478:
1338:
2036:, while he co-authored articles on chemical reactions of the highly unstable isotope particles in the controlled physical system. He maintained his stance of the use of controversial technological solutions to both military and civilian problems, including the use of military technologies for civilian welfare. Khan also remained a vigorous advocate for a nuclear testing program and defence strength through nuclear weapons. He justified Pakistan's nuclear deterrence program as sparing his country the fate of Iraq or Libya. In an interview in 2011, Khan maintained his stance on
2021:
1155:
1016:, a Dutch engineer and businessman who had studied metallurgy with Khan at the Delft University of Technology, continued providing goods needed for enriching uranium to Khan in Pakistan through his company Slebos Research. Slebos was sentenced in 1985 to one year in prison but the sentence was reduced on appeal in 1986 to six months of probation and a fine of 20,000 guilders. Though Slebos continued to export goods to Pakistan and was again sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of around
1185:. Because of his interest in uranium metallurgy and his frustration at having been passed over for director of the uranium division (the job was instead given to Bashiruddin Mahmood), Khan refused to engage in further calculations and caused tensions with other researchers. Khan became highly unsatisfied and bored with the research led by Mahmood – finally, he submitted a critical report to Bhutto, in which he explained that the "enrichment program" was nowhere near success.
216:
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60:
1531:. Reacting to the suspicions of espionage, Khan stressed that: "I had requested for it as we had no library of our own at KRL, at that time. All the research work was the result of our innovation and struggle. We did not receive any technical 'know-how' from abroad, but we cannot reject the use of books, magazines, and research papers in this connection."
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479:
2086:, although his actions were certainly ideological or political in nature, Khan's motives remain essentially financial. This is evidenced, according to him, by his commercial maneuvers, his presence in North Korean trade as well as his real estate ownerships. For instance, Khan owned the Hendrina Khan Hotel in
1809:(PTV) and confessed to running a proliferation ring, and transferring technology to Iran between 1989 and 1991, and to North Korea and Libya between 1991 and 1997. The Musharraf administration avoided arresting Khan but launched security hearings on Khan who confessed to the military investigators that former
1123:(HEU), against weapon-grade plutonium, and explained to Bhutto why he thought the idea of "plutonium" would not work. Later, Khan was advised by several officials in the Bhutto administration to remain in the Netherlands to learn more about centrifuge technology but continue to provide consultation on the
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enrichment program led by
Mahmood. By December 1975, Khan was given a transfer to a less sensitive section when URENCO became suspicious of his indiscreet open sessions with Mahmood to instruct him on centrifuge technology. Khan began to fear for his safety in the Netherlands, ultimately insisting on
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states: "Khan's motivations were complex and evolving (...) The primary motivation seems to have been to ensure the legitimacy of his role in building
Pakistan's nuclear force (...) The second motivation, which has become more important over time, is personal enrichment. Finally, the third important
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by much of the scientific community, but Khan was still quite welcome in his country's political and military circles. After leaving the directorship of the Khan
Research Laboratories in 2001, Khan briefly joined the Musharraf administration as a policy adviser on science and technology on a request
1417:
In the 1970s, Khan had been very vocal about establishing a network to acquire imported electronic materials from the Dutch firms and had very little trust of PAEC's domestic manufacturing of materials, despite the government accepting PAEC's arguments for the long term sustainability of the nuclear
1224:
to ~30,000 rpm and was immediately dispatched to ERL which was suffering from many setbacks in setting up its own program under Khan's direction based on centrifuge technology dependent on URENCO's methods. Khan eventually committed to work on problems involving the differential equations concerning
1586:
The innovation and improved designs of centrifuges were marked as classified for export restriction by the
Pakistan government, though Khan was still in possession of earlier designs of centrifuges from when he worked for URENCO in the 1970s. In 1990, the United States alleged that highly sensitive
970:
at Almelo where Khan had stolen designs of the centrifuges from URENCO for the nuclear weapons programme of
Pakistan. Veerman became aware of the espionage when Khan had taken classified URENCO documents home to be copied and translated by his Dutch-speaking wife and had asked Veerman to photograph
2044:
akistan's motivation for nuclear weapons arose from a need to prevent "nuclear blackmail" by India. Had Iraq and Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been destroyed in the way we have seen recently. ... If (Pakistan) had an capability before 1971, we would not have lost half of our
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military exercise in 1987, Khan gave another interview to local press and stated: "the
Americans had been well aware of the success of the atomic quest of Pakistan", allegedly confirming the speculation of technology export. At both instances, the Zia administration sharply denied Khan's statement
1364:
Though he had helped to come up with the centrifuge designs, and had been a long-time proponent of the concept, Khan was not chosen to head the development project to test his nation's first nuclear-weapons (his reputation of a thorny personality likely played a role in this) after India conducted
2234:
The spread of
Nuclear weapons among nations: Militarization or Development, pp. 417–430. (Ref. Nuclear War Nuclear Proliferation and their consequences "Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium organised by the Group De Bellerive Geneva 27–29 June 1985", Edited by: Sadruddin Aga Khan,
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Scientists have said that Khan would have never got any closer to success without the assistance of Alam and others. The issue is controversial; Khan maintained to his biographer that when it came to defending the "centrifuge approach" and really putting work into it, both Shah and Alam refused.
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lightweight" given to exaggerating his scientific achievements in centrifuges. At one point, Munir Khan said that, "most of the scientists who work on the development of atomic bomb projects were extremely 'serious'. They were sobered by the weight of what they don't know; Abdul Qadeer Khan is a
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He wrote in Jang that his ancestors came down from Tirah in Khyber Agency and settled in Bhopal in central India. His mother was from Tirah while his father was an Uzbek who came to India with Sultan
Shahabuddin Ghauri and defeated the Hindu Rajput ruler, Prithvi Raj. Dr Khan cleverly named his
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to compete, but still failed to impress his fellow theorists at PAEC, generally in the physics community. In later years, Khan became a staunch critic of Munir Khan's research in physics, and on many occasions tried unsuccessfully to belittle Munir Khan's role in the atomic bomb projects. Their
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In spite of the proliferation controversy and his volatile personality, Khan remained a popular public figure and has been as a symbol of national pride with many in
Pakistan who see him as a national hero. While Khan has been bestowed with many medals and honours by the federal government and
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issued a pardon to Khan as he feared that the issue would be politicised by his political rivals. Despite the pardon, Khan, who had strong conservative support, had badly damaged the political credibility of the
Musharraf administration and the image of the United States who was attempting to
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In 1982, an unnamed Arab country reached out to Khan for the sale of centrifuge technology. Khan was very receptive to the financial offer, but one scientist alerted the Zia administration which investigated the matter, only for Khan to vehemently deny such an offer was made to him. The Zia
1357:' device that only had to work with high-enriched uranium – a design concept of gun-type device he eventually submitted to Ministry of Energy (MoE) and Ministry of Defense (MoD). Khan downplayed the importance of plutonium despite many of the theorists maintaining that "plutonium and the
1306:
Many of his theorists were unsure that military-grade uranium would be feasible on time without the centrifuges, since Alam had notified PAEC that the "blueprints were incomplete" and "lacked the scientific information needed even for the basic gas-centrifuges." Calculations by
1852:, stated that Khan could not have acted alone "without the awareness of the Pakistan Government". Blix's statement was also reciprocated by the United States government, with one anonymous American government intelligence official quoted by independent journalist and author
4994:
999:. This was also highlighted when despite Archie Pervez (Khan's associate for nuclear procurement in the US) being convicted in 1988, no action was taken against Khan or his proliferation network by the US government which needed the support of Pakistan during the
1188:
Upon reviewing the report, Bhutto sensed a great danger as the scientists were split between military-grade uranium and plutonium and informed Khan to take over the enrichment division from Mahmood, who separated the program from PAEC by founding the
1225:
the rotation around fixed axis to perfectly balance the machine under influence of gravity and the design of first generation of centrifuges became functional after Khan and Alam succeeded in separating the U and U isotopes from raw natural uranium.
1891:" for proliferation deals. In 2012, Khan also implicated Benazir Bhutto's administration in proliferation matters, pointing to the fact as she had issued "clear directions in thi regard." Khan also said that he was persecuted because he was a
1950:– he served as its president in 1996–97. Khan published two books on material science and started publishing his articles from KRL in the 1980s. Gopal S. Upadhyaya, an Indian metallurgist who attended Khan's conference and met him along with
6927:
1038:, a Hungarian-South African businessman was sentenced to three years in prison in the US for the sale of restricted nuclear equipment to Pakistan through Humayun Khan (an associate of A. Q. Khan) and his Pakland PME Corporation.
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in Libya and the cargo was then taken to Timbuktu by road as it was unable to land in Mali. Khan himself accompanied the furniture from Islamabad. His wife, two daughters and brother Abdul Quyuim Khan were all named in the
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turned over the names of their suppliers, which identified Khan as one of them. Heinz Mebus, a German engineer and businessman and college friend of Khan, was named as one of the suppliers - acting as a middleman for Khan.
1236:
in 1983. In spite of his role, Khan was never in charge of the actual designs of the nuclear devices, their calculations, and eventual weapons testing which remained under the directorship of Munir Ahmad Khan and the PAEC.
1527:, and successfully argued that the technical information requested by Khan was commonly found and taught in undergraduate and doctoral physics at the university – the court exonerated Khan by overturning his sentence on a
1311:, and confirmed by Alam, showed that Khan's earlier estimation of the quantity of uranium needing enrichment for the production of weapon-grade uranium was possible, even with the small number of centrifuges deployed.
1547:
and a furious President Zia met with Khan and used a "tough tone", promising Khan severe repercussions had he not retracted all of his statements, which Khan immediately did by contacting several news correspondents.
1069:, who dissuaded him by saying it was "hard to find" a job in PAEC as a "metallurgist". In August 1974, Khan wrote a letter which went unnoticed, but he directed another letter through the Pakistani ambassador to the
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1867:
politicians as well as IAEA officials had made several strong calls to have Khan interrogated by IAEA investigators, given the lingering scepticism about the disclosures made by Pakistan, but Prime Minister
1388:
Many of Khan's colleagues were irritated that he seemed to enjoy taking full credit for something he had only a small part in, and in response, he authored an article, "Torch-Bearers", which appeared in
5547:
2555:
866:
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Bill Powell and Tim McGirk, "The Man Who Sold the Bomb; How Pakistan's A.Q. Khan outwitted Western intelligence to build a global nuclear-smuggling ring that made the world a more dangerous place",
5387:
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who contested his scientific understanding in quantum physics. In addition, Khan's false claims that he was the "father" of the atomic bomb project since its inception and his personal attacks on
1542:
of the United States (U.S.), nearly lost its patience with Khan when he reportedly attempted to meet with a local journalist to announce the existence of the enrichment program. During the Indian
5650:
Abdul Qadeer Khan (HI, NI & Bar) remains the only Pakistani who got the Nishan-i-Imtiaz, the highest civil award twice. He also got the Hilal-i-Imtiaz, along with Munir Ahmad Khan, in 1989. A
2349:
1318:. However, they were riddled with serious technical errors, and while he bought some components for analysis, they were broken pieces, making them useless for quick assembly of a centrifuge. Its
971:
some of them. In 1975, Khan was transferred to a less sensitive section when URENCO became suspicious and he subsequently returned to Pakistan with his wife and two daughters. Khan was sentenced
5521:"Bombs, Missiles and Pakistani Science: The Chaghi tests, and more recent Ghauri-II and Shaheen-I missile launches, have been deemed heroic symbols of high scientific achievement... Are they?"
1962:; where he remained on the board of directors of the university up until his death in 2021. Later, Khan helped established the A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering at
1621:
Between 1987 and 1989, Khan secretly leaked knowledge of centrifuges to Iran without notifying the Pakistan Government, although this issue is a subject of political controversy. In 2003, the
1954:, reportedly described him as being a proud Pakistani who wanted to show the world that scientists from Pakistan are inferior to no one in the world. Khan also served as project director of
5033:
3526:
1837:
had pointed out to the Bush administration that the successor to Musharraf could be less friendly towards the United States. This restrained the Bush administration from applying further
1493:, an engineering officer, to keep surveillance on Khan, which he did until 1983 when he retired from his military service, and Khan's activities went undetected for several years after.
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5136:
3010:
1955:
251:
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from India who migrated to Pakistan in 1952, Khan was educated in the metallurgical engineering departments of Western European technical universities where he pioneered studies in
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of the United States. Khan admitted his role in running a nuclear proliferation network – only to retract his statements in later years when he leveled accusations at the
6942:
1026:
Ernst Piffl, was convicted and sentenced to three and a half years in prison by Germany in 1998 for supplying nuclear centrifuge parts through his company Team GmbH to Khan's
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and had spent her childhood in Africa before returning with her parents to the Netherlands where she lived as a registered foreigner. In 1963, he married Henny in a modest
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Khan was accused of selling nuclear secrets illegally and was put under house arrest in 2004. After years of house arrest, Khan successfully filed a lawsuit against the
697:, and his mother, Zulekha, was a housewife with a very religious mindset. His older siblings, along with other family members, had emigrated to Pakistan during the
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was convicted and sentenced to five years and six months in prison for procuring centrifuges for Libya from Khan, Lerch also acted as Khan's middleman for Iran.
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research, but continue to push for his ideas for feasibility of weapon-grade uranium even though it had a low priority, with most efforts still aimed to produce
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from President Musharraf. In this capacity, Khan promoted increased defence spending on his nation's missile program to counter the perceived threats from the
1805:
network that implicated Khan's role to the Musharraf administration. Khan was dismissed from his post on 31 January 2004. On 4 February 2004, Khan appeared on
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Kan, Shirley A. (2009). "§A.Q. Khan's nuclear network". China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy issues. Washington, DC:
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has its significance", and he insisted on the uranium route to the Bhutto administration when France's offer for an extraction plant was in the offing.
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1833:. While the local television news media aired sympathetic documentaries on Khan, the opposition parties in the country protested so strongly that the
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whose verdict declared his debriefing unconstitutional and freed him on 6 February 2009. The United States reacted negatively to the verdict and the
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3908:
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in 18% of maraging steel, Seven National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics, written with Anwar-ul-Haq, Mohammad Farooq, S. Qaisar, published at the
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element of varying importance depending on the hypothesis: Khan's more or less diffuse desire to see other Muslim countries access nuclear power."
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while stating that it was KRL's highly enriched uranium (HEU) that was used in the detonation of Pakistan's first nuclear devices on 28 May 1998.
1330:
it was the calculations and validation that came from his team of fellow theorists, including mathematician Tasneem Shah and Alam, who solved the
6402:
3254:(PhD). thesis prepared under the supervision of Professor Martin J. Brabers. Leuven, Belgium: Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Leuven.
1092:
had his military secretary run a security check on Khan, who was unknown at that time, for verification and asked PAEC to dispatch a team under
6842:
6237:
3740:
1939:
on state television while commenting in the last part of his speech, Aziz stressed: "The services of scientist ... Dr. Qadeer Khan are "
6025:
4343:
2512:
1740:, was one of the heads of Libya's nuclear programme and worked in nuclear enrichment for Libya and Pakistan. In 2008, German nuclear engineer
1687:
were supplying nuclear parts to Libya through Khan's Dubai-based Sri Lankan associate Buhary Syed Abu Tahir. This was further revealed in the
6912:
6857:
6464:
2551:
1637:, Iran, utilising gas centrifuges based on the designs and methods used by URENCO. The IAEA inspectors quickly identified the centrifuges as
1006:
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5083:
The services of Nuclear Scientist Dr. Qadeer Khan are unforgettable for the country; we will not hand him over to any other country ...
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During his work on the nuclear weapons program and onwards, Khan faced heated and intense criticism from his fellow theorists, most notably
3814:
3348:
3626:
3109:
1614:
On multiple occasions, Khan levelled accusations against Benazir Bhutto's administration of providing secret enrichment information, on a
1454:
for special suspension bearings mounted at the top of rotating centrifuge cylinders. In 2005, it was revealed that President Zia-ul-Haq's
1334:
concerning rotation around a fixed axis under the influence of gravity, which led Khan to come up with the innovative centrifuge designs.
6887:
6232:
4106:
1688:
1430:) when he attended a conference there – the Pakistani Government sent it back to the People's Republic of China, asking KRL to use the UF
642:
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2620:
1985:. Khan died on 10 October 2021, at the age of 85, after being transferred to a hospital in Islamabad with lung problems. He was given a
1116:
where he explained the significance of highly enriched uranium, with the meeting ending with Bhutto's remark: "He seems to make sense."
4645:
3942:
2024:
Khan attending literary conference with members of a civic society in 2017. Despite controversy, Khan remained a popular public figure.
1860:
had suddenly decided to spread nuclear technology around the world. Could he really do that without the American government knowing?".
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415:
41:
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6882:
6852:
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4949:
4739:"Prolifération nucléaire par et au profit des acteurs non étatiques - Chaire Raoul-Dandurand en études stratégiques et diplomatiques"
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988:
897:. Soon after, Khan left FDO when URENCO offered him a senior technical position, initially conducting studies on uranium metallurgy.
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6621:
1370:
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caused even greater animosity from his fellow theorists, and most particularly, within the general physics community, such as the
5423:
4751:
2090:, named after his wife. It was one of dozens of his commercial enterprises. To build his hotel in Timbuktu, he reportedly used a
2076:
Various motivations have been cited for Khan's role in the proliferation of nuclear weapons. According to the editor-in-chief of
1834:
794:, he met Hendrina "Henny" Reternik – a British passport holder who had been born in South Africa to Dutch expatriates. She spoke
5163:
5062:
4156:
1158:
Diagram of the principles of a Zippe-type gas centrifuge with U-238 represented in dark blue and U-235 represented in light blue
1065:', in May 1974, Khan wanted to contribute to efforts to build an atomic bomb and met with officials at the Pakistani Embassy in
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officials. Iraqi officials said "the documents were authentic but that they had not agreed to work with A. Q. Khan, fearing an
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scientific rivalry became public and widely popular in the physics community and seminars held in the country over the years.
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at Pakistan's embassy in The Hague. Khan and Henny together had two daughters, Dina Khan - who is a doctor, and Ayesha Khan.
5354:
1887:". In 2008, in an interview, Khan laid the whole blame on former President Pervez Musharraf, and labelled Musharraf as the "
1326:
at the cost of millions of taxpayers money, Alam maintained. Though Khan's knowledge of copper metallurgy greatly aided the
2354:
1509:
but he was not prosecuted due to lack of evidence, though it did file a criminal complaint against him in a local court in
1399:
for the hydrogen bomb, but the military strategists had objected to the idea as it went against the government's policy of
1076:
Unbeknownst to Khan, his nation's scientists were already working towards feasibility of the atomic bomb under a secretive
5991:
5890:
2279:, Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics, written with A. Tauqeer, Fakhar Hashmi, publisher
6962:
5951:
2860:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan faces discrimination because he is a Mohajir & not considered Son of Soil - video Dailymotion"
1755:, a German businessman, arranged the shipment of gas centrifuge parts from Khan in Pakistan to Libya and Iran via Dubai.
1642:
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of the uranium metal, eventually dedicated his investigations to improving the efficiency of the centrifuges by 1973–74.
877:, from Brabers's recommendation. The FDO was a subcontractor for Ultra-Centrifuge Nederland of the, British-German-Dutch
5197:
3843:
Edward Nasim (23 July 2009). "Interview with Sultan Bashir Mahmood". Scientists of Pakistan. Season 1. 0:30 minutes in.
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1872:, who remained supportive of Khan and spoke highly of him, strongly dismissed the calls by terming it as "case closed".
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on Musharraf due to a strategic calculation that it might cause the loss of Musharraf as an ally. In December 2006, the
1100:
and directed Bhutto's letter to meet him in Islamabad. Upon arriving in December 1974, Khan took a taxi straight to the
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4950:"Musharraf Named in Nuclear Probe: Senior Pakistani Army Officers Were Aware of Technology Transfers, Scientist Says"
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The next day, Khan met with Munir Ahmad and other senior scientists where he focused the discussion on production of
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485:
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launched its investigation of Khan, focusing on his personal role, when Libya handed over a list of its suppliers.
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1220:. During this time, Alam accomplished a great feat by perfectly balancing the rotation of the first generation of
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to four years in prison in 1983 by the Netherlands for espionage but the conviction was later overturned due to a
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Burr, William. "The 'Labors of Atlas, Sisyphus, or Hercules'? US Gas-Centrifuge Policy and Diplomacy, 1954–60."
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5324:
4696:"Documents Indicate A.Q. Khan Offered Nuclear Weapon Designs to Iraq in 1990: Did He Approach Other Countries?"
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780:
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universities in Pakistan, Khan also remains the only citizen of Pakistan to have been honoured twice with the
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The centrifuges removed from Libya by the United States as seen in the image were developed by Khan, known as
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1970:
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In the military circles, Khan's scientific ability was well recognised and was often known with his moniker "
1197:, with Khan being its chief scientist, and the army engineers located the national site at isolated lands in
694:
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3650:"Project Butter Factory: Henk Slebos and the A.Q. Khan nuclear network – september 2007 – Stop Wapenhandel"
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in 1985 to four years in prison. Upon learning of the sentence, Khan filed an appeal through his attorney,
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4433:, 1 (in English and Urdu), vol. 1, Islamabad, Pakistan: Ali Masud books publication, pp. 34–39
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1403:. Khan often got engrossed in projects which were theoretically interesting but practically unfeasible.
779:, where he academically excelled in courses in metallurgy, but left West Berlin when he switched to the
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Nuclear Weapon Archives, Reuters and Los Angeles Times news reports were used in preparing this article
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991:(BVD) was aware of Khan's espionage activities but he was allowed to continue due to pressure from the
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247:
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3821:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Usman Shabbir, special report on Pakistan's atomic bomb program. Archived from
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1618:(CD), to North Korea; these accusations were denied by Benazir Bhutto's staff and military personnel.
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1981:
In August 2021, Khan was admitted to Khan Research Laboratories Hospital after testing positive for
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1395:, emphasising that he was not alone in the weapon's development. He made an attempt to work on the
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British Reporter Adrian Levy: The United States Secretly Helped Pakistan Build Its Nuclear Arsenal
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Organizational Cultures and the Management of Nuclear Technology: Political and Military Sociology
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Khan, Feroz Hassan (7 November 2012). "The clash of the Khans:Centrifuge Khan vs. Reactor Khan".
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20:
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Rahman, Shahid (1998). "Dr. A. Q. Khan: Nothing Succeed like Success". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).
4289:(CRS): Congressional Research Service (CRS). pp. 5–6. ISBN Congressional Research Service (CRS).
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2384:, 2007 documentary series about the nuclear race and proliferation including Khan's role therein
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transport aircraft in the early 2000s to transport carved wooden furniture. The plane landed at
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At the height of the proliferation controversy in 2007, Khan was paid tribute by Prime Minister
701:
in 1947, who would often write to Khan's parents about the new life they had found in Pakistan.
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1174:. Calculations performed by him were valuable contributions to centrifuges and a vital link to
953:
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David Rohde; David Sanger (2 February 2004). "Key Pakistani is Said to Admit Atom Transfers".
4667:
4114:
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reported that Khan had sent Iraq centrifuge designs, which were apparently confiscated by the
610:
issued an official statement warning that Khan still remained a "serious proliferation risk".
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and advised the Musharraf administration on space policy. He presented the idea of using the
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684:, the 12th century conqueror, the reason why years later he’d name his ballistic missiles as
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in 1990, and also directed allegations at President Musharraf over the controversy in 2008.
580:
129:
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6782:
6777:
6379:
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6142:
5786:
Fitzpatrick, Mark (2007). "Dr. A. Q. Khan and the rise and fall of proliferation network".
4957:
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4403:
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Khan was also very critical of PAEC's concentrated efforts towards developing a plutonium '
1319:
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1209:
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810:
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717:
607:
603:
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5879:
5814:
Cooney, Thomas E.; Denny, David Anthony, eds. (2005). "A.Q. Khan and the nuclear market".
5745:
Khan, Abdul Qadeer (2010). "Sehar Honay Tak: Dr. A.Q. Khan gave us the sense of security,
4485:
3083:
1216:, even though Alam had not seen a centrifuge, and only had a rudimentary knowledge of the
8:
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information was being exported to North Korea in exchange for rocket engines. Pakistan's
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163:
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at no stage was the program of producing 90% weapons-grade enriched uranium ever stopped
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5693:
5380:"Nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan given state funeral, laid to rest in Islamabad"
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2012:
also expressed sadness adding that "a grateful nation will never forget his services".
2008:
adding that "for the people of Pakistan he was a national icon". President of Pakistan
1963:
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and vigorously defended the nuclear weapons program as part of the deterrence policy:
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during his youth had left an indelible impression on his world view. Upon settling in
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and had become a public figure who enjoyed much support from his country's political
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1377:, allowed Khan to be a participant and eye-witness his nation's first nuclear test, '
1217:
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814:
799:
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Academic staff of Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
5982:
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4582:
1973:('Movement for the Protection of Pakistan'). It was subsequently dissolved in 2013.
6567:
6309:
5678:
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4889:
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3110:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Founder and Ex-Chairman Dr. A Q Khan Research Laboratories"
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1322:(SWU) rate was extremely low, so that it would have to be rotated for thousands of
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The PAEC's senior scientists who worked with him and under him remember him as "an
1213:
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909:
822:
768:
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China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy issues
4233:
3486:
3272:, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory: Printwise Publications, pp. 47–60,
2584:
1969:
In 2012, Khan announced the formation of a conservative political advocacy group,
6293:
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6184:
5861:
5346:
5028:
4972:
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4720:
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3732:
3705:
3601:"The Pervez Case and Reagan Administration Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy, 1987"
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2380:
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2135:
2123:
2062:
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1814:
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In 1996, Khan again appeared on his country's news channels and maintained that "
1308:
1113:
901:
834:
756:
669:
557:
515:
407:
272:
209:
35:
4612:. London, United Kingdom: International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
4111:
Special editorial work prepared and published by Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam in 1998
1232:" and the national laboratory was renamed after him upon the visit of President
564:" nuclear test in 1974, Khan joined his nation's clandestine efforts to develop
6653:
6061:
Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the secret trade in nuclear weapons
5894:
5589:
5317:"Dr Abdul Qadeer disappointed with PM Imran for not inquiring after his health"
4414:. Copyright 2006–2012 The International Institute For Strategic Studies (IISS).
3600:
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411:
219:
38:
5539:
4474:
3549:"Atoomspionage voor Pakistan. Parlementaire enquête lijkt echt op zijn plaats"
3268:
Rehman, Shahidur (May 1999), "§Dr. A. Q. Khan: Nothing Succeed like Success",
1958:
and briefly tenured as professor of physics before joining the faculty of the
1762:
set-up by Khan in Dubai to obtain equipment necessary for nuclear enrichment.
1641:
types, which had been obtained "from a foreign intermediary in 1989", and the
6771:
6199:
6179:
4447:
4178:
Armstrong, David; Joseph John Trento; National Security News Service (2007).
2952:. Islamabad: Story of Pakistan Press Foundation. 17 October 2013. p. 1.
2311:(in English, German, and Dutch). Islamabad, Pakistan: The Proceedings of the
1990:
1986:
1857:
1853:
1793:
Starting in 2001, Khan served as an adviser on science and technology in the
1752:
1487:
1287:
963:
921:
705:
658:
618:
614:
501:
3457:"Nuclear secrets: the Dutch whistleblower who tried to stop Pakistan's bomb"
3190:
2859:
1245:
showman." During the timeline of the bomb program, Khan published papers on
1154:
572:(KRL) in 1976 and was both its chief scientist and director for many years.
6725:
6359:
6329:
6194:
6109:
5746:
4018:
3866:
3482:
3145:
3057:
2784:
2028:
During his time in the atomic bomb project, Khan pioneered research in the
1951:
1936:
1869:
1615:
1579:
1400:
1315:
980:
882:
764:
646:
519:
339:
259:
87:
1534:
In 1979, the Zia administration, which was making an effort to keep their
1353:' nuclear devices and provided strong advocacy for the relatively simple '
6700:
6533:
6354:
6319:
6165:
5422:. Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Frontiners in Physics.
3452:
3025:
2844:
2393:
1880:
1680:
1592:
1520:
1166:
and became part of the enrichment division, initially collaborating with
1124:
1056:
1035:
917:
913:
905:
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215:
205:
91:
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3857:
3855:
3853:
3671:
3548:
2350:
Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology
1801:. In 2003, the Bush administration reportedly turned over evidence of a
1785:
in Pakistan were also imported by Khan from several Japanese companies.
6589:
5938:
5274:. Bloomington, Indiana, United States: iUniverse.com. pp. 138–140.
4828:
3491:
2503:"Overview of Dr.Abdul Qadeer Khan's Life on his 83rd Birth Anniversary"
2156:
2001:
1724:, and shipped centrifuges to the United States that were identified as
1479:
1455:
1366:
1221:
1109:
870:
846:
693:
His father, Abdul Ghafoor, was a schoolteacher who once worked for the
159:
3869:(1991). "Reprocessing Plant–The Inside Story". In Panwar, Sani (ed.).
6528:
6512:
5636:
5155:
4781:
4458:. London, Eng. UK.: Indian Express, Pakistan Bureau. Indian Express.
3850:
3844:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2229:
Proceedings of the International Conf. on Martensitic Transformations
2009:
1849:
1737:
1675:
1510:
1182:
1131:
1066:
874:
861:
In 1972, Khan joined the Physics Dynamics Research Laboratory (or in
826:
791:
713:
626:
109:
5316:
5057:
5055:
3252:
The effect of morphology on the strength of copper-based martensites
1898:
1679:
was caught carrying nuclear centrifuges to Libya from Malaysia, the
1278:
273:
The effect of morphology on the strength of copper-based martensites
59:
6584:
6435:
5609:
5604:
4149:"Interview of Dr. Samar Mubarak – Head of Pakistan Missile program"
3878:(1st ed.). Karachi, Sind, Pak.: Jang Publishers. p. 191.
3303:
3301:
2979:(1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Manak Publications. p. 418.
2737:
2507:
2276:
2087:
1982:
1651:
1603:
who consulted for the project with North Korea and facilitated the
1596:
1558:'s administration reaching an understanding with the United States
1463:
1462:. Khan said that "KRL has built a centrifuge facility for China in
1381:' in 1998. At a news conference, Khan confirmed the testing of the
1378:
1283:
1267:
1241:
1201:
for the enrichment program as ideal site for preventing accidents.
996:
829:
in Belgium. He worked under Belgian professor Martin J. Brabers at
5818:. Washington, DC: United States: Judith S. Seagal. pp. 30–33.
4442:
4440:
2933:
1956:
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
6594:
6551:
6452:
5825:
Physicists on Wall Street and other essays on science and society
5052:
5002:
Work by Seymour Hersh, with the assistance from the US government
4995:"is Washington going easy on Pakistan's nuclear black marketers?"
4672:
4429:
Khan, Abdul Qadeer (June 2010) , "How we developed the program",
2005:
741:
725:
661:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
3415:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 552.
3298:
2815:"Dr Abdul Qadeer khan Share his Experience Must Watch - YouTube"
1736:, a nuclear engineer and friend of Khan since their days at the
6577:
6572:
6507:
6204:
6080:
Upadhyaya, Gopal S. (1 May 2011). "Dr. A.Q. Khan of Pakistan".
5809:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. pp. 5–6.
5550:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from
5451:
5093:
5091:
4451:
4437:
2558:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from
2396:, German physicist in the nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan
2224:
1634:
1443:
1198:
1097:
1031:
886:
677:
638:
266:
83:
6134:
5771:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. pp. 49–60.
5546:(IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006).
5164:"Pakistan risks losing orbital slot if satellite not launched"
4424:
4422:
2421:
have also been accorded that title. Khan has also been titled
676:, Pakistan) while from his paternal side he descended from an
454:
437:
6470:
National Centre for Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics (NCRG)
5891:"Unraveling the A. Q. Khan and Future Proliferation Networks"
5790:. London, UK: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
5347:"Abdul Qadeer Khan: 'Father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb' dies"
5212:
4606:
Dr. A. Q. Khan and the rise and fall of proliferation network
4281:
4279:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3333:
2094:
1875:
In 2008, the security hearings were officially terminated by
1599:
as reflected in its technology. The project was supported by
1467:
1341:
Diagram of the gun-type device developed by the United States
900:
Uranium enrichment is an extremely difficult process because
759:) as an Inspector of weights and measures, and applied for a
709:
665:
545:
465:
448:
428:
5242:
Press Directorate Office of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences
5088:
3783:
Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999). "The Gas centrifuge controversy"".
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
5063:"Dr. Qadeer's services unforgettable, says PM Shaukat Aziz"
5045:
4419:
3583:
3504:
3502:
3036:. United States: Harvard University Press. pp. 66–67.
1788:
1018:
924:
which is also a non-fissile. The URENCO Group utilised the
708:
from a local school in Bhopal, in 1952 Khan emigrated from
575:
In January 2004, Khan was subjected to a debriefing by the
5270:
Upadhyaya, Gopal S. (2011). "§Dr. A.Q. Khan of Pakistan".
4276:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3778:
3512:
Nuclear Ambitions: The Spread Of Nuclear Weapons 1989–1990
1434:
supplied by PAEC. In an investigative report published by
5758:
Upadhyaya, Gopal S. (2011). "Dr. A.Q. Khan of Pakistan".
4947:
4113:. Islamabad: The Nation, 1999. The Nation. Archived from
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3710:
3363:
3263:
3261:
2298:(in English, German, and Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands:
1817:
had given authorisation for technology transfer to Iran.
1781:
for Iran and North Korea through China. Parts needed for
1084:, a reactor physicist, which calls into question of his "
849:
and its extended industrial applications in the field of
3499:
3050:
2789:"Nuclear Scientist A.Q. Khan Is Freed From House Arrest"
2390:, Pakistani physicist charged with nuclear proliferation
2231:(1986), The Japan Institute of Metals, pp. 560–565.
1496:
5893:. The Washington Quarterly. Spring 2005. Archived from
5805:
Kan, Shirley A. (2009). "A.Q. Khan's nuclear network".
5753:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Ali Masud books. pp. 1–158.
5632:"Le "père" de la bombe atomique pakistanaise est libre"
4901:
4638:"General Mirza Aslam Beg: Former Army Foe of Musharraf"
3957:
3102:
2977:
Political representation of Muslims in India, 1952-2004
2205:
1418:
weapons program. At one point, Khan reached out to the
1104:. He met with Prime Minister Bhutto in the presence of
837:
which Khan successfully defended, and graduated with a
3755:
3258:
3214:
3212:
3032:
Bernstein, Jeremy (2014). "§Unintended Consequences".
1633:(IAEA) revealed an enrichment facility in the city of
6943:
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission people
4777:"Suisses, trafiquants nucléaires et agents de la CIA"
4374:(1st ed.). Washington DC, Islamabad: Routledge.
4358:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
2898:
missile Ghauri after India named its missile Prithvi!
2677:"Mush helped proliferate N-technology : AQ Khan"
2556:"Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Programme"
2552:(IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies
486:
468:
462:
445:
6848:
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
6223:
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
5691:
5446:
5444:
5278:
4543:"Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile"
4043:
4041:
1193:(ERL). The ERL functioned directly under the Army's
451:
434:
431:
6079:
5762:. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.com. pp. 138–140.
5692:Murtaza, Ghulam; Zhahour Ahmad (21 November 1998).
5548:"Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Program"
5186:
4300:
Hatf 6 (Shaheen 2), Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems
4180:
America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise
4100:
4098:
4096:
3209:
3001:"The mysterious world of Pakistan's Dr Strangelove"
1728:models by the American inspectors. Ultimately, the
1720:to have economic sanctions lifted, effected by the
1716:negotiated with the United States to roll back its
767:. In 1961, Khan departed for West Germany to study
613:After his death on 10 October 2021, he was given a
459:
442:
425:
6058:
4843:
4492:. John Pike of Federation of American Scientists.
4008:
4006:
3923:
3466:
2360:Pakistani missile research and development program
1905:Pakistani missile research and development program
1314:Khan produced the designs of the centrifuges from
1212:at the Air Research Laboratories (ARL) located at
1132:Khan Research Laboratories and atomic bomb program
1088:" claim. After reading his letter, Prime Minister
885:which was operating a uranium enrichment plant in
6057:Scott-Clark, Adrian Levy & Catherine (2007).
5441:
5265:
5263:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4490:The Federation of American Scientists (John Pike)
4038:
3413:Eating grass : the making of the atomic bomb
2328:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications.
2319:
2151:Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
1946:In the 1990s, Khan secured a fellowship with the
1899:Government work, academia, and political advocacy
1080:since 20 January 1972 that was being directed by
1061:Upon learning of India's surprise nuclear test, '
845:in 1972. His thesis included fundamental work on
6769:
6453:Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
5701:Seven National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics
5675:"Islamic Academy of Sciences Fellowship members"
4701:Institute for Science and International Security
4631:
4629:
4412:A.Q. Khan and onward proliferation from Pakistan
4093:
3782:
3680:Institute for Science and International Security
3317:. Islamabad: ABC Publishing House. p. 180.
3308:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1987). Sreedhar, VVS (ed.).
2187:University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
1625:pressured Iran to accept tougher inspections of
1438:, Chinese scientists were reportedly present at
1046:
1041:
6117:Science Advisor to the Presidential Secretariat
5952:"Are-Pakistani-Ahmadis-Loyal-to-their-Homeland"
4948:John Lancaster; Kamran Khan (3 February 2004).
4003:
3983:Sublette, Carey; et al. (2 January 2002).
3837:
3725:
2210:
1565:
664:origin. His maternal ancestors hailed from the
637:Abdul Qadeer Khan was born on 1 April 1936, in
307:Science Advisor to the Presidential Secretariat
19:For the cricketer named Abdul Qadeer Khan, see
6993:Presidents of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences
6973:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress
6788:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Islamabad
6238:Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University
5260:
5244:. Pakistan Academy of Sciences. Archived from
5161:
4979:
4571:. Icons Series. New York: Amazon/New Harvest.
4336:"Pakistan Tests Short-Range Ballistic Missile"
4264:"Kahuta - Pakistan Special Weapons Facilities"
3058:"Karachi University Physics Department alumni"
2671:
2669:
1829:of local populations during the height of the
893:method to assure a supply of nuclear fuel for
6978:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan
6808:D. J. Sindh Government Science College alumni
6465:Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics
6418:
6150:
5677:. Islamic Academy of Sciences. Archived from
5605:"A.Q. Khan's family figures in Panama Papers"
5514:
5512:
4626:
2579:
2577:
1562:to cap the program to 3% enrichment in 1990.
6948:Recipients of Pakistani presidential pardons
5162:staff reporter, agencies (20 October 2008).
4545:. Defence News. Defence News. Archived from
4534:
4333:
3897:
3138:
1406:
1282:Visible effect of the nuclear weapons test,
751:From 1956 to 1959, Khan was employed by the
522:who is colloquially known as the "father of
510:; 1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021), known as
6233:Defence Science and Technology Organization
6084:. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. p. 138.
6065:(1st ed.). New York: Walker & Co.
5867:The Physics war of Munir Khan and A.Q. Khan
5813:
5785:
5661:Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmed Khan
5487:"I saved my country from nuclear blackmail"
5287:"AQ Khan set to launch own political party"
5024:"AQ Khan did not act alone: Swedish report"
4603:
4107:"Where Mountains Move: The Story of Chagai"
3731:
2852:
2666:
2426:
2320:Khan, Abdul Qadeer; Hussain, Syed Shabbir;
2250:, 23(9) (September 1986), pp. 819–827.
2113:Bruno Tertrais, a senior researcher at the
1758:The "A. Q. Khan network" involved numerous
1689:Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal
1523:, who teamed up with the administration of
1208:program, and a parallel program was led by
728:with his family, Khan briefly attended the
632:
6908:Founders of Pakistani schools and colleges
6425:
6411:
6157:
6143:
5509:
2832:
2574:
2235:Published by Clarendon Press-Oxford 1986).
1883:who marked the details of debriefings as "
1294:, May 1998. All five nuclear devices were
1261:
995:, with the US backing Pakistan during the
916:(U), which is non-fissile, and 0.0055% of
506:
58:
50:
5822:
5757:
5269:
5097:
4486:"Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL)"
4105:Azam, Rai Muhammad Saleh (20 June 1998).
3573:De zaak van atoomspion Kan (aflevering 4)
3341:"The technology of mining and metallurgy"
3292:
3031:
2840:"Overview of Dr.Abdul Qadeer Khan's Life"
2736:. GEO.tv. 6 February 2009. Archived from
2734:"IHC declares Dr A Q Khan a free citizen"
2497:
2495:
2493:
2309:Metallurgical Thermodynamics and Kinetics
2248:Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology
1706:, son of former Malaysian Prime Minister
1474:technology to Pakistan, where Pakistan's
989:General Intelligence and Security Service
319:1 January 2001 – 31 January 2004
6988:Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers
6838:Pakistani expatriates in the Netherlands
5760:Men of Metals and Materials: My Memoires
5518:
5374:
5372:
5272:Men of Metals and Materials: My Memoires
5194:"The past and the present (12 Nov 2008)"
5170:. Dawn Newspaper, 2008. Dawn Newspaper.
4849:
4409:
4234:"On the trail of the black market bombs"
3982:
2019:
1789:Security hearings, pardon, and aftermath
1569:
1336:
1277:
1153:
1138:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
6918:Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences
6082:Men of metals and materials: my memoirs
6003:by Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins
5939:"Pakistan's Nuclear Father, Master Spy"
5284:
4916:
4888:『戦後70年に向けて・核回廊を歩く:パキスタン編/16 イスラエルの脅威』.
4668:"Pakistan, Nuclear Black Market Linked"
4196:
3812:
3508:
3487:"Ex-colleague spills beans on A Q Khan"
3218:
3139:Langewiesche, William (November 2005).
2806:
2783:
2052:statement on 16 May 2011, published in
1505:eventually probed Khan on suspicion of
895:nuclear power plants in the Netherlands
821:such as Pakistan – and joined the
16:Pakistani nuclear physicist (1936–2021)
6770:
6121:1 January 2001 – 31 January 2004
5875:. The Atlantic Monthly. November 2005.
5766:
5602:
5545:
5497:from the original on 18 September 2011
5450:
5117:from the original on 15 September 2015
5036:from the original on 27 September 2021
4964:
4540:
4446:
4292:
4141:
4061:
4048:
3481:
3436:
3267:
3153:from the original on 12 September 2011
2974:
2758:
2707:
2550:
2490:
2326:Dr. A.Q. Khan on science and education
2004:, expressed grief over his death in a
1846:Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission
142:D. J. Sindh Government Science College
6843:Delft University of Technology alumni
6406:
6138:
5714:from the original on 31 December 2015
5369:
5174:from the original on 24 November 2020
4992:
4929:from the original on 15 December 2017
4733:
4731:
4648:from the original on 10 November 2012
4214:from the original on 10 November 2010
3936:
3865:
3787:. Islamabad: Shahid-ur-Rehman, 1999.
3451:
2884:
2641:
2106:in 2016 as owners of Wahdat Ltd., an
1497:Court controversy and U.S. objections
966:, Khan's colleague at FDO, uncovered
956:(rpm). Khan, whose work was based on
869:), an engineering firm subsidiary of
6913:Academic staff of Hamdard University
6858:Catholic University of Leuven alumni
5855:Annotated bibliography for A.Q. Khan
5848:
5744:
5672:
5573:Le Livre noir de l'économie mondiale
5484:
5390:from the original on 11 October 2021
5357:from the original on 10 October 2021
5297:from the original on 1 November 2012
4496:from the original on 21 October 2012
4483:
4428:
4364:
4305:
4244:from the original on 9 November 2011
4171:
4104:
4077:. Historycommons.org. Archived from
3991:. Nuclear weapon archives. p. 1
3903:
3584:Vrijzinnig Protestantse Radio Omroep
3441:(Television documentary) (in Dutch).
3410:
3307:
3249:
3064:from the original on 22 January 2015
2956:from the original on 22 January 2015
2623:from the original on 24 October 2014
2597:from the original on 10 October 2021
2515:from the original on 10 October 2021
2355:Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories
2306:
2293:
2206:Selected research papers and patents
2129:
1976:
1913:of technology eventually led to his
1538:discreet to avoid pressure from the
1096:that met Khan at his family home in
825:in metallurgical engineering at the
736:, where he graduated in 1956 with a
5804:
5456:"Nuclear capability saved Pakistan"
5327:from the original on 8 October 2021
4635:
3743:from the original on 13 August 2011
2045:country after a disgraceful defeat.
1466:city". China also exported some of
1458:had KRL run a HEU programme in the
856:
505:
13:
6888:Materials scientists and engineers
5485:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (17 May 2011).
5462:. GEO News (GNews). Archived from
4728:
3945:from the original on 22 April 2009
2921:from the original on 27 March 2015
2885:Ahmed, Khaled (27 November 2010).
2812:
2654:from the original on 27 March 2015
1631:International Atomic Energy Agency
1206:electromagnetic isotope separation
152:Pakistan's nuclear weapons program
14:
7009:
6248:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
5967:
5919:Nuclear Engineering International
5884:Federation of American Scientists
5749:.". In Khan, Abdul Qadeer (ed.).
5285:Gishkor, Zahid (27 August 2012).
4797:"Germany Convicts Khan Associate"
4522:from the original on 24 July 2009
4462:from the original on 11 July 2011
4182:. Steerforth Press. p. 165.
4159:from the original on 19 July 2011
4022:. 4 February 2004. Archived from
3347:. UNU publication on metallurgy.
3250:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (March 1972).
3231:from the original on 12 June 2018
3219:Bowcott, Owen (6 February 2009).
3090:from the original on 27 June 2006
3013:from the original on 6 April 2018
2159:from universities in the country.
2115:Foundation for Strategic Research
1932:to launch satellites into space.
1446:in the early 1980s. In 1996, the
1191:Engineering Research Laboratories
987:at the time, later said that the
985:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
524:Pakistan's atomic weapons program
6883:Weapons scientists and engineers
6853:Pakistani expatriates in Belgium
6833:Pakistani expatriates in Germany
6828:20th-century Pakistani engineers
6434:
5739:The International History Review
5685:
5666:
5653:
5644:
5624:
5596:
5578:
5566:
5478:
5429:from the original on 23 May 2013
5339:
5309:
5235:
5073:from the original on 17 May 2013
4569:Benazir Bhutto: Favored Daughter
4388:from the original on 28 May 2021
3885:from the original on 3 July 2020
3529:from the original on 28 May 2021
3351:from the original on 2 July 2020
3321:from the original on 28 May 2021
2478:from the original on 14 May 2008
2000:The Prime Minister of Pakistan,
1831:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1482:borrowed from DF-11 technology.
753:Karachi Metropolitan Corporation
421:
214:
204:
6164:
5816:E=mc²: Today's Nuclear Equation
5730:
5663:, Defence Journal, 27 June 2004
5603:Husain, Khurram (14 May 2016).
5519:Hoodbhoy, Pervez (4 May 1999).
5129:
5016:
4993:Hersh, Seymour (1 March 2004).
4941:
4910:
4895:
4882:
4869:
4850:Milholin, Gary (4 March 2014).
4816:
4789:
4769:
4708:
4688:
4660:
4561:
4508:
4431:Sehar Honay Tak (Until Sunrise)
4327:
4256:
4226:
4129:
4067:
4054:
3909:"Bhutto, Zia-ul-Haq And Kahuta"
3815:"The Uranium Route to the Bomb"
3701:"Nuclear Underground: The Guru"
3693:
3664:
3642:
3620:
3593:
3566:
3541:
3475:
3445:
3430:
3285:
3243:
3183:
3165:
3132:
3076:
2993:
2968:
2903:
2878:
2813:TV, Riphah (25 November 2019).
2777:
2752:
2726:
2701:
2687:
2296:Advances in Physical Metallurgy
2200:
1775:Defense Industries Organization
1764:Shahid Bagheri Industrial Group
1460:Chinese nuclear weapons program
1450:maintained that China provided
1369:' in 1998. Intervention by the
1162:In April 1976, Khan joined the
680:soldier who came to India with
641:, a city then in the erstwhile
182:
5880:"Kahuta Research Laboratories"
4334:Usman Ansari (22 April 2014).
4287:Congressional Research Service
3915:. draqkhan.com. Archived from
3813:Shabbir, Usman (5 June 2003).
3311:Dr. A.Q. Khan on Pakistan Bomb
2763:. Allen Lane. pp. 63–64.
2712:. Allen Lane. pp. 60–61.
2635:
2609:
2544:
2527:
2460:
2407:
1820:On 5 February 2004, President
1365:its series of nuclear tests, '
827:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
790:In 1962, while on vacation in
781:Delft University of Technology
649:, and now the capital city of
600:Federal Government of Pakistan
138:Catholic University of Louvain
134:Delft University of Technology
1:
6938:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
6459:Institute of Space Technology
6243:Pakistan Institute of Physics
6014:Heart disease Random thoughts
4747:University of Quebec Montreal
4541:Ansari, Usman (28 May 2012).
4204:"Eye To Eye: An Islamic Bomb"
2448:
2221:metallic phase transformation
1971:Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan
1204:The PAEC did not forgo their
1047:Smiling Buddha and initiation
1042:Scientific career in Pakistan
904:is composed of just 0.71% of
763:that allowed him to study in
591:of Pakistan's Prime Minister
560:. After learning of India's "
371:Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan
6958:Pakistani technology writers
6933:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz
6878:Pakistani nuclear physicists
6813:University of Karachi alumni
6798:Indian emigrants to Pakistan
6008:Written by Abdul Qadeer Khan
5987:Pakistan Academy of Sciences
5585:Khan built hotel in Timbuktu
5460:Geo Television Network (GTN)
5196:. A. Q. Khan. Archived from
5107:The New York Review of Books
4604:Fitzpatrick, Mark (2007). "§
3737:"Profile: Abdul Qadeer Khan"
3672:"Team GmbH and Ernest Piffl"
3509:Spector, Leonard S. (2019).
3221:"Profile: Abdul Qadeer Khan"
3195:Press Information Department
3084:"Profile: Abdul Qadeer Khan"
2975:Ansari, Iqbal Ahmad (2006).
2453:
2413:Though other people such as
2313:Pakistan Academy of Sciences
2211:Nuclear and material physics
2030:thermal quantum field theory
1948:Pakistan Academy of Sciences
1722:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act
1566:North Korea, Iran, and Libya
1251:balancing of rotating masses
1142:Rotation around a fixed axis
1102:Prime Minister's Secretariat
1071:Prime Minister's Secretariat
1023:was imposed on his company.
930:electromagnetically separate
902:uranium in its natural state
7:
6335:Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui
6253:National Centre for Physics
5996:Islamic Academy of Sciences
5673:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1998).
5640:(in French). February 2009.
5523:. Chowk.com. Archived from
4917:AQ Khan (5 February 2004).
4750:(in French). Archived from
4516:"American Spaces Dashboard"
3872:Last Days of Premier Bhutto
3652:(in Dutch). 18 January 2011
2343:
2307:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1983).
2294:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1972).
2238:Flow-induced vibrations in
2110:registered in the Bahamas.
1993:before being buried at the
1909:Khan's strong advocacy for
1448:U.S. intelligence community
1401:minimum credible deterrence
813: – an equivalent to a
732:before transferring to the
722:religious violence in India
621:before being buried at the
252:GIK Institute of Technology
10:
7014:
6963:Pakistani textbook writers
6228:Khan Research Laboratories
5823:Bernstein, Jeremy (2008).
4976:, 14 February 2005, p. 22.
4785:(in French). 11 June 2008.
4484:Pike, John (16 May 2000).
3819:PakDef Military Consortium
1902:
1685:Khan Research Laboratories
1609:Khan Research Laboratories
1440:Khan Research Laboratories
1420:People's Republic of China
1410:
1328:innovation of centrifuges,
1271:
1265:
1135:
1050:
1028:Khan Research Laboratories
871:Verenigde Machinefabrieken
805:In 1967, Khan obtained an
570:Khan Research Laboratories
248:Khan Research Laboratories
18:
6903:Scientists from Islamabad
6739:
6693:
6685:Sonmiani Flight Test Rage
6677:
6646:
6630:
6607:
6560:
6542:
6521:
6500:
6493:
6477:
6445:
6394:Nuclear power in Pakistan
6388:
6302:
6261:
6213:
6172:
6123:
6114:
6106:
6101:
5915:"Tracking the technology"
5694:"Condense Matter Physics"
4456:archive.indianexpress.com
4342:. Gannett. Archived from
3606:National Security Archive
2015:
1835:U.S. Embassy in Islamabad
1436:Nuclear Threat Initiative
1407:Proliferation controversy
928:of centrifugal method to
843:metallurgical engineering
716:train, partly due to the
388:
384:
380:
366:
361:
357:
345:
333:
323:
312:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
265:
243:
238:Metallurgical engineering
233:
226:
200:
192:
169:
147:
125:
117:
98:
69:
57:
48:
30:
6793:People from Bhopal State
6668:University of the Punjab
6664:Astronomical Observatory
6617:Lunar prediction program
6485:Satellite Ground Station
4852:"Nukes 'R' Us (Opinion)"
4802:Arms Control Association
2585:"Tribute to Dr A Q Khan"
2400:
2365:Conservatism in Pakistan
2287:
2281:Pakistan Physics Society
2259:Pakistan Physics Society
2172:Baqai Medical University
2071:Pakistan Physics Society
2034:condensed matter physics
1930:expendable launch system
1795:Musharraf administration
1663:sting operation, due to
1253:and thermodynamics with
1053:Operation Smiling Buddha
952:) gas at up to ~100,000
819:English-speaking nations
744:with a concentration on
633:Early life and education
577:Musharraf administration
49:
6868:Pakistani metallurgists
6440:Pakistani Space Program
6370:Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi
5992:Prof. Abdul Qadeer Khan
4716:"Buhary Syed Abu Tahir"
4452:"A day with A. Q. Khan"
4416:Viewed 24 October 2012.
3985:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"
3627:De Nederlandse atoombom
3177:Encyclopædia Britannica
2946:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"
2911:"Chronology: A.Q. Khan"
2644:"Chronology: A.Q. Khan"
2642:Staff (16 April 2006).
2539:Encyclopædia Britannica
1667:between two countries.
1383:boosted fission devices
1300:highly enriched uranium
1262:Nuclear tests: Chagai-I
1214:Chaklala Air Force Base
1121:highly enriched uranium
21:Abdul Qadir (cricketer)
6923:Theoretical physicists
6823:Engineers from Karachi
6654:University Observatory
5827:. New York: Springer.
5413:"Frontiers in Physics"
4567:Allen, Brooke (2016).
4365:Kirk, Russell (2017).
3941:. Globalsecurity.org.
3437:Bromet, Frans (2021).
3427:Viewed 7 January 2013.
3060:. Karachi University.
2887:"Scientists, our kind"
2759:Rashid, Ahmed (2012).
2708:Rashid, Ahmed (2012).
2617:"A.Q. Khan & Iran"
2269:Non-equilibrium phases
2217:Dilation investigation
2141:Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1996)
2059:
2038:peace through strength
2025:
1920:Indian missile program
1863:In 2007, the U.S. and
1691:surrounding Scomi CEO
1591:was based entirely on
1583:
1560:Clinton administration
1513:, which sentenced him
1486:administration tasked
1392:The News International
1342:
1332:differential equations
1303:
1274:Boosted fission weapon
1159:
954:revolutions per minute
583:handed to them by the
520:metallurgical engineer
6983:Nuclear proliferation
6757:Spin-off technologies
6706:Ishrat Hussain Usmani
6658:University of Karachi
6345:Iqbal Hussain Qureshi
5788:Nuclear black markets
5741:37.3 (2015): 431–457.
5323:. 13 September 2021.
4875:중국 비밀무기상 리팡웨이를 잡아라 .
4610:Nuclear black markets
4315:. CSIS Missile Threat
4075:"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"
3637:Omroepvereniging VARA
3098:– via BBC News.
2785:Warrick, Joby Warrick
2761:Pakistan in the Brink
2710:Pakistan in the Brink
2441:) by the local media.
2436:Protector of Pakistan
2388:Anwar Ali (physicist)
2167:University of Karachi
2042:
2023:
1928:missile system as an
1877:Chairman joint chiefs
1803:nuclear proliferation
1779:nuclear proliferation
1708:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
1578:, when he worked for
1573:
1540:Reagan administration
1413:Nuclear proliferation
1411:Further information:
1371:Chairman Joint Chiefs
1340:
1281:
1272:Further information:
1157:
1078:crash weapons program
833:, who supervised his
734:University of Karachi
730:D. J. Science College
695:Ministry of Education
589:former administration
581:nuclear proliferation
130:University of Karachi
6968:Pakistani columnists
6953:Pakistani memoirists
6863:Theoretical chemists
6818:Pakistani physicists
6622:SUPARCO rocket tests
6380:Ghulam Dastagir Alam
6279:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan
5954:. Pakistani Tribune.
5925:on 27 December 2004.
5860:14 July 2007 at the
5103:"He Changed History"
4919:"I seek your pardon"
4450:(16 February 2004).
4313:"Haft 6 "Shaheen 2""
4240:. 12 February 2004.
3471:on 10 December 2022.
3439:In de ban van de bom
3120:on 29 September 2010
3086:. 20 February 2004.
1943:" for the country".
1827:win hearts and minds
1544:Operation Brasstacks
1424:uranium hexafluoride
1320:separative work unit
1247:analytical mechanics
1150:Analytical mechanics
946:uranium hexafluoride
811:materials technology
773:Technical University
718:reservation politics
608:Obama administration
604:Islamabad High Court
568:when he founded the
6998:People from Karachi
6893:Pakistani inventors
6647:Space observatories
6350:Muneer Ahmad Rashid
6274:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
6269:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
6102:Government offices
6020:More on thalassemia
6001:Why He Went Nuclear
5873:"The Wrath of Khan"
5769:Long Road to Chagai
5681:on 28 January 2002.
5386:. 10 October 2021.
5353:. 10 October 2021.
5291:The Tribune Express
5238:"Abdul Qadeer Khan"
5200:on 14 February 2010
5143:on 26 February 2021
5069:. 26 October 2007.
5032:. 7 December 2006.
4960:on 11 October 2008.
4954:The Washington Post
4014:"The Wrath of Khan"
3785:Long road to Chagai
3739:. History Commons.
3676:exportcontrols.info
3485:(29 January 2004).
3270:Long Road to Chagai
3141:"The Wrath of Khan"
3009:. 7 February 2004.
2950:storyofpakistan.com
2892:The Express Tribune
2793:The Washington Post
2787:(7 February 2009).
2619:. Global Security.
2474:. 4 February 2004.
2468:"The Wrath of Khan"
2419:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
2050:Abdul Qadeer Khan,
1865:European Commission
1811:Chief of Army Staff
1807:Pakistan Television
1799:conservative sphere
1730:Bush administration
1697:Kamaluddin Abdullah
1643:Iranian negotiators
1627:its nuclear program
1605:technology transfer
1456:military government
1286:, conducted in the
1255:mathematical rigour
1234:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
1164:atomic bomb program
1094:Bashiruddin Mahmood
1090:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
1073:in September 1974.
958:physical metallurgy
851:graphene morphology
746:solid-state physics
738:Bachelor of Science
712:to Pakistan on the
585:Bush administration
164:graphene morphology
51:ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان
6873:Project-706 people
6740:History and policy
6721:Wladyslaw Turowicz
6375:Władysław Turowicz
6365:Noor Muhammad Butt
6044:I saved my country
6032:Great expectations
5983:Abdul Quadeer Khan
5248:on 4 February 2014
4904:The New York Times
4856:The New York Times
4676:. 11 February 2004
4636:PBS (March 2004).
4269:GlobalSecurity.org
4117:on 20 January 2015
3919:on 7 October 2011.
3847:. Capital Studios.
3825:on 20 January 2015
2915:The New York Times
2697:. Global Security.
2681:The Times of India
2648:The New York Times
2177:Hamdard University
2092:Pakistan Air Force
2026:
1964:Karachi University
1960:Hamdard University
1848:(WMDC), headed by
1783:nuclear enrichment
1665:strained relations
1584:
1536:nuclear capability
1529:legal technicality
1422:for acquiring the
1397:Teller–Ulam design
1343:
1304:
1298:devices that used
1292:Sulaiman Mountains
1195:Corps of Engineers
1160:
977:legal technicality
891:gaseous centrifuge
879:uranium enrichment
720:at that time, and
699:partition of India
674:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
645:princely state of
554:isotope separation
550:uranium metallurgy
514:, was a Pakistani
256:Hamdard University
6765:
6764:
6747:Space Vision 2040
6716:Abdul Qadeer Khan
6603:
6602:
6501:Earth observation
6400:
6399:
6340:Samar Mubarakmand
6315:Abdul Qadeer Khan
6289:Ghulam Ishaq Khan
6190:Kala Chitta Range
6133:
6132:
6124:Succeeded by
6091:978-1-4620-1840-6
6072:978-0-8027-1554-8
6026:Memorable Karachi
5964:
5963:
5797:978-0-86079-201-7
5527:on 3 January 2011
5099:Bernstein, Jeremy
4892:. 26 August 2014.
4619:978-0-86079-201-7
4577:978-0-544-64893-7
4381:978-1-351-50115-6
4346:on 1 October 2014
4051:, pp. 59–60)
3522:978-0-429-71464-1
3295:, pp. 51–52)
3197:. 4 November 2021
3172:Abdul Qadeer Khan
3006:Independent.co.uk
2917:. 16 April 2006.
2590:Pakistan Observer
2534:Abdul Qadeer Khan
2423:Mohsin-e-Pakistan
2375:Nuclear arms race
2370:Nuclear espionage
2335:978-969-35-0821-5
2240:Gas-tube assembly
2227:maraging steels,
2197:
2196:
2056:
1977:Illness and death
1738:Leuven University
1525:Leuven University
1507:nuclear espionage
1472:ballistic missile
1218:Manhattan Project
1146:Gaseous diffusion
1106:Ghulam Ishaq Khan
1001:Soviet–Afghan War
968:nuclear espionage
936:U, U, and U from
831:Leuven University
815:Master of Science
807:engineer's degree
579:over evidence of
542:phase transitions
516:nuclear physicist
403:Abdul Qadeer Khan
400:
399:
289:Martin J. Brabers
228:Scientific career
175:Hendrina Reternik
156:gaseous diffusion
32:Abdul Qadeer Khan
7005:
6498:
6497:
6439:
6438:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6404:
6403:
6310:Munir Ahmad Khan
6159:
6152:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6107:Preceded by
6099:
6098:
6095:
6076:
6064:
5979:
5978:
5976:Official website
5955:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5921:. Archived from
5906:
5904:
5902:
5876:
5849:
5838:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5782:
5763:
5754:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5698:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5670:
5664:
5659:Shabbir, Usman,
5657:
5651:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5600:
5594:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5554:on 14 March 2012
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5420:13 December 1988
5417:
5409:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5233:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5139:. Archived from
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5067:Pakistan Tribune
5059:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5004:. The New Yorker
4999:
4990:
4977:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4956:. Archived from
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4899:
4893:
4890:Mainichi Shimbun
4886:
4880:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4824:"Gotthard Lerch"
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4743:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4601:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4373:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4309:
4303:
4302:; June 15, 2004.
4296:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4145:
4139:
4137:Project Hydrogen
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4102:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4071:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3980:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3934:
3921:
3920:
3907:(29 July 2009).
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3863:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3810:
3799:
3798:
3780:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3646:
3640:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3597:
3591:
3590:on 25 June 2016.
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3465:. Archived from
3455:(24 July 2020).
3449:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3408:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3316:
3305:
3296:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3187:
3181:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3116:. Archived from
3114:Pakistanileaders
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:on 15 April 2012
2730:
2724:
2723:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2593:. 2 April 2021.
2581:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2562:on 14 March 2012
2548:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2511:. 1 April 2019.
2499:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2415:Munir Ahmad Khan
2411:
2339:
2316:
2303:
2182:Gomal University
2130:
2108:offshore company
2067:Munir Ahmad Khan
2057:
2051:
1822:Pervez Musharraf
1777:was involved in
1772:
1750:
1734:Friedrich Tinner
1705:
1503:Dutch government
1375:Jehangir Karamat
1329:
1172:physical chemist
1128:returning home.
1082:Munir Ahmad Khan
1022:
1015:
922:daughter product
910:fissile material
908:(U), which is a
857:Career in Europe
823:doctoral program
817:(MS) offered in
769:material science
682:Muhammad of Ghor
509:
508:
497:
493:
489:
484:
483:
482:
481:
474:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
418:
396:
376:
362:Personal details
348:
336:
328:Pervez Musharraf
317:
285:Doctoral advisor
279:
218:
208:
186:
184:
105:
79:
77:
62:
52:
28:
27:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6898:Pakistani spies
6768:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6735:
6689:
6673:
6642:
6631:Launch vehicles
6626:
6599:
6556:
6538:
6517:
6489:
6473:
6441:
6433:
6431:
6401:
6396:
6384:
6298:
6294:Mubashir Hassan
6284:Rahimuddin Khan
6257:
6215:
6209:
6185:Chagai District
6168:
6163:
6129:
6120:
6112:
6092:
6073:
6046:1 November 2012
5974:
5973:
5970:
5965:
5950:
5937:
5929:
5913:
5900:
5898:
5897:on 7 April 2005
5889:
5871:
5862:Wayback Machine
5841:
5835:
5798:
5779:
5751:Sehar Honay Tak
5733:
5728:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5671:
5667:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5601:
5597:
5583:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5517:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5467:
5454:(17 May 2011).
5449:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5283:
5279:
5268:
5261:
5251:
5249:
5234:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5175:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5101:(28 May 2009).
5096:
5089:
5076:
5074:
5061:
5060:
5053:
5039:
5037:
5029:Hindustan Times
5022:
5021:
5017:
5007:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4980:
4969:
4965:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4911:
4900:
4896:
4887:
4883:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4757:on 1 March 2014
4754:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4721:History Commons
4714:
4713:
4709:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4602:
4583:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4549:on 19 July 2013
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4482:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4445:
4438:
4427:
4420:
4408:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4382:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4298:Duncan Lennox;
4297:
4293:
4284:
4277:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4103:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4081:on 15 June 2011
4073:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3981:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3935:
3924:
3905:Khan, A. Qadeer
3902:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3864:
3851:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3811:
3802:
3795:
3781:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3733:History Commons
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3706:Frontline World
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3582:9 August 2005.
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3507:
3500:
3480:
3476:
3462:Financial Times
3450:
3446:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3409:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3345:archive.unu.edu
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3266:
3259:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3217:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2549:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2381:Nuclear Secrets
2346:
2336:
2322:Kamran, Mujahid
2290:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2136:Nishan-e-Imtiaz
2124:Nishan-e-Imtiaz
2099:Tripoli Airport
2063:Pervez Hoodbhoy
2058:
2049:
2018:
1979:
1911:nuclear sharing
1907:
1901:
1815:Mirza Aslam Beg
1791:
1766:
1760:shell companies
1744:
1718:nuclear program
1699:
1693:Shah Hakim Zain
1672:merchant vessel
1568:
1499:
1433:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1327:
1296:boosted fission
1276:
1270:
1264:
1230:Centrifuge Khan
1152:
1134:
1114:Mubashir Hassan
1059:
1051:Main articles:
1049:
1044:
1017:
1009:
951:
940:raw uranium by
873:(VMF) based in
859:
835:doctoral thesis
800:Muslim ceremony
757:city government
670:Khyber District
635:
558:gas centrifuges
546:metallic alloys
495:
491:
487:
477:
476:
458:
441:
424:
420:
406:
394:draqkhan.com.pk
392:
374:
373:
367:Political party
346:
334:
318:
313:
277:
258:
254:
250:
213:
210:Nishan-i-Imtiaz
188:
185: 1963)
180:
176:
140:
136:
132:
126:Alma mater
113:
107:
103:
102:10 October 2021
94:
81:
75:
73:
65:
53:
44:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7011:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6803:Muhajir people
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6731:Ghulam Murtaza
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6661:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6638:Rehbar program
6634:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6609:Space missions
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6548:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6430:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6262:Administrators
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6162:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6139:
6131:
6130:
6127:Atta ur Rahman
6125:
6122:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6090:
6077:
6071:
6048:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6005:
6004:
5998:
5989:
5980:
5969:
5968:External links
5966:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5948:
5943:
5935:
5927:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5887:
5877:
5869:
5864:
5847:
5840:
5839:
5834:978-0387765068
5833:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5796:
5783:
5777:
5764:
5755:
5742:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5684:
5665:
5652:
5643:
5623:
5595:
5590:Times of India
5577:
5565:
5538:
5508:
5477:
5466:on 20 May 2011
5440:
5401:
5368:
5338:
5308:
5277:
5259:
5211:
5185:
5154:
5128:
5087:
5051:
5015:
4978:
4963:
4940:
4909:
4894:
4881:
4868:
4842:
4815:
4788:
4768:
4727:
4707:
4687:
4659:
4625:
4618:
4581:
4560:
4533:
4518:. usinfo.org.
4507:
4473:
4448:Nayyar, Kuldip
4436:
4418:
4410:IISS reports.
4399:
4380:
4357:
4326:
4304:
4291:
4275:
4255:
4225:
4195:
4188:
4170:
4140:
4128:
4092:
4066:
4064:, pp. 60)
4053:
4037:
4026:on 12 May 2008
4002:
3956:
3922:
3896:
3849:
3836:
3800:
3793:
3754:
3724:
3692:
3663:
3641:
3635:. 07-11-2005.
3619:
3592:
3565:
3540:
3521:
3498:
3474:
3444:
3429:
3422:978-0804776011
3421:
3362:
3332:
3315:(google books)
3297:
3293:Bernstein 2008
3284:
3278:
3257:
3242:
3208:
3182:
3164:
3131:
3101:
3075:
3049:
3043:978-0674744561
3042:
3024:
2992:
2985:
2967:
2932:
2902:
2877:
2851:
2831:
2805:
2776:
2769:
2751:
2725:
2718:
2700:
2686:
2683:. 6 July 2008.
2665:
2634:
2608:
2573:
2554:(1 May 2007).
2543:
2526:
2489:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2317:
2304:
2300:Elsevier Press
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2277:solidification
2265:Thermodynamics
2262:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2145:Hilal-e-Imtiaz
2142:
2139:
2128:
2079:Foreign Policy
2047:
2017:
2014:
1997:in Islamabad.
1978:
1975:
1900:
1897:
1856:: "Suppose if
1790:
1787:
1742:Gotthard Lerch
1623:European Union
1601:Benazir Bhutto
1589:Ghauri missile
1567:
1564:
1556:Benazir Bhutto
1498:
1495:
1452:magnetic rings
1431:
1427:
1408:
1405:
1351:implosion-type
1266:Main article:
1263:
1260:
1180:military-grade
1176:nuclear weapon
1168:Khalil Qureshi
1133:
1130:
1063:Smiling Buddha
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
949:
858:
855:
651:Madhya Pradesh
643:British Indian
634:
631:
593:Benazir Bhutto
566:atomic weapons
562:Smiling Buddha
507:عبد القدیر خان
398:
397:
390:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
368:
364:
363:
359:
358:
355:
354:
352:Atta-ur-Rahman
349:
343:
342:
337:
331:
330:
325:
321:
320:
310:
309:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
281:
280:
269:
263:
262:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
224:
223:
220:Hilal-i-Imtiaz
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
178:
174:
173:
171:
167:
166:
149:
148:Known for
145:
144:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
108:
106:(aged 85)
100:
96:
95:
82:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7010:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:Communication
6520:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:Space centres
6476:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:Organizations
6444:
6437:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6395:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6200:Kharan Desert
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:Ras Koh Hills
6178:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6155:
6153:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6111:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6045:
6042:
6040:30 April 2012
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5960:
5953:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5931:"BBC profile"
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5836:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5778:969-8500-00-6
5774:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5656:
5647:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5575:- p. 61.
5574:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5513:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5266:
5264:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5084:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5003:
4998:(google docs)
4996:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4906:. p. A1.
4905:
4898:
4891:
4885:
4879:. 2016-02-24.
4878:
4872:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4647:
4643:
4642:PBS Frontline
4639:
4632:
4630:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4478:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4413:
4406:
4404:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4372:(googlebooks)
4370:
4369:
4361:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4191:
4189:9781586421373
4185:
4181:
4174:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3881:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3867:Niazi, Kausar
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3794:969-8500-00-6
3790:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:. Routledge.
3514:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3483:Bhatia, Shyam
3478:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3281:
3279:969-8500-00-6
3275:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2988:
2986:9788178271309
2982:
2978:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2866:. 28 May 2013
2865:
2861:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2770:9781846145858
2766:
2762:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2719:9781846145858
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:Electron-beam
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:Panama Papers
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1995:H-8 graveyard
1992:
1991:Faisal Mosque
1988:
1987:state funeral
1984:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:unforgettable
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:ostracisation
1912:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1858:Edward Teller
1855:
1854:Seymour Hersh
1851:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1753:Alfred Hempel
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1649:In May 1998,
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1582:in the 1970s.
1581:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:In 1979, the
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:Major-General
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Ras Koh Hills
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
964:Frits Veerman
961:
959:
955:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
889:and employed
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:matriculation
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
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212:(1996; 1999)
104:(2021-10-10)
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6778:1936 births
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6701:Abdus Salam
6534:Paksat-MM1R
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6034:14 May 2012
6028:28 May 2012
6022:4 June 2012
5616:6 September
5491:The Tribune
4933:16 December
4861:6 September
4835:6 September
4808:6 September
4761:6 September
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4049:Rahman 1998
3939:"A.Q. Khan"
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2244:centrifuges
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3829:20 January
3492:Rediff.com
3157:10 October
3068:22 January
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