185:, the protection of the Aboriginal people was mostly left to missionaries from 1856 to 1881 (after the office of Protector was abolished, the work being done by Sub-protectors reporting direct to the Commissioner of Crown Lands), when another Protector was appointed. In 1912, the Aborigines' Office (which had operated under a succession of different ministers) became the Aborigines' Department, initially a change in name only. In 1918, an Advisory Council of Aborigines was appointed under powers given by the
118:, devastation by disease, and to provide a "humane" environment for Aboriginal people, perceived as a dying race, the colonial governments passed legislation designed to "protect" them. The idea was that by legislating to create certain territory for Aboriginal people, the clashes over land would stop. Officials that the Aboriginal people could farm in their reserves and become less reliant on government rations.
234:
and created the office of Chief
Protector. The department was responsible for the control and welfare of Aboriginal people in the Territory, and under the Act, the Chief Protector was appointed the "legal guardian of every Aboriginal and every half-caste child up to the age of 18 years", and had the
445:
became an unsupervised reserve where many
Aboriginal people lived. In 1958 and 1960, two new Aboriginal settlements were built by the government in northern Victoria to provide transitional housing for people living in camps. Within a few years, the residents had chosen to transition to mainstream
298:
Aboriginal missions were created by churches or religious individuals to house
Aboriginal people and train them in Christian ideals and to also prepare them for work. Most of the missions were developed on land granted by the government for this purpose. Around ten missions were established in NSW
305:
Aboriginal stations or ‘managed reserves’ were established by the APB from 1883 onwards, and were managed by officials appointed by that Board. Education (in the form of preparation for the workforce), rations and housing tended to be provided on these reserves, and station managers tightly
309:
Many other
Aboriginal people did not live on Aboriginal missions, reserves or stations, but in towns, or in fringe camps on private property or on the outskirts of towns, on beaches and riverbanks. There are many such places across the state that remain important to Aboriginal people.
46:
and other institutions, they were used from the 19th century to the 1960s to keep
Aboriginal people separate from the white Australian population. The governments passed laws related to such reserves that gave them much power over all aspects of Aboriginal people’s lives.
352:
in its final report in 1916. Included in the recommendations was that the government become the legal guardian of all
Aboriginal children upon reaching their 10th birthday, and place them "where they deem best". Seven years after the Final Report of the Commission, the
145:, for the "better protection and care of the aboriginal and half-caste inhabitants of the colony"; it established the positions of regional Protectors and later Chief Protector. Further amendments and other Acts followed, but the effects were similar, until 1991.
287:
Aboriginal reserves were parcels of land set aside for
Aboriginal people to live on; these were not managed by the government or its officials. From 1883 onwards, the Aboriginal people who were living on unmanaged reserves received rations and blankets from the
386:
government had gazetted small areas as reserves for
Aboriginal people to use. Once the Act was passed, all Aboriginal reserves became subject to the Act. For several of these reserves, Superintendents were appointed to carry out the provisions of the Act, and
391:
who had been running
Aboriginal settlements also became Superintendents. However, the majority of reserves in Queensland were never "managed" reserves; they had no Superintendent and were usually controlled by the Local Protector of Aborigines.
235:
power to confine such children to an
Aboriginal reserve or institution. The 1939 version of the Ordinance, intended to give effect to the change in policy (from protection to assimilation), did not allow for self-determination either.
1804:
299:
between 1824 and 1923, although missionaries also visited some managed stations. Many Aboriginal people have adopted the term ‘mission’ or ‘mish’ to refer to reserve settlements and fringe camps generally.
355:
231:
817:
Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (2009). "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres". In Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (eds.).
415:(run by religious organisations). In 1860, the missions were taken over by the state, becoming stations, though were still often administered by the same religious groups. The stations were run by
83:
proclaimed that Aboriginal people were "to be considered as much under the safeguard of the law as the Colonists themselves, and equally entitled to the Privileges of British Subjects". Under the
306:
controlled who could, and could not, live there. Many people were forcibly moved onto and off stations. Managed stations included Purfleet, Karuah and Murrin Bridge near Lake Cargellico.
141:
193:
85:
1563:
93:
and other unprotected Aboriginal child whose parents are dead or unknown". Schools and reserves were set up. Despite these attempts at protection, Moorhouse presided over the
65:
Aboriginal reserves were used from the nineteenth century to keep Aboriginal people separate from the white Australian population, often ostensibly for their protection.
218:, after having made no legislative provision for Aboriginal people in the NT for 47 years, soon before the NT was transferred to federal control. It was repealed by the
174:
and the lives of the people who lived there. Amendments to the Act in 1915 gave the APB broad powers to remove Aboriginal children from their families, resulting in the
252:
over all Aboriginal children, ahead of the parents. These policies were at their worst in the 1930s. "In the name of protection", suggest the authors of the 1997
868:
Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (2009), "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres",
187:
153:
100:
The office of Protector was abolished in 1856; within four years, governments had leased 35 of the 42 Aboriginal reserves in South Australia to settlers.
764:
1621:
258:
report, "Indigenous people were subject to near-total control". The forcible removal of children from their families led to what became known as the
1329:
446:
Housing Commission housing, and the settlements closed. In 1971, Lake Tyers and Framlingham were given to Aboriginal trusts to own and manage.
325:
321:
171:
1841:
1836:
1009:
248:
like freedom of movement, custody of children and control over property. In some states and the Northern Territory, the Chief Protector had
1682:
1792:
1623:
Second Report of the Central Board of the Central Board Appointed to Watch over the Interests of the Aborigines in the Colony of Victoria
244:
The Aboriginal laws gave governments much power over all aspects of Aboriginal people’s lives. They lost what would later be considered
899:"Protector of Aborigines Out Letter-Book 7: December 8th, 1892 to September 4th, 1906: Including List of Addressees, and Subject Index"
434:) which provided food, clothing and blankets, but not somewhere to live. A number of closed stations were subsequently used as depots.
281:
Broadly speaking, there were three types of spaces formally set aside by the government specifically for Aboriginal people to live on:
349:
136:
1637:
898:
1851:
1303:
926:
441:, the stations were progressively shrunk and closed. Only Lake Tyers and Framlingham were left by the early 1920s. At this time,
271:
210:
148:
1467:
1205:
The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia : Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history, society and culture; Vol. 2 M-Z
1422:"A Bend in the Yarra: A history of the Merri Creek Protectorate Station and Merri Creek Aboriginal School 1841–1851 | AIATSIS"
1405:
970:
877:
367:
1582:
1537:
1816:
1659:
1493:
1275:
24:
957:
1233:
838:
1385:
1096:
750:
870:
Does history matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
820:
Does History Matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
1212:
962:
639:
166:
130:
630:
Steiglitz (Moorabool and Werribee, Little River, Beremboke, Bacchus Marsh, in the Brisbane Ranges), 1860–1902
595:
1147:
712:
818:
1846:
1645:
Djillong (Wadawurrung Traditional Owner Aboriginal Corporation and Geelong One Fire Reconciliation Group)
314:
289:
215:
198:
121:
80:
54:
292:(APB), but remained responsible for their own housing. Such reserves included Forster and Burnt Bridge.
182:
161:
72:
450:
20:
1780:
1178:
570:
460:
406:
115:
104:
50:
19:
This article is about historical reserves. For protected areas run by Indigenous Australians, see
739:
621:
68:
952:
197:
abolished the office of Chief Protector of Aborigines and the Advisory Council, and created the
524:
39:
1249:
1061:
633:
442:
360:
533:(Westernport Protectorate, Native Police camp, Aboriginal School, near Fairfield), 1841–1851
691:
589:
564:
383:
94:
8:
770:
697:
666:
654:
583:
506:
108:
1661:
Tenth Report of the Board for the Protection of the Aborigines in the Colony of Victoria
1512:
382:, various religious organisations had established a number of mission stations, and the
157:, abolishing the Aborigines Protection Board and establishing the Aborigines Department.
1707:
783:
678:
259:
254:
249:
245:
175:
1354:
363:
children to be "trained" in a special institution so that they could go out and work.
1729:
1401:
1229:
1208:
984:
976:
966:
873:
834:
515:
Buckkermitterwarrer (Westernport Protectorate, near Dromana on Bald Hill Creek), 1840
477:
76:
1035:
1391:
1207:, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies: Canberra.
1124:
824:
610:
518:
601:
530:
337:
43:
789:
527:(Loddon Protectorate, Mount Franklin, Mount Franklyn, Jim Crow Hill), 1841–1864
202:
1830:
1681:
Victoria, History of First Nations People in North East (10 September 2020).
980:
660:
512:
Kangerong (Westernport Protectorate, near Safety Beach on Brokil Creek), 1840
500:
1036:"Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Qld)"
988:
1421:
1086:
Note: Neumann mentions 1905 - need to establish what happened in that year.
345:
341:
1565:
Moyne Shire Heritage Study 2006, Stage 2, Volume 2: Environmental History
1396:
829:
553:
543:
1817:"The Select Committee of the Legislative Council upon "The Aborigines""
672:
471:
438:
388:
90:
1446:
1797:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1014:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
721:
490:
456:
Yarra (Tromgin, on the current Royal Botanic Gardens site), 1837–1839
57:
were appointed to look after the interests of the Aboriginal people.
380:
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
142:
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
79:
as the first permanent appointment as Chief Protector in 1839). The
703:
645:
675:(Gracedale, Badger Creek, near Healesville), 1863–1950, 1998–today
42:, created under various state and federal legislation. Along with
536:
Keilambete (Western Protectorate, Lake Keilambete, near Terang),
480:(Westernport Protectorate, Arthurs Seat, near Tuerong), 1839–1840
669:(Lake Wellington, near Bairnsdale and the Avon River), 1863–1907
114:
In the second half of the 19th century, in an attempt to reduce
170:
gave the Board for the Protection of Aborigines control of the
348:(1915) became Aboriginal reserves, as recommended by the 1913
765:
Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning
317:
have managed land and housing in similar and other settings.
370:(APY lands) was formerly the North-West Aboriginal Reserve.
1152:. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. April 1997
1097:"The Northern Territory Aboriginals Act (No 1024 of 1910)"
23:. For land granted to Indigenous people in Australia, see
627:
Mohican (Jones' Station, on the Acheron River), 1860–1863
560:
Established between Protectorate and Board of Protection
1513:"Aboriginal Camp at Mordialloc | Kingston Local History"
1751:
1495:
Corangamite Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay - Schedule
1468:"Man's fight for his country is rewarded, 130 years on"
1062:"Aborigines Act 1897 - Legislation - Western Australia"
961:. Vol. 2. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
745:
Manatunga (Robinvale Settlement), 1960–1971, 1991–today
107:
was appointed the first Chief Protector in what is now
1054:
700:(between Portland and Hamilton), 1867–1951, 1987–today
509:(Goulburn Protectorate, near Murchinson), 1840–1853
1250:"Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1913 - 1916)"
694:(near Hawkesdale, north of Warrnambool), 1866–1879
483:Yerrip Hills (Loddon Protectorate, near Sunbury),
89:, the Protector was made legal guardian of "every
734:Rumbalara (near Mooroopna), 1946–1971, 1982–today
718:Tallageira (in the Grampians/Gariwerd), 1887–1907
503:(Goulburn Protectorate, near Nagambie), 1839–1840
222:on 13 June 1918, which combined and replaced the
1828:
191:, to take control of the existing missions. The
1355:"1837 Native Police Corps 1837-1838, 1843-1853"
904:. Transcribed and indexed by Jo Lane. p. 2
709:Dergholm (Roseneath, near Casterton), 1873–1902
16:Place relating to Australian Indigenous peoples
613:(Lake Hindmarsh, Wimmera, Dimboola), 1859–1906
459:Nerre Nerre Warren (Westernport Protectorate,
326:List of Aboriginal missions in New South Wales
322:List of Aboriginal Reserves in New South Wales
1805:"Changing Policies Towards Aboriginal People"
1730:"The northern Watharrung and Andrew Porteous"
1501:. Corangamite Shire Council. 2015. p. 9.
521:(Loddon Protectorate, near Maldon), 1840–1841
38:, was a government-sanctioned settlement for
1781:"Living on Aboriginal reserves and stations"
1667:. Melbourne: Colony of Victoria. p. 21.
1179:"Living on Aboriginal reserves and stations"
1119:
1117:
867:
816:
684:Chepstowe (near Ballarat on Baillie Creek),
567:(on the Yarra River's Pound Bend), 1849–1854
556:(Western Protectorate, Penshurst), 1842–1858
71:had been appointed from as early as 1836 in
1281:. South Australia. Government Printer. 1913
1125:"Aboriginals Ordinance No. 9 of 1918 (Cth)"
863:
861:
859:
857:
1002:
892:
890:
888:
463:camp, Dandenong Police Paddock), 1837–1853
437:From 1886, after a contested situation at
356:Aborigines (Training of Children) Act 1923
1683:"The Aboriginal Reserve at Tangambalanga"
1657:
1395:
1114:
828:
812:
810:
808:
806:
232:Northern Territory Aboriginals Department
1680:
1298:
1296:
1244:
1242:
1185:. NSW Office of Environment and Heritage
1101:Australasian Legal Information Institute
896:
854:
724:(Lake Moodemere, near Corowa), 1891–1937
636:(Hopkins River, Warrnambool), 1861–today
1322:
953:"Robinson, George Augustus (1791–1866)"
921:
919:
885:
759:New Norfolk (in East Gippsland), 1979–?
642:(Mount Duneed, near Geelong), 1861–1907
493:(Loddon Protectorate, near Baringhup),
272:Category:Australian Aboriginal missions
228:Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911
224:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910
211:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910
1829:
1822:. Government of South Australia. 1860.
1619:
1146:"Chapter 13: Grounds for Reparation".
1028:
803:
411:(run by the colonial government), and
124:were created in most colonies/states:
1727:
1676:
1674:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1561:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1293:
1239:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
546:(Western Protectorate, near Terang),
368:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
1383:
1276:"Royal Commission on the Aborigines"
916:
1785:NSW Environment, Energy and Science
727:Mildura (at Kings Billabong), 1902–
576:Maffra Native Police reserve, 1850–
474:(Birregurra, near Colac), 1839–1850
25:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
13:
1773:
1671:
1600:
1372:
1164:
958:Australian Dictionary of Biography
651:Woori Yaloak (near Lilydale), 1862
350:Royal Commission on the Aborigines
331:
276:
14:
1863:
756:Baroona (near Echuca), 1977–today
681:(near Lakes Entrance), 1863–today
194:Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1939
86:Aboriginal Orphans Ordinance 1844
1842:History of Australia (1901–1945)
1837:History of Australia (1851–1900)
1809:Australian Law Reform Commission
1626:. Melbourne: Colony of Victoria.
1517:localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au
1127:. Museum of Australian Democracy
1042:. Museum of Australian Democracy
467:Established during Protectorate
1744:
1721:
1700:
1651:
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1575:
1555:
1530:
1505:
1486:
1460:
1439:
1414:
1347:
1268:
1218:
1197:
1183:Environment, Energy and Science
1139:
1089:
751:Aboriginal Land Fund Commission
657:(Green Hills, Mafra), 1862–1863
1852:Indigenous Australian reserves
1728:Clark, Ian D. (January 2011).
1080:
963:Australian National University
945:
897:Lane, Jo, ed. (January 2013).
315:Local Aboriginal Land Councils
167:Aborigines Protection Act 1909
131:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
1:
1793:"Mission and reserve records"
796:
426:The government also operated
373:
230:. These Acts established the
116:the violence on the frontiers
1583:"- On Taungurung Land - ANU"
1538:"- On Taungurung Land - ANU"
1226:Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri
927:"Chapter 8: South Australia"
648:(near Winchelsea), 1861–1875
122:Aboriginal Protection Boards
55:Aboriginal Protection Boards
7:
1384:Fels, Marie Hansen (2011).
1334:State Library Of Queensland
1304:"Chapter 8 South Australia"
777:
586:(near Swan Hill), 1851–1856
395:
290:Aborigines Protection Board
265:
216:South Australian parliament
199:Aborigines Protection Board
172:reserves in New South Wales
10:
1868:
269:
220:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918
60:
18:
1687:Djimbi Ngai - "Here I am"
604:(near Mildura), 1855–1868
400:Victoria had a number of
239:
21:Indigenous Protected Area
1658:Mackenzie, John (1874).
1447:"HISTORY – Visit Maffra"
740:Aborigines Welfare Board
366:Most of what is now the
105:George Augustus Robinson
69:Protectors of Aborigines
51:Protectors of Aborigines
1040:Documenting a Democracy
706:(near Colac), 1872–1948
663:(near Kiewa), 1862–1873
616:Polo Hill (in Mortlake)
573:(near Colac), 1849–1855
1587:press-files.anu.edu.au
1571:. Moyne Shire Council.
1542:press-files.anu.edu.au
205:was a founding member.
40:Aboriginal Australians
1562:Doyle, Helen (2006).
34:, also called simply
1397:10.22459/ISO.05.2011
830:10.22459/DHM.09.2009
421:Assistant Protectors
384:Colony of Queensland
359:, in order to allow
303:Aboriginal stations:
296:Aboriginal missions:
285:Aboriginal reserves:
128:Victoria passed the
95:Rufus River massacre
1799:. 27 November 2015.
1638:"Djillong Timeline"
1330:"Community history"
1228:, Rigby: Adelaide.
622:Board of Protection
449:Established before
402:Aboriginal stations
336:Several Aboriginal
188:Aborigines Act 1911
154:Aborigines Act 1897
1847:Stolen Generations
1787:. 9 November 2012.
1734:Aboriginal History
1620:Heales, R (1862).
1387:'I Succeeded Once'
1359:bpadula.tripod.com
1308:Bringing Them Home
1256:. 21 February 2011
1254:Find & Connect
1224:Jenkin, G. (1979)
1203:Horton, D. (1994)
1149:Bringing them home
1066:Find & Connect
1016:. 10 December 2015
931:Bringing Them Home
784:Indian reservation
620:Established under
607:Acheron, 1859–1860
260:Stolen Generations
255:Bringing Them Home
250:legal guardianship
246:basic human rights
214:was an Act of the
176:Stolen Generations
32:Aboriginal reserve
1811:. 18 August 2010.
1407:978-1-921862-13-7
972:978-0-522-84459-7
879:978-1-921536-95-3
149:Western Australia
77:Matthew Moorhouse
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1474:. 15 August 2008
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519:Tarrengower Hill
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1774:Further reading
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872:, ANU E Press,
866:
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841:
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804:
799:
786:(United States)
780:
763:Established by
749:Established by
738:Established by
417:Superintendents
398:
376:
334:
332:South Australia
279:
277:New South Wales
274:
268:
242:
183:South Australia
162:New South Wales
73:South Australia
63:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1472:The Standard
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1708:"Ramahyuck"
1339:28 February
1314:18 February
1285:18 February
1260:18 February
1236:. Page 930.
1189:12 February
771:Neds Corner
715:, 1874–1910
698:Lake Condah
634:Framlingham
598:, 1852–1863
592:, 1851–1883
554:Mount Rouse
544:Lake Terang
531:Merri Creek
472:Buntingdale
443:Framlingham
378:Before the
344:(1916) and
201:, of which
151:passed the
139:passed the
1831:Categories
1213:0855752505
1156:5 February
1131:5 February
1106:5 February
1072:5 February
1046:8 February
1020:5 February
994:5 February
937:5 February
908:5 February
846:4 February
797:References
679:Lake Tyers
673:Coranderrk
596:Mordialloc
590:Camperdown
565:Warrandyte
439:Coranderrk
430:, (run by
374:Queensland
361:Indigenous
270:See also:
137:Queensland
97:in 1841.
91:half-caste
981:1833-7538
722:Wahgunyah
704:Elliminyt
692:Kangerton
688:1865–1901
667:Ramahyuck
584:Lake Boga
497:1839–1840
487:1839–1840
432:Guardians
419:(earlier
320:See also
989:70677943
965:. 1967.
792:(Canada)
778:See also
713:Gayfield
611:Ebenezer
491:Neeriman
413:missions
409:reserves
396:Victoria
338:missions
266:Examples
226:and the
109:Victoria
103:In 1839
81:Governor
44:missions
1761:21 June
1756:Baroona
1713:20 June
1692:20 June
1647:. 2018.
1592:20 June
1547:20 June
1522:20 June
1478:20 June
1452:24 June
1431:22 June
1364:20 June
646:Karngun
61:History
36:reserve
1752:"Home"
1404:
1310:. 1995
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987:
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969:
933:. 1997
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655:Maffra
640:Duneed
428:depots
240:Impact
164:, the
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1209:ISBN
1191:2022
1158:2020
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996:2020
985:OCLC
977:ISSN
967:ISBN
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910:2020
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