypt was still part of the
12811:
12769:
11714:
11384:
Schuenemann, Verena; Peltzer, Alexander; Welte, Beatrix (30 May 2017).
10923:
10863:
10447:
9926:
9863:
9816:
9778:
9571:
9569:
9567:
8594:. Williams and Norgate : pub. by the Hibbert trustees. p. 49.
8008:"A Short History of Egypt – to about 1970 from University of Standford"
6429:
6240:
peoples to a lesser extent—these lineages would have spread during the
6077:
5541:
5097:
4335:
4296:
4166:
4108:
as too inward-looking and saw no conflict between Egyptian patriotism (
4093:
4007:
3864:
3804:
3397:
3101:
3023:
2913:
2889:
2814:
2661:
2618:
2610:
2597:
2589:
2576:, renaissance or rebirth. It is best known for the renewed interest in
2290:
2227:
2134:
2077:. Origen was an outstanding theologian and one of the most influential
2046:
2014:
1953:
1589:
1382:
1331:
1319:
1187:
1082:
1042:
11705:
11170:
9575:
8064:
6616:"9.5 million Egyptians live abroad, mostly in Saudi Arabia and Jordan"
5114:, that are carried by both ancient and modern Egyptians. The subclade
4169:
was Arab identity rejected and neutrality supported. Egyptian scholar
4010:. A segment of Egyptian intellectuals argued that Egypt was part of a
2949:
2613:
school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars like
13122:
11573:
ISBA9, 9th International Symposium on Biomolecular Archaeology, p.126
10772:
Keita, SOY (1990). "Studies of ancient crania from northern Africa".
6594:
6456:
6438:
6433:
6398:
6386:
6321:
6269:
6241:
6237:
6236:
common to indigenous North-East African populations primarily and to
6062:
6031:
5191:
4560:, and many others became common, more so in the Christian community.
4319:
4200:
3995:, were adopted by the political leadership, there was also a rise of
3906:
3389:, and its grammar structure is influenced by the Coptic stage of the
3342:
2917:
2754:
2673:
2568:, 1801–1873, laid the groundwork for the modern Egyptian Renaissance.
2542:
2526:
2510:
2166:
2057:
2038:
2001:. Within 50 years of St. Mark's arrival in Alexandria, a fragment of
1958:
1893:
1812:
1303:
A view of Cairo, the largest city in Africa and the Middle East. The
1075:
1067:
1032:
1018:
428:
10946:
The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence
10877:
Brace CL, Tracer DP, Yaroch LA, Robb J, Brandt K, Nelson AR (1993).
10855:
10307:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–15, 167–188.
9906:
9564:
9507:
7693:
2140:
1965:
12323:
11113:
11079:
10346:
10156:
9733:
9482:
8304:
Egyptians stage protest over call for Mubarak's son to be president
7424:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo"
6326:
6308:
6273:
6167:
6050:
3996:
3812:
3051:
2772:
Egyptian nationalist sentiment reached a high point after the 1906
2340:
2193:
2088:
2017:
persecuted and put to death a great number of Christian Egyptians.
1982:
1621:
1455:
1411:). Egyptians have also been impacted by the wars between Egypt and
9514:
Schuenemann, Verena; Krause, Johannes; et al. (30 May 2017).
6448:
reported that biological anthropological findings had determined:
6214:
studies of Egyptian skeletal remains and concluded similarly that
3863:. Egypt and Egyptians often consider themselves to be part of the
3440:
2961:, the movement's operational leader and Egypt's second president,
2572:
The period between 1860 and 1940 was characterized by an Egyptian
12069:
10562:
6511:
6425:
6085:
5138:
5130:
5126:
4553:
4444:
4358:
4256:
4251:
Some Egyptians tend to have Surnames based on their cities, like
4236:
4096:
more than a decade later that Arab nationalism, and by extension
4057:
4049:
4003:
3984:
3879:, Egyptian Muslims ceased to be called or identify themselves as
3843:
3119:, who relinquished power on 30 June 2012 when Islamist candidate
3055:
2696:
2649:
2330:
2311:
2235:
2231:
2125:
2083:
1909:
1771:
1566:
925:
679:
643:
448:
368:
11444:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420
10563:
Trombetta, B.; Cruciani, F.; Sellitto, D.; Scozzari, R. (2011).
8814:"Copt | Definition, Religion, History, & Facts | Britannica"
7961:. 4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. p. 26
7741:. 4th edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1992, p. 432
7673:
United Nations Report on International Migration and Development
6182:
Keita describes the northern and southern patterns of the early
2730:
2457:
Modern Egyptian history is generally believed to begin with the
1673:
Throughout the Pharaonic epoch (viz., from 2920 BC to 525 BC in
897:
The daily language of the Egyptians is a continuum of the local
12355:
12313:
12160:
9912:
9078:
Pan – Arabism: What Destroyed the Ideology of Arab Nationalism?
6464:
6394:
6343:
6335:
6171:
6097:
6093:
6089:
5187:
4557:
4538:
4534:
4476:
4425:
4343:
4288:
4101:
3848:
3506:
3501:
3322:
3302:
The recorded history of Egyptian Arabic as a dialect begins in
3246:
3039:
2687:, the now Egyptian-dominated army reacted violently, staging a
2632:
2626:
2614:
2609:, the architect of the modern Egyptian school system, a native
2546:
2534:
2518:
2307:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2249:
so they were in the development of the mystical form of Islam,
2220:
2208:
2185:
2145:
2074:
2061:
2010:
1986:
1905:
1791:
1752:
1705:
1585:
1412:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1315:
1148:
1046:
941:
875:
586:
546:
468:
329:
310:
230:
210:
10053:
9949:
The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities
6804:"Egiziani in Italia – statistiche e distribuzione per regione"
3275:, but it is not a spoken language. The spoken vernaculars are
1725:
1696:. The king in his role as Son of Ra was entrusted to maintain
990:
974:
12386:
12191:
9058:
Pan-Arabism: What Destroyed the Ideology of Arab Nationalism?
7354:
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians
7306:
7180:
Coptic Language, Spoken :: Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia
6913:
Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95%
6187:
6170:
crania from predynastic upper Egypt in comparison to various
5179:
5134:
4488:
4480:
4413:
4304:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4120:
3880:
3756:
3361:
City, the greater Cairo area. It is represented in a body of
3330:
3182:
3075:
2818:
2758:
2750:
2538:
2344:
2299:
2242:
2216:
2181:
1974:
1933:
1925:
1744:
1667:
1592:. The native nobility managed to expel the conquerors by the
1435:
1370:
1350:
1258:
1246:
1238:
1203:
1169:
1117:
1101:
1055:
1025:
1011:
855:
815:
736:
732:
661:
606:
290:
270:
250:
170:
108:
11061:
10056:"Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model"
9715:
9208:
6057:
data have attributed these settlements to migrants from the
2279:
12799:
11240:
10540:
Smith Tyson Stuart.The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Egypt
10054:
Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA (2002).
4484:
4440:
3326:
2841:
was concluded. New forces that came to prominence were the
2522:
2473:, and soon they were able to seize control of the country.
1949:
1901:
1886:
1833:
1800:
1782:
1431:
1378:
922:
918:
851:
697:
566:
348:
9392:
8470:"Arab Invasions: The First Islamic Empire | History Today"
8417:"Egypt election: Sisi set to win second term as president"
6142:
6076:
However, other scholars have disputed this view and cited
2644:
Among Mohammed Ali's successors, the most influential was
2561:
2200:
marched into Egypt, facing off with the Byzantines in the
11781:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 83–86.
11488:
Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of Zahi Hawass
11440:
11307:
11110:
10488:
10409:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 82–85.
10139:
Semino, O; Magri, C; Benuzzi, G; et al. (May 2004).
9087:. Hellenic Center for European Studies. January 15, 2007.
9067:. Hellenic Center for European Studies. January 15, 2007.
8610:
7839:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. p. 126.
6424:. Keita, using an algorithm that only has three choices:
6382:
3193:
2397:
2241:
The form of Islam that eventually took hold in Egypt was
1799:
ancient Egyptians personified the river flood as the god
1692:
The role of the king was considerably weakened after the
1620:
dynasties (the Ramesside Period), lasting into the Early
10653:
Jr, William H. Stiebing; Helft, Susan N. (3 July 2023).
9464:
9357:
9322:
8391:"Egypt: Planned Presidential Vote Neither Free Nor Fair"
8145:
8143:
8037:
4153:
During this era, in 1978, Egyptian-American sociologist
3969:
in face of the British rule. However, the revolution of
1837:
Ancient Egyptian portrait of an Egyptian mummy from the
921:
minority and a significant proportion who follow native
11383:
8670:
Jr, William H. Stiebing; Helft, Susan N. (2023-07-03).
8330:"Egypt's ousted president Mohammed Morsi dies in court"
7189:. Cdm15831.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved on 2020-06-02.
4174:
part of the personality of the greater Arab homeland."
3847:
themselves from the others was cultural in nature, not
3353:(lit. Land of Egypt) and Assyrian records called Egypt
2797:
which aims to defend Egyptian interests of all kinds."
1089:, the noun "Egyptians" appears in the 14th century, in
866:, a small strip of cultivable land stretching from the
11643:
9992:
8497:
The language may have survived in isolated pockets in
6772:"تسع ملايين و 471 ألف مصري مقيم بالخارج في نهاية 2016"
6320:
samples exhibit morphologically simple, mass-reduced
3221:
is the last form of the Egyptian language, written in
2683:
When the British deposed Ismail and installed his son
181:
11647:"Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family"
11028:
10876:
9386:
9038:
Jankowski, "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism", p. 246
8503:
Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde
8459:
The History of Herodotus By GEORGE RAWLINSON, Page 33
8140:
6026:
According to historian, Donald Redford, the earliest
4841:
X (1.4%); African origin (n = 57) including L0 (2.2%)
4533:("father of"); for example, Busiri ("of the place of
3104:. Most Egyptians were skeptical about the process of
1849:
When Alexander died, a story began to circulate that
10320:
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
8523:
8450:
The History of Herodotus By GEORGE RAWLINSON, Page 9
8360:"El-Sisi wins Egypt's presidential race with 96.91%"
8133:
8131:
7922:
7920:
6488:
6229:
analysis of modern Egyptians reveals that they have
4510:. This was done by the addition of the Greek suffix
3311:
2981:
Over 2 million Egyptians protesting in Tahrir Square
2805:) were closer to the secular, liberal principles of
2415:
1608:. It remained a super-regional power throughout the
1314:
Approximately 84–90% of the population of Egypt are
1270:
1195:
1107:
988:
stage of the language during the Greco-Roman era. ("
841:
789:
11890:
11491:. Czech Institute of Egyptology. pp. 497–518.
7874:
7872:
2476:The French occupation was short-lived, ending when
2128:had both theological and national implications. As
11859:
11833:
10138:
9961:
9648:
9211:"Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait"
8551:is of 4 parts: Fustat, Cairo. Giza, and Al Jazira.
8388:
7781:. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 11
7054:"Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit/Geburtsland"
6957:"Ausländer in Deutschland bis 2019: Herkunftsland"
6042:farming settlements had appeared all over Egypt.
3093:. Although power was ostensibly organized under a
2809:and the People's Party. Prominent among these was
1388:variety of concoctions surrounding the simple bean
936:, Coptic, is the most recent stage of the ancient
886:. This unique geography has been the basis of the
58:. For information on the population of Egypt, see
9513:
9095:
9093:
8128:
7917:
6831:
6825:
6009:
5770:Distribution of E1b1b1a (E-M78) and its subclades
2141:Islamic period from Late antiquity to Middle Ages
1220:. Also mentioned in several Semitic languages as
1000:with the plural definite article, "Black Lands").
13776:
11480:
11478:
11476:
10725:. Princeton University Press. pp. 97, 167.
8616:
8446:
8444:
8442:
7869:
2695:, who was a rural Egyptian born in a village in
2584:The first Egyptian renaissance intellectual was
1662:ruled Egypt from 305 BC to 30 BC and introduced
399:
10679:
9460:
9458:
9456:
9000:
8998:
8560:
8537:
8535:
6666:2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
6571:"مصر في المركز الـ13 عالميا في التعداد السكاني"
4529:("of the place of") were sometimes Arabized to
2432:History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
1912:, had been popular in Egypt and throughout the
141:
10841:
10760:The racial history of Egypt and Nubia, Part II
10332:
10187:
9764:
9090:
8936:Imagined Empires: A History of Revolt in Egypt
7534:
7076:. Diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 2020-06-02.
6563:
5484:Egyptians from El-Hayez Oasis (Western Desert)
4443:, means "child of God". Hence, names and many
4056:as well as the political leadership including
2261:(i.e., Dhul-Nun the Egyptian). He was born in
2169:was able to reclaim the country after a brief
1981:, the arrest of Christ, his appearance before
1952:. The earliest converts were Jews residing in
1858:, but the mass of the Egyptian population was
1658:is taken to end with his death in 323 BC. The
1182:name for Egypt. The term originally connoted "
379:
121:
12176:
11925:
11473:
9798:
9796:
8690:
8439:
7279:Modern Egypt: The formation of a nation state
7202:The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa
7086:
7084:
7082:
6837:"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"
5194:with VII and VIII, but perhaps also some V".
3780:
3357:, commonly referred to the people of Egypt's
479:
11751:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
11691:
10476:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
9453:
9157:
9155:
9145:
9143:
8995:
8587:
8532:
7691:
7582:University of California, Los Angeles. 2005.
7227:National Geographic Geno 2.0 Project - Egypt
7147:. University of South Carolina Press, 1995.
3905:, the son of Mohammed Ali Pasha, who was an
3295:, spoken by about 35–40% of the population.
1985:, Peter's denial at cockcrow, Christ before
11836:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State
11778:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE
11447:. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
11377:
10722:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE
10542:. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28.
10406:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE
8775:Arab American Anti-Discrimination Committee
8603:
8601:
8567:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 166.
7594:"Egyptians came for jobs, then built lives"
7275:
7145:Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt
7115:
3061:Egyptians fought one last time in the 1973
2207:The new Muslim rulers moved the capital to
913:. Egyptians are predominantly adherents of
499:
419:
15:
12183:
12169:
11932:
11918:
11862:The Foreign Policies of Middle East States
11857:
11629:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10704:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10659:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 209–212.
10429:
9964:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times
9953:
9793:
9194:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8954:All the Pasha's Men, Arabic Version, P 337
8747:
8581:
8554:
7262:C. Petry. "Copts in Late Medieval Egypt."
7079:
6928:"2011 QuickStats Country of Birth (Egypt)"
6463:, show no demographic indebtedness to the
6334:is, in fact, significantly different from
6092:populations, with some genetic input from
3787:
3773:
2636:Egyptian silk weavers during the reign of
74:
16:
11939:
11713:
11604:
11529:
11417:
11284:
11266:
11214:
11196:
11087:
11046:
11035:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
10894:
10590:
10580:
10506:
10436:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
10279:
10269:
10213:
10164:
10089:
10079:
10030:
10020:
9915:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
9767:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
9758:
9741:
9669:
9642:
9594:
9547:
9490:
9436:
9418:
9291:
9242:
9152:
9140:
9029:. Princeton University Press. 2003, p. 99
9027:Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century
8895:. Frank Leslie's Publishing House. 1879.
8259:
8232:'Dialogues of Naguib Mahfouz: Mon Egypte'
8072:
7837:Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC − AD 642
7660:Plight of Foreign Workers in Saudi Arabia
7567:
7565:
7371:CAPMAS – الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة و الاحصاء
6765:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6657:
6646:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84t8q4p1
3867:rather than the whole African continent.
2343:was founded in AD 970 in the new capital
2318:so that in the 10th century, the Turkish
1977:in the Garden of Gethsemane, the kiss of
1766:in reaction to the chaotic events of the
1126:("Egypt, Egyptian"), that appeared under
968:of the Black Soil of the Nile Valley. In
439:
359:
10952:Vol. 99, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp. 534–544
10909:
10749:, Pat I. J Roy Anthropol Inst 75:81–102.
10656:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture
10632:. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 43–54.
10367:
10317:
10302:
10116:. Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from
9649:Wood, Elizabeth T.; et al. (2005).
9360:Forensic Science International: Genetics
9325:Forensic Science International: Genetics
8699:"The Root: Race And Racism Divide Egypt"
8673:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture
8598:
8491:
8322:
7685:
7445:
7021:
6920:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6307:, which clustered very closely with the
6158:When Lower and Upper Egypt were unified
6141:
4242:
4226:
3192:
3176:
2976:
2948:
2859:
2729:
2631:
2629:' help in organizing the Egyptian army.
2592:. In them he introduces his students to
2560:
2439:
2289:
2278:
2144:
1964:
1832:
1343:International Organization for Migration
1298:
1290:
862:. The population is concentrated in the
577:
537:
459:
301:
221:
201:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
11831:
11812:
10652:
10627:
10537:
9968:. Princeton: University Press. p.
9959:
8669:
8389:Human Rights Watch (13 February 2018).
7383:
7137:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
4161:was acknowledged and neutrality in the
3213:. It constitutes its own branch of the
952:Egyptians have received several names:
858:. Egyptian identity is closely tied to
597:
281:
261:
241:
161:
99:
14:
13777:
11236:
11234:
10243:
9697:from the original on 24 September 2016
9179:
8979:Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II
8771:"Facts about Arabs and the Arab World"
8696:
8665:
8663:
7562:
7092:"Egypt – International emigrant stock"
6756:
4219:, itself influenced by Ancient Egypt.
2196:'s death. In AD 639, the Arab general
2173:in AD 616, and subsequently appointed
1818:
901:; the most famous dialect is known as
824:
557:
339:
13209:
13020:
12843:
12684:
12203:
12164:
11913:
11774:
11744:
11155:
10961:
10806:
10771:
10747:The racial history of Egypt and Nubia
10718:
10469:
10402:
9845:
9802:
8973:
8869:
8839:
8409:
8241:. Al-Ahram Weekly. 10–16 August 2006.
7258:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7198:
6877:from the original on 27 December 2018
6843:from the original on 24 December 2018
6709:
6622:. Egypt Independent. 1 October 2017.
6599:
4806:L3 (12.3%); and Asian origin (n = 33)
4502:, meaning they were altered to sound
2813:who led the new movement through the
1650:Egypt fell under Greek control after
798:
13759:
11609:. Abingdon, Oxon. pp. 101–111.
11582:from the original on 16 October 2021
11301:
10684:. Abingdon, Oxon. pp. 111–122.
8750:"Black Egyptians decry daily racism"
8697:Khalid, Sunni M. (7 February 2011).
8311:from the original on 22 October 2018
7502:"Migration And Development In Egypt"
6978:
6863:"Jews, by Country of Origin and Age"
6683:
6067:Egyptian and North African Neolithic
4845:
4601:
3916:
3209:. In antiquity, Egyptians spoke the
2788:, and the more radical, pro-Islamic
1295:A map of Egypt's population density.
1162:
808:
93:Regions with significant populations
13749:
11775:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023).
11598:
11511:
11484:
11231:
10719:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023).
10628:Anselin, Alain H. Stiebing (2011).
10430:Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (April 2007).
10403:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023).
8964:Fustat, Cairo. Giza, and Al Jazira.
8660:
8564:The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 25 48
7009:from the original on April 14, 2021
6871:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
6691:A Study of Egyptian Return Migrants
6626:from the original on 3 January 2018
3854:
3137:2014 Egyptian presidential election
3117:Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
3042:, Nasser died and was succeeded by
2821:, the Egyptian people staged their
2680:the increasing European influence.
2488:When Napoleon invited the Egyptian
2374:. Historian James Jankwoski writes:
1815:observed, "the gift of the river."
1326:, 1% other Christian Sects (mainly
1178:name, which comes from the ancient
779:
48:
11884:
11840:. University of California Press.
11795:from the original on 22 March 2023
11745:Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022).
10762:. J Roy Anthropol Inst 76:131–156.
10470:Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022).
9722:American Journal of Human Genetics
9658:European Journal of Human Genetics
9471:American Journal of Human Genetics
7937:Egyptology: The Missing Millennium
7665:
7404:from the original on 5 August 2020
7249:
7120:. Facts on File Inc. p. 241.
6769:
6734:
6595:https://worldpopulationreview.com/
5153:of 274 male individuals (162 from
4594:related component and less of the
4563:
3817:
3205:, Nile Valley Egyptians spoke the
2469:defeated a Mamluk era army at the
2056:was founded in the 3rd century by
2033:, for which the Egyptians, namely
1989:, and the baptism of Jesus in the
1973:period, AD 1249–50. Images depict
1633:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
49:
13816:
13130:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
11461:from the original on 5 April 2023
10962:Keita, S. O. Y. (November 2005).
10883:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
9894:from the original on 11 June 2022
9852:American Journal of Human Biology
9805:American Journal of Human Biology
8748:Siegelbaum, Max (July 19, 2013).
8732:"Middle East/North Africa (MENA)"
8427:from the original on 8 March 2021
8397:from the original on 14 July 2019
8370:from the original on 31 July 2014
8340:from the original on 17 June 2019
8260:Watterson, Barbara (1998-12-04).
7939:. London: UCL Press, 2005. p. 165
7640:EGYPT: Migrant workers face abuse
7609:. Baltimore Sun. August 13, 2006.
6412:In 2022, S.O.Y. Keita analysed 8
6166:peoples. In 2005, Keita examined
6120:as a source of a genetic marker "
5137:, as well as published data from
4376:in the course of developing from
4247:A serpent charmer in Egypt, 1860s
3197:A 3rd-century Coptic inscription.
2425:
2383:
2286:founded in AD 970 by the Fatimids
2103:Egyptian religion. Under emperor
2054:Catachetical School of Alexandria
13795:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
13758:
13748:
13738:
13729:
13728:
12987:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
12190:
12048:Minorities and Foreign nationals
11768:
11738:
11685:
11637:
11558:
11505:
11434:
11368:
11356:from the original on 3 June 2021
11164:
11149:
11104:
11055:
11022:
11013:
10955:
10938:
10903:
10870:
10835:
10800:
10765:
10752:
10739:
10712:
10673:
10646:
10621:
10607:
10556:
10531:
10482:
10462:
10423:
10396:
10361:
10326:
10311:
10296:
10237:
10181:
10132:
10106:
10047:
9986:
9941:
9846:Keita, S.O.Y. (September 2005).
9839:
9611:
9351:
9316:
9259:
9202:
9173:
9164:
9131:
9122:
9102:
9070:
9050:
9041:
9032:
9019:
9007:
8967:
8957:
8948:
8939:
8930:
8921:
8911:
8902:
8883:
8863:
8833:
8806:
8785:
8763:
8741:
8724:
8561:Daniel I. Block (19 June 1998).
8544:
8508:
8462:
8453:
7694:"The Last Egyptian Belly Dancer"
6784:from the original on 19 May 2020
6491:
5141:populations, suggested that the
5096:
5087:
4574:
4404:"the one of the north"), Bahur (
4396:"the one of an eagle"), Bekhit (
4143:
4067:Historian H. S. Deighton wrote:
4060:and the Egyptian Prime Minister
3921:
3912:
3822:The categorization of people as
3755:
3439:
3313:Dafʻ al-ʼiṣr ʻan kalām ʼahl Miṣr
1675:conventional Egyptian chronology
1478:
690:
672:
654:
636:
618:
599:
579:
559:
539:
520:
501:
481:
461:
441:
421:
401:
381:
361:
341:
322:
303:
283:
263:
243:
223:
203:
183:
163:
143:
123:
101:
13471:Identification card controversy
11858:Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (2002).
11825:
11757:from the original on 2022-11-16
11546:from the original on 2 May 2021
11326:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348
11002:from the original on 2022-10-18
10944:Keita SOY and Rick A. Kittles.
9583:Molecular Biology and Evolution
8981:. Academic Press. p. 138.
8870:Beach, Chandler Belden (1895).
8840:Sharp, Arthur G. (2011-09-15).
8709:from the original on 2018-06-29
8649:from the original on 2019-04-03
8480:from the original on 2018-12-04
8382:
8352:
8295:
8286:
8253:
8244:
8224:
8215:
8206:
8197:
8188:
8179:
8170:
8161:
8152:
8119:
8110:
8098:
8089:
8031:
8020:from the original on 2020-12-02
8000:
7982:
7973:
7964:
7951:
7942:
7929:
7908:
7899:
7890:
7881:
7860:
7851:
7842:
7829:
7820:
7811:
7802:
7793:
7784:
7779:Coptic Egypt: History and Guide
7771:
7762:
7753:
7744:
7731:
7711:
7700:from the original on 2010-03-28
7652:
7632:
7620:Migrant workers in SAUDI ARABIA
7612:
7585:
7525:
7494:
7483:from the original on 2021-09-11
7465:
7434:from the original on 2018-05-04
7416:
7377:
7359:
7346:
7336:
7326:
7300:
7269:
7218:
7192:
7173:
7159:
7109:
7098:from the original on 2022-11-07
7060:
7046:
7035:from the original on 2018-01-17
6967:from the original on 2017-01-30
6949:
6938:from the original on 2017-08-29
6889:
6855:
6814:from the original on 2021-06-24
6796:
6710:Zohry, Ayman (9 January 2014).
6542:Egyptians in the United Kingdom
4388:"the one of acacia"), Bakhoum (
3875:After a few centuries from the
3283:, and their variants; and also
2853:(Bank of Egypt) was founded by
2481:Egyptians to the ideals of the
2180:Meanwhile, the new religion of
2091:of various translations of the
1428:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
1280:
1276:or the 'People of the Pharaoh'.
1209:) is directly cognate with the
888:development of Egyptian society
176:~1,000,000–2,000,000 (pre-2011)
12377:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
11314:Forensic Science International
8892:Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine
6901:Office for National Statistics
6867:Statistical Abstract of Israel
6703:
6638:
6588:
6010:Genetic and biological history
4797:Forensic Science International
4439:), which is very common among
3870:
3082:in 1981, and was succeeded by
3050:orientation, switched Egypt's
2871:and their first-born daughter
2719:
2556:
947:
13:
1:
12685:
10206:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1
7540:of which c. 4 million in the
7310:Civilizations and World Order
6557:
5149:A study by Lucotte using the
4147:
3264:as late as the 19th century.
2784:(the Nation, 1907) headed by
2451:François-Louis-Joseph Watteau
1441:Egyptian Arabic – Geographics
13004:Twin towns and sister cities
12844:
12516:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
11891:Edward William Lane (1837).
11866:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
11268:10.1371/journal.pone.0290423
11198:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293
10582:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073
9624:. 2008-06-26. Archived from
9420:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775
9372:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.09.004
9337:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.09.004
9182:Die Personennamen der Kopten
7276:Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988),
7116:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2008).
6354:(1388 BCE–426 CE). Complete
4803:R0 and its subgroups (31.4%)
4087:
3944:or discuss the issue on the
3185:school teacher lecturing on
3152:
1969:A Coptic-Arabic manuscript,
1726:
1666:culture to Egyptians. 4,000
1656:Late Period of ancient Egypt
1539:'People of the Black Lands'
1259:
1247:
1239:
1204:
1170:
1113:), also a derivative of the
1076:
1068:
1033:
1019:
991:
975:
944:along with Egyptian Arabic.
842:
816:
764:Afroasiatic-speaking peoples
7:
13532:Vehicle registration plates
13210:
13186:Water supply and sanitation
13021:
12204:
9119:. BBC News, Timeline: Egypt
8623:Journal of Egyptian History
8524:
7959:The History of Modern Egypt
7739:The History of Modern Egypt
7384:Martino, John, ed. (2013).
6484:
6244:and were maintained by the
6022:Population history of Egypt
5367:Fadhloui-Zid et al. (2013)
4853:Y DNA Haplogroups of Egypt
4609:mtDNA Haplogroups of Egypt
4483:; or from one of the local
4222:
3411:
3312:
2965:, Egypt's first president,
2944:
2935:, Mahfouz had this to say:
2923:When Egyptian novelist and
2416:
2219:poll tax, in addition to a
1654:'s conquest in 332 BC. The
1565:saw a succession of thirty
1468:Population history of Egypt
1271:
1196:
1108:
790:
10:
13821:
13191:Water resources management
10060:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
9960:Redford, Donald B (1992).
8194:qtd. in Vatikiotis, p. 227
7646:September 7, 2006, at the
7473:"Egypt-Demographic trends"
7167:"Chariot to Heaven, Kemet"
6082:biological anthropological
6019:
6013:
5951:Egyptians from Gurna Oasis
5921:Northern Egyptians (Delta)
4578:
4567:
4436:
4421:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4012:Mediterranean civilization
3936:towards certain viewpoints
3798:
3170:
3156:
3034:, in which Egypt lost the
2723:
2429:
2192:that took place following
1822:
1768:Second Intermediate Period
1496:
1482:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1284:
1118:
1056:
1026:
1012:
972:The name is vocalized as "
834:
53:
13724:
13550:
13222:
13218:
13205:
13086:Impact on the environment
13076:Entrepreneurship policies
13029:
13016:
12852:
12839:
12693:
12680:
12648:
12550:
12216:
12212:
12199:
12047:
12014:
11947:
10508:10.1017/S0003598X00050249
10382:10.1017/S0003598X00076110
9293:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.050
8635:10.1163/18741665-12340049
8617:Thomas Schneider (2018).
7390:. CQ Press. p. 508.
6869:(in English and Hebrew).
6112:(PN2) marker, within the
4570:Genetic history of Africa
4372:, which lost the phoneme
3398:Arabic-speaking countries
3391:ancient Egyptian language
3308:دفع الإصر عن كلام أهل مصر
3207:Archaic Egyptian language
3014:as president and began a
2985:Increased involvement by
2973:, Egypt's third president
2828:The Wafd Party drafted a
1946:Saint Mark the Evangelist
1811:, the Black Land, was as
1596:, thereby initiating the
1415:, particularly after the
1409:Egypt § Human rights
1318:adherents and 10–15% are
762:
757:
727:
722:
711:
706:
688:
670:
652:
634:
616:
596:
576:
556:
536:
518:
498:
478:
458:
438:
418:
398:
378:
358:
338:
320:
300:
280:
260:
240:
220:
200:
180:
160:
140:
120:
97:
92:
87:
82:
73:
56:Egyptian (disambiguation)
12857:Administrative divisions
12533:2011 Egyptian revolution
12474:1952 Egyptian revolution
12270:Lighthouse of Alexandria
11518:Human Molecular Genetics
10980:10.1177/0021934704265912
10968:Journal of Black Studies
10680:Keita Shomarka. (2022).
10538:Redford, Donald (2001).
10322:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
9137:Dawisha, pp. 264–65, 267
8676:. Taylor & Francis.
8212:qtd. in Jankowski p. 123
8105:A Short History of Egypt
7153:August 29, 2005, at the
7118:A Brief History of Egypt
6139:pattern north to south.
5980:Egyptian from Siwa Oasis
4521:Names starting with the
4231:An Egyptian elder, 1860s
4112:) and Arab nationalism (
3419:This article is part of
3098:semi-presidential system
3022:Nasser nationalized the
2830:new Constitution in 1923
2509:, an Ottoman officer of
2165:, the Byzantine Emperor
2163:Muslim conquest of Egypt
2153:(AD 796–859) in Cairo's
2098:At the threshold of the
1713:ancient Egyptian society
1489:History of ancient Egypt
31:latest accepted revision
13061:Egyptian stock exchange
11878:Egyptian identity Arab.
11852:Egyptian identity Arab.
11832:Barakat, Halim (1993).
11048:10.1002/ajpa.1330360603
10950:American Anthropologist
10896:10.1002/ajpa.1330360603
10821:10.1002/ajpa.1330870302
10786:10.1002/ajpa.1330830105
10271:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053
10244:Chikhi (21 July 1998).
10188:Cavalli-Sforza (1997).
10022:10.1073/pnas.0509801102
9671:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
9180:Heuser, Gustav (1929).
9056:Makropoulou, Ifigenia.
9025:qtd in Dawisha, Adeed.
8793:"Egypt country profile"
8591:An Essay on Assyriology
7835:qtd. in Alan K. Bowman
6202:, but "lower Egyptian,
6003:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5975:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5946:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5916:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5886:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5595:Dugoujon et al. (2009)
5535:Kujanová et al. (2009)
4537:") occasionally became
3187:Eastern Arabic numerals
2823:first modern revolution
2691:led by Minister of War
2499:Description de l'Égypte
2436:History of modern Egypt
2149:Tomb of Egyptian saint
984:in the late (Bohairic)
13790:Ethnic groups in Egypt
13392:International rankings
12397:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
10081:10.1073/pnas.162158799
8846:. Simon and Schuster.
8393:. Human Rights Watch.
7679:July 31, 2006, at the
7671:Kapiszewski, Andrzej.
7626:June 16, 2006, at the
7453:The CIA World Factbook
7352:Lane, Edward William.
6471:
6340:
6224:
6155:
6045:Some studies based on
4552:influence, names like
4293:Eskandarani / Eskandar
4248:
4232:
4119:For a while Egypt and
4074:
4041:
4029:
3297:Modern Standard Arabic
3273:Modern Standard Arabic
3225:which is based on the
3198:
3190:
3127:, he was deposed by a
3080:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
2982:
2974:
2955:Free Officers Movement
2942:
2894:Muhammad Husayn Haykal
2876:
2738:
2641:
2569:
2471:Battle of the Pyramids
2454:
2446:Battle of the Pyramids
2423:
2381:
2303:
2287:
2184:was making headway in
2158:
1994:
1846:
1829:Egypt (Roman province)
1612:as well as during the
1454:with Israel. When the
1448:entertainment industry
1392:
1308:
1296:
930:Coptic Orthodox Church
826:[mɑsˤɾɪjˈjiːn]
800:[mɪsˤrɪjˈjuːn]
12997:Terrorism and tourism
12455:1948 Arab–Israeli War
12287:Library of Alexandria
11941:Demographics of Egypt
11663:10.1001/jama.2010.121
11390:Nature Communications
11127:10.1353/hub.2002.0054
10318:Bellwood, P. (2005).
10303:Zvelebil, M. (1986).
9596:10.1093/molbev/msm049
9520:Nature Communications
8927:Al Khitat Al Tawfikia
8588:George Evans (1883).
8307:, 22 September 2010,
8149:Vatikiotis, p. 115–16
7692:Rod Nordland (2008).
7199:Akram, A. I. (1977),
7005:. February 10, 2014.
6932:Censusdata.abs.gov.au
6873:. 26 September 2011.
6728:10.3917/come.087.0047
6450:
6318:
6305:Hawara tombs of Fayum
6250:University of Chicago
6216:
6198:, Upper Egypt by the
6145:
6065:returning during the
5891:Egyptians from Bahari
5856:Bekada et al. (2013)
5763:Arredi et al. (2004)
5707:Arredi et al. (2004)
5651:Pagani et al. (2015)
5423:Bekada et al. (2013)
4357:masculine possessive
4246:
4230:
4092:It was not until the
4069:
4037:
4024:
3799:Further information:
3363:vernacular literature
3203:Early Dynastic Period
3196:
3180:
3171:Further information:
2980:
2952:
2937:
2863:
2839:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
2733:
2635:
2625:who had enlisted the
2564:
2443:
2410:
2376:
2293:
2282:
2188:, culminating in the
2148:
2005:writings appeared in
1968:
1936:escaping the emperor
1836:
1764:admonitions of Ipuwer
1472:Further information:
1375:
1302:
1294:
1287:Demographics of Egypt
1218:Upper and Lower Egypt
1145:Egyptian Christianity
956:𓂋𓍿𓀂𓁐𓏥𓈖𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖
940:and is still used in
758:Related ethnic groups
60:Demographics of Egypt
13800:North African people
13708:World Heritage Sites
13527:Units of measurement
12982:Proposed new capital
12728:Environmental issues
12489:United Arab Republic
12382:Muhammad Ali dynasty
10335:Current Anthropology
9278:(22): 3953–3959.e4.
8777:. 29 November 2009.
8474:www.historytoday.com
7725:May 3, 2006, at the
7264:Coptic Encyclopaedia
7143:Hoffman, Valerie J.
6915:confidence intervals
6620:egyptindependent.com
6552:Egyptian nationalism
6430:Sub-Saharan Africans
6291:study on the dental
6270:other North Africans
6040:Neolithic Revolution
6016:DNA history of Egypt
5035:Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)
5031:Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)
4981:Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)
4125:United Arab Republic
3967:Egyptian nationalism
3651:World Heritage Sites
3465:Ancient Egyptian art
3141:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
3026:leading to the 1956
2886:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
2807:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
2786:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
2767:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
2417:al-diyar al-misriyya
2388:Egyptians under the
2295:Mosque of Abu Haggag
2202:Battle of Heliopolis
2117:Council of Chalcedon
191:United Arab Emirates
13380:Freedom of religion
13275:Mass sexual assault
12640:Timekeeping devices
12538:2013 Rabaa massacre
12511:Egyptian–Libyan War
11531:10.1093/hmg/ddaa223
11512:Gad, Yehia (2020).
11410:10.1038/ncomms15694
11402:2017NatCo...815694S
11259:2023PLoSO..1890423H
11189:2013PLoSO...880293F
10912:Am J Phys Anthropol
10809:Am J Phys Anthropol
10774:Am J Phys Anthropol
10262:1998PNAS...95.9053C
10072:2002PNAS...9911008C
10066:(17): 11008–11013.
10013:2006PNAS..103..242B
9540:10.1038/ncomms15694
9532:2017NatCo...815694S
9411:2013PLoSO...856775B
9284:2019CBio...29E3953S
9227:10.1038/hdy.2009.72
9099:Hinnesbusch, p. 94.
9004:Hinnesbusch, p. 93.
8975:Motyl, Alexander J.
8505:, 39 (1901), p. 87.
8057:2015NatSR...5E9996D
7367:"عدد سكان مصر الآن"
7313:, Lexington Books,
7003:migrationpolicy.org
6475:Northeastern Africa
6261:ethnic grouping".
5479:Luis et al. (2004)
4810:including M (6.9%)
4431:The name Shenouda (
4326:(the one who sells
4138:Nasser's successor
3981:Egypt for Egyptians
3942:improve the article
3890:During her stay in
3046:. Sadat revived an
2757:interpretations of
2726:Liberalism in Egypt
2713:Mohammed Ali family
2175:Cyrus of Alexandria
1819:Graeco-Roman period
1652:Alexander the Great
1629:Bronze Age collapse
1588:rule in the Middle
1421:Mansoura University
1234:Edward William Lane
1061:" had evolved as a
934:liturgical language
899:varieties of Arabic
156:1,000,000–1,500,000
70:
21:Page version status
13570:Art (contemporary)
13250:Capital punishment
13140:Telecommunications
12817:Towns and villages
12785:Qattara Depression
12598:Muslim Brotherhood
12568:Cigarette industry
12428:British occupation
12339:Crusader invasions
12309:Rashidun Caliphate
11019:Keita 1992, p. 251
10924:10.1002/ajpa.20261
10745:Batrawi A (1945).
10448:10.1002/ajpa.20569
9927:10.1002/ajpa.21078
9864:10.1002/ajhb.20428
9817:10.1002/ajhb.20428
9779:10.1002/ajpa.10190
9115:2011-10-04 at the
9083:2018-10-02 at the
9063:2018-10-02 at the
8818:www.britannica.com
8292:Vatikiotis, p. 443
8237:2006-10-02 at the
8230:Salmawy, Mohamed.
8185:Vatikiotis, p. 189
8176:Vatikiotis, p. 135
8045:Scientific Reports
7600:on August 19, 2006
7578:2008-12-10 at the
7551:2007-10-11 at the
7458:2021-10-09 at the
7185:2013-09-22 at the
7072:2020-06-21 at the
6696:2011-06-29 at the
6651:2020-03-28 at the
6537:Egyptian Americans
6246:predynastic period
6156:
6133:predynastic period
5861:Southern Egyptians
5712:Southern Egyptians
5656:Northern Egyptians
4249:
4233:
4155:Saad Eddin Ibrahim
4054:Muslim Brotherhood
3741:Telecommunications
3345:, and the Ancient
3271:of Egypt today is
3199:
3191:
3159:Languages of Egypt
3078:by members of the
3005:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2983:
2975:
2959:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2877:
2843:Muslim Brotherhood
2774:Dinshaway Incident
2739:
2642:
2578:Egyptian antiquity
2570:
2541:, and against the
2463:Napoleon Bonaparte
2455:
2304:
2288:
2159:
1995:
1892:The Roman emperor
1847:
1322:adherents (10–15%
1309:
1297:
1266:The People of Masr
88:120 million (2017)
68:
27:
13772:
13771:
13720:
13719:
13716:
13715:
13644:Football stadiums
13575:Botanical gardens
13454:Catholic dioceses
13346:Gender inequality
13270:Human trafficking
13201:
13200:
13135:Tallest buildings
13096:Military industry
13012:
13011:
12953:Political parties
12906:Islamic extremism
12894:Foreign relations
12835:
12834:
12676:
12675:
12672:
12671:
12416:French occupation
12334:Fatimid Caliphate
12329:Ikhshidid dynasty
12158:
12157:
12032:Coptic Christians
11984:Oriental Orthodox
11788:978-0-691-24409-9
11706:10.1136/bmj.e8268
11498:978-80-7308-979-5
11454:978-0-521-84067-5
10758:Batrawi A. 1946.
10732:978-0-691-24410-5
10666:978-1-000-88066-3
10416:978-0-691-24409-9
10256:(15): 9053–9058.
10145:Am. J. Hum. Genet
9170:Barakat, pp. 4–5.
8853:978-1-4405-2911-5
8719:of the continent.
8683:978-1-000-88066-3
8574:978-0-8028-2536-0
8423:. 29 March 2018.
8364:English.Ahram.org
8263:Watterson, p. 294
8250:Jankowski, p. 137
8221:Jankowski, p. 130
8203:Jankowski, p. 112
8137:Jankowskil, p. 74
8116:Vatikiotis, p. 31
8065:10.1038/srep09996
7957:Vatikiotis, P.J.
7935:El-Daly, Okasha.
7926:Watterson, p. 268
7905:Watterson, p. 232
7826:Watterson, p. 237
7817:Watterson, p. 214
7790:Watterson, p. 215
7768:Watterson, p. 192
7737:Vatikiotis, P.J.
7642:. March 7, 2006.
7571:Talani, Leila S.
7542:Egyptian diaspora
7127:978-0-8160-6672-8
6833:Statistics Canada
6742:"Egyptian Arabic"
6689:Wahba, Jackline.
6547:Egyptian diaspora
6532:List of Egyptians
6527:Religion in Egypt
6446:Christopher Ehret
6414:Short Tandem loci
6360:mitochondrial DNA
6356:mitochondrial DNA
6297:ancient Egyptians
6289:bioarchaeological
6131:Beginning in the
6036:prehistoric Egypt
6007:
6006:
5767:
5766:
5182:, but less so in
5106:Two haplogroups,
5075:Haplogroup Q-M242
5065:Haplogroup O-M175
5021:Haplogroup I-M170
5011:Haplogroup E-M132
4941:Haplogroup G-M201
4921:Haplogroup T-M184
4911:Haplogroup J-M172
4901:Haplogroup E-M123
4881:Haplogroup E-Z827
4861:Haplogroup J-M267
4846:Paternal lineages
4602:Maternal lineages
4581:Eurasian backflow
4062:Mustafa el-Nahhas
3963:
3962:
3877:Islamic expansion
3797:
3796:
3706:Foreign relations
3686:Political parties
3269:official language
3211:Egyptian language
3173:Egyptian language
3139:, former General
3135:In the 26–28 May
2855:Talaat Pasha Harb
2847:Young Egypt Party
2666:constitutionalism
2658:Royal Opera House
2586:Rifa'a el-Tahtawi
2566:Rifa'a el-Tahtawi
2551:Rifa'a et-Tahtawi
2483:French Revolution
2459:French expedition
2259:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
2151:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
1928:with that of the
1883:mummy portraiture
1825:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1807:to celebrate it.
1751:and parts of the
1733:House of Eternity
1660:Ptolemaic dynasty
1584:Egypt fell under
1560:
1559:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1396:Egyptian diaspora
1305:Cairo Opera House
1201:(Egyptian Arabic
1168:
1130:when it overtook
938:Egyptian language
840:
814:
788:
769:
768:
216:600,000–1,600,000
39:23 September 2024
18:
13812:
13762:
13761:
13752:
13751:
13742:
13732:
13731:
13537:Waste management
13302:Academic grading
13220:
13219:
13207:
13206:
13179:Railway stations
13157:Cultural tourism
13056:Economic regions
13018:
13017:
12841:
12840:
12682:
12681:
12351:Mamluk Sultanate
12282:Diocese of Egypt
12265:Battle of Actium
12214:
12213:
12201:
12200:
12185:
12178:
12171:
12162:
12161:
11989:Eastern Orthodox
11934:
11927:
11920:
11911:
11910:
11906:
11904:
11903:
11880:
11865:
11854:
11839:
11819:
11816:
11805:
11804:
11802:
11800:
11772:
11766:
11765:
11763:
11762:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11717:
11700:(e8268): e8268.
11689:
11683:
11682:
11641:
11635:
11634:
11628:
11620:
11602:
11596:
11595:
11589:
11587:
11581:
11570:
11562:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11551:
11533:
11509:
11503:
11502:
11482:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11466:
11438:
11432:
11431:
11421:
11381:
11375:
11372:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11361:
11305:
11299:
11298:
11288:
11270:
11253:(11): e0290423.
11238:
11229:
11228:
11218:
11200:
11168:
11162:
11161:
11153:
11147:
11146:
11108:
11102:
11101:
11091:
11059:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11026:
11020:
11017:
11011:
11010:
11008:
11007:
10959:
10953:
10942:
10936:
10935:
10907:
10901:
10900:
10898:
10874:
10868:
10867:
10839:
10833:
10832:
10804:
10798:
10797:
10769:
10763:
10756:
10750:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10716:
10710:
10709:
10703:
10695:
10677:
10671:
10670:
10650:
10644:
10643:
10625:
10619:
10618:
10611:
10605:
10604:
10594:
10584:
10560:
10554:
10553:
10535:
10529:
10528:
10510:
10486:
10480:
10479:
10466:
10460:
10459:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10376:(239): 379–383.
10365:
10359:
10358:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10315:
10309:
10308:
10300:
10294:
10293:
10283:
10273:
10241:
10235:
10234:
10232:
10230:
10217:
10185:
10179:
10178:
10168:
10136:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10120:on 11 March 2007
10110:
10104:
10103:
10093:
10083:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10034:
10024:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9967:
9957:
9951:
9945:
9939:
9938:
9910:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9843:
9837:
9836:
9800:
9791:
9790:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9745:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9696:
9673:
9655:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9636:
9630:
9623:
9615:
9609:
9608:
9598:
9573:
9562:
9561:
9551:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9494:
9462:
9451:
9450:
9440:
9422:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9295:
9263:
9257:
9256:
9246:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9193:
9185:
9177:
9171:
9168:
9162:
9159:
9150:
9147:
9138:
9135:
9129:
9128:Dawisha, p. 237.
9126:
9120:
9106:
9100:
9097:
9088:
9074:
9068:
9054:
9048:
9045:
9039:
9036:
9030:
9023:
9017:
9011:
9005:
9002:
8993:
8992:
8971:
8965:
8961:
8955:
8952:
8946:
8943:
8937:
8934:
8928:
8925:
8919:
8915:
8909:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8825:
8824:
8810:
8804:
8803:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8767:
8761:
8760:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8667:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8629:(1–2): 243–246.
8614:
8608:
8605:
8596:
8595:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8558:
8552:
8548:
8542:
8539:
8530:
8529:
8526:Yūsuf al-Maġribi
8512:
8506:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8466:
8460:
8457:
8451:
8448:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8366:. Ahram Online.
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8336:. 17 June 2019.
8326:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8299:
8293:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8257:
8251:
8248:
8242:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8213:
8210:
8204:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8186:
8183:
8177:
8174:
8168:
8167:Jankowski, p. 83
8165:
8159:
8156:
8150:
8147:
8138:
8135:
8126:
8125:Jankowski, p. 60
8123:
8117:
8114:
8108:
8102:
8096:
8095:Jankowski, p. 35
8093:
8087:
8086:
8076:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8019:
8012:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7992:. Archived from
7986:
7980:
7977:
7971:
7968:
7962:
7955:
7949:
7946:
7940:
7933:
7927:
7924:
7915:
7912:
7906:
7903:
7897:
7894:
7888:
7885:
7879:
7878:Jankowski, p. 32
7876:
7867:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7849:
7848:Jankowski, p. 29
7846:
7840:
7833:
7827:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7809:
7806:
7800:
7799:Jankowski, p. 28
7797:
7791:
7788:
7782:
7775:
7769:
7766:
7760:
7759:Watterson, p. 15
7757:
7751:
7748:
7742:
7735:
7729:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7689:
7683:
7675:. May 22, 2006.
7669:
7663:
7656:
7650:
7636:
7630:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7596:. Archived from
7591:Mitchell, Josh.
7589:
7583:
7569:
7560:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7513:
7507:. Archived from
7506:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7469:
7463:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7363:
7357:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7273:
7267:
7260:
7247:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7230:, archived from
7222:
7216:
7215:
7196:
7190:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7163:
7157:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7088:
7077:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
6995:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6776:
6767:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6707:
6701:
6700:. February 2011.
6687:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6669:, archived from
6661:
6655:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6612:
6597:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6567:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6176:tropical African
6073:to the region.
6059:Fertile Crescent
5774:
5773:
5544:(Western Desert)
5201:
5200:
5100:
5091:
5072:
5062:
5052:
5042:
5028:
5018:
5008:
5001:Haplogroup L-M20
4998:
4991:Haplogroup F-M89
4988:
4978:
4968:
4958:
4951:Haplogroup E-M35
4948:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4891:Haplogroup E-V12
4888:
4878:
4871:Haplogroup E-V68
4868:
4858:
4784:
4774:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4734:
4724:
4714:
4704:
4694:
4684:
4674:
4664:
4654:
4644:
4634:
4624:
4614:
4523:Ancient Egyptian
4438:
4423:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4375:
4355:Ancient Egyptian
4188:Culture of Egypt
3958:
3955:
3949:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3896:Lady Duff Gordon
3861:African identity
3855:Egypt and Africa
3789:
3782:
3775:
3760:
3759:
3722:
3662:
3597:
3451:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3367:Classical Arabic
3315:
2967:Abdel Hakim Amer
2906:Tawfiq el-Hakeem
2845:and the radical
2701:military failure
2461:in Egypt led by
2419:
2357:Mamluks of Egypt
2335:Egyptian dialect
2190:Muslim conquests
2171:Persian invasion
2155:City of the Dead
1904:, like those of
1839:Fayum collection
1805:Hymn to the Nile
1803:and dedicated a
1729:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1474:History of Egypt
1324:Coptic Christian
1274:
1262:
1254:Children of Masr
1250:
1242:
1207:
1199:
1192:Classical Arabic
1173:
1167:romanized:
1166:
1164:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1083:Below the Aegean
1079:
1071:
1059:
1058:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1014:
999:
994:
983:
978:
874:and enclosed by
845:
839:romanized:
838:
836:
828:
823:
819:
813:romanized:
812:
810:
802:
797:
793:
783:
781:
696:
694:
693:
678:
676:
675:
660:
658:
657:
642:
640:
639:
624:
622:
621:
609:
605:
603:
602:
589:
585:
583:
582:
569:
565:
563:
562:
549:
545:
543:
542:
526:
524:
523:
511:
507:
505:
504:
491:
487:
485:
484:
471:
467:
465:
464:
451:
447:
445:
444:
431:
427:
425:
424:
411:
407:
405:
404:
391:
387:
385:
384:
371:
367:
365:
364:
351:
347:
345:
344:
328:
326:
325:
313:
309:
307:
306:
293:
289:
287:
286:
273:
269:
267:
266:
253:
249:
247:
246:
233:
229:
227:
226:
213:
209:
207:
206:
193:
189:
187:
186:
173:
169:
167:
166:
153:
149:
147:
146:
133:
129:
127:
126:
111:
107:
105:
104:
83:Total population
78:
71:
67:
13820:
13819:
13815:
13814:
13813:
13811:
13810:
13809:
13785:Egyptian people
13775:
13774:
13773:
13768:
13712:
13703:Public holidays
13693:National anthem
13546:
13459:Coptic Churches
13402:Egyptian Arabic
13312:Medical schools
13214:
13197:
13113:Nuclear program
13025:
13008:
12938:Nationality law
12931:Supreme Council
12916:Law enforcement
12848:
12831:
12807:Sinai Peninsula
12790:Red Sea Riviera
12689:
12668:
12644:
12546:
12433:1919 revolution
12421:Revolt of Cairo
12346:Ayyubid dynasty
12324:Tulunid dynasty
12208:
12195:
12189:
12159:
12154:
12043:
12010:
11943:
11938:
11901:
11899:
11887:
11885:Further reading
11874:
11848:
11828:
11823:
11822:
11817:
11813:
11808:
11798:
11796:
11789:
11773:
11769:
11760:
11758:
11743:
11739:
11690:
11686:
11642:
11638:
11622:
11621:
11617:
11603:
11599:
11585:
11583:
11579:
11568:
11564:
11563:
11559:
11549:
11547:
11524:(R1): R24–R28.
11510:
11506:
11499:
11483:
11474:
11464:
11462:
11455:
11439:
11435:
11382:
11378:
11374:Irish pp. 10–11
11373:
11369:
11359:
11357:
11306:
11302:
11239:
11232:
11169:
11165:
11154:
11150:
11109:
11105:
11060:
11056:
11027:
11023:
11018:
11014:
11005:
11003:
10960:
10956:
10943:
10939:
10908:
10904:
10875:
10871:
10856:10.2307/2799339
10840:
10836:
10805:
10801:
10770:
10766:
10757:
10753:
10744:
10740:
10733:
10717:
10713:
10697:
10696:
10692:
10678:
10674:
10667:
10651:
10647:
10640:
10626:
10622:
10613:
10612:
10608:
10561:
10557:
10550:
10536:
10532:
10501:(339): 95–111.
10487:
10483:
10467:
10463:
10428:
10424:
10417:
10401:
10397:
10366:
10362:
10331:
10327:
10316:
10312:
10301:
10297:
10242:
10238:
10228:
10226:
10186:
10182:
10137:
10133:
10123:
10121:
10112:
10111:
10107:
10052:
10048:
9991:
9987:
9980:
9958:
9954:
9946:
9942:
9911:
9907:
9897:
9895:
9844:
9840:
9801:
9794:
9763:
9759:
9714:
9710:
9700:
9698:
9694:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9634:
9632:
9631:on 26 June 2008
9628:
9621:
9617:
9616:
9612:
9574:
9565:
9512:
9508:
9463:
9454:
9391:
9387:
9366:(3): E97–E103.
9356:
9352:
9331:(3): E97–E103.
9321:
9317:
9272:Current Biology
9264:
9260:
9207:
9203:
9187:
9186:
9178:
9174:
9169:
9165:
9160:
9153:
9148:
9141:
9136:
9132:
9127:
9123:
9117:Wayback Machine
9107:
9103:
9098:
9091:
9085:Wayback Machine
9075:
9071:
9065:Wayback Machine
9055:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9037:
9033:
9024:
9020:
9012:
9008:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8972:
8968:
8962:
8958:
8953:
8949:
8944:
8940:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8922:
8916:
8912:
8907:
8903:
8889:
8888:
8884:
8876:. C. B. Beach.
8868:
8864:
8854:
8838:
8834:
8822:
8820:
8812:
8811:
8807:
8791:
8790:
8786:
8769:
8768:
8764:
8746:
8742:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8712:
8710:
8695:
8691:
8684:
8668:
8661:
8652:
8650:
8615:
8611:
8606:
8599:
8586:
8582:
8575:
8559:
8555:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8533:
8513:
8509:
8496:
8492:
8483:
8481:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8458:
8454:
8449:
8440:
8430:
8428:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8387:
8383:
8373:
8371:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8314:
8312:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8291:
8287:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8258:
8254:
8249:
8245:
8239:Wayback Machine
8229:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8148:
8141:
8136:
8129:
8124:
8120:
8115:
8111:
8103:
8099:
8094:
8090:
8036:
8032:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8010:
8006:
8005:
8001:
7996:on May 3, 2006.
7990:"Opet Festival"
7988:
7987:
7983:
7979:El-Daly, p. 112
7978:
7974:
7970:El-Daly, p. 164
7969:
7965:
7956:
7952:
7948:El-Daly, p. 140
7947:
7943:
7934:
7930:
7925:
7918:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7870:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7834:
7830:
7825:
7821:
7816:
7812:
7807:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7758:
7754:
7749:
7745:
7736:
7732:
7727:Wayback Machine
7716:
7712:
7703:
7701:
7690:
7686:
7681:Wayback Machine
7670:
7666:
7657:
7653:
7648:Wayback Machine
7637:
7633:
7628:Wayback Machine
7617:
7613:
7603:
7601:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7580:Wayback Machine
7570:
7563:
7553:Wayback Machine
7546:Egyptians count
7539:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7486:
7484:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7460:Wayback Machine
7450:
7446:
7437:
7435:
7428:Al-Ahram Weekly
7422:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7405:
7398:
7382:
7378:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7305:
7301:
7290:
7274:
7270:
7266:. 2:618 (1991).
7261:
7250:
7237:
7235:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7197:
7193:
7187:Wayback Machine
7178:
7174:
7165:
7164:
7160:
7155:Wayback Machine
7142:
7138:
7128:
7114:
7110:
7101:
7099:
7090:
7089:
7080:
7074:Wayback Machine
7065:
7061:
7052:
7051:
7047:
7038:
7036:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7012:
7010:
6997:
6996:
6979:
6970:
6968:
6961:de.statista.com
6955:
6954:
6950:
6941:
6939:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6906:
6904:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6880:
6878:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6830:
6826:
6817:
6815:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6768:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6708:
6704:
6698:Wayback Machine
6688:
6684:
6676:
6674:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6653:Wayback Machine
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6614:
6613:
6600:
6593:
6589:
6580:
6578:
6575:BBC News Arabic
6569:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6497:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6344:Abusir el-Meleq
6301:Southwest Asian
6024:
6018:
6012:
5192:Near Easterners
5123:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5093:
5092:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5058:
5055:Haplogroup K-M9
5050:
5048:
5040:
5038:
5026:
5024:
5016:
5014:
5006:
5004:
4996:
4994:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4964:
4961:Haplogroup E-P2
4956:
4954:
4946:
4944:
4936:
4934:
4926:
4924:
4916:
4914:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4894:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4874:
4866:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4772:
4770:
4762:
4760:
4752:
4750:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4730:
4722:
4720:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4690:
4682:
4680:
4672:
4670:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4640:
4632:
4630:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4583:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:Genetic studies
4416:") and Banoub (
4225:
4217:Western culture
4196:
4190:
4184:
4090:
4035:remarked that:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3939:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3873:
3857:
3820:
3815:
3809:Coptic identity
3793:
3761:
3754:
3720:
3701:Law enforcement
3660:
3595:
3449:
3431:
3421:
3414:
3277:Egyptian Arabic
3229:and 7 Egyptian
3223:Coptic alphabet
3219:Coptic language
3175:
3169:
3167:Coptic language
3163:Egyptian Arabic
3157:Main articles:
3155:
3106:democratization
3091:popular protest
3048:Egypt Above All
3016:nationalization
3010:Nasser assumed
3001:Muhammad Naguib
2963:Muhammad Naguib
2947:
2902:Abbas el-'Akkad
2873:Princess Ferial
2728:
2722:
2654:Egyptian Museum
2559:
2438:
2430:Main articles:
2428:
2386:
2284:Al-Azhar Mosque
2253:. Various Sufi
2198:'Amr ibn al-'As
2143:
2069:along with its
2026:Coptic calendar
1845:AD 125 − AD 150
1831:
1823:Main articles:
1821:
1679:divine kingship
1594:Late Bronze Age
1581:, and customs.
1540:
1525:
1505:
1491:
1483:Main articles:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1289:
1283:
1211:Biblical Hebrew
1176:Egyptian Arabic
1159:Egyptian Arabic
1091:Wycliff's Bible
1077:Aegaeou huptiōs
997:
981:
950:
903:Egyptian Arabic
821:
805:Egyptian Arabic
795:
753:
746:(predominantly
735:(predominantly
715:
713:Egyptian Arabic
691:
689:
673:
671:
655:
653:
637:
635:
619:
617:
600:
598:
580:
578:
560:
558:
540:
538:
521:
519:
502:
500:
482:
480:
462:
460:
442:
440:
422:
420:
402:
400:
382:
380:
362:
360:
342:
340:
323:
321:
304:
302:
284:
282:
264:
262:
244:
242:
224:
222:
204:
202:
184:
182:
164:
162:
144:
142:
124:
122:
116:(2024 estimate)
115:
113:
102:
100:
66:
63:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
13818:
13808:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13770:
13769:
13767:
13766:
13756:
13746:
13736:
13725:
13722:
13721:
13718:
13717:
13714:
13713:
13711:
13710:
13705:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13679:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13653:
13648:
13647:
13646:
13641:
13639:Football clubs
13631:
13630:
13629:
13624:
13614:
13609:
13608:
13607:
13602:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13556:
13554:
13548:
13547:
13545:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13518:
13517:
13512:
13511:
13510:
13500:
13499:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13462:
13461:
13456:
13446:
13441:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13415:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13394:
13389:
13388:
13387:
13382:
13372:
13367:
13366:
13365:
13360:
13350:
13349:
13348:
13338:
13337:
13336:
13326:
13325:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13283:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13235:Animal welfare
13232:
13226:
13224:
13216:
13215:
13203:
13202:
13199:
13198:
13196:
13195:
13194:
13193:
13183:
13182:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13161:
13160:
13159:
13149:
13148:
13147:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13126:
13125:
13118:Power stations
13115:
13110:
13109:
13108:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13066:Egyptian pound
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13047:
13046:
13036:
13030:
13027:
13026:
13014:
13013:
13010:
13009:
13007:
13006:
13001:
13000:
12999:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12978:
12977:
12970:Prime Minister
12967:
12966:
12965:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12934:
12933:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12902:
12901:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12865:
12864:
12853:
12850:
12849:
12837:
12836:
12833:
12832:
12830:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12803:
12802:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12775:Northern coast
12772:
12767:
12766:
12765:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12694:
12691:
12690:
12678:
12677:
12674:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12650:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12616:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12554:
12552:
12548:
12547:
12545:
12544:
12543:
12542:
12541:
12540:
12535:
12525:
12520:
12519:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12506:Yom Kippur War
12498:
12497:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12461:
12460:
12459:
12458:
12457:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12436:
12435:
12425:
12424:
12423:
12408:
12407:
12406:
12405:
12404:
12399:
12389:
12384:
12374:
12373:
12372:
12362:
12361:
12360:
12359:
12358:
12348:
12343:
12342:
12341:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12301:
12296:
12295:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12274:
12273:
12272:
12267:
12257:
12256:
12255:
12250:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12228:
12222:
12220:
12210:
12209:
12197:
12196:
12188:
12187:
12180:
12173:
12165:
12156:
12155:
12153:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12051:
12049:
12045:
12044:
12042:
12041:
12036:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12018:
12016:
12012:
12011:
12009:
12008:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11976:
11975:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11953:
11951:
11945:
11944:
11937:
11936:
11929:
11922:
11914:
11908:
11907:
11886:
11883:
11882:
11881:
11872:
11855:
11846:
11827:
11824:
11821:
11820:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11806:
11787:
11767:
11737:
11684:
11657:(7): 638–647.
11636:
11615:
11597:
11557:
11504:
11497:
11472:
11453:
11433:
11376:
11367:
11300:
11230:
11183:(11): e80293.
11163:
11148:
11103:
11080:10.1086/423147
11068:Am J Hum Genet
11054:
11021:
11012:
10974:(2): 191–208.
10954:
10937:
10902:
10869:
10850:(4): 551–568.
10834:
10815:(3): 245–254.
10799:
10764:
10751:
10738:
10731:
10711:
10691:978-0367434632
10690:
10672:
10665:
10645:
10639:978-1407307602
10638:
10620:
10606:
10555:
10549:978-0195102345
10548:
10530:
10481:
10461:
10442:(4): 501–509.
10422:
10415:
10395:
10360:
10347:10.1086/200228
10341:(5): 455–477.
10325:
10310:
10295:
10236:
10194:Am J Hum Genet
10180:
10157:10.1086/386295
10151:(5): 1023–34.
10131:
10105:
10046:
10007:(1): 242–247.
9985:
9978:
9952:
9940:
9905:
9858:(5): 559–567.
9838:
9792:
9757:
9734:10.1086/423147
9708:
9664:(7): 867–876.
9641:
9610:
9589:(6): 1300–11.
9563:
9506:
9483:10.1086/382286
9452:
9385:
9350:
9315:
9258:
9221:(5): 425–433.
9201:
9172:
9163:
9161:Barakat, p. 5.
9151:
9149:Barakat, p. 4.
9139:
9130:
9121:
9110:Timeline Egypt
9101:
9089:
9069:
9049:
9040:
9031:
9018:
9006:
8994:
8987:
8966:
8956:
8947:
8938:
8929:
8920:
8910:
8901:
8882:
8862:
8852:
8832:
8805:
8784:
8762:
8740:
8723:
8689:
8682:
8659:
8609:
8597:
8580:
8573:
8553:
8543:
8531:
8507:
8490:
8461:
8452:
8438:
8408:
8381:
8351:
8321:
8294:
8285:
8272:
8252:
8243:
8223:
8214:
8205:
8196:
8187:
8178:
8169:
8160:
8158:El-Daly, p. 29
8151:
8139:
8127:
8118:
8109:
8097:
8088:
8030:
7999:
7981:
7972:
7963:
7950:
7941:
7928:
7916:
7907:
7898:
7889:
7880:
7868:
7859:
7850:
7841:
7828:
7819:
7810:
7801:
7792:
7783:
7770:
7761:
7752:
7743:
7730:
7710:
7684:
7664:
7658:Evans, Brian.
7651:
7631:
7622:. March 2003.
7611:
7584:
7561:
7533:
7524:
7493:
7477:britannica.com
7464:
7444:
7415:
7397:978-1452299372
7396:
7376:
7358:
7345:
7335:
7325:
7319:
7299:
7288:
7268:
7248:
7217:
7211:
7191:
7172:
7158:
7136:
7126:
7108:
7078:
7059:
7045:
7029:"CBS Statline"
7020:
6977:
6948:
6919:
6888:
6854:
6835:(8 May 2013).
6824:
6810:(in Italian).
6795:
6755:
6733:
6702:
6682:
6656:
6637:
6598:
6587:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6486:
6483:
6372:Stephen Quirke
6311:series of the
6118:Horn of Africa
6055:archaeological
6014:Main article:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5772:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5242:
5232:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5105:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5069:
5059:
5049:
5039:
5025:
5015:
5005:
4995:
4985:
4975:
4971:Haplogroup R1a
4965:
4955:
4945:
4935:
4931:Haplogroup R1b
4925:
4915:
4905:
4895:
4885:
4875:
4865:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4681:
4671:
4661:
4651:
4641:
4631:
4621:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4596:Iberomaurusian
4576:
4573:
4565:
4562:
4459:, which means
4422:ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ, ⲫⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ
4346:), and so on.
4224:
4221:
4186:Main article:
4183:
4180:
4140:Anwar el-Sadat
4098:Arab socialism
4089:
4086:
4033:Sati' al-Husri
4022:who remarked:
3961:
3960:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3872:
3869:
3856:
3853:
3819:
3816:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3746:Transportation
3743:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3600:
3599:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3413:
3410:
3347:Amarna tablets
3289:Cairene Arabic
3239:Eastern Desert
3227:Greek alphabet
3154:
3151:
2995:by a group of
2946:
2943:
2929:Naguib Mahfouz
2882:Muhammad Abduh
2747:Muhammad Abduh
2724:Main article:
2721:
2718:
2709:Ottoman Empire
2638:Khedive Ismail
2596:ideas such as
2558:
2555:
2427:
2426:Modern history
2424:
2385:
2384:Ottoman period
2382:
2316:Islamic Empire
2142:
2139:
2109:Constantinople
2079:Church Fathers
1820:
1817:
1723:word for tomb
1719:. The ancient
1717:Great Pyramids
1687:Middle Kingdom
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1480:
1477:
1466:Main article:
1463:
1460:
1369:and 90,000 in
1328:Greek Orthodox
1285:Main article:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1174:), the modern
1152:
1098:
1069:Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως
1053:stating that "
1051:folk etymology
1001:
992:ni/ræm/en/kāmi
949:
946:
868:First Cataract
850:native to the
767:
766:
760:
759:
755:
754:
752:
751:
740:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
686:
685:
682:
668:
667:
664:
650:
649:
646:
632:
631:
628:
614:
613:
610:
594:
593:
590:
574:
573:
570:
554:
553:
550:
534:
533:
530:
516:
515:
512:
496:
495:
492:
476:
475:
472:
456:
455:
452:
436:
435:
432:
416:
415:
412:
409:United Kingdom
396:
395:
392:
376:
375:
372:
356:
355:
352:
336:
335:
332:
318:
317:
314:
298:
297:
294:
278:
277:
274:
258:
257:
254:
238:
237:
234:
218:
217:
214:
198:
197:
194:
178:
177:
174:
158:
157:
154:
138:
137:
134:
118:
117:
95:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
64:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13817:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13782:
13780:
13765:
13757:
13755:
13747:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13735:
13727:
13726:
13723:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13658:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13636:
13635:
13632:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13619:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13597:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13565:Art (ancient)
13563:
13561:
13558:
13557:
13555:
13553:
13549:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13516:
13513:
13509:
13506:
13505:
13504:
13501:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13483:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13451:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13444:Blasphemy law
13442:
13440:
13437:
13436:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13413:
13412:Sign Language
13410:
13408:
13407:Saʽidi Arabic
13405:
13403:
13400:
13399:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13355:
13354:
13351:
13347:
13344:
13343:
13342:
13339:
13335:
13332:
13331:
13330:
13327:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13299:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13267:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13227:
13225:
13221:
13217:
13213:
13208:
13204:
13192:
13189:
13188:
13187:
13184:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13166:
13165:
13162:
13158:
13155:
13154:
13153:
13150:
13146:
13143:
13142:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13124:
13121:
13120:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13107:
13104:
13103:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13045:
13044:National Bank
13042:
13041:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13028:
13024:
13019:
13015:
13005:
13002:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12968:
12964:
12961:
12960:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12900:
12897:
12896:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12863:
12860:
12859:
12858:
12855:
12854:
12851:
12847:
12842:
12838:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12801:
12798:
12797:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12764:
12761:
12760:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12695:
12692:
12688:
12683:
12679:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12647:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12600:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12555:
12553:
12549:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12530:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12503:
12502:
12499:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12471:
12470:
12467:
12466:
12465:
12462:
12456:
12453:
12452:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12434:
12431:
12430:
12429:
12426:
12422:
12419:
12418:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12412:
12409:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12394:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12379:
12378:
12375:
12371:
12370:Ottoman Egypt
12368:
12367:
12366:
12363:
12357:
12354:
12353:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12340:
12337:
12336:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12306:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12279:
12278:
12275:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12262:
12261:
12258:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12244:
12241:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12215:
12211:
12207:
12202:
12198:
12193:
12186:
12181:
12179:
12174:
12172:
12167:
12166:
12163:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12135:Syro-Lebanese
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12125:Roma (Romani)
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12052:
12050:
12046:
12040:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12020:
12019:
12017:
12013:
12007:
12004:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11981:
11980:
11977:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11959:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11946:
11942:
11935:
11930:
11928:
11923:
11921:
11916:
11915:
11912:
11897:
11896:
11889:
11888:
11879:
11875:
11869:
11864:
11863:
11856:
11853:
11849:
11843:
11838:
11837:
11830:
11829:
11815:
11811:
11794:
11790:
11784:
11780:
11779:
11771:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11741:
11733:
11729:
11725:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11707:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11688:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11652:
11648:
11640:
11632:
11626:
11618:
11616:9780367434632
11612:
11608:
11601:
11594:
11578:
11574:
11567:
11561:
11545:
11541:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11523:
11519:
11515:
11508:
11500:
11494:
11490:
11489:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11460:
11456:
11450:
11446:
11445:
11437:
11429:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11411:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11380:
11371:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11304:
11296:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11237:
11235:
11226:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11178:
11174:
11167:
11159:
11152:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11121:(5): 645–58.
11120:
11116:
11115:
11107:
11099:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11074:(2): 338–45.
11073:
11069:
11065:
11058:
11049:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11025:
11016:
11001:
10997:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10958:
10951:
10947:
10941:
10933:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10918:(4): 529–43.
10917:
10913:
10906:
10897:
10892:
10888:
10884:
10880:
10873:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10838:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10803:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10768:
10761:
10755:
10748:
10742:
10734:
10728:
10724:
10723:
10715:
10707:
10701:
10693:
10687:
10683:
10676:
10668:
10662:
10658:
10657:
10649:
10641:
10635:
10631:
10624:
10616:
10610:
10602:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10575:(1): e16073.
10574:
10570:
10566:
10559:
10551:
10545:
10541:
10534:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10485:
10477:
10473:
10465:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10426:
10418:
10412:
10408:
10407:
10399:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10364:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10329:
10321:
10314:
10306:
10299:
10291:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10240:
10225:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10200:(1): 247–54.
10199:
10195:
10191:
10184:
10176:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10135:
10119:
10115:
10109:
10101:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10050:
10042:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9989:
9981:
9979:9780691036069
9975:
9971:
9966:
9965:
9956:
9950:
9944:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9921:(2): 336–46.
9920:
9916:
9909:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9842:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9811:(5): 559–67.
9810:
9806:
9799:
9797:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9761:
9753:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9728:(2): 338–45.
9727:
9723:
9719:
9712:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9652:
9645:
9627:
9620:
9614:
9606:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9572:
9570:
9568:
9559:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9510:
9502:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9477:(3): 532–44.
9476:
9472:
9468:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9448:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9405:(2): e56775.
9404:
9400:
9396:
9389:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9354:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9319:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9262:
9254:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9205:
9197:
9191:
9183:
9176:
9167:
9158:
9156:
9146:
9144:
9134:
9125:
9118:
9114:
9111:
9105:
9096:
9094:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9073:
9066:
9062:
9059:
9053:
9044:
9035:
9028:
9022:
9015:
9010:
9001:
8999:
8990:
8988:0-12-227230-7
8984:
8980:
8976:
8970:
8960:
8951:
8942:
8933:
8924:
8914:
8905:
8898:
8894:
8893:
8886:
8879:
8875:
8874:
8866:
8859:
8855:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8836:
8829:
8819:
8815:
8809:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8781:
8776:
8772:
8766:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8733:
8727:
8720:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8693:
8685:
8679:
8675:
8674:
8666:
8664:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8613:
8604:
8602:
8593:
8592:
8584:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8557:
8547:
8538:
8536:
8528:
8527:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8456:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8412:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8325:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8298:
8289:
8275:
8273:9780631211952
8269:
8265:
8264:
8256:
8247:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8227:
8218:
8209:
8200:
8191:
8182:
8173:
8164:
8155:
8146:
8144:
8134:
8132:
8122:
8113:
8106:
8101:
8092:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8034:
8016:
8009:
8003:
7995:
7991:
7985:
7976:
7967:
7960:
7954:
7945:
7938:
7932:
7923:
7921:
7911:
7902:
7893:
7884:
7875:
7873:
7863:
7854:
7845:
7838:
7832:
7823:
7814:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7780:
7777:Kamil, Jill.
7774:
7765:
7756:
7750:Grimal, p. 93
7747:
7740:
7734:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7714:
7699:
7695:
7688:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7661:
7655:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7599:
7595:
7588:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7573:Out of Egypt.
7568:
7566:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7537:
7528:
7514:on 2016-05-01
7510:
7503:
7497:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7448:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7419:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7380:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7355:
7349:
7339:
7329:
7322:
7320:9780739186077
7316:
7312:
7311:
7303:
7296:
7291:
7289:9780865311824
7285:
7281:
7280:
7272:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7245:
7234:on 2017-02-07
7233:
7229:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7212:9789690002242
7208:
7205:, Ferozsons,
7204:
7203:
7195:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7176:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7140:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7063:
7055:
7049:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6916:
6903:. 21 May 2020
6902:
6898:
6892:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6858:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6813:
6809:
6808:Tuttitalia.it
6805:
6799:
6780:
6777:(in Arabic).
6773:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6743:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6686:
6673:on 2020-02-14
6672:
6668:
6667:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6596:
6591:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6507:Sa'idi people
6505:
6504:
6500:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6449:
6447:
6442:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6373:
6368:
6365:
6364:North African
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6282:
6277:
6276:in general.
6275:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6260:
6255:
6252:Egyptologist
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6204:North African
6201:
6200:First Dynasty
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6146:The mummy of
6144:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6106:Indo-European
6103:
6102:North African
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6047:morphological
6043:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:Berbers from
5539:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5186:, by diverse
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5172:First Dynasty
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5144:
5143:North African
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5090:
5076:
5066:
5056:
5046:
5045:Haplogroup R2
5036:
5032:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4992:
4982:
4972:
4962:
4952:
4942:
4932:
4922:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4872:
4862:
4854:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4799:, as follows
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4758:
4748:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4698:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4658:
4648:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4610:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4582:
4575:Autosomal DNA
4571:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4447:may end with
4446:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4378:Proto-Semitic
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4307:) and so on.
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4194:Ancient Egypt
4189:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4159:Arab identity
4156:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:Saad Zaghloul
4103:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4082:Saad Zaghloul
4079:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3976:Greater Cairo
3972:
3968:
3957:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3930:This section
3928:
3919:
3918:
3913:Modern period
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:Ibrahim Pasha
3900:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3885:Coptic Church
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:Ancient Egypt
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:Life in Egypt
3429:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:Greater Cairo
3316:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3304:Ottoman Egypt
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:Bedawi Arabic
3282:
3281:Saʽidi Arabic
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3129:military coup
3126:
3125:mass protests
3122:
3121:Mohamed Morsi
3118:
3113:
3111:
3110:Gamal Mubarak
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3084:Hosni Mubarak
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:army officers
2994:
2993:
2988:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:Salama Moussa
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:King Farouk I
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2834:parliamentary
2831:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:Saad Zaghloul
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:Mustafa Kamil
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2735:Mustafa Kamil
2732:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:Isma'il Pasha
2639:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2594:Enlightenment
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:in 1798. The
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:Ottoman Turks
2380:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:According to
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2022:Coptic Church
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:New Testament
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:Amarna Period
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Ancient Egypt
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:Ancient Egypt
1479:Ancient Egypt
1475:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:, 110,000 in
1364:
1363:United States
1360:
1357:, 190,550 in
1356:
1353:, 226,850 in
1352:
1349:, 332,600 in
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1240:El-Maṣreeyeen
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1049:, provided a
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:Ancient Greek
1038:". Prominent
1037:
1035:
1023:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1002:
995:
993:
987:
979:
977:
971:
967:
963:
960:, the native
959:
955:
954:
953:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:with a small
916:
912:
911:Sa'idi Arabic
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Mediterranean
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
832:
827:
818:
806:
801:
792:
786:
777:
773:
765:
761:
756:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
729:
726:
721:
718:
717:Sa'idi Arabic
714:
710:
705:
701:
699:
687:
683:
681:
669:
665:
663:
651:
647:
645:
633:
629:
627:
615:
611:
608:
595:
591:
588:
575:
571:
568:
555:
551:
548:
535:
531:
529:
517:
513:
510:
497:
493:
490:
477:
473:
470:
457:
453:
450:
437:
433:
430:
417:
413:
410:
397:
393:
390:
377:
373:
370:
357:
353:
350:
337:
333:
331:
319:
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292:
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275:
272:
259:
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235:
232:
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215:
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151:United States
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86:
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77:
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61:
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40:
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13590:Coat of arms
13560:Architecture
13449:Christianity
13429:Prostitution
13375:Human rights
13334:Abaza family
13322:Universities
13287:Demographics
13240:Billionaires
12884:Constitution
12879:Conscription
12862:Governorates
12743:Halfaya Pass
12613:1954–present
12573:Constitution
12528:2010s Crisis
12440:World War II
12402:Urabi revolt
12319:Islamization
12253:31st Dynasty
12248:27th Dynasty
12150:Palestinians
12021:
11979:Christianity
11900:. Retrieved
11893:
11877:
11861:
11851:
11835:
11826:Bibliography
11814:
11797:. Retrieved
11777:
11770:
11759:. Retrieved
11750:
11740:
11697:
11693:
11687:
11654:
11650:
11639:
11606:
11600:
11591:
11584:. Retrieved
11572:
11560:
11548:. Retrieved
11521:
11517:
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11487:
11463:. Retrieved
11443:
11436:
11393:
11389:
11379:
11370:
11358:. Retrieved
11317:
11313:
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11250:
11246:
11180:
11176:
11166:
11158:BAR Magazine
11157:
11151:
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11071:
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11057:
11038:
11034:
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11004:. Retrieved
10971:
10967:
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10239:
10227:. Retrieved
10197:
10193:
10183:
10148:
10144:
10134:
10122:. Retrieved
10118:the original
10108:
10063:
10059:
10049:
10004:
9998:
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9855:
9851:
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9770:
9766:
9760:
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9711:
9701:24 September
9699:. Retrieved
9661:
9657:
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9633:. Retrieved
9626:the original
9613:
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8827:
8821:. Retrieved
8817:
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8774:
8765:
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8711:. Retrieved
8702:
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8651:. Retrieved
8626:
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8583:
8563:
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8493:
8482:. Retrieved
8473:
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8429:. Retrieved
8420:
8411:
8399:. Retrieved
8384:
8372:. Retrieved
8363:
8354:
8342:. Retrieved
8333:
8324:
8313:, retrieved
8303:
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8288:
8277:. Retrieved
8262:
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8022:. Retrieved
8002:
7994:the original
7984:
7975:
7966:
7958:
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7944:
7936:
7931:
7914:Kamil, p. 40
7910:
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7887:Kamil, p. 35
7883:
7866:Kamil, p. 21
7862:
7857:Kamil, p. 16
7853:
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7836:
7831:
7822:
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7808:Kamil, p. 12
7804:
7795:
7786:
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7773:
7764:
7755:
7746:
7738:
7733:
7713:
7702:. Retrieved
7696:. Newsweek.
7687:
7667:
7654:
7634:
7614:
7602:. Retrieved
7598:the original
7587:
7559:. 5–11 April
7557:Ahram Weekly
7556:
7544:. Newsreel.
7536:
7527:
7516:. Retrieved
7509:the original
7496:
7485:. Retrieved
7476:
7467:
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7436:. Retrieved
7427:
7418:
7406:. Retrieved
7386:
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7232:the original
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7111:
7100:. Retrieved
7062:
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7037:. Retrieved
7023:
7011:. Retrieved
7002:
6969:. Retrieved
6960:
6951:
6940:. Retrieved
6931:
6922:
6905:. Retrieved
6891:
6879:. Retrieved
6866:
6857:
6845:. Retrieved
6827:
6816:. Retrieved
6807:
6798:
6786:. Retrieved
6746:. Retrieved
6744:. Ethnologue
6736:
6722:(4): 47–54.
6719:
6715:
6705:
6685:
6675:, retrieved
6671:the original
6665:
6659:
6640:
6628:. Retrieved
6619:
6590:
6579:. Retrieved
6577:. 2017-09-30
6574:
6565:
6499:Egypt portal
6479:
6472:
6454:
6453:
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6443:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6376:
6369:
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6332:Gebel Ramlah
6319:
6286:
6281:STR analysis
6278:
6263:
6259:Afro-Asiatic
6238:Near Eastern
6225:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6212:craniofacial
6181:
6159:
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6148:19th Dynasty
6130:
6114:E haplogroup
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4058:King Faruq I
4046:
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4020:Taha Hussein
4001:
3989:
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3835:
3831:
3827:
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3763:Egypt portal
3636:Human rights
3621:Demographics
3605:
3470:Contemporary
3460:Architecture
3402:
3395:
3372:
3354:
3350:
3339:Hebrew Bible
3334:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3293:Saidi Arabic
3266:
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3217:family. The
3200:
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3088:
3072:assassinated
3068:peace treaty
3060:
3047:
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3009:
2990:
2984:
2938:
2932:
2922:
2918:evolutionary
2898:Taha Hussein
2878:
2869:Queen Farida
2827:
2803:protectorate
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2789:
2781:
2771:
2744:
2740:
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2643:
2603:
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2507:Mohammed Ali
2504:
2497:
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2487:
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2305:
2267:
2240:
2225:
2206:
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2160:
2113:
2105:Theodosius I
2097:
2093:Hebrew Bible
2082:
2051:
2043:St. Shenouda
2019:
1996:
1991:Jordan River
1957:
1942:
1932:and her son
1914:Roman Empire
1900:The cult of
1899:
1891:
1875:
1864:
1851:Nectanebo II
1848:
1842:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1785:Inundation (
1780:
1759:
1757:
1749:Jebel Barkal
1739:
1737:
1724:
1710:
1694:20th Dynasty
1691:
1672:
1649:
1645:Persian rule
1637:25th Dynasty
1626:
1606:18th Dynasty
1602:Thutmose III
1583:
1561:
1452:peace treaty
1445:
1425:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1383:Alexandrines
1376:
1347:Saudi Arabia
1336:
1313:
1310:
1281:Demographics
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1202:
1194:
1184:Civilization
1154:
1123:
1106:
1100:
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1031:
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976:ræm/en/kā/mi
973:
957:
951:
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878:both to the
848:ethnic group
771:
770:
744:Christianity
525:
389:South Africa
131:Saudi Arabia
98:
65:Ethnic group
51:Ethnic group
38:
29:This is the
23:
13805:Arab people
13754:WikiProject
13515:Scientology
13385:LGBT rights
13307:Law schools
13091:Lighthouses
13034:Agriculture
12763:Mount Sinai
12723:Earthquakes
12523:Mubarak era
12494:Six-Day War
12484:Suez Crisis
12479:Land reform
12226:Prehistoric
12080:Circassians
12015:Main groups
11994:Catholicism
11715:10072/62081
11550:19 December
9773:(1): 63–6.
8499:Upper Egypt
8051:(1): 9996.
7717:AfricaNet.
7295:Goldschmidt
6847:11 February
6748:22 November
6522:Siwi people
6517:Beja people
6459:as well as
6434:East Asians
6422:Rameses III
6418:Tutankhamun
6379:Tutankhamun
6348:New Kingdom
6313:predynastic
6266:West Asians
6254:Frank Yurco
6184:predynastic
6152:Ramesses II
6071:agriculture
6069:, bringing
6034:periods of
6028:Paleolithic
5184:Lower Egypt
5176:Upper Egypt
5167:Sub-Saharan
5163:Lower Nubia
5159:Upper Egypt
5155:Lower Egypt
4364:(generally
4144:Liberal age
4133:pan-Arabism
4129:Six-Day War
4123:formed the
4078:pan-Arabism
4016:Nile Valley
3993:pan-Arabism
3971:Ahmed Orabi
3954:August 2023
3892:Upper Egypt
3871:Islamic era
3801:Pan-Arabism
3497:Raqs sharqi
3492:Belly dance
3262:Upper Egypt
3235:Nile valley
3215:Afroasiatic
3095:multi-party
3063:October War
3044:Anwar Sadat
3032:Six-Day War
3028:Suez Crisis
2992:coup d'état
2987:King Farouk
2971:Anwar Sadat
2925:Nobel Prize
2851:Banque Misr
2849:. In 1920,
2832:based on a
2720:Liberal age
2693:Ahmed Orabi
2670:Circassians
2648:who became
2607:Ali Mubarak
2557:Nationalism
2453:, 1798–1799
2372:Mohamed Ali
2364:Circassians
2247:monasticism
2161:Before the
2130:Coptologist
2031:monasticism
2007:Oxyrhynchus
1930:Virgin Mary
1922:Justinian I
1871:Ramesses II
1702:Nile floods
1683:Old Kingdom
1598:New Kingdom
1543:hieroglyphs
1417:Six-Day War
1128:Muslim rule
1081:, meaning "
998:ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
966:description
948:Terminology
915:Sunni Islam
882:and to the
864:Nile Valley
852:Nile Valley
626:South Sudan
528:Switzerland
489:Netherlands
114:116,538,258
13779:Categories
13666:Newspapers
13656:Mass media
13508:Synagogues
13476:Irreligion
13424:Literature
13419:Liberalism
13358:Healthcare
13260:Corruption
12943:Parliament
12874:Corruption
12869:Civil Code
12812:Suez Canal
12770:Nile Delta
12655:Alexandria
12625:Population
12620:Parliament
12588:Healthcare
12469:Nasser era
12243:Achaemenid
12218:Chronology
11999:Protestant
11902:2011-07-06
11873:1588260208
11847:0520084276
11761:2022-11-16
11586:14 January
11320:: 110348.
11006:2022-12-27
9635:2023-04-13
9184:. Leipzig.
8823:2023-08-16
8754:Al Jazeera
8713:2019-10-08
8653:2019-10-09
8484:2018-03-17
8315:22 October
8279:2012-09-06
8024:2017-08-15
7704:2008-06-02
7604:2008-04-13
7518:2017-10-28
7487:2019-09-28
7438:2018-04-26
7282:, Avalon,
7238:2018-10-22
7102:2022-11-07
7039:2020-10-04
6971:2021-07-14
6942:2013-05-22
6818:2021-06-21
6716:Cairn.info
6677:2018-10-13
6581:2018-09-01
6558:References
6439:algorithms
6370:Professor
6322:dentitions
6293:morphology
6088:and other
6078:linguistic
6020:See also:
5778:Population
5542:Siwa Oasis
5372:Egyptians
5259:(M123,M34)
5205:Population
5161:, 46 from
5157:, 66 from
4579:See also:
4568:See also:
4496:Hellenized
4336:Blacksmith
4297:Alexandria
4192:See also:
4167:Louis Awad
4094:Nasser era
4008:Arab world
4004:Pharaonism
3934:unbalanced
3865:Arab world
3805:Pharaonism
3696:Corruption
3681:Parliament
3676:Government
3671:Presidency
3586:Television
3539:Literature
3146:re-elected
3102:Ayman Nour
3024:Suez Canal
2933:Mon Égypte
2914:secularism
2890:Qasim Amin
2815:Wafd Party
2662:Suez Canal
2611:Egyptology
2590:philosophy
2527:sugar-cane
2228:al-Ya'qubi
2135:Coptic art
2122:Miaphysite
2039:St. Bakhum
2035:St. Antony
2015:Diocletian
1954:Alexandria
1590:Bronze Age
1394:A sizable
1332:Nile River
1272:Ahl-Far'ūn
1248:Ewlad Maṣr
1188:Metropolis
1132:Roman rule
1115:Greek word
1109:qibṭ, qubṭ
1043:Geographer
958:rmṯ n Km.t
843:remenkhēmi
809:مَصرِيِّين
780:مِصرِيُّون
742:Minority:
731:Majority:
13661:Magazines
13651:Egyptians
13486:Ahmadiyya
13397:Languages
13363:Hospitals
13297:Education
13164:Transport
13123:Aswan Dam
13051:Companies
12992:Terrorism
12958:President
12921:Massacres
12911:Judiciary
12889:Elections
12758:Mountains
12687:Geography
12665:Port Said
12608:1939–1954
12603:1928–1938
12558:Anarchism
12501:Sadat era
12445:Sultanate
12392:Khedivate
12292:Christian
12260:Ptolemaic
12085:Filipinos
12060:Albanians
12055:Armenians
12022:Egyptians
11949:Religions
11732:206896841
11671:0098-7484
11625:cite book
11396:: 15694.
11350:219586129
11334:0379-0738
11277:1932-6203
11207:1932-6203
10996:144482802
10988:0021-9347
10700:cite book
10517:0003-598X
10495:Antiquity
10390:162882505
10370:Antiquity
10355:161324951
9872:1042-0533
9526:: 15694.
9429:1932-6203
9310:204972040
9235:0018-067X
9190:cite book
8643:211669759
8520:1238-5018
8401:8 January
8266:. Wiley.
7013:August 8,
6788:4 January
6630:3 January
6457:El-Badari
6444:In 2023,
6426:Eurasians
6399:Akhenaten
6387:Neolithic
6352:Roman era
6242:Neolithic
6164:divergent
6098:Levantine
6063:Near East
6032:Neolithic
5600:Egyptians
5428:Egyptians
5316:Egyptians
4832:L1 (2.5%)
4829:L2 (3.6%)
4340:El Khayat
4320:Carpenter
4205:Hellenism
4201:Near East
4110:wataniyya
4088:Nasserism
3946:talk page
3824:Egyptians
3616:Education
3559:Sculpture
3549:Mythology
3343:Mitzrayim
3153:Languages
2927:laureate
2794:Daqahliya
2755:modernist
2711:with the
2674:Armenians
2623:Psamtek I
2167:Heraclius
2100:Byzantine
2058:Pantaenus
1999:Patriarch
1959:oikoumene
1918:Byzantine
1894:Caracalla
1876:When the
1813:Herodotus
1772:Assyrians
1567:dynasties
1339:provinces
1320:Christian
1214:Mitsráyīm
1171:Maṣriyyīn
1124:Aiguptios
1119:Αἰγύπτιος
1095:Egipcions
1020:Aiguptioi
1013:Αἰγύπτιοι
1004:Egyptians
982:ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
970:antiquity
964:name and
892:antiquity
860:geography
846:) are an
835:ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
817:Maṣriyyīn
791:Miṣriyyūn
785:romanized
772:Egyptians
707:Languages
509:Palestine
429:Australia
136:2,900,000
69:Egyptians
13734:Category
13698:Olympics
13634:Football
13466:Hinduism
13434:Religion
13341:Feminism
13329:Families
13292:Diaspora
13255:Censuses
13245:Cannabis
13230:Abortion
13174:Airports
13169:Airlines
13145:Internet
12948:Passport
12926:Military
12899:Missions
12846:Politics
12827:Wildlife
12551:By topic
12464:Republic
12299:Sassanid
12130:Sudanese
12115:Magyarab
12105:Japanese
12100:Italians
11972:Ismailis
11799:20 March
11793:Archived
11755:Archived
11724:23247979
11679:20159872
11577:Archived
11575:. 2021.
11544:Archived
11540:33059357
11465:19 March
11459:Archived
11428:28556824
11360:14 April
11354:Archived
11342:32521421
11295:37939042
11286:10631636
11247:PLOS ONE
11225:24312208
11177:PLOS ONE
11143:26741827
11135:12495079
11114:Hum Biol
11098:15202071
11041:: 1–31.
11000:Archived
10932:16331657
10889:: 1–31.
10601:21253605
10569:PLOS ONE
10525:49229774
10456:17295300
10175:15069642
10100:12167671
10041:16371462
9935:19425100
9892:Archived
9888:33076762
9880:16136533
9833:33076762
9825:16136533
9787:12687584
9752:15202071
9692:Archived
9688:20279122
9680:15856073
9605:17351267
9558:28556824
9501:14973781
9447:23431392
9399:PLOS ONE
9380:19414160
9345:19414160
9302:31679935
9253:19639002
9215:Heredity
9113:Archived
9081:Archived
9061:Archived
8977:(2001).
8707:Archived
8647:Archived
8478:Archived
8431:30 March
8425:Archived
8395:Archived
8368:Archived
8338:Archived
8334:BBC News
8309:archived
8235:Archived
8083:26017457
8015:Archived
7723:Archived
7698:Archived
7677:Archived
7644:Archived
7624:Archived
7576:Archived
7555:. 2007,
7549:Archived
7481:Archived
7456:Archived
7432:Archived
7402:Archived
7183:Archived
7151:Archived
7096:Archived
7070:Archived
7033:Archived
7007:Archived
6965:Archived
6936:Archived
6875:Archived
6841:Archived
6812:Archived
6779:Archived
6770:CAPMAS.
6694:Archived
6649:Archived
6624:Archived
6485:See also
6391:R1b-M269
6327:phenetic
6309:Badarian
6274:Africans
6268:than to
6234:lineages
6231:paternal
6208:European
6172:European
6168:Badarian
5255:E1b1b1b2
5245:E1b1b1b1
5188:Saharans
5139:Moroccan
4883:(11.89%)
4873:(14.86%)
4863:(20.81%)
4838:W (0.7%)
4835:I (3.2%)
4826:K (4.7%)
4823:N (5.1%)
4820:J (7.6%)
4817:U (9.0%)
4814:T (9.4%)
4592:Natufian
4500:Arabized
4465:Egyptian
4445:toponyms
4332:El Hadad
4324:El Fawal
4316:El Nagar
4223:Surnames
4163:conflict
4148:Republic
4114:qawmiyya
3997:Islamism
3907:Albanian
3844:cultural
3828:Asiatics
3813:Islamism
3691:Military
3661:Politics
3646:Wildlife
3641:Religion
3611:Identity
3534:Language
3529:Holidays
3422:a series
3412:Identity
3321:(Cairo,
3052:Cold War
2945:Republic
2875:c. 1940.
2778:colonial
2656:and the
2511:Albanian
2494:Ottomans
2341:Al-Azhar
2331:Fatimids
2320:Ikhshids
2236:Abbasids
2232:Umayyads
2221:land tax
2194:Muhammad
2126:Melkites
2089:exegesis
2071:alphabet
2047:St. Amun
1983:Caiaphas
1920:emperor
1860:Egyptian
1792:fellahin
1747:through
1721:Egyptian
1664:Hellenic
1622:Iron Age
1579:language
1571:religion
1456:Gulf War
1260:Ahl Maṣr
1155:Masryeen
1063:compound
1057:Αἴγυπτος
1034:Aiguptos
1027:Αἴγυπτος
1024:, from "
962:Egyptian
932:, whose
723:Religion
35:reviewed
13764:Commons
13683:Museums
13627:regions
13595:Cuisine
13580:Castles
13552:Culture
13522:Smoking
13503:Judaism
13491:Mosques
13370:Housing
13317:Schools
13223:General
13212:Society
13152:Tourism
13081:Fishing
13039:Banking
13023:Economy
12748:Islands
12738:Geology
12733:Fossils
12718:Deserts
12713:Climate
12703:Borders
12649:By city
12635:Saladin
12583:Genetic
12563:Capital
12450:Kingdom
12365:Ottoman
12231:Ancient
12206:History
12110:Koreans
12095:Indians
12075:Chinese
12070:Bedouin
12039:Nubians
12027:Sa'idis
12006:Judaism
11419:5459999
11398:Bibcode
11255:Bibcode
11216:3842387
11185:Bibcode
11089:1216069
10864:2799339
10829:1562056
10794:2221029
10592:3017091
10290:9671803
10258:Bibcode
10224:9246011
10215:1715849
10166:1181965
10068:Bibcode
10032:1325007
10009:Bibcode
9898:11 June
9743:1216069
9549:5459999
9528:Bibcode
9492:1182266
9438:3576335
9407:Bibcode
9280:Bibcode
9244:2869035
8344:17 June
8107:, p. 47
8074:4446898
8053:Bibcode
7462:. 2006.
7451:Egypt.
7408:19 July
6907:28 June
6881:31 July
6512:Nubians
6350:to the
6287:A 2006
6227:Genetic
6094:Arabian
6090:Saharan
6086:Nubians
6061:in the
6051:genetic
5835:21.89%
5408:20.81%
5390:11.89%
5387:21.89%
5235:E1b1b1a
5131:Tunisia
5127:Algeria
5119:Africa.
5077:(0.27%)
5067:(0.27%)
5057:(0.27%)
5047:(0.54%)
5037:(0.54%)
5023:(0.54%)
5013:(0.54%)
5003:(0.81%)
4993:(1.08%)
4983:(1.35%)
4973:(2.16%)
4963:(2.43%)
4953:(3.24%)
4943:(5.68%)
4933:(5.94%)
4923:(6.22%)
4913:(6.75%)
4903:(6.76%)
4893:(7.03%)
4629:(12.3%)
4619:(17.3%)
4554:Mounier
4359:pronoun
4285:Fayoumi
4277:Tahtawy
4261:Banhawy
4257:Monufia
4253:Monoufi
4237:surname
4213:Islamic
4182:Culture
4050:Zionism
3985:Zagazig
3940:Please
3932:may be
3836:Nubians
3832:Libyans
3736:Tourism
3721:Economy
3596:Society
3569:Symbols
3524:History
3519:Fashion
3512:Tanoura
3482:Cuisine
3450:Culture
3406:Demotic
3383:Italian
3379:Turkish
3359:Capital
3355:Mu-ṣur.
3331:Quranic
3249:Desert
3231:Demotic
3201:In the
3056:Infitah
2888:, were
2745:Sheikh
2705:British
2697:Zagazig
2650:khedive
2640:, 1880.
2619:Maqrizi
2598:secular
2543:Wahabis
2533:in the
2478:British
2349:Ayyubid
2312:dhimmis
2084:Hexapla
1971:Ayyubid
1910:Serapis
1867:demotic
1776:Libyans
1760:Ta-Meri
1731:means '
1604:of the
1462:History
1180:Semitic
1163:مَصريين
1151:period.
1087:English
1006:, from
942:prayers
870:to the
787::
680:Tunisia
644:Morocco
449:Germany
369:Lebanon
296:140,322
276:230,000
256:500,000
236:500,000
196:750,000
13744:Portal
13585:Cinema
13439:Baháʼí
13353:Health
13101:Mining
13071:Energy
12795:Rivers
12708:Cities
12630:Postal
12411:Modern
12356:Mamluk
12314:Fustat
12304:Muslim
12236:topics
12194:topics
12145:Turkic
12140:Siwis
12120:Malays
12090:Greeks
11870:
11844:
11785:
11730:
11722:
11677:
11669:
11613:
11538:
11495:
11451:
11426:
11416:
11348:
11340:
11332:
11293:
11283:
11275:
11223:
11213:
11205:
11141:
11133:
11096:
11086:
10994:
10986:
10930:
10862:
10827:
10792:
10729:
10688:
10663:
10636:
10599:
10589:
10546:
10523:
10515:
10454:
10413:
10388:
10353:
10288:
10278:
10222:
10212:
10173:
10163:
10098:
10091:123201
10088:
10039:
10029:
9976:
9933:
9886:
9878:
9870:
9831:
9823:
9785:
9750:
9740:
9686:
9678:
9603:
9556:
9546:
9499:
9489:
9445:
9435:
9427:
9378:
9343:
9308:
9300:
9251:
9241:
9233:
8985:
8850:
8780:Yemen.
8680:
8641:
8571:
8518:
8374:3 June
8270:
8081:
8071:
7638:IRIN.
7618:EHRO.
7394:
7317:
7286:
7209:
7124:
6465:Levant
6461:Naqada
6432:, and
6395:allele
6336:Badari
6206:, and
6196:Abydos
6137:clinal
6104:, and
6053:, and
5853:2.43%
5850:1.62%
5847:9.19%
5844:0.81%
5841:7.03%
5838:0.81%
5798:E-V12*
5793:E-M78*
5420:9.21%
5417:5.94%
5414:2.16%
5411:6.75%
5405:0.54%
5402:5.68%
5399:0.27%
5396:1.08%
5393:6.76%
5384:3.24%
5381:2.43%
5378:1.35%
5225:E1b1b1
5133:, and
5073:
5071:
5063:
5061:
5053:
5051:
5043:
5041:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5017:
5009:
5007:
4999:
4997:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4967:
4959:
4957:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4937:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4907:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4887:
4879:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4859:
4857:
4789:(0.4%)
4785:
4783:
4779:(0.7%)
4775:
4773:
4769:(1.4%)
4765:
4763:
4759:(2.2%)
4755:
4753:
4749:(2.5%)
4745:
4743:
4739:(3.2%)
4735:
4733:
4729:(3.6%)
4725:
4723:
4719:(3.6%)
4715:
4713:
4709:(4.7%)
4705:
4703:
4699:(4.7%)
4695:
4693:
4689:(5.1%)
4685:
4683:
4679:(5.8%)
4675:
4673:
4669:(6.9%)
4665:
4663:
4659:(7.2%)
4655:
4653:
4649:(9.0%)
4645:
4643:
4639:(9.4%)
4635:
4633:
4625:
4623:
4615:
4613:
4558:Pierre
4550:French
4539:Abusir
4535:Osiris
4525:affix
4508:Arabic
4477:Suyuti
4469:Coptic
4461:Of God
4453:-noudi
4449:-nouda
4437:ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ
4433:Coptic
4426:Anubis
4418:Coptic
4406:Coptic
4398:Coptic
4390:Coptic
4386:ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛϯ
4382:Coptic
4370:Arabic
4344:Tailor
4303:(from
4301:Sohagi
4295:(from
4289:Fayoum
4287:(from
4279:(from
4271:(from
4269:Aswany
4263:(from
4255:(from
4102:Israel
3849:racial
3840:social
3834:, and
3811:, and
3731:Energy
3626:Health
3606:People
3579:Anthem
3507:Tahtib
3502:Baladi
3477:Cinema
3381:, and
3375:French
3337:, the
3323:Fustat
3258:Coptic
3254:Arabic
3247:Libyan
3165:, and
3040:Israel
2908:, and
2790:Watani
2689:revolt
2685:Tawfik
2627:Greeks
2615:Suyuti
2547:Arabia
2535:Levant
2519:cotton
2467:French
2328:Shiite
2308:mawali
2274:Coptic
2270:Gnosis
2263:Akhmim
2255:orders
2251:Sufism
2209:Fustat
2186:Arabia
2075:Origen
2067:Coptic
2062:Psalms
2011:Decius
1987:Pilate
1906:Osiris
1878:Romans
1753:Levant
1727:pr nḥḥ
1706:Osiris
1668:Celtic
1641:Nubian
1635:. The
1586:Hyksos
1413:Israel
1367:Canada
1359:Kuwait
1355:Jordan
1316:Muslim
1264:(lit.
1256:) and
1252:(lit.
1186:" or "
1149:Mamluk
1140:Arabic
1136:Coptic
1105:(قبط,
1085:". In
1065:from "
1047:Strabo
986:Coptic
926:orders
890:since
876:desert
831:Coptic
776:Arabic
748:Coptic
695:
677:
659:
641:
623:
604:
587:Sweden
584:
572:14,710
564:
552:15,000
547:France
544:
532:15,939
514:22,000
506:
494:28,400
486:
474:29,000
469:Greece
466:
454:32,505
446:
434:36,532
426:
414:39,000
406:
394:40,000
386:
374:40,000
366:
354:56,000
346:
334:57,500
330:Israel
327:
316:73,250
311:Canada
308:
288:
268:
248:
231:Kuwait
228:
211:Jordan
208:
188:
168:
148:
128:
106:
13688:Music
13671:Radio
13612:Films
13542:Women
13496:Niqāb
13481:Islam
13265:Crime
13106:Mines
12822:Wadis
12780:Oases
12753:Lakes
12698:Biota
12660:Cairo
12578:Copts
12387:Nahda
12277:Roman
12192:Egypt
11962:Sunni
11957:Islam
11728:S2CID
11580:(PDF)
11569:(PDF)
11346:S2CID
11139:S2CID
10992:S2CID
10860:JSTOR
10521:S2CID
10386:S2CID
10351:S2CID
10281:21201
10229:1 May
10124:1 May
9884:S2CID
9829:S2CID
9695:(PDF)
9684:S2CID
9654:(PDF)
9629:(PDF)
9622:(PDF)
9306:S2CID
8639:S2CID
8018:(PDF)
8011:(PDF)
7719:Libya
7512:(PDF)
7505:(PDF)
6782:(PDF)
6775:(PDF)
6188:Nubia
6150:King
5957:17.6%
5938:13.9%
5927:23.6%
5908:21.9%
5902:14.6%
5897:41.4%
5872:44.3%
5867:50.6%
5823:Study
5818:E-V65
5813:E-V32
5808:E-V22
5803:E-V13
5788:E-M78
5757:13.8%
5748:20.7%
5739:10.3%
5736:17.2%
5727:17.2%
5674:11.3%
5671:27.3%
5589:28.0%
5550:28.0%
5520:31.4%
5502:28.6%
5499:28.6%
5493:5.70%
5467:12.2%
5464:19.7%
5443:18.4%
5352:24.5%
5310:Study
5305:Other
5249:(M81)
5239:(M78)
5229:(M35)
5220:E1b1a
5180:Nubia
5135:Egypt
5116:E-M78
5108:E1b1b
4548:With
4504:Greek
4489:Habib
4481:Asyut
4479:from
4473:Minya
4457:-nuti
4441:Copts
4414:Horus
4410:ⲡⲁϩⲱⲣ
4402:ⲡⲁϧⲏⲧ
4394:ⲡⲁϧⲱⲙ
4305:Sohag
4281:Tahta
4273:Aswan
4265:Benha
4121:Syria
3881:Copts
3631:Media
3564:Sport
3554:Radio
3544:Music
3487:Dance
3387:Greek
3351:Misri
3349:term
3341:term
3333:term
3243:Sinai
3183:Luxor
3076:Cairo
3036:Sinai
3012:power
2916:, an
2819:Malta
2759:Islam
2751:Mufti
2574:nahda
2539:Sudan
2515:ulama
2490:ulama
2405:ulama
2394:atrak
2368:Turks
2345:Cairo
2300:Luxor
2243:Sunni
2217:jizya
2213:Greek
2182:Islam
2087:, an
1979:Judas
1975:Jesus
1938:Herod
1934:Jesus
1926:Horus
1856:Greek
1787:akh.t
1745:Nubia
1698:Ma'at
1439:also
1436:Libya
1371:Italy
1351:Libya
1230:Masar
1226:Misir
1222:Mesru
1102:Copts
1093:, as
1008:Greek
907:Masri
856:Egypt
737:Sunni
733:Islam
702:1,000
684:1,000
666:2,000
662:Japan
648:2,000
630:5,000
612:7,710
607:Yemen
592:8,846
291:Italy
271:Qatar
251:Sudan
171:Libya
109:Egypt
13622:list
13617:Flag
13605:Wine
13600:Beer
13280:Rape
12975:list
12963:list
12800:Nile
12593:Jews
12065:Beja
11967:Shia
11868:ISBN
11842:ISBN
11801:2023
11783:ISBN
11720:PMID
11675:PMID
11667:ISSN
11651:JAMA
11631:link
11611:ISBN
11588:2023
11552:2022
11536:PMID
11493:ISBN
11467:2023
11449:ISBN
11424:PMID
11362:2023
11338:PMID
11330:ISSN
11291:PMID
11273:ISSN
11221:PMID
11203:ISSN
11131:PMID
11094:PMID
10984:ISSN
10928:PMID
10825:PMID
10790:PMID
10727:ISBN
10706:link
10686:ISBN
10661:ISBN
10634:ISBN
10597:PMID
10544:ISBN
10513:ISSN
10452:PMID
10411:ISBN
10286:PMID
10250:PNAS
10231:2012
10220:PMID
10171:PMID
10126:2012
10096:PMID
10037:PMID
9974:ISBN
9931:PMID
9900:2022
9876:PMID
9868:ISSN
9821:PMID
9783:PMID
9748:PMID
9703:2016
9676:PMID
9601:PMID
9554:PMID
9497:PMID
9443:PMID
9425:ISSN
9376:PMID
9341:PMID
9298:PMID
9249:PMID
9231:ISSN
9196:link
8983:ISBN
8918:Arab
8848:ISBN
8678:ISBN
8569:ISBN
8516:ISSN
8433:2018
8403:2018
8376:2014
8346:2019
8317:2018
8268:ISBN
8079:PMID
7410:2016
7392:ISBN
7315:ISBN
7284:ISBN
7207:ISBN
7122:ISBN
7015:2020
6909:2020
6883:2016
6849:2014
6790:2018
6750:2023
6632:2018
6420:and
6272:and
6192:Kush
6174:and
6030:and
6000:4.3%
5991:2.1%
5986:6.4%
5970:2.9%
5963:8.8%
5960:5.9%
5941:2.8%
5935:1.4%
5932:5.6%
5913:2.4%
5905:2.4%
5883:1.3%
5878:3.8%
5875:1.3%
5832:370
5751:3.4%
5745:3.4%
5730:6.8%
5718:0.0%
5704:6.8%
5701:9.9%
5698:2.3%
5695:9.1%
5692:9.1%
5683:2.3%
5680:6.8%
5668:4.5%
5662:2.3%
5648:8.5%
5621:2.5%
5592:8.3%
5583:6.5%
5580:7.5%
5574:3.2%
5559:6.5%
5556:2.2%
5553:6.5%
5496:5.7%
5476:2.1%
5473:4.1%
5470:3.4%
5458:8.8%
5455:8.2%
5446:5.4%
5437:2.7%
5434:2.7%
5375:370
5364:6.5%
5361:8.4%
5358:2.8%
5346:7.5%
5337:8.5%
5325:3.5%
5178:and
5110:and
4512:-ios
4498:and
4485:Sufi
4475:and
4467:and
4428:").
4328:Foul
4211:and
4146:and
3842:and
3574:Flag
3335:Miṣr
3327:Giza
3267:The
3241:and
2969:and
2953:The
2884:and
2782:Umma
2765:and
2703:and
2672:and
2617:and
2525:and
2523:rice
2434:and
2398:Beys
2366:and
2355:The
2234:and
2052:The
2045:and
1950:Nero
1908:and
1902:Isis
1887:Jews
1827:and
1809:km.t
1801:Hapy
1783:Nile
1685:and
1627:The
1618:20th
1616:and
1614:19th
1575:arts
1487:and
1434:and
1432:Iraq
1379:Nile
1228:and
1205:Maṣr
1197:Miṣr
1030:", "
923:Sufi
919:Shia
884:west
880:east
822:IPA:
796:IPA:
698:Mali
567:Iraq
349:Oman
11895:−28
11710:hdl
11702:doi
11698:345
11694:BMJ
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