Abdul Hamid II - Knowledge

166: 1939: 3186: 2970: 3213: 6780: 6749: 2871: 3106: 1951: 6171: 2831: 1211: 3066: 1644: 3006: 3249: 3086: 3264: 628: 2911: 2657:, she tragically died at the age of seven: while her mother played the piano and the servants were dismissed for their meal, Ulviye Sultan began to play with some matches. Her dress caught fire and her gold belt trapped her inside it, even though her mother burned her hands trying to unhook it. In panic, Nazikeda picked up her daughter and ran down the stairs, screaming for help, but the movement fueled the flames and Ulviye Sultan died burnt alive, leaving her mother in despair from which she never recovered. Nazikeda was buried in the 2103: 2891: 1442: 3231: 2950: 2820: 38: 2931: 879: 3126: 2842: 3026: 2853: 2163: 2986: 6688: 6344: 4199: 817:. The farthest-reaching reforms were in education, with many professional schools established in fields such as law, arts, trades, civil engineering, veterinary medicine, customs, farming, and linguistics, along with the first local modern law school in 1898. A network of primary, secondary, and military schools extended throughout the Empire. German firms played a major role in developing the Empire's railway and telegraph systems. 2309: 3046: 2033: 1099: 5917: 1520: 1722: 1375:, was established. He also created a large system of primary, secondary, and military schools throughout the empire. 51 secondary schools were constructed in a 12-year period (1882–1894). As the goal of the educational reforms in the Hamidian era were to counter foreign influence, these secondary schools used European teaching techniques while instilling in students a strong sense of 2673:(5 September 1876 – 1945) – with Bidar Kadın. She is the favorite daughter of Abdul Hamid, who called her "my accession daughter", because she was born close to the date of his accession to the throne. She married twice and had a son and a daughter. In 1904 she was embroiled in a scandal when she discovered that her first husband was cheating on her with her cousin 1692:

Moros have never asked more than that, it is not surprising, that they refused all overtures made, by Aguinaldo's agents, at the time of the Filipino insurrection. President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said, its accomplishment had saved the United States at least twenty thousand troops in the field.

1830:) to China in 1901, but the rebellion was over by that time. Because the Ottomans did not want conflict with the European nations and because the Ottoman Empire was ingratiating itself to gain German assistance, an order imploring Chinese Muslims to avoid assisting the Boxers was issued by the Ottoman Khalifa and reprinted in Egyptian and Muslim Indian newspapers. 3146: 1858:. These conspiracies were primarily driven by members of inside the Ottoman government, due to dissatisfaction with autocracy. Journalists had to contend with a strict censorship regime, while the intelligentsia chafed under the surveillance of intelligence agencies. It was in this context that a broad opposition movement to the sultan emerged, known as the 2539:(13 February 1876 – 5 November 1924). Born princess Fatma Kadriye Achba, she was one of Abdul Hamid's favorite consorts, and was known for her kindness, charity, and tolerance. She was one of the consorts who stayed with Abdul Hamid until his death; and, on his death, she cut her hair and threw it into the sea as a sign of mourning. She had a daughter. 1471:("Hamidian Regiments"). The Hamidiye and Kurdish brigands were given free rein to attack Armenians – confiscating stores of grain, foodstuffs, and driving off livestock – confident of escaping punishment as they were subject only to court-martial. In the face of such violence, the Armenians established revolutionary organizations: the 165: 1627:, many Muslims celebrated the Ottoman victory as their victory. Uprisings, lockouts, and objections to European colonization in newspapers were reported in Muslim regions after the war. But Abdul Hamid's appeals to Muslim sentiment were not always very effective, due to widespread disaffection within the Empire. In 2545:(10 October 1882 – 22 October 1969). She was Sazkar Hanım's cousin and her real name was Behiye Hanim. She was arrogant and proud, initially she had to marry Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin, son of Abdul Hamid, but in the end the sultan decided to marry her himself, against Behice's will. She had two twin sons. 1418:

and Ottoman successor states were arrested or exiled. School curricula were closely inspected to prevent dissidence. Ironically, the schools that Abdul Hamid founded and tried to control became "breeding grounds of discontent" as students and teachers alike chafed at the censors' clumsy restrictions.

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connected Paris to Constantinople. During his rule, railways within the Ottoman Empire expanded to connect Ottoman-controlled Europe and Anatolia with Constantinople as well. The increased ability to travel and communicate within the Ottoman Empire served to strengthen Constantinople's influence over

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Despite Abdul Hamid's "pan-Islamic" ideology, he had readily acceded to Straus's request for help in telling the Sulu Muslims to not resist America, since he felt no need to cause hostilities between the West and Muslims. Collaboration between the American military and Sulu Sultanate was due to the

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with a car bomb during a public appearance, but he was delayed for a minute, and the bomb went off too early, killing 26, wounding 58 (four of whom died during their treatment in hospital), and destroying 17 cars. This continued aggression, along with the handling of the Armenian desire for reform,

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Threatened by several assassination attempts, Abdul Hamid II did not travel often (though still more than many previous rulers). Photographs provided visual evidence of what took place in his realm. He commissioned thousands of photographs of his empire, including from the Constantinople studio of

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and submit to American suzerainty and American military rule. The Sultan obliged the Americans and wrote the letter, which was sent to Mecca, whence two Sulu chiefs brought it to Sulu. It was successful, since the "Sulu Mohammedans ... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves

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and a "patron saint" of the wrestlers. He organized wrestling tournaments in the empire, and selected wrestlers were invited to the palace. Abdul Hamid personally tried the sportsmen, and good ones remained in the palace. He was also skilled at drawing, having drawn the sole known portrait of his

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German government officials were brought in to reorganize the Ottoman government's finances. The German emperor was also rumored to have counseled Abdul Hamid in his controversial decision to appoint his third son as his successor. Germany's friendship was not altruistic; it had to be fostered by

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With state policy fostering an Islamist Ottomanism, Christian minority groups also began to turn against the government, going so far as to advocate for separatism. By the 1890s, Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, and Aromanian militant groups started fighting Ottoman authorities, and each other, in the

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After due consideration of these facts, the Sultan, as Caliph caused a message to be sent to the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under American rule. As the

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President McKinley did not mention the Ottoman role in the pacification of the Sulu Moros in his address to the first session of the Fifty-sixth Congress in December 1899, since the agreement with the Sultan of Sulu was not submitted to the Senate until 18 December. The Bates Treaty, which the

1748:– had strained relations with the Ottoman Empire. Abdul Hamid and his close advisors believed the Empire should be treated as an equal player by these great powers. In the Sultan's view, the Ottoman Empire was a European empire that was distinguished by having more Muslims than Christians. 1261:

was another blow to the Empire. The creation of an independent and powerful Bulgaria was viewed as a serious threat to the Empire. For many years Abdul Hamid had to deal with Bulgaria in a way that did not antagonize the Russians or the Germans. There were also key problems regarding the

1495:. News of the massacres was widely reported in Europe and the United States and drew strong responses from foreign governments and humanitarian organizations. Abdul Hamid was called the "Bloody Sultan" or "Red Sultan" in the West. On 21 July 1905, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation 2355:

He was a striking amalgam of determination and timidity, of insight and fantasy, held together by immense practical caution and an instinct for the fundamentals of power. He was frequently underestimated. Judged on his record, he was a formidable domestic politician and an effective

4746: 2422:, where she was renamed Safinaz. According to Harun Açba, Abdülaziz was fascinated by her beauty and wanted to marry her, but she refused because she was in love with Şehzade Abdul Hamid. The feeling was mutual and the young prince asked for the help of his stepmother 1142:

to Russia, which was also paid an enormous indemnity. After the war, Abdul Hamid suspended the constitution in February 1878 and dismissed the parliament, after its only meeting, in March 1877. For the next three decades, Abdul Hamid ruled the Ottoman Empire from

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to realize some form of constitutional arrangement. This new form could help bring about a liberal transition with an Islamic provenance. The Young Ottomans believed that the modern parliamentary system was a restatement of the practice of consultation, or

2426:. She told Abdülaziz that Safinaz was ill and that she needed a change of air; later, Abdülaziz was informed of her death. Abdul Hamid then secretly married Safinaz, who was renamed Nurefsun, in October 1868. However, she could not get used to life in the 2273:

Madani Sheikh, Muhammad Zafir al-Madani, whose lessons he attended in disguise in Unkapani before he became sultan. After he ascended the throne, Abdul Hamid asked al-Madani to return to Istanbul. Al-Madani initiated Shadhili gatherings of remembrance

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Muslims. Foreigners' privileges in the Ottoman Empire, which were an obstacle to effective government, were curtailed. At the very end of his reign, Abdul Hamid finally provided funds to start construction of the strategically important

1126:, did not involve itself in the conflict because of public opinion against the Ottomans, following reports of Ottoman brutality in putting down the Bulgarian uprising. Russia's victory was quick; the conflict ended in February 1878. The 2053:

in his place, and once again suspended the constitution and shuttered the parliament. But the Sultan controlled only Constantinople, while the Unionists were still influential in the rest of the army and provinces. The CUP appealed to

4154: 2551:(1887–1923). She was born Zeliha Ankuap and was also called Atike Naciye Kadın. Known for her kindness and modesty, she was Abdul Hamid's favorite among the consorts who stayed with him until his death. She had a son and a daughter. 1188:

by sending its troops in 1882 to establish control over the two provinces. Cyprus, Egypt, and Sudan ostensibly remained Ottoman provinces until 1914, when Britain officially annexed them in response to the Ottoman participation in

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An example of what once hung on the Door of Repentance of the Ka'ba in 1897 until 1898. It was made in Egypt under Abdul Hamid II's ruling of the Ottoman Empire. His name is stitched into the fifth line following a verse from the

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Abdul Hamid's new attitude did not save him from the suspicion of intriguing with the state's powerful reactionary elements, a suspicion confirmed by his attitude toward the counter-revolution of 13 April 1909, known as the

78:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2795:(2021), Abdul Hamid dispatches the Ottoman Empire's chief inspector of public health, along with a Muslim epidemiologist and his wife, the sultan's niece, to the fictitious island of Mingheria to combat the bubonic plague. 3185: 2089:

The Sultan's countercoup, which had appealed to conservative Islamists against the Young Turks' liberal reforms, resulted in the massacre of tens of thousands of Christian Armenians in the Adana province, known as the

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in the city's southern outskirts. In 1912, when Salonica fell to Greece, he was returned to captivity in Constantinople. He spent his last days studying, practicing carpentry, and writing his memoirs in custody at

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in which he said that the first parliament had been "temporarily dissolved until the education of the people had been brought to a sufficiently high level by the extension of instruction throughout the empire."

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Abdul Hamid's biggest fear, near dissolution, was realized with the Russian declaration of war on 24 April 1877. In that conflict, the Ottoman Empire fought without help from European allies. Russian chancellor

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It was rumored that Abdul Hamid always carried a pistol on his person at all times. In addition to locking the Ottoman Navy in the Golden Horn, he also did not allow the army to train with live ammunition.

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and developed rail and telegraph systems. The telegraph system was expanded to incorporate the furthest parts of the Empire. Railways connected Constantinople and Vienna by 1883, and shortly afterward the

4239:את הדברים אמר הסולטאן לשליחו של הרצל (נוולינסקי) ב-19 ביוני 1896. מקור - "עניין היהודים", (יומני הרצל) - הוצאת מוסד ביאליק, כרך א' עמוד 332. הרצל עצמו נפגש עם הסולטאן רק ב-17 במאי 1901, ללא הישגים נוספים. 2490:. She was loved by everyone, including his other consorts and her stepchildren. She was the most influential of his consorts, but she never abused her power. She had a son, who was Abdul Hamid's favorite. 4899: 3515: 2288:

masters in reciting dhikr. He also became a close religious and political confidant of the sultan. In 1879, the sultan forgave the taxes of all of the Caliphate's Madani Sufi lodges (also known as

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In any event, like many other would-be reforms of the Ottoman Empire, it proved nearly impossible. Russia continued to mobilize for war, and early in 1877 the Ottoman Empire went to war with the

1847: 2369:, or other female members of his family to have such influence, though some of them still had some degree of power in private or in the daily life of the harem. The only, partial exception was 6965: 1822:. Wilhelm was so alarmed by the Chinese Muslim troops that he requested that Abdul Hamid find a way to stop the Muslim troops from fighting. Abdul Hamid agreed to Wilhelm's demands and sent 4146: 3476: 1410:

was on his mind and convinced him that a constitutional government was not a good idea. Because of this, information was tightly controlled and the press rigidly censored. A secret police (

4035: 1344:, Abdul Hamid reduced his ministers to acting as secretaries and concentrated much of the Empire's administration into his own hands. Default in the public funds, an empty treasury, the 1336:

Most people expected Abdul Hamid II to have liberal ideas, and some conservatives were inclined to regard him with suspicion as a dangerous reformer. Despite working with the reformist

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Abdul Hamid was the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire to hold absolute power. He presided over 33 years of decline, during which other European countries regarded the empire as the "

2523:(8 May 1873 – 1945). She was a noble Abkhazian, born Fatma Zekiye Hanım. She was among the consorts who followed Abdul Hamid into exile, and later left Turkey with her one daughter. 1064:

were surprised by the promulgation of a constitution, but European powers at the conference rejected the constitution as a too-radical change; they preferred the 1856 constitution (

7603: 5439: 4580: 3175:. The sultan presented large gift albums of photographs to various governments and heads of state, including the U.S. and Great Britain. The American collection is housed in the 2204:

as its Instructor General in 1828), and hosted the famous performers of Europe at the Opera House of Yıldız Palace, which was restored in the 1990s and featured in the 1999 film

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organizations and a censorship regime. The Ottoman Empire's modernization and centralization continued during his reign, including reform of the bureaucracy, extension of the

4342: 2533:. She served Nazikeda Kadın, with her sisters, and then became the treasurer of the harem. She was highly respected. She followed her husband into exile and then her one son. 2517:, uncle of Abdul Hamid. She followed Abdul Hamid into exile and was with him until his death, so much so that it is said that the sultan died in her arms. She had a daughter. 949:

Unlike many other Ottoman sultans, Abdul Hamid II visited distant countries. In the summer of 1867, nine years before he ascended the throne, he accompanied his uncle Sultan

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in Istanbul. He was also interested in opera and personally wrote the first-ever Turkish translations of many classic operas. He also composed several opera pieces for the

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fought the German Army, routing them and the other Eight Nation Alliance forces. The Muslim Kansu Braves and Boxers defeated the Alliance forces led by the German Captain

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The Orientalist Karl Süssheim Meets the Young Turk Officer İsma'il Hakki Bey: Two Unexplored Sources from the Last Decade in the Reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II

1635:, disturbance was endemic; nearer home, a semblance of loyalty was maintained in the army and among the Muslim population only by a system of deflation and espionage. 4797: 4679: 2147:

In 1930, his nine widows and thirteen children were granted $ 50 million from his estate after a lawsuit that lasted five years. His estate was worth $ 1.5 billion.

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M. I. Waley and British Library, "Sultan Abdulhamid II Early Turkish Photographs in 51 Albums from the British Library on Microfiche"; Zug, Switzerland: IDC, 1987

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Abdul Hamid II made many enemies in the Ottoman Empire. His reign featured several coup d'état plans and many rebellions. The Sultan triumphed in a challenge by

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indirectly caused the loss of Ottoman overseas territories and islands in North Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea during and after his reign.

4965: 1938: 1604:; after he was deposed, the CUP accelerated and completed construction of both railways. Missionaries were sent to distant countries preaching Islam and the 7415: 5414: 2612: 2082:

was issued condemning Abdul Hamid, and the parliament voted to dethrone him. On 27 April, Abdul Hamid's half-brother Reshad Efendi was proclaimed as Sultan

511: 3212: 749: 2782:, named 'The Last Emperor' in English, is a Turkish popular historical television drama series depicting the last 13 years of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. 1709:

to break out in 1904, with war raging between the Americans and Moro Muslims and atrocities committed against Moro Muslim women and children, such as the

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died. She left Abdul Hamid when he was deposed, perhaps disappointed that their son had not been chosen as successor. She had two sons and a daughter.

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had died in 1845, leaving her motherless at the age of two. The two were brought up in the same household, where they spent their childhood together.

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Ironically, the same education institutions that the Sultan sponsored proved to be his downfall. Large sections of the pro-constitutionalist Ottoman

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and its international prestige were severely diminished, and the Empire lost its economic sovereignty as its finances came under the control of the

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

7288: 5930: 3465: 2667:(12 January 1872 – 13 July 1950) – with Bedrifelek Kadın. She married once and had two daughters. She was one of Abdul Hamid's favorite daughters. 1340:

while still crown prince and appearing to be a liberal leader, he became increasingly conservative after taking the throne. In a process known as

1620:. He is famously quoted as telling Herzl's Emissary, "as long as I am alive, I will not have our body divided; only our corpse they can divide." 1057:

in the Ottoman Empire was held in 1877. Crucially, the constitution gave Abdul Hamid the right to exile anyone he deemed a threat to the state.

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Abdul Hamid had numerous consorts, but allowed none of them to have political influence; in the same way he did not allow his adoptive mother,

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When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.

2597:(11 January 1870 – 5 May 1937) – with Bedrifelek Kadın. He did not get along with his father. He had eight consorts, two sons and a daughter. 1612:'s offers to pay down a substantial portion of the Ottoman debt (150 million pounds sterling in gold) in exchange for a charter allowing the 5013: 4851:

Renée Worringer (2004). "Sickman of Europe or Japan of the Near East?: Constructing Ottoman Modernity in the Hamidian and Young Turk Eras".

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led western European powers to take a more hands-on approach with the Turks. Abdul Hamid survived an attempted stabbing in 1904 as well.

1353: 1034: 4219: 3926: 521: 5436: 4572: 3573: 2296:). In 1888, he even established a Sufi lodge for the Madani order of Shadhili Sufism in Istanbul, which he commissioned as part of the 1929: 6268: 2714:

Hatice Sultan (10 July 1897 – 14 February 1898) – with Pesend Hanım. She died of smallpox and was buried in the Yahya Efendi cemetery.

1457:. To prevent such measures, in 1890–91 Abdul Hamid gave semi-official status to the bandits who were already actively mistreating the 6738: 4628: 2708: 2684: 1002: 829: 526: 506: 6700: 3734: 3263: 2430:

and wanted to be Abdul Hamid's only consort. She then asked for a divorce, which he was granted to her in 1879. She had no children.

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Pan-Islamism encouraged Muslims living under European powers to unite under one polity. This threatened several European countries:

934:, 2 November 1853), originally named Virjinia. Following his mother's death, he became the adoptive son of his father's legal wife, 6100: 4290:

Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar

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headed the commission to establish a new constitution, and the cabinet passed the constitution on 6 December 1876, allowing for a

6705: 5529: 3248: 3402: 2045:, when an insurrection of the soldiers backed by a conservative upheaval in some parts of the military in the capital overthrew 1491:. Abdul Hamid put these revolts down with harsh methods. As a result, 300,000 Armenians were killed in what became known as the 7613: 6691: 6367: 5173: 2006: 1046: 6393: 6026: 5940: 5899: 5874: 5833: 5814: 5775: 5736: 5298: 5156: 5103: 5064: 4729: 4468: 4441: 4352: 4325: 4298: 4271: 4015: 3893: 3782: 3692: 3606: 3567: 3534: 3503: 3359: 977:

was deposed on 31 August 1876. At his accession, some commentators were impressed that he rode practically unattended to the

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Brookes, D.S., 2010. The concubine, the princess, and the teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press.

5109: 5070: 4829: 4603: 3946: 2483: 1974:, together with the resentment in the army against the palace spies and informers, at last brought matters to a crisis. The 1134:, Serbia, and Montenegro; it granted autonomy to Bulgaria; instituted reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and ceded parts of 6133: 5976: 4789: 1811: 1540:; since, beginning in 1517, Ottoman sultans were also nominally Caliphs, he wanted to promote that fact and emphasized the 1383: 6970: 5262: 5254: 4932:"II. Abdülhamid'in Madalya Siyaseti: Liyakat Madalyası Örneği / Abdul Hamid II's Medal Policy: The Medal of Merit Example" 4672: 2723:

Samiye Sultan (16 January 1908 – 24 January 1909) – with Saliha Naciye Kadın. She died of pneumonia and was buried in the

5332: 4747:"An Ottoman variation on the state of siege: The invention of the idare-i örfiyye during the first constitutional period" 4377: 3030: 3018: 2674: 1288:. In early 1897 a Greek expedition sailed to Crete to overthrow Ottoman rule on the island. This act was followed by the 1054: 7131: 4501: 4485: 4458: 4431: 4288: 4261: 5384: 4549: 4096: 3110: 2630:Şehzade Mehmed Bedreddin (22 June 1901 – 13 October 1903) – with Behice Hanım. Twin of Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin. Born in 1316:

against excesses of the local sheikhs, similarly led to capitulation to the rebels' demands, as well as concessions to

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Abdul Hamid wrote poetry, following in the footsteps of many other Ottoman sultans. One of his poems translates thus:

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princess, she was considered the most beautiful and charming of Abdul Hamid's consorts. She had a son and a daughter.

2373:, his half-sister and adoptive sister. He was convinced that his predecessors' reigns, especially those of his uncle 1916:

that mandated veils be worn outside the home and to be accompanied by men, though these decrees were mostly ignored.

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to European observers. Most Young Turks were ambitious military officers, constitutionalists, and bureaucrats of the

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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Abdul Hamid II was a skilled carpenter and personally crafted some high-quality furniture, which can be seen at the

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As Russia could dominate the newly independent states, the Treaty of San Stefano greatly increased its influence in

6418: 6170: 4646: 3827: 3625: 1652: 1472: 1396: 1345: 1026: 6794: 5609: 2705:(15 November 1887 – 10 August 1960) – with Müşfika Kadın. She was married twice and had three sons and a daughter. 2627:(June 22, 1901 – December 1944) – with Behice Hanım. Twin of Şehzade Mehmed Bedreddin. He had a consort and a son. 2074:, and negotiated with the rival government established by deputies who escaped from the capital, which was led by 17: 5406: 4084:

The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century

2835: 2799: 1975: 1843: 1458: 1293: 1107: 855: 780: 653: 7506: 7460: 7435: 7400: 4943: 3712: 2600: 2210:(it begins with a scene of Abdul Hamid watching a performance). One of his guests was the French stage actress 2140:, in the company of his wives and children. He died there on 10 February 1918, a few months before his brother 1185: 496: 4694: 1790:

Kaiser Wilhelm II also requested the Sultan's help when he had trouble with Chinese Muslim troops. During the

710: 7146: 6731: 6576: 5563: 2870: 2506:(1872 – 18 July 1961). She was Abkhazian, born Ayşe Hanim. She grew up with her sister under the tutelage of 1772: 2500:. She was very beautiful. She did not follow Abdul Hamid into exile and died in poverty. She had a daughter. 675:, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a 7480: 6128: 6124: 6093: 5891: 4605:

The politicisation of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, and community in the late Ottoman state

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The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

2974: 2078:. It was secretly decided there that Abdul Hamid must be deposed. When the Action Army entered Istanbul, a 1995: 1776: 1698: 1284:

was granted "extended privileges", but these did not satisfy the population, which sought unification with

1066: 1050: 672: 176: 7475: 7425: 7380: 7349: 806: 7588: 7339: 6779: 6748: 6194: 5972: 5354: 3283: 2603:(16 January 1878 – 16 March 1944) – with Bidar Kadın. He had seven consorts, five sons and two daughters. 2281: 1532:

movement could succeed in helping the disparate peoples of the empire achieve a common identity, such as

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regiments. Of the many assassination attempts during Abdul Hamid's reign, one of the most famous is the

531: 7455: 7359: 5927: 5806: 4126: 3869: 3852: 3426:"'They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery': The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate" 3130: 3105: 2990: 1617: 279: 6423: 2300:. The relationship of the sultan and the sheik lasted for 30 years, until the latter's death in 1903. 1453:

Starting around 1890, Armenians began demanding implementation of the reforms promised to them at the

985:. Most people expected Abdul Hamid II to support liberal movements, but he acceded to the throne at a 729:, which began with the Empire's default on its loans, uprisings by Christian Balkan minorities, and a 7521: 6154: 5960: 5767: 5763: 3684: 3010: 2381:, had been ruined by the excessive meddling of the women of the imperial family in affairs of state. 1963: 1659: 1415: 1061: 7395: 7334: 5236: 2803:

features Abdul Hamid II as the leader of the Ottoman Empire during the Scramble for Africa scenario.

2621:(15 August 1894 – 1 January 1952) – with Peyveste Hanım. He had two consorts, a son, and a daughter. 2497: 2404:. She died prematurely after years of deep depression, due to the tragic death of her only daughter. 7633: 6986: 6804: 6724: 6531: 6215: 6139: 3269: 3090: 3038: 2699:(30 November 1886 – 20 November 1977) – with Emsalinur Kadın. She married twice and had a daughter. 1721: 1624: 1289: 1154:. At the Great Powers' insistence (especially the United Kingdom's), the treaty was revised at the 862:. Abdul Hamid II attempted to reassert his absolutism a year later, resulting in his deposition by 787: 754: 748:

In 1878, Abdul Hamid consolidated his rule by suspending both the constitution and the parliament,

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Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları: Vâlide Sultanlar, Hâtunlar, Hasekiler, Kadınefendiler, Sultanefendiler

4820:"World's Largest Fortune to be Split Among Harem Inmates of the Last and Ill-Fated Turkish Sultan" 4400: 2640:(May 17, 1905 – December 8, 1973) – with Saliha Naciye Kadın. He had two consorts but no children. 2297: 2067: 7573: 7440: 7420: 6347: 6086: 5954: 5847: 5009: 4824: 4523: 2755:(1982) portrays the paranoia of Abdul Hamid's at the twilight of his sultanate (May 1908 onwards) 2741: 1897: 1819: 1414:) and a network of informants was present throughout the empire, and many leading figures of the 1325: 1301: 1131: 7465: 7385: 5750:

Akarli, Engin D. (2001). "The Tangled Ends of an Empire and Its Sultan". In Leila Tarazi Fawaz;

5697: 5574: 4483: 2594: 1702: 1077:), and questioned whether a parliament was necessary to act as an official voice of the people. 481: 5476: 3351: 3342: 2830: 2687:(9 February 1884 – 25 October 1957) – with Dilpesend Kadın. She married once, with no children. 2615:(19 December 1885 – 15 June 1949) – with Mezidemestan Kadın. He had four consorts and two sons. 2482:(3 March 1869 – 21 January 1909). She was born Kadriye Kamile Merve Hanim, she was the aunt of 2427: 2010: 1572: 1361: 931: 7496: 7470: 6328: 4719: 4315: 3678: 3350:. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. pp. 2637: 2548: 2046: 1367:

His push for education resulted in the establishment of 18 professional schools; and in 1900,

1210: 903: 541: 448: 299: 7136: 6233: 5645:

William Allen, "The Abdul Hamid II Collection", History of Photography eight (1984): 119–145.

5515: 5481: 3923: 3493: 3150: 2915: 2895: 2846: 2824: 2658: 2609:(12 February 1878 – 7 August 1944) – with Bedrifelek Kadın. He had a consort but no children. 2445: 2423: 2366: 2330: 2235: 2218: 1983: 1959: 1925: 1904:. The statute persisted under the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey until the 1940s. 1851: 1818:, that the Alliance forces managed to get through to battle the Chinese Muslim troops at the 1321: 1254: 1130:, signed at the end of the war, imposed harsh terms: the Ottoman Empire gave independence to 1127: 923: 859: 604: 598: 118: 7501: 7410: 6887: 6318: 6303: 6293: 5755: 5509: 4204:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

3557: 2702: 2606: 2503: 2479: 1406:

Abdul Hamid took stringent measures regarding his security. The memory of the deposition of

978: 501: 438: 423: 413: 255: 7583: 7578: 6846: 6469: 5756: 2055: 1767:. (Wilhelm II later visited Constantinople a third time, on 15 October 1917, as a guest of 1710: 1119: 986: 726: 7542: 5785: 3172: 3065: 2930: 2654: 2496:(1866–1952). She entered the Palace with her sister Tesrid Hanım, who became a consort of 2410:(1850–1915). Her real name was Ayşe and she was the younger sister of the last consort of 1943: 1643: 50: 8: 6457: 6413: 5887:

Abdülhamid II – An article published in the first volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam

5712:

The Ottoman Endgame: war, revolution, and the making of the modern Middle East, 1908–1923

3738: 3293: 3176: 3005: 2998: 2978: 2954: 2778: 1971: 1871: 1372: 1239: 1115: 1037:, and the feeling aroused throughout Europe by the cruelty used in stamping out the 1876 943: 824:

sharply criticized and opposed him for his repressive policies, which coalesced into the

243: 235: 152: 111: 7547: 7037: 7022: 6273: 4517: 3085: 2433: 1783:

railway and loan concessions. In 1899, a significant German wish, the construction of a

1360:, and the feeling aroused throughout Europe by Abdul Hamid's government in stamping out 1072: 398: 7141: 6189: 6144: 5043:

F. A. K. Yasamee. Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers 1878–1888 p. 20

4868: 3645: 3612: 3471: 3445: 3158: 3058: 2631: 2507: 2231: 2201: 2181: 2151: 2050: 1982:

organization that was especially influential in the Rumelian army units, undertook the

1815: 1803: 1756: 1492: 1467: 1428: 1317: 1181: 1155: 1144: 841: 833: 718: 692: 303: 295: 7032: 7012: 6298: 6288: 2493: 2461: 2400:(First Consort). She was an Abkhazian princess, born Mediha Hanim, lady-in-waiting to 2036:

Abdul Hamid II's last ride through the streets of Istanbul after the 31 March Incident

418: 408: 7162: 6397: 6159: 5895: 5870: 5829: 5810: 5799: 5771: 5751: 5732: 5715: 5294: 5152: 5099: 5060: 4872: 4725: 4652: 4609: 4464: 4437: 4348: 4321: 4294: 4267: 4011: 3889: 3831: 3778: 3688: 3649: 3602: 3563: 3530: 3499: 3398: 3355: 3220: 2942: 2910: 2857: 2720:

Cemile Sultan (1900 – 1900) – unknown maternity. She died a few days after her birth.

2717:

Aliye Sultan (1900 – 1900) – unknown motherhood. She died a few days after her birth.

2189: 2133: 2102: 2049:'s government. With the Young Turks driven out of the capital, Abdul Hamid appointed 2042: 2023: 1855: 1760: 1541: 1514: 1454: 1436: 1400: 1285: 1271: 1267: 1247: 867: 696: 458: 353: 291: 287: 271: 267: 251: 247: 148: 93: 7516: 7017: 6950: 6866: 6488: 6313: 6278: 5692: 2526: 2415: 2407: 2002:

abolished espionage and censorship, and ordered the release of political prisoners.

911: 433: 393: 329: 7450: 4860: 4758: 3637: 3594: 3522: 3437: 3240: 3203: 3078: 3050: 2890: 2791: 2313: 2241: 2170:

Sufi Sheikh Muhammad Zafir al-Madani in Istanbul who initiated the Sultan into the

2113: 1799: 1544:. Given the great diversity of ethnicities in the Ottoman Empire, he believed that 1441: 1151: 965:(28–30 July 1867), and capitals or cities of a number of other European countries. 891: 664: 6991: 6945: 6239: 5885: 5353:

Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "

2711:(15 June 1891 – 1938) – with Sazkar Hanım. She married once and had two daughters. 2696: 2397: 1158:

so as to reduce the great advantages Russia gained. In exchange for these favors,

935: 703:, though Ottoman gains were tempered by subsequent Western European intervention. 516: 6851: 6463: 6408: 6225: 6060: 5990: 5968: 5934: 5704: 5463: 5443: 5361: 5288: 5093: 5054: 4819: 4147:"Sitara, Interior Door Curtain of the Ka'ba, Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876–1909)" 3983:

Cleveland, William L. (2008)"History of the Modern Middle East" (4th ed.) p. 121.

3950: 3930: 3495:

Vahan's Triumph: Autobiography of an Adolescent Survivor of the Armenian Genocide

3138: 2985: 2949: 2883: 2227: 2211: 1908: 1901: 1791: 1784: 1752: 1593: 1552: 1275: 1263: 1258: 1139: 1103: 883: 795: 368: 263: 6908: 6825: 6323: 6308: 3883: 2819: 2542: 2536: 2520: 2411: 443: 428: 6764: 6390: 5953: 5355:

The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London

5326: 3641: 2763: 2748: 2245: 2128: 2091: 2027: 1912: 1775:

and Bodo-Borries von Ditfurth were employed to oversee the organization of the

1745: 1741: 1706: 1679: 1675: 1584: 1576: 1560: 1556: 1388: 1337: 1194: 1163: 1081: 1038: 1012: 1006: 982: 915: 878: 821: 707: 688: 576: 337: 333: 6996: 6861: 6475: 6283: 5225:

Harun Açba (2007). Kadın efendiler: 1839–1924. Profil. ISBN 978-9-759-96109-1.

5146: 5095:

Between Modernity and Nationalism: Halide Edip's Encounter with Gandhi's India

4864: 4369: 3526: 3441: 3125: 2841: 2469: 2451: 2223: 1839: 1304:

was appointed ruler and Crete was effectively lost to the Ottoman Empire. The

1274:

and Montenegrin frontiers, where the European powers were determined that the

403: 283: 7567: 7526: 7354: 7231: 6671: 6621: 5378: 4970: 4894: 4484:

George Hubbard Blakeslee; Granville Stanley Hall; Harry Elmer Barnes (1915).

4210: 4205: 4123:

Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815–1914

3098: 2852: 2664: 2401: 2370: 2071: 2066:, which marched on Constantinople. Şevket Pasha's chief of staff was captain 1863: 1667: 1632: 1609: 1597: 1411: 1313: 1281: 939: 799: 783: 760: 486: 219: 6359: 4541: 4401:"Why European Islam's current problems might reflect a 100-year-old mistake" 4100: 2693:

Seniha Sultan (1885 – 1885) – with Dilpesend Kadın. She died at five months.

1990:

were marching on Istanbul (23 July), Abdul Hamid capitulated. On 24 July an

1759:) caused Abdul Hamid to gravitate towards Germany. Abdul Hamid twice hosted 1364:

all contributed to his apprehension regarding enacting significant changes.

7511: 7278: 7074: 6641: 6245: 5059:. Foundation for Research on Islamic history, Art and History. p. 58. 3775:

The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem

3616: 3513:

Sharkey, Heather J. (2017). "The Pivotal Era of Abdulhamid II, 1876–1909".

3255: 3025: 2670: 2378: 2244:

professor Suraiya Farooqi stated that the sultan's "tastes were distinctly

2162: 2124: 2075: 1885: 1795: 1734: 1730: 1628: 1537: 1224: 1042: 919: 771:

to Muslims around the world. His paranoia about being overthrown, like his

738: 586: 491: 259: 239: 133: 6820: 6251: 6078: 5946: 5890:(in Turkish). Vol. 1 (Ab-i Hayat /el-Ahkamu's – Ser'iyye). Istanbul: 5664: 5536:(in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: General-Ordenskommission. 1886. p. 2419: 2418:. When Yıldız Hanım married Abdülmecid, Ayşe was sent into the service of 1755:

in 1881) and Great Britain (the 1882 establishment of de facto control in

1699:

guaranteed the Sultanate's autonomy in its internal affairs and governance

1683:

under the control of our army, thereby recognizing American sovereignty."

7552: 7226: 6616: 6044: 5843: 5200:

Adra, Jamil (2005). Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005, pg. 23

4890:"The Ottoman caliphate: Worldly, pluralist, hedonistic – and Muslim, too" 3236: 2786: 2530: 2308: 2206: 2063: 1979: 1933: 1880:, a clause in the defunct Ottoman constitution comparable to declaring a 1859: 1827: 1751:

Over time, the hostile diplomatic attitudes of France (the occupation of

1671: 1588: 1238:

Financial difficulties forced him to consent to foreign control over the

1232: 1190: 1173: 1123: 863: 825: 810: 614: 275: 5600: 4762: 3598: 2766:

pulls out a permit which Abdul Hamid II signed in 1905, allowing McDuck

1305: 7252: 7193: 7069: 6929: 6924: 6716: 6631: 6596: 6546: 6520: 6514: 3449: 3425: 3045: 2529:(1873 – 1943). Abkhazian princess, born Hatice Rabia Hanim and aunt of 2455: 1955: 1726: 1601: 1533: 1376: 1368: 100:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

5437:

Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

4223:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 4174: 4172: 2032: 1292:, in which the Ottoman Empire defeated Greece, but as a result of the 1215: 907: 858:

forced him to recall parliament and reinstate the constitution in the

763:. He ruled as an absolute monarch for three decades. Ideologically an 7344: 7283: 7257: 7247: 7219: 7198: 7167: 7100: 7053: 6903: 6830: 6666: 6646: 6636: 6626: 6611: 6601: 6581: 6566: 6556: 6541: 6509: 6499: 6451: 2653:

Ulviye Sultan (1868 – 5 October 1875) – with Nazikeda Kadın. Born in

2514: 2487: 2473: 2465: 2374: 2197: 2137: 1407: 1228: 1135: 1122:. The British Empire, though still fearing the Russian threat to the 989:. Economic and political turmoil, local wars in the Balkans, and the 950: 927: 887: 772: 768: 4931: 3979: 3977: 3517:

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Modern Middle East

2634:. He died of meningitis and was buried in the Yahya Efendi cemetery. 1118:

had by that time effectively purchased Austrian neutrality with the

938:. Perestu was also the adoptive mother of Abdul Hamid's half-sister 671:; 21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th 7314: 7214: 7177: 7126: 7116: 7027: 6882: 6856: 6661: 6606: 6591: 6571: 6561: 6536: 6504: 6494: 6482: 6070: 6036: 5507: 4169: 2759: 2441: 2437: 2270: 2171: 2141: 2117: 2083: 1987: 1768: 1655: 1613: 1529: 1484: 1462: 1461:

in the provinces. Made up of Kurds and other ethnic groups such as

1395:

Abdul Hamid introduced legislation against the slave trade via the

1177: 764: 211: 180: 5698:

All Documents about Abdul Hamid in English from a Turkish Web Site

4370:"Mustafa Akyol: Remembering Abdul Hamid II, a pro-American caliph" 4058:

The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone

2724: 2112:) of Sultans Mahmud II, Abdulaziz, and Abdul Hamid II, located at 2108: 1729:

troops in service of the Qing imperial army serving under General

1446: 7304: 7095: 6955: 6799: 6651: 6551: 6526: 6446: 6436: 6053: 6019: 5758:

Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean

3974: 3680:

The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars

2903: 2771: 2678: 2196:(Ottoman Imperial Band/Orchestra, established by his grandfather 1942:

Opening of the first Ottoman Parliament (Meclis-i Umumî), at the

1889: 1687:

Ottoman Sultan persuading the Sulu Sultan. John P. Finley wrote:

1580: 1480: 1168: 974: 899: 776: 734: 680: 571: 201: 5826:

Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers, 1878–1888

5259:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie

4699:. Vol. 1–3. Hartford Seminary Foundation. 1966. p. 190 75: 5916: 5034:

Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers 1878–1888

4975: 3191: 2962: 2923: 2511: 2285: 2266: 2174: 2167: 1810:, in 1900, and besieged the trapped Alliance forces during the 1663: 1605: 1564: 1159: 1098: 962: 958: 837: 621: 4250:

Lewis.B, "The Emergence of Modern Turkey" Oxford, 1962, p. 337

4178:

Takkush, Mohammed Suhail, "The Ottoman's History" pp. 489, 490

1519: 6769: 6441: 5562: 3195: 3145: 2276: 1568: 1545: 1488: 1309: 1018: 954: 658: 3763:, published 1999, Chapter 15: On the Shores of the Bosphorus 1647:

Map of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Abdul Hamid II

3374:

Some sources state that his birth date was on 22 September.

3118: 2476:, who was Abdul Hamid's grandfather. She had two daughters. 1166:

in 1878. There were troubles in Egypt, where a discredited

1041:, Abdul Hamid promulgated a constitution and a parliament. 5949:– about 1,800 photographs mounted in albums, ca. 1880–1893 4460:

American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service

4131:

Freedom's Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention

4073:(3rd rev. and updated ed.) London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 60–62. 2745:(1935) portrays a time near the end of the sultan's life. 2123:

Abdul Hamid was conveyed into captivity at Salonica (now

1697:

Americans signed with the Moro Sulu Sultanate, and which

1172:

had to be deposed. Abdul Hamid mishandled relations with

828:

movement. Ethnic minorities started organizing their own

3947:"Turkish Naval History: The Period of the Navy Ministry" 1986:

in the summer of 1908. Upon learning that the troops in

1223:

Abdul Hamid's distrust of the reformist admirals of the

870:, though the role he played in these events is disputed. 5293:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 300. 5175:

The Portrait of A Political Genius Sultan Abdulhamid II

3964: 3962: 3960: 3589:

Ihrig, Stefan (2014). "Prologue: Leaving 'Enverland'".

7629:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

5947:

US Library of Congress Abdul Hamid II Photo Collection

4990: 4769: 3994:

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909

2058:

to restore the status quo. Shevket Pasha organized an

996: 5237:"Payitaht Abdulhamid Turkish Historical Drama Series" 1465:, and armed by the state, they came to be called the 1246:

for the benefit of (mostly foreign) bondholders (see

721:, a sign of the progressive thinking that marked his 7619:

People from the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent

5501: 3957: 2436:(1851–1930). Circassian Princess who took refuge in 2316:

language and scripts, which was taken from the book

1842:

of absolute rule in 1895. A large conspiracy by the

71: 7604:

Ottoman people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

5941:

II. Abdülhamit Dönemi Olayları – ittihat Ve Terakki

2248:" despite his political rule being "conservative". 1658:asked United States Minister to the Ottoman Empire 1623:Pan-Islamism was a considerable success. After the 1608:'s supremacy. During his rule, Abdul Hamid refused 809:, and control over the press were part of a unique 5798: 5221: 5219: 4651:(Illustrated ed.). I. B. Tauris. p. 56. 3791: 3514: 3464: 3341: 2144:, the reigning sultan. He was buried in Istanbul. 1678:in the Philippines, ordering them not to join the 1475:(Hunchak; founded in Switzerland in 1887) and the 1331: 973:Abdul Hamid ascended the throne after his brother 968: 930:, 20 August 1819 – Constantinople, 725:. But his enthronement came in the context of the 5796: 4717: 4477: 4433:Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty 4060:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 21–34. 4010:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 123–124. 3913:Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire 3753: 2690:Seniye Sultan (1884 – 1884) – unknown motherhood. 1483:). Unrest ensued and clashes occurred in 1892 at 7565: 5634:Hof- und - Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern 5286: 4884: 4882: 4456: 3888:. London; New York: Penguin Books. p. 282. 3676: 3521:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–242. 3491: 3393: 3391: 3389: 1725:Abdul Hamid II attempted to correspond with the 1662:to request that Abdul Hamid, in his capacity as 1053:appointments made by the sultan. The first ever 5852:(1 ed.). London: Constable and Company Ltd 5801:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 5216: 4850: 4787: 4601: 4522:. Academy of Political Science. 1904. pp. 4259: 4005: 3466:"Sultan beaten, capital falls, 6,000 are slain" 2935:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I 2762:'s comic book story "The Treasury of Croesus", 1854:in 1908, and his reign for good ended with the 1479:(the ARF or Dashnaktsutiun, founded in 1890 in 1449:during the reign of Abdul Hamid II, dating 1878 699:from Ottoman control, followed by a successful 7609:Ottoman people of the Greco-Turkish War (1897) 6065:31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909 6031:31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909 5091: 1638: 96:accompanying your translation by providing an 62:Click for important translation instructions. 49:expand this article with text translated from 27:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909 6732: 6389: 6375: 6094: 5508:Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). 4879: 4429: 4133:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008; Balakian, 3911:, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; 3737:. Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı. Archived from 3386: 1600:, which would ease the trip to Mecca for the 5714:, New York, New York: Penguin Random House, 4853:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4608:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 237. 3996:. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 144 3866:Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 3670: 3399:"Abdulhamid II | biography – Ottoman sultan" 1814:. It was only on the second attempt, in the 1102:Ottoman troops under Romanian attack at the 6108: 5052: 4790:"The Slaughter of Christians in Asia Minor" 4724:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 150–. 4711: 4673:"The official Russian announcement that..." 4570: 4344:Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era 4317:Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era 4286: 4086:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4006:Cleveland, William; Burton, Martin (2013). 1994:announced the restoration of the suspended 1346:1875 insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1300:by the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. 1027:1875 insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina 7599:20th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire 7594:19th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire 6739: 6725: 6382: 6368: 6101: 6087: 5144: 4450: 4266:. Oxford University Press. pp. 235–. 4253: 3777:. University of Texas Press. p. 134. 3626:"The Oldest Turkish Newspaper – Yeni Asir" 3593:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–9. 3430:Comparative Studies in Society and History 2341:My God be my helper in this critical hour 2265:Abdul Hamid practiced traditional Islamic 1930:Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire) 1536:. He adopted a new ideological principle, 5797:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). 5447:(1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16 4744: 4423: 4340: 4334: 4313: 4280: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 3999: 3456: 2005:On 17 December, Abdul Hamid reopened the 1705:, who then invaded Moroland, causing the 1003:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire) 701:war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897 170:Portrait of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1899 132:For other people with similar names, see 6746: 5969:Newspaper clippings about Abdul Hamid II 5784: 5709: 5608:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 144. 5457:The Grand Master of the Bulgarian Orders 5383:(in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 595–596, 5171: 5131: 5129: 5127: 4996: 4936:Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi (TKİD) 4775: 4506:. Clark University. 1915. pp. 358–. 4209: 3968: 3423: 2307: 2217:Abdul Hamid was also a good wrestler at 2161: 2101: 2031: 1949: 1937: 1919: 1720: 1642: 1518: 1440: 1209: 1097: 993:threatened the Empire's very existence. 902:was born on 21 September 1842 either in 877: 5823: 5729:The Times Complete History of the World 5514:. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 5098:. Oxford University Press. p. 32. 5012:. Madani86.blogspot.com. 19 July 2008. 4765:– via Cambridge University Press. 4398: 4347:. Universal-Publishers. pp. 406–. 4320:. Universal-Publishers. pp. 405–. 4307: 3772: 3735:"Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Türk Sultanları" 3555: 3512: 3339: 2649:Abdul Hamid had at least 13 daughters: 2339:My God take my hand in these hard times 2335:... And no one but you are the Dear One 1763:in Istanbul, on 21 October 1889 and on 886:in 1867, accompanying his uncle Sultan 802:. Systems for population registration, 14: 7566: 5864: 5749: 5511:Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia 5234: 4644: 4487:The Journal of International Relations 4380:from the original on 27 September 2022 4181: 3881: 3623: 3049:Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the 3029:Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the 2389:Abdul Hamid had at least 23 consorts: 2312:A sample of his handwritten poetry in 2284:; on Thursday evenings he accompanied 1548:was the only way to unite his people. 1326:a railroad between Beirut and Damascus 7624:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 6720: 6363: 6082: 5883: 5842: 5657: 5648: 5639: 5556: 5469: 5429: 5417:from the original on 22 December 2019 5399: 5371: 5347: 5335:from the original on 24 February 2021 5319: 5280: 5138: 5124: 5085: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5016:from the original on 26 February 2014 5002: 4929: 4914: 4832:from the original on 24 February 2018 4812: 4781: 4595: 4533: 4510: 4494: 4463:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 204–. 4411:from the original on 4 September 2017 4392: 4367: 4361: 4244: 4227: 4139: 4115: 4089: 4076: 4063: 4050: 4024: 3939: 3917: 3902: 3858: 3841: 3821: 3809:from the original on 11 November 2014 3588: 3556:Schmidt, Jan (2018). "Introduction". 3335: 3333: 2734: 2590:Abdul Hamid had at least eight sons: 2444:. She ruled Abdul Hamid's harem when 2329:My Lord I know you are the Dear One ( 2320:, written by his daughter Ayşe Sultan 1528:Abdul Hamid did not believe that the 1266:question resulting from the Albanian 894:between 21 June 1867 – 7 August 1867. 832:. Armenians especially suffered from 679:with rebellions (particularly in the 6682:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only 5598: 5466:- official website of H.M. Simeon II 5307:from the original on 14 January 2023 5290:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 5235:Asghar, Ain Hafizah (15 July 2010). 5172:Gündoğdu, Raşit (19 November 2020). 4745:Lévy-Aksu, Noémi (8 November 2016). 4583:from the original on 17 October 2022 4552:from the original on 9 December 2000 4157:from the original on 16 October 2022 3799:"Sultan Abdülaziz – Avrupa Seyahati" 3727: 3701: 3656:from the original on 29 October 2020 3405:from the original on 26 January 2021 3377: 3368: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 2807: 2554:Dürdane Hanım (1869 - January 1957). 2351:In the opinion of F. A. K. Yasamee: 1964:restoration of the 1876 constitution 1850:. His ascendancy finally ended in a 1812:Siege of the International Legations 1716: 1422: 813:system in fringe provinces known as 648: 31: 5867:The Sultan: The life of Abdul Hamid 5615:from the original on 9 October 2022 5544:from the original on 18 August 2021 5228: 4368:Akyol, Mustafa (26 December 2006). 4129:, 2012, pp. 185–211; Gary J. Bass, 4008:A History of the Modern Middle East 3479:from the original on 16 August 2019 3019:Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 2097: 2070:. The Action Army stopped first in 1907:Educated Muslim women resented the 1022:, that had existed in early Islam. 997:First Constitutional Era, 1876–1878 767:, the sultan asserted his title of 715:Ottoman Empire's first constitution 24: 6169: 5743: 5243:(in Arabic). Jannah Aamal Shammas. 5112:from the original on 16 April 2022 5073:from the original on 16 April 2022 5056:Abdülhamid II and the Muslim world 4946:from the original on 28 March 2022 4920:Turner, Barry. Suez.1956 pp. 32–33 4902:from the original on 8 August 2017 4788:Creelman, James (22 August 1909). 4682:from the original on 3 August 2016 4490:. Clark University. pp. 358–. 4293:. Lexington Books. pp. 397–. 4237:. הוצאת מוסד ביאליק. p. 332. 4097:"Constitutional Rights Foundation" 4032:"Curios Information about Armenia" 3383:Overy, Richard pp. 252, 253 (2010) 3111:Order of the Royal House of Chakri 2578:Mihrimend Zelide Hanım (? - 1946). 2464:(16 January 1865 – 17 June 1901). 2269:. He was influenced by the Libyan 2230:novels, and awarded their author, 1176:, and as a result, Britain gained 1087: 981:, where he was presented with the 759:, and curtailing the power of the 743:Ottoman Public Debt Administration 25: 7645: 5909: 5671:from the original on 6 March 2010 5534:Königlich Preussische Ordensliste 5387:from the original on 11 July 2019 5331:(in Swedish), 1905, p. 440, 5269:from the original on 13 July 2020 5182:from the original on 8 April 2023 4800:from the original on 28 July 2012 4633:. F.C. Westley. 1902. p. 243 4038:from the original on 3 March 2016 3949:. Dzkk.tsk.mil.tr. Archived from 3543:from the original on 10 June 2018 3310: 3289:Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906) 2770:to excavate the ancient ruins of 2337:You are the One, and nothing else 1744:– the United Kingdom, France and 1503: 1477:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 1382:Abdul Hamid also reorganized the 1205: 848:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 706:Elevated to power in the wake of 157:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 6778: 6747: 6687: 6686: 6343: 6342: 5937:II. Abdul Hamid Forum in English 5928:II. Abdul Hamid Forum in English 5915: 5636:(1910), "Königliche Orden". p. 8 5568:"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์" 4721:The Boxers, China, and the World 4197: 3828:Chambers Biographical Dictionary 3262: 3247: 3229: 3211: 3184: 3144: 3124: 3104: 3084: 3064: 3044: 3024: 3004: 2984: 2968: 2948: 2929: 2909: 2889: 2869: 2851: 2840: 2829: 2818: 2454:(5 May 1855 – 13 January 1918). 2157: 1970:The national humiliation of the 1473:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party 1397:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880 626: 356:, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire 164: 108:{{Translated|tr|II. Abdülhamid}} 36: 6061:Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate 5790:Abdülhamid II. Le sultan calife 5627: 5592: 5522: 5489:from the original on 6 May 2021 5450: 5247: 5203: 5194: 5165: 4958: 4930:Küskü, Fırat (1 January 2021). 4923: 4844: 4738: 4648:China Considers the Middle East 4564: 4539: 4503:The Journal of Race Development 4436:. W. W. Norton. pp. 159–. 3986: 3875: 3773:Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). 3766: 3624:Devrim, Cemil (February 1964). 3591:Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination 3576:from the original on 9 May 2021 2800:Civilization V: Brave New World 2214:, who performed for audiences. 1976:Committee of Union and Progress 1844:Committee of Union and Progress 1508: 1332:Political decisions and reforms 969:Accession to the Ottoman throne 856:Committee of Union and Progress 4645:Harris, Lillian Craig (1993). 4571:R. Snelling (5 October 1906). 3424:Deringil, Selim (April 2003). 3417: 3340:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). 3194:near the door of the sultan's 2864:Foreign orders and decorations 2346: 1900:to more effectively prosecute 1733:; they were also known as the 1594:Constantinople-Baghdad Railway 192:31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909 106:You may also add the template 13: 1: 7614:Turks from the Ottoman Empire 6701:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family 6211:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 5860:– via Internet Archive. 5564:Royal Thai Government Gazette 4235:"עניין היהודים", (יומני הרצל) 4099:. Cfr-usa.org. Archived from 4071:A Modern History of the Kurds 3630:Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 3299: 2730:in the Yahya Efendi cemetery. 2017: 1833: 1598:Constantinople-Medina Railway 1278:'s decisions be carried out. 1219:(Prince) Abdul Hamid in 1868. 1094:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 1025:In December 1876, due to the 873: 830:national liberation movements 6150:Yıldız assassination attempt 6129:Senate of the Ottoman Empire 6125:Ottoman constitution of 1876 6027:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 5665:"Ottoman Empire photographs" 5479:[Order of Carol I]. 3849:Reform in the Ottoman Empire 3304: 3239:, Sultan Abdul Hamid II and 2975:Order of the Tower and Sword 2644: 2557:Calibös Hanım (1890 - 1955). 2280:) in the newly commissioned 1497:attempted to assassinate him 1433:Yıldız assassination attempt 1308:, a revolt in 1889–90 among 1011:Abdul Hamid worked with the 864:pro-constitutionalist forces 852:Yıldız assassination attempt 733:. At the end of the crisis, 673:sultan of the Ottoman Empire 659: 177:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 7: 5973:20th Century Press Archives 5366:Hawaiian Journal of History 4678:. 10 July 1901. p. 2. 4519:Political Science Quarterly 4082:Nalbandian, Louise (1963). 3909:The Encyclopædia Britannica 3885:Istanbul: The Imperial City 3277: 3129:Knight Grand Cordon of the 2384: 2260: 2251: 2226:. He was extremely fond of 1884:, the government suspended 1771:.) German officers such as 1639:America and the Philippines 1108:Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) 1071:or the 1839 Gülhane edict ( 918:. He was the son of Sultan 735:Ottoman rule in the Balkans 731:war with the Russian Empire 10: 7650: 7416:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 7325:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 6776: 5961:Collier's New Encyclopedia 5807:Cambridge University Press 5686: 5485:(in Romanian). Bucharest. 5148:Kadın efendiler: 1839–1924 4751:New Perspectives on Turkey 4718:Robert A. Bickers (2007). 4127:Princeton University Press 3870:Cambridge University Press 3853:Princeton University Press 3711:. Ancestry. Archived from 3642:10.1177/001654926401000103 3254:Abdul Hamid II arrives in 3165: 3131:Order of the Chrysanthemum 3009:Knight Grand Cross of the 2991:Order of the Golden Fleece 2973:Knight Grand Cross of the 2953:Knight Grand Cross of the 2874:Knight Grand Cross of the 2613:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 2021: 1923: 1896:was also soon declared in 1512: 1426: 1244:Public Debt Administration 1091: 1000: 957:(30 June – 10 July 1867), 794:, and construction of the 750:purging the Young Ottomans 562:Abdul Hamid bin Abdulmejid 512:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 367:Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, 280:Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha 131: 70:Machine translation, like 7535: 7507:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim 7489: 7476:Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin 7461:Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin 7436:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim 7426:Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin 7401:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir 7381:Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin 7373: 7350:Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin 7297: 7271: 7240: 7207: 7186: 7155: 7109: 7083: 7062: 7046: 7005: 6979: 6938: 6917: 6896: 6875: 6839: 6813: 6787: 6757: 6680: 6432: 6404: 6337: 6261: 6224: 6203: 6182: 6166: 6155:Second Constitutional Era 6117: 6067: 6058: 6050: 6043: 6033: 6024: 6016: 6011: 5984: 5869:(2nd ed.). Cassell. 5764:Columbia University Press 5573:(in Thai). Archived from 5482:Familia Regală a României 5287:Pedersen, Jørgen (2009). 4865:10.1017/S0020743804362033 4457:J. Robert Moskin (2013). 3685:Columbia University Press 3677:Razmik Panossian (2013). 3527:10.1017/9781139028455.006 3498:. iUniverse. p. 11. 3492:Vahan Hamamdjian (2004). 3442:10.1017/S001041750300015X 3071:Order of the Annunciation 3011:Order of the White Falcon 2601:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir 2560:Simperver Nazlıyar Hanım. 2360: 2303: 1703:violated by the Americans 1416:Second Constitutional Era 1124:British presence in India 1062:Constantinople Conference 779:, led to the creation of 620: 610: 592: 582: 570: 561: 556: 552: 497:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir 464: 457: 376: 360: 343: 316: 312: 217: 207: 197: 187: 175: 163: 146: 141: 51:the corresponding article 7431:Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri 7406:Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin 7391:Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin 7365:Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin 7320:Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin 6419:Family tree (simplified) 6216:Greco-Turkish War (1897) 6140:First Constitutional Era 5824:Yasamee, F.A.K. (1996). 5693:Abdul Hamid II Biography 5442:6 September 2020 at the 5407:"Guía Oficial de España" 5395:– via runeberg.org 5343:– via runeberg.org 4630:The Spectator, Volume 87 4602:Kemal H. Karpat (2001). 4573:"The Sultan's Successor" 4399:ERASMUS (26 July 2016). 4376:. History News Network. 4260:Kemal H. Karpat (2001). 4069:McDowall, David (2004). 3929:18 December 2007 at the 3270:Istanbul Military Museum 3179:and has been digitized. 3091:Order of the Black Eagle 3039:Principality of Bulgaria 3031:Order of Saint Alexander 2728:Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin 2619:Şehzade Abdürrahim Hayri 2440:when Russia invaded the 2396:(1848 – 11 April 1895). 1998:; the next day, further 1666:, write a letter to the 1392:the rest of the Empire. 1294:Treaty of Constantinople 1200: 1138:to Romania and parts of 532:Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri 7481:Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul 6348:Category:Abdul Hamid II 5955:"Abdul-Hamid II." 5933:2 February 2010 at the 5892:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 5849:The Life of Abdul Hamid 5710:McMeekin, Sean (2016), 5667:. Library of Congress. 5530:"Schwarzer Adler-orden" 5360:19 October 2019 at the 5092:Mushirul Hasan (2010). 5010:"Sheikh Mohammed Zafir" 4966:"Straddling two worlds" 4825:The Cincinnati Enquirer 4220:Encyclopædia Britannica 3348:Encyclopedia Britannica 2753:The Rage of the Vulture 2585: 2062:formation known as the 1362:the Bulgarian rebellion 1302:Prince George of Greece 1296:, Crete was taken over 1067:Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu 892:visit to Western Europe 691:(1877–78), the loss of 264:Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha 117:For more guidance, see 7446:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 7396:Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik 7340:Şehzade Selim Süleyman 7335:Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin 7330:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 6414:Family tree (detailed) 6195:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 6175: 5884:Küçük, Cevdet (1988). 5411:Guía Oficial de España 5328:Sveriges Statskalender 4430:Mustafa Akyol (2011). 3847:Davison, Roderique H. 3284:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 3218:Abdul Hamid II, 1908 ( 2876:Order of Saint Stephen 2625:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 2504:Destizer Müşfika Kadın 2498:Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik 2472:, the last consort of 2468:. She was educated by 2408:Safinaz Nurefsun Kadın 2358: 2344: 2321: 2318:My Father Abdul Hameed 2282:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 2238:, 2nd-Class, in 1907. 2177: 2120: 2037: 2011:speech from the throne 1967: 1947: 1785:Berlin-Baghdad railway 1737: 1694: 1648: 1525: 1450: 1379:and Islamic morality. 1220: 1110: 895: 882:Prince Abdul Hamid at 854:of 1905. In 1908, the 668: 537:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 424:Destizer Müşfika Kadın 394:Safinaz Nurefsun Kadın 7456:Şehzade Mahmud Şevket 7360:Şehzade Mehmed Şevket 6173: 5865:Haslip, Joan (1973). 4056:Klein, Janet (2011). 3882:Freely, John (1998). 3151:Order of Saint Hubert 2916:Order of the Seraphim 2896:Order of the Elephant 2847:Order of the Medjidie 2825:Order of the Crescent 2446:Rahime Perestu Sultan 2367:Rahime Perestu Sultan 2353: 2326: 2311: 2298:Ertuğrul Tekke mosque 2236:Order of the Medjidie 2165: 2105: 2035: 1984:Young Turk Revolution 1966:in the Ottoman Empire 1960:Young Turk Revolution 1953: 1941: 1926:Young Turk Revolution 1920:Young Turk Revolution 1828:the Young Turk leader 1794:, the Chinese Muslim 1724: 1689: 1646: 1522: 1444: 1324:companies to provide 1240:Ottoman national debt 1213: 1128:Treaty of San Stefano 1101: 1060:The delegates to the 1047:bicameral legislature 881: 860:Young Turk Revolution 713:, he promulgated the 683:), and presided over 605:Rahime Perestu Sultan 119:Knowledge:Translation 90:copyright attribution 7522:Şehzade Mahmud Namık 7466:Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid 7386:Şehzade Mehmed Selim 6183:Associated buildings 5924:at Wikimedia Commons 5894:. pp. 216–224. 5703:23 June 2020 at the 5566:(18 December 1892). 5462:10 July 2020 at the 5380:Norges Statskalender 5178:. Rumuz Publishing. 5053:Farah, C.E. (2008). 4898:. 19 December 2015. 4577:The Egyptian Gazette 4528:Straus Sulu Ottoman. 4287:Moshe Yegar (2002). 3924:Britannica, Istanbul 3803:blog.milliyet.com.tr 3562:. Brill. p. 2. 2856:Grand Master of the 2845:Grand Master of the 2834:Grand Master of the 2823:Grand Master of the 2751:'s historical novel 2595:Şehzade Mehmed Selim 2486:, future consort of 2484:Emine Nazikeda Kadın 2424:Rahime Perestu Kadin 2056:Mahmud Shevket Pasha 1996:constitution of 1876 1711:Moro Crater Massacre 1120:Reichstadt Agreement 840:at the hands of the 815:borrowed colonialism 727:Great Eastern Crisis 660:Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī 482:Şehzade Mehmed Selim 434:Rabia Peyveste Hanım 7497:Şehzade Ahmed Nihad 7471:Şehzade Mehmed Abid 6699:Related templates: 6134:Chamber of Deputies 5145:Harun Açba (2007). 4763:10.1017/npt.2016.19 3953:on 7 December 2006. 3761:Inside the Seraglio 3599:10.2307/j.ctt9qdt54 3294:Spyridon Mavrogenis 3177:Library of Congress 2979:Kingdom of Portugal 2955:Order of Saint Olav 2789:'s satirical novel 2779:Payitaht Abdulhamid 2638:Şehzade Mehmed Abid 2549:Saliha Naciye Kadın 2047:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 1972:Macedonian conflict 1872:Macedonian conflict 1846:was also foiled in 1773:Baron von der Goltz 1384:Ministry of Justice 1373:Istanbul University 1369:Darülfünûn-u Şahâne 1193:on the side of the 1152:Southeastern Europe 1039:Bulgarian rebellion 961:(12–23 July 1867), 685:an unsuccessful war 542:Şehzade Mehmed Abid 449:Saliha Naciye Kadın 300:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 244:Ibrahim Edhem Pasha 236:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha 7589:Dethroned monarchs 7502:Şehzade Osman Fuad 7441:Şehzade Ömer Faruk 7421:Şehzade Ömer Hilmi 7411:Şehzade Ahmed Nuri 6424:Line of succession 6176: 6145:Hamidian massacres 6045:Sunni Islam titles 5828:. Istanbul: ISIS. 5786:Georgeon, François 5209:Necdet Sakaoğlu, " 4978:. 19 December 2015 4794:The New York Times 4542:"The Bates Treaty" 4341:Idris Bal (2004). 4314:Idris Bal (2004). 4135:The Burning Tigris 3992:Erdem, Y. (1996). 3472:The New York Times 3272:Abdulhamid II desk 3159:Kingdom of Bavaria 3059:Kingdom of Romania 2904:Kingdom of Denmark 2735:In popular culture 2703:Hamide Ayşe Sultan 2671:Fatma Naime Sultan 2607:Şehzade Ahmed Nuri 2508:Pertevniyal Sultan 2480:Mezidemestan Kadın 2322: 2232:Arthur Conan Doyle 2200:who had appointed 2178: 2152:sick man of Europe 2121: 2051:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha 2038: 1968: 1948: 1816:Gasalee Expedition 1808:Seymour Expedition 1804:Battle of Langfang 1738: 1653:Secretary of State 1649: 1526: 1493:Hamidian massacres 1451: 1429:Hamidian massacres 1221: 1156:Congress of Berlin 1111: 979:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 896: 719:Tersane Conference 596:Biological mother: 502:Şehzade Ahmed Nuri 439:Fatma Pesend Hanım 414:Mezidemestan Kadın 304:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha 296:Mehmed Ferid Pasha 256:Mehmed Sadık Pasha 98:interlanguage link 7561: 7560: 7543:Şehzade Ali Vasib 6714: 6713: 6357: 6356: 6242:(adoptive mother) 6160:31 March Incident 6077: 6076: 6068:Succeeded by 6034:Succeeded by 5999:21 September 1842 5920:Media related to 5901:978-97-53-89428-9 5876:978-0-297-76519-6 5835:978-975-428-088-3 5816:978-0-521-29166-8 5777:978-0-231-11426-4 5737:978-0-00-731569-7 5477:"Ordinul Carol I" 5300:978-87-7674-434-2 5158:978-9-759-96109-1 5105:978-0-19-806332-2 5066:978-975-7874-31-7 4828:. 20 April 1930. 4731:978-0-7425-5395-8 4676:The Straits Times 4546:Philippine Update 4470:978-1-250-03745-9 4443:978-0-393-07086-6 4354:978-1-58112-423-1 4327:978-1-58112-423-1 4300:978-0-7391-0356-2 4273:978-0-19-513618-0 4151:www.metmuseum.org 4121:Rodogno, Davide. 4103:on 9 October 2006 4017:978-0-8133-4833-9 3895:978-0-14-024461-8 3864:Hourani, Albert. 3784:978-0-292-78335-5 3709:"Turkish Royalty" 3694:978-0-231-13926-7 3608:978-0-674-36837-8 3569:978-90-04-36617-6 3536:978-1-139-02845-5 3505:978-0-595-29381-0 3475:. 25 April 1909. 3361:978-1-59339-837-8 3173:Jean Pascal Sébah 2963:Kingdom of Norway 2943:Kingdom of Hawaii 2924:Kingdom of Sweden 2858:Order of Osmanieh 2808:Awards and honors 2655:Dolmabahçe Palace 2420:Şehzade Abdülaziz 2194:Mızıka-yı Hümâyun 2190:Beylerbeyi Palace 2134:Beylerbeyi Palace 2127:), mostly at the 2043:31 March Incident 2024:31 March Incident 1944:Dolmabahçe Palace 1856:31 March Incident 1761:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1717:Germany's support 1674:subgroup, of the 1625:Greco-Ottoman war 1542:Ottoman Caliphate 1515:Ottoman Caliphate 1468:Hamidiye Alayları 1455:Berlin Conference 1437:Armenian question 1423:Armenian question 1401:Kanunname of 1889 1358:Russo-Turkish war 1290:Greco-Turkish War 1268:League of Prizren 1257:of Bulgaria with 1248:Kararname of 1296 991:Russo-Turkish War 868:31 March incident 677:period of decline 657: 634: 633: 566: 565: 354:Beylerbeyi Palace 327:21 September 1842 292:Halil Rifat Pasha 288:Ahmed Cevad Pasha 272:Mehmed Said Pasha 268:Ahmed Arifi Pasha 252:Ahmed Vefik Pasha 248:Ahmed Hamdi Pasha 130: 129: 63: 59: 16:(Redirected from 7641: 7548:Dündar Ali Osman 7451:Mehmed Abdulaziz 7137:Şehzade Süleyman 7038:Şehzade Cihangir 7023:Şehzade Abdullah 6961:Şehzade Abdullah 6782: 6751: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6717: 6690: 6689: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6361: 6360: 6346: 6345: 6234:Tirimüjgan Kadın 6177: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6051:Preceded by 6017:Preceded by 6007: 6006:10 February 1918 6000: 5982: 5981: 5965: 5957: 5919: 5905: 5880: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5844:Pears, Edwin Sir 5839: 5820: 5804: 5793: 5792:. Paris: Fayard. 5781: 5761: 5731:, HarperCollins 5727:Overy, Richard. 5724: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5572: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5473: 5467: 5454: 5448: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5375: 5369: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5261:, 1900, p. 5251: 5245: 5244: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4696:The Moslem World 4691: 4689: 4687: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4179: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4143: 4137: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4034:. Armenica.org. 4028: 4022: 4021: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3972: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3943: 3937: 3921: 3915: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3879: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3620: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3520: 3509: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3345: 3337: 3266: 3251: 3233: 3215: 3204:Vlas Doroshevich 3188: 3148: 3128: 3115:18 December 1892 3108: 3088: 3079:Kingdom of Italy 3075:29 November 1881 3068: 3051:Order of Carol I 3048: 3028: 3008: 2999:Kingdom of Spain 2995:19 December 1880 2988: 2972: 2959:11 February 1885 2952: 2933: 2913: 2900:13 December 1884 2893: 2873: 2855: 2844: 2833: 2822: 2792:Nights of Plague 2742:Abdul the Damned 2575:Gevherriz Hanım. 2510:, the mother of 2434:Bedrifelek Kadın 2242:Bilgi University 2166:The tomb of the 2114:Divanyolu street 2098:After deposition 2007:General Assembly 1962:in 1908 and the 1958:celebrating the 1898:Eastern Anatolia 1826:(no relation to 1820:Battle of Peking 1800:Guido von Usedom 1377:Ottoman identity 1356:, the result of 1116:Prince Gorchakov 924:Tirimüjgan Kadın 807:of tribal groups 792:Anatolia Railway 758: 662: 652: 650: 630: 602:Adoptive mother: 599:Tirimüjgan Kadın 554: 553: 468: 399:Bedrifelek Kadın 350: 347:10 February 1918 326: 324: 222: 193: 168: 153:Amir al-Mu'minin 139: 138: 109: 103: 76:Google Translate 61: 57: 40: 39: 32: 21: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7634:Sons of sultans 7564: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7536:23rd generation 7531: 7490:22nd generation 7485: 7374:21st generation 7369: 7298:20th generation 7293: 7272:19th generation 7267: 7241:18th generation 7236: 7208:17th generation 7203: 7187:16th generation 7182: 7156:15th generation 7151: 7132:Şehzade Bayezid 7110:14th generation 7105: 7084:13th generation 7079: 7063:12th generation 7058: 7047:11th generation 7042: 7033:Şehzade Bayezid 7013:Şehzade Mustafa 7006:10th generation 7001: 6975: 6934: 6913: 6892: 6871: 6847:Süleyman Çelebi 6835: 6809: 6783: 6774: 6753: 6752:Ottoman princes 6745: 6715: 6710: 6676: 6470:Süleyman Çelebi 6428: 6400: 6388: 6358: 6353: 6333: 6257: 6220: 6199: 6178: 6168: 6164: 6113: 6107: 6073: 6064: 6056: 6039: 6030: 6022: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5987: 5986:Abdul Hamid II 5952: 5935:Wayback Machine 5912: 5902: 5877: 5855: 5853: 5836: 5817: 5778: 5746: 5744:Further reading 5722: 5705:Wayback Machine 5689: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5580:on 4 March 2016 5577: 5570: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5464:Wayback Machine 5455: 5451: 5444:Wayback Machine 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5368:, vol. 5, p. 96 5362:Wayback Machine 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5270: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5106: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4683: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4538: 4534: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4374:Weekly Standard 4366: 4362: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4215:Abd-ul-Hamid II 4213:, ed. (1911). " 4198: 4196: 4195: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4081: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3958: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3931:Wayback Machine 3922: 3918: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3846: 3842: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3771: 3767: 3759:Freely, John – 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3741:on 11 July 2012 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3715:on 6 April 2012 3707: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687:. p. 165. 3675: 3671: 3659: 3657: 3609: 3579: 3577: 3570: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3506: 3482: 3480: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3343:"Abdulhamid II" 3338: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3189: 3168: 3139:Empire of Japan 3119:Kingdom of Siam 3095:3 February 1882 3093:, in Diamonds, 2918:, in Diamonds, 2884:Austria-Hungary 2878:, in Diamonds, 2810: 2737: 2647: 2588: 2581:Nevcedid Hanım. 2572:Sermelek Hanım. 2566:Levandit Hanım. 2563:Bergüzar Hanım. 2494:Emsalinur Kadın 2462:Dilpesend Kadın 2387: 2377:and his father 2363: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2306: 2263: 2254: 2228:Sherlock Holmes 2212:Sarah Bernhardt 2202:Donizetti Pasha 2160: 2106:The mausoleum ( 2100: 2030: 2020: 1936: 1922: 1894:İdare-i Örfiyye 1890:Ottoman Balkans 1877:İdare-i Örfiyye 1836: 1792:Boxer Rebellion 1787:, was granted. 1719: 1641: 1557:Bosnian Muslims 1517: 1511: 1506: 1487:and in 1893 at 1439: 1427:Main articles: 1425: 1371:, now known as 1350:war with Serbia 1334: 1276:Berlin Congress 1259:Eastern Rumelia 1208: 1203: 1104:Siege of Plevna 1096: 1090: 1088:War with Russia 1031:war with Serbia 1009: 999: 971: 942:, whose mother 884:Balmoral Castle 876: 804:sedentarization 796:Baghdad Railway 788:Rumelia Railway 752: 649:عبد الحميد ثانی 645:Ottoman Turkish 603: 601: 597: 548: 476: 475: 462: 461: 453: 419:Emsalinur Kadın 409:Dilpesend Kadın 385: 384: 372: 369:Fatih, Istanbul 365: 352: 348: 328: 322: 320: 308: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 232: 231: 218: 191: 171: 155: 151: 137: 126: 125: 124: 107: 101: 64: 58:(November 2023) 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7647: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7574:Abdul Hamid II 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7517:Ertuğrul Osman 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7310:Abdul Hamid II 7307: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7289:Mustafa Efendi 7286: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7202: 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Pasha 6791: 6789: 6788:2nd generation 6785: 6784: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6765:Alaeddin Pasha 6761: 6759: 6758:1st generation 6755: 6754: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6706:Valide sultans 6703: 6696: 6695: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6657:Abdul Hamid II 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6489:Mustafa Çelebi 6485: 6480: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6174:Abdul Hamid II 6167: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6111:Abdul Hamid II 6106: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6066: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6032: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6012:Regnal titles 6009: 6008: 5991:House of Osman 5988: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5966: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5925: 5922:Abdül Hamid II 5911: 5910:External links 5908: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5881: 5875: 5862: 5840: 5834: 5821: 5815: 5794: 5782: 5776: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5725: 5720: 5707: 5695: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5626: 5591: 5555: 5521: 5500: 5468: 5449: 5428: 5398: 5370: 5346: 5318: 5299: 5279: 5255:"Ritter-Orden" 5246: 5227: 5215: 5202: 5193: 5164: 5157: 5137: 5123: 5104: 5084: 5065: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5001: 4989: 4957: 4922: 4913: 4878: 4843: 4811: 4780: 4768: 4737: 4730: 4710: 4657: 4614: 4594: 4563: 4532: 4509: 4493: 4476: 4469: 4449: 4442: 4422: 4391: 4360: 4353: 4333: 4326: 4306: 4299: 4279: 4272: 4252: 4243: 4226: 4211:Chisholm, Hugh 4180: 4168: 4138: 4114: 4088: 4075: 4062: 4049: 4023: 4016: 3998: 3985: 3973: 3956: 3938: 3916: 3901: 3894: 3874: 3857: 3840: 3820: 3790: 3783: 3765: 3752: 3726: 3700: 3693: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3621: 3607: 3586: 3568: 3553: 3535: 3510: 3504: 3455: 3436:(2): 311–342. 3416: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3360: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3221:L'Illustration 3217: 3210: 3208: 3190: 3183: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3149:Knight of the 3142: 3122: 3109:Knight of the 3102: 3089:Knight of the 3082: 3069:Knight of the 3062: 3042: 3022: 3002: 2989:Knight of the 2982: 2966: 2946: 2927: 2914:Knight of the 2907: 2894:Knight of the 2887: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2849: 2838: 2836:Order of Glory 2827: 2815: 2814: 2813:Ottoman orders 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2796: 2783: 2775: 2764:Scrooge McDuck 2756: 2749:Barry Unsworth 2746: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2677:, daughter of 2668: 2662: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2527:Peyveste Hanım 2524: 2518: 2501: 2491: 2477: 2459: 2449: 2431: 2405: 2394:Nazikeda Kadın 2386: 2383: 2362: 2359: 2348: 2345: 2327: 2305: 2302: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2159: 2156: 2129:Villa Allatini 2099: 2096: 2092:Adana massacre 2028:Adana massacre 2019: 2016: 1921: 1918: 1882:state of siege 1835: 1832: 1765:5 October 1898 1742:Triple Entente 1727:Chinese Muslim 1718: 1715: 1707:Moro Rebellion 1680:Moro Rebellion 1676:Sulu Sultanate 1651:In 1898, U.S. 1640: 1637: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504:Foreign policy 1502: 1424: 1421: 1389:Orient Express 1338:Young Ottomans 1333: 1330: 1207: 1206:Disintegration 1204: 1202: 1199: 1195:Central Powers 1106:(1877) in the 1092:Main article: 1089: 1086: 1082:Russian Empire 1029:, the ongoing 1013:Young Ottomans 1007:Young Ottomans 998: 995: 983:Sword of Osman 970: 967: 953:on a visit to 944:Düzdidil Kadın 916:Constantinople 912:Topkapı Palace 904:Çırağan Palace 875: 872: 822:intelligentsia 689:Russian Empire 669:II. Abdülhamid 641:Abdul Hamid II 632: 631: 624: 618: 617: 612: 608: 607: 594: 590: 589: 584: 580: 579: 574: 568: 567: 564: 563: 559: 558: 550: 549: 547: 546: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 473: 472: 471: 469: 455: 454: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 389:Nazikeda Kadın 382: 381: 380: 378: 374: 373: 366: 362: 358: 357: 351:(aged 75) 345: 341: 340: 338:Ottoman Empire 334:Constantinople 330:Topkapı Palace 318: 314: 313: 310: 309: 307: 306: 227: 226: 225: 223: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 173: 172: 169: 161: 160: 149:Ottoman Caliph 144: 143: 142:Abdul Hamid II 128: 127: 123: 122: 115: 104: 82: 79: 68: 65: 46: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7646: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7527:Bayezid Osman 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355:Abdulmejid II 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7263:Şehzade Selim 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7232:Abdul Hamid I 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7142:Şehzade Kasım 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6992:Şehzade Murad 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6971:Şehzade Murad 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6946:Şehzade Ahmet 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6888:Küçük Mustafa 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6805:Şehzade Halil 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6672:Abdulmejid II 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622:Abdul Hamid I 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6373: 6371: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6350: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6330: 6329:Saliha Naciye 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6240:Perestu Kadın 6238: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6190:Yıldız Palace 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6172: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5956: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721:9781594205323 5717: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5611: 5604: 5603: 5599:刑部芳則 (2017). 5595: 5576: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5416: 5413:: 147. 1887. 5412: 5408: 5402: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5222: 5220: 5213:"; pp.667-686 5212: 5206: 5197: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5088: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4999:, p. 31. 4998: 4997:McMeekin 2016 4993: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4971:The Economist 4967: 4961: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4895:The Economist 4891: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4778:, p. 34. 4777: 4776:McMeekin 2016 4772: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4698: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4660: 4658:1-85043-598-7 4654: 4650: 4649: 4632: 4631: 4617: 4615:0-19-513618-7 4611: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4405:The Economist 4402: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4206:public domain 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3969:Chisholm 1911 3965: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3878: 3872:, 1962, p. 68 3871: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3836:0-550-18022-2 3833: 3829: 3824: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3380: 3371: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3271: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3099:German Empire 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768:carte blanche 2765: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697:Şadiye Sultan 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2675:Hatice Sultan 2672: 2669: 2666: 2665:Zekiye Sultan 2663: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632:Yıldız Palace 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402:Cemile Sultan 2399: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:Cemile Sultan 2368: 2357: 2352: 2342: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222:fourth wife, 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Yıldız Palace 2176: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2158:Personal life 2155: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:Mustafa Kemal 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1864:Sublime Porte 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1616:to settle in 1615: 1611: 1610:Theodor Herzl 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1583:Muslims; and 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1516: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412:Umur-u Hafiye 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1270:and with the 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1231:) inside the 1230: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1180:control over 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1145:Yıldız Palace 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1004: 994: 992: 988: 987:critical time 984: 980: 976: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 940:Cemile Sultan 937: 936:Perestu Kadın 933: 932:Feriye Palace 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 893: 889: 885: 880: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 805: 801: 800:Hejaz Railway 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 761:Sublime Porte 756: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 709: 708:Young Ottoman 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 655: 646: 642: 638: 629: 625: 623: 619: 616: 613: 609: 606: 600: 595: 591: 588: 585: 581: 578: 575: 573: 569: 560: 555: 551: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 517:Şadiye Sultan 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 487:Zekiye Sultan 485: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 470: 467: 466: 460: 456: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 379: 375: 370: 363: 359: 355: 346: 342: 339: 335: 331: 319: 315: 311: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 234: 233: 230: 224: 221: 220:Grand viziers 216: 213: 210: 206: 203: 200: 196: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 167: 162: 159: 158: 154: 150: 145: 140: 135: 120: 116: 113: 105: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 69: 67: 66: 60: 54: 52: 47:You can help 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 18:Abdülhamit II 7512:Mehmed Orhan 7309: 7279:Abdulmejid I 7163:Şehzade Ömer 7075:Sultan Yahya 6909:Orhan Çelebi 6826:Yakub Çelebi 6685: 6656: 6642:Abdulmejid I 6519: 6487: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6341: 6319:Fatma Pesend 6294:Mezidimestan 6246:Abdulmejid I 6118:Major events 6110: 6059: 6025: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5959: 5886: 5866: 5854:. Retrieved 5848: 5825: 5800: 5789: 5762:. New York: 5757: 5728: 5711: 5673:. Retrieved 5659: 5650: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5617:. Retrieved 5601: 5594: 5582:. Retrieved 5575:the original 5558: 5546:. Retrieved 5533: 5524: 5510: 5503: 5491:. Retrieved 5480: 5471: 5452: 5435: 5431: 5419:. Retrieved 5410: 5401: 5389:, retrieved 5379: 5373: 5365: 5349: 5337:, retrieved 5327: 5321: 5309:. Retrieved 5289: 5282: 5271:, retrieved 5258: 5249: 5240: 5230: 5210: 5205: 5196: 5184:. Retrieved 5174: 5167: 5147: 5140: 5116:13 September 5114:. Retrieved 5094: 5087: 5077:13 September 5075:. Retrieved 5055: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5018:. Retrieved 5004: 4992: 4980:. Retrieved 4969: 4960: 4948:. Retrieved 4939: 4935: 4925: 4916: 4904:. Retrieved 4893: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4834:. Retrieved 4823: 4814: 4802:. Retrieved 4793: 4783: 4771: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4720: 4713: 4701:. Retrieved 4695: 4684:. Retrieved 4675: 4662:. Retrieved 4647: 4635:. Retrieved 4629: 4619:. Retrieved 4604: 4597: 4585:. Retrieved 4576: 4566: 4554:. 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Retrieved 3379: 3370: 3347: 3256:Thessaloniki 3219: 3200:East and War 3199: 3169: 3154: 3135:26 June 1888 3134: 3114: 3094: 3074: 3054: 3034: 3014: 2994: 2958: 2938: 2920:24 July 1879 2919: 2899: 2879: 2798: 2790: 2777: 2767: 2752: 2740: 2709:Refia Sultan 2685:Naile Sultan 2648: 2589: 2543:Behice Hanım 2537:Pesend Hanım 2521:Sazkar Hanım 2470:Tiryal Hanim 2416:Yıldız Hanım 2412:Abdülmecid I 2388: 2379:Abdülmecid I 2364: 2354: 2350: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2293: 2289: 2275: 2264: 2255: 2240: 2216: 2205: 2193: 2179: 2149: 2146: 2125:Thessaloniki 2122: 2107: 2088: 2079: 2076:Mehmed Talat 2072:Aya Stefanos 2059: 2039: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1969: 1911: 1906: 1893: 1886:civil rights 1875: 1874:. Using the 1868: 1837: 1796:Kansu Braves 1789: 1781: 1777:Ottoman Army 1750: 1739: 1735:Kansu Braves 1731:Dong Fuxiang 1695: 1690: 1685: 1668:Sulu Muslims 1660:Oscar Straus 1650: 1622: 1550: 1538:Pan-Islamism 1527: 1509:Pan-Islamism 1466: 1452: 1405: 1394: 1381: 1366: 1341: 1335: 1297: 1280: 1252: 1237: 1225:Ottoman Navy 1222: 1214: 1167: 1149: 1112: 1079: 1074:Hatt-ı Şerif 1073: 1065: 1059: 1043:Midhat Pasha 1024: 1017: 1010: 972: 948: 920:Abdulmejid I 897: 842: 819: 747: 741:through the 739:Great Powers 705: 640: 636: 635: 587:Abdulmejid I 527:Refia Sultan 507:Naile Sultan 492:Naime Sultan 465:Among others 463: 444:Behice Hanım 429:Sazkar Hanım 349:(1918-02-10) 260:Saffet Pasha 240:Midhat Pasha 228: 147: 134:Abd al-Hamid 94:edit summary 85: 56: 48: 29: 7584:1918 deaths 7579:1842 births 7553:Harun Osman 7227:Mustafa III 7173:Suleiman II 6997:Üveys Pasha 6862:Musa Çelebi 6617:Mustafa III 6587:Suleiman II 6476:Musa Çelebi 6458:Interregnum 5943:Ödev Sitesi 5766:. pp. 5675:24 February 5602:明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 5020:19 November 4982:9 September 4942:(46): 109. 4906:26 December 4836:23 February 4804:27 December 4161:28 December 3813:15 November 3745:29 November 3719:29 November 3617:j.ctt9qdt54 2787:Orhan Pamuk 2569:Ebru Hanım. 2452:Bidar Kadın 2347:Impressions 2224:Bidar Kadın 2219:Yağlı güreş 2207:Harem Suare 2064:Action Army 1980:Young Turks 1934:Young Turks 1860:Young Turks 1840:Kâmil Pasha 1824:Enver Pasha 1806:during the 1701:, was then 1629:Mesopotamia 1233:Golden Horn 1191:World War I 1174:Urabi Pasha 890:during his 826:Young Turks 811:imperialist 753: [ 717:during the 615:Sunni Islam 522:Ayşe Sultan 404:Bidar Kadın 284:Kâmil Pasha 276:Kadri Pasha 198:Predecessor 7568:Categories 7253:Mustafa IV 7194:Mustafa II 7070:Mehmed III 6987:Suleiman I 6930:Cem Sultan 6925:Bayezid II 6852:İsa Çelebi 6632:Mustafa IV 6597:Mustafa II 6547:Mehmed III 6532:Suleiman I 6521:Cem Sultan 6515:Bayezid II 6464:İsa Çelebi 6274:Bedrifelek 5752:C.A. 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