Aboriginal Australians

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complete lack of gene flow, and points to indigenous origins for the technological and linguistic changes. They attributed the disparity between their results and previous findings to improvements in technology; none of the other studies had utilised complete Y chromosome sequencing, which has the highest precision. For example, use of a ten Y STRs method has been shown to massively underestimate divergence times. Gene flow across the island-dotted 150-kilometre-wide (93 mi) Torres Strait, is both geographically plausible and demonstrated by the data, although at this point it could not be determined from this study when within the last 10,000 years it may have occurred—newer analytical techniques have the potential to address such questions.

1286: 926: 797: 1295: 1756: 808: 1266: 737: 189: 207: 499: 536: 81: 942:, which shares high amounts of genetic drift with Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. This suggests that a population split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. The sample also shows genetic affinity with East Asians and the Andamanese people of South Asia. The authors note that this hunter-gatherer sample can be modelled with ~50% Papuan-related ancestry and either with ~50% East Asian or Andamanese Onge ancestry, highlighting the deep split between Leang Panninge and Aboriginal/Papuans. 294: 43: 135: 5356: 171: 153: 1275: 318: 117: 5553: 1349: 99: 1958:

et al. 2016), it is reasonable to describe Papuans as either an almost even mixture between East Asians and a lineage basal to West and East Asians occurred sometimes between 45 and 38 ka, or as a sister lineage of East Asians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution. We here chose to parsimoniously describe Papuans as a simple sister group of Tianyuan, cautioning that this may be just one out of six equifinal possibilities."

1800: 516: 5470: 861:, into Australia, where they stayed. As a result, outside of Africa, the Aboriginal peoples have occupied the same territory continuously longer than any other human populations. These findings suggest that modern Aboriginal Australians are the direct descendants of the eastern wave, who left Africa up to 75,000 years ago. This finding is compatible with earlier archaeological finds of 1008:(Philippines area) groups diverged from the Aboriginal about 36,000 years ago (there is supporting evidence that these populations are descended from migrants taking an early "southern route" out of Africa, before other groups in the area). Also the Indian and Australian populations mixed long before European contact, with this gene flow occurring during the Holocene ( 1655:) and have a strong connection to the land. Contemporary Indigenous Australian beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down and shared by 917:). The sea levels rose and isolated Australia about 10,000 years ago, but Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from each other genetically earlier, about 37,000 years BP, possibly because the remaining land bridge was impassable. This isolation makes the Aboriginal people the world's oldest culture. The study also found evidence of an unknown 1199:, people who self-identified on the census form as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin totalled 812,728 out of a total of 25,422,788 Australians, equating to 3.2% of Australia's population and an increase of 163,557 people, or 25.2%, since the previous census in 2016. Reasons for the increase were broadly as follows: 1073:, helps to regulate body temperature in response to fever. The effect of this is that the desert people are able to have a higher body temperature without accelerating the activity of the whole of the body, which can be especially detrimental in childhood diseases. This helps protect people to survive the side-effects of infection. 1741:

want more culturally-aware health care programs. Similarly, culturally-relative programs targeting indigenous youth have actively challenged suicide ideation among younger indigenous populations, with many social and emotional wellbeing programs using cultural information to provide coping mechanisms and improving mental health.

1687:). Some core structures and themes are shared across the continent with details and additional elements varying between language and cultural groups. For example, in The Dreamtime of most regions, a spirit creates the earth then tells the humans to treat the animals and the earth in a way which is respectful to land. In 830:, sharing drift with them than compared to the groups from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. This indicates that populations in Australia were isolated for a long time from the rest of Southeast Asia. They remained untouched by migrations and population expansions into that area, which can be explained by the 1565:

However, these lists are neither exhaustive nor definitive, and there are overlaps. Different approaches have been taken by non-Aboriginal scholars in trying to understand and define Aboriginal culture and societies, some focusing on the micro-level (tribe, clan, etc.), and others on shared languages

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Bergstrom's 2018 doctoral thesis looking at the population of Sahul suggests that other than relatively recent admixture, the populations of the region appear to have been genetically independent from the rest of the world since their divergence about 50,000 years ago. He writes "There is no evidence

1957:

Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa, Vallini et al. 2022 (April 4, 2022): "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 ka (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by Malaspinas

1210:

Non-demographic factors, which are complex to quantify, include persons identifying as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in a particular census, and changes in census coverage and response – such as persons completing a census form in 2021 but not in 2016. These factors accounted for 56.5% of

394:

Contemporary Aboriginal beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down

1971:

analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow. The most supported topology indicates around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (fig. 3c, supplementary

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of the 1970s and 1980s, when Aboriginal people moved to tiny remote settlements on traditional land, brought health benefits, but funding them proved expensive, training and employment opportunities were not provided in many cases, and support from governments dwindled in the 2000s, particularly in

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Due to the aforementioned disadvantage, Aboriginal Australian communities experience a higher rate of suicide, as compared to non-indigenous communities. These issues stem from a variety of different causes unique to indigenous communities, such as historical trauma, socioeconomic disadvantage, and

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includes many distinct peoples who have developed across Australia for over 50,000 years. These peoples have a broadly shared, though complex, genetic history, but it is only in the last two hundred years that they have been defined and started to self-identify as a single group, socio-politically.

893:

to tropical parts of Asia and that they interbred with modern humans in Southeast Asia 44,000 years BP, before Australia separated from New Guinea approximately 11,700 years BP. They contributed DNA to Aboriginal Australians and to present-day New Guineans and an indigenous tribe in the Philippines

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To combat the increased suicide rate, many researchers have suggested that the inclusion of more cultural aspects into suicide prevention programs would help to combat mental health issues within the community. Past studies have found that many indigenous leaders and community members, do in fact,

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The initial human settlement of Oceania is estimated to have been between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago. Archaeogenetic results indicate a colonisation of southern Sahul (Australia) before 37,000 years ago and an incubation period in northern Sahul (Papua New Guinea), followed by westward expansions

609:

that started about 11,700 years ago. Scholars of this ancient history believe that it would have been difficult for Aboriginal people to have originated purely from mainland Asia. Not enough people would have migrated to Australia and surrounding islands to fulfill the beginning of the size of the

1570:

have encountered many difficulties in trying to define what constitutes an Aboriginal people/community/group/tribe, let alone naming them. Knowledge of pre-colonial Aboriginal cultures and societal groupings is still largely dependent on the observers' interpretations, which were filtered through

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to study their genetic makeup (which is not representative of all Aboriginal peoples in Australia). The study concluded that the Warlpiri are descended from ancient Asians whose DNA is still somewhat present in Southeastern Asian groups, although greatly diminished. The Warlpiri DNA lacks certain

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refers to Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and the term is conventionally only used when both groups are included in the topic being addressed, or by self-identification by a person as Indigenous. (Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically and culturally distinct, despite

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The 2016 study's authors concluded that, although this does not disprove the presence of any Holocene gene flow or non-genetic influences from South Asia at that time, and the appearance of the dingo does provide strong evidence for external contacts, the evidence overall is consistent with a

390:

and varying degrees of technology and settlements. Languages (or dialects) and language-associated groups of people are connected with stretches of territory known as "Country", with which they have a profound spiritual connection. Over the millennia, Aboriginal people developed complex trade

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technology. They investigated their divergence times from Y chromosomes in other continents, including comparing the haplogroup C chromosomes. They found a divergence time of about 54,100 years between the Sahul C chromosome and its closest relative C5, as well as about 54,300 years between

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stressed the importance of taking a demand-driven approach to services in desert settlements, and concluded that "if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and

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4,200 years ago). The researchers had two theories for this: either some Indians had contact with people in Indonesia who eventually transferred those Indian genes to Aboriginal Australians, or a group of Indians migrated from India to Australia and intermingled with the locals directly.

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group, distantly related to Denisovans, with whom the Aboriginal and Papuan ancestors must have interbred, leaving a trace of about 4% in most Aboriginal Australians' genome. There is, however, increased genetic diversity among Aboriginal Australians based on geographical distribution.

980:

technology. Smaller tools were used. Human contact has thus been inferred, and genetic data of two kinds have been proposed to support a gene flow from India to Australia: firstly, signs of South Asian components in Aboriginal Australian genomes, reported on the basis of genome-wide

1242:). Some Aboriginal people, especially those living in remote areas, are multi-lingual. Many of the original 250–400 Aboriginal languages (more than 250 languages and about 800 dialectal varieties on the continent) are endangered or extinct, although some efforts are being made at 1948:"The re-excavation of Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen) has provided evidence for the human occupation of the Australian Western Desert to before 47,830 cal. BP (modelled median age). This new sequence is 20,000 years older than the previous known age for occupation at this site." 1028:

haplogroups K*/M and their closest haplogroups R and Q. The deep divergence time of 50,000-plus years with the South Asian chromosome and "the fact that the Aboriginal Australian Cs share a more recent common ancestor with Papuan Cs" excludes any recent genetic contact.

554:

DNA studies have confirmed that "Aboriginal Australians are one of the oldest living populations in the world, certainly the oldest outside of Africa." Their ancestors left the African continent 75,000 years ago. They may have the oldest continuous culture on earth. In

385:

Aboriginal Australians have a wide variety of cultural practices and beliefs that make up the oldest continuous cultures in the world. At the time of European colonisation of Australia, the Aboriginal people consisted of complex cultural societies with more than 250

1783:. These communities have between 20 and 300 inhabitants and are often closed to outsiders for cultural reasons. The long-term viability and resilience of Aboriginal communities in desert areas has been discussed by scholars and policy-makers. A 2007 report by the 1206:

factors – births, deaths and migration – accounted for 43.5% of the increase (71,086 people). In turn, 76.2% of that increase was attributed to people aged 0–19 years in 2021, broken down as 52.5% for 0–4 year olds (births since 2016) and 23.7% for 5–19 year

3645:

Bergström, Anders; Nagle, Nano; Chen, Yuan; McCarthy, Shane; Pollard, Martin O.; Ayub, Qasim; Wilcox, Stephen; Wilcox, Leah; van Oorschot, Roland A. H.; McAllister, Peter; Williams, Lesley; Xue, Yali; Mitchell, R. John; Tyler-Smith, Chris (21 March 2016).

1036:

for South Asian gene flow to Australia .... Despite Sahul being a single connected landmass until , different groups across Australia are nearly equally related to Papuans, and vice versa, and the two appear to have separated genetically already ."

1345:, historically, these groups lived in three main cultural areas, the Northern, Southern and Central cultural areas. The Northern and Southern areas, having richer natural marine and woodland resources, were more densely populated than the Central area. 1715:. Similarly, the Arrernte people of central Australia believed that humanity originated from great superhuman ancestors who brought the sun, wind and rain as a result of breaking through the surface of the Earth when waking from their slumber. 610:

population seen in the 19th century. Scholars believe that most Aboriginal Australians originated from Southeast Asia. If this is the case, Aboriginal Australians were among the first in the world to have completed sea voyages.

865:

that date to approximately 40,000 years ago. The idea of the "oldest continuous culture" is based on the Aboriginal peoples' geographical isolation, with little or no interaction with outside cultures before some contact with

945:

Mallick et al. 2016 and Mark Lipson et al. 2017 study found the bifurcation of Eastern Eurasians and Western Eurasians dates to least 45,000 years ago, with indigenous Australians nested inside the Eastern Eurasian clade.

3219:

Gomes, Sibylle M.; Bodner, Martin; Souto, Luis; Zimmermann, Bettina; Huber, Gabriela; Strobl, Christina; Röck, Alexander W.; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio; Côrte-Real, Francisco (14 February 2015).

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compared with a group of European people showed that the cooling adaptation of the Aboriginal group differed from that of the white people, and that they were able to sleep more soundly through a cold desert night. A 2014

4104: 5084:"Aboriginal perceptions of social and emotional wellbeing programs: A systematic review of literature assessing social and emotional wellbeing programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians perspectives" 1022:

by Anders Bergström et al. excluded the Y chromosome as providing evidence for recent gene flow from India into Australia. The study authors sequenced 13 Aboriginal Australian Y chromosomes using recent advances in

3952: 1324:

Dispersing across the Australian continent over time, the ancient people expanded and differentiated into distinct groups, each with its own language and culture. More than 400 distinct Australian Aboriginal

898:. This study confirms Aboriginal Australians as one of the oldest living populations in the world. They are possibly the oldest outside Africa, and they may have the oldest continuous culture on the planet. 4563: 2978:

Huoponen, Kirsi; Schurr, Theodore G.; et al. (1 September 2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation".

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Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Westaway, Michael C.; Muller, Craig; Sousa, Vitor C.; Lao, Oscar; Alves, Isabel; Bergström, Anders; et al. (13 October 2016). "A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia".

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this is commonly said to be a huge snake or snakes that weaved its way through the earth and sky making the mountains and oceans. But in other places the spirits who created the world are known as

422:

Studies of Aboriginal groups' genetic makeup are ongoing, but evidence suggests that they have genetic inheritance from ancient Asian but not more modern peoples. They share some similarities with

7018: 5827: 3279:

Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021).

2144: 7134: 2148: 1056:

Aboriginal Australians possess inherited abilities to adapt to a wide range of environmental temperatures in various ways. A study in 1958 comparing cold adaptation in the desert-dwelling

956:

people split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans before the latter two diverged from each other, but after their common ancestor diverged from the ancestor of

699:

believes that the new model is a starting point for collaboration with Aboriginal people to help reveal their history. The new models suggest that the first people may have landed in the

430:

for a very long time. They have a broadly shared, complex genetic history, but only in the last 200 years were they defined by others as, and started to self-identify as, a single group.

1733:

Taken as a whole, Aboriginal Australians, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of health and economic deprivations in comparison with the wider Australian community.

627: 5181: 1211:

the increase in the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander population (92,471 people). The increase was higher than observed between 2011–2016 (39.0%) and 2006–2011 (38.7%).

3460:""Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (13): e2026132118" 6840: 5215: 1833: 4537: 2654: 5800: 1737:

decreased access to education and health care. Also, this problem largely affects indigenous youth, as many indigenous youth may feel disconnected from their culture.

7423: 6187: 5584: 1913: 5953: 5790: 5785: 5770: 5664: 4809: 4570: 4240: 6678: 6586: 6118: 6064: 5931: 5884: 5579: 4508: 785:, and gave rise to Australasians (Oceanians), Ancient Ancestral South Indian (AASI), Andamanese and the East/Southeast Asian lineage, including ancestors of the 6812: 6581: 6554: 6529: 6489: 6101: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6002: 5987: 5775: 5740: 5684: 5639: 5604: 5574: 2794: 4754:. Broome, Western Australia: Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjar Yankunytjatjara Women's Council Aboriginal Corporation, Magabala Books Aboriginal Corporation. 2013. 1246:

for some. As of 2016, only 13 traditional Indigenous languages were still being acquired by children, and about another 100 spoken by older generations only.

374:, about 11,700 years ago. Despite this, Aboriginal people maintained extensive networks within the continent and certain groups maintained relationships with 7106: 7061: 6222: 6202: 6106: 5997: 5938: 5877: 5659: 5624: 5619: 5609: 5569: 2653:

McDonald, Josephine; Reynen, Wendy; Petchey, Fiona; Ditchfield, Kane; Byrne, Chae; Vannieuwenhuyse, Dorcas; Leopold, Matthias; Veth, Peter (September 2018).

6726: 7614: 6673: 6645: 6620: 6571: 6165: 6138: 6086: 5644: 601:

and nearby islands became increasingly isolated, some on Tasmania and some of the smaller offshore islands when the land was inundated at the start of the

4158: 7076: 6591: 6111: 5958: 846:

information found in modern Asian genomes, and carries information not found in other genomes. This reinforces the idea of ancient Aboriginal isolation.

2152: 885:

sharing between the Denisovan and Aboriginal Australian genomes, compared to other Eurasians or Africans. Examining DNA from a finger bone excavated in

7164: 6625: 6566: 5894: 2393: 997: 1621:

has changed over time and place, with the importance of family lineage, self-identification and community acceptance all being of varying importance.

7154: 5904: 5502: 1981:

Population change due to overseas migration continued to account for less than 2 per cent of the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander population.

7510: 7114: 6845: 6757: 1838: 7008: 6830: 1044: 789:. Papuans may have received approximately 2% of their geneflow from an earlier group (xOOA) as well, next to additional archaic admixture in the 3882: 7651: 2568: 1893: 7411: 7139: 2365: 4071: 19:

This article is about one of the two ethnically distinct indigenous peoples of Australia, the Australian Aboriginal peoples—the other being

7581: 6978: 6855: 3114: 1863: 4159:"2076.0: Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2016: Main language spoken at home and English proficiency" 685:

which reveal how the peoples developed separately. The routes, dubbed "superhighways" by the authors, are similar to current highways and

7537: 1903: 7646: 7458: 7246: 7231: 6850: 6787: 4481: 1679:. Additionally, traditional healers were also custodians of important Dreaming stories as well as their medical roles (for example the 1629:

extensive cultural exchange with some of the Aboriginal groups, and the Torres Strait Islands are mostly part of Queensland but have a

2077: 7149: 7056: 6792: 3801: 1828: 1326: 1255: 356: 3994:

s 3: Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...

7723: 7656: 7609: 7265: 6774: 4986:

Ridani, Rebecca; Shand, Fiona L.; Christensen, Helen; McKay, Kathryn; Tighe, Joe; Burns, Jane; Hunter, Ernest (16 September 2014).

1843: 5329:

Smith, M. S.; Moran, M.; Seemann, K. (2008). "The 'viability' and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia".

5212: 7702: 7593: 7549: 7169: 6968: 6835: 5730: 5474: 5035:"Closing the Gap in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth Suicide: A Social-Emotional Wellbeing Service Innovation Project" 3129: 1004:

data from a pool of Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, island Southeast Asians, and Indians. It found that the New Guinea and

2860:

Taufik, Leonard; Teixeira, João C.; Llamas, Bastien; Sudoyo, Herawati; Tobler, Raymond; Purnomo, Gludhug A. (16 December 2022).

7386: 6903: 2749: 2028: 434:

has changed over time and place, with family lineage, self-identification, and community acceptance all of varying importance.

853:

from an early-20th-century lock of an Aboriginal person's hair, found that the Aboriginal ancestors probably migrated through

6860: 5725: 5495: 4759: 4692: 4432: 4289: 4054: 2431: 2221: 2122: 5304: 3222:"Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity" 2046: 7401: 7081: 6750: 1898: 1353: 1294: 264:), minority no religious affiliation, and small numbers of other religions, various local indigenous religions grounded in 1614:

has declined in recent decades, as many consider the term an offensive and racist hangover from Australia's colonial era.

7629: 2576: 2250:"Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface" 1888: 716: 1398:

Goorie (variant pronunciation and spelling of Koori) in South East Queensland and some parts of northern New South Wales

7448: 7368: 7129: 6993: 925: 786: 5033:

Skerrett, Delaney Michael; Gibson, Mandy; Darwin, Leilani; Lewis, Suzie; Rallah, Rahm; De Leo, Diego (30 March 2017).

4184: 1285: 822:, and more distantly related to groups from East Indonesia. They are more distinct from the indigenous populations of 7515: 7348: 7318: 6913: 5280: 5244: 5198: 4884:"Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities in health care services among indigenous populations" 4407: 4380: 4298: 4276: 3773: 1750: 478: 5414: 2498:

Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; et al. (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago".

7685: 7619: 7308: 7198: 7144: 6948: 6893: 5488: 1630: 322: 5458: 796: 7467: 7376: 7028: 6878: 6822: 6743: 5439: 5129:

Morice, Rodney D. (1976). "Woman Dancing Dreaming: Psychosocial Benefits of the Aboriginal Outstation Movement".

2010: 1908: 1463: 1366: 1231: 1221: 682: 465:

of their clans and peoples. Aboriginal people, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of severe

462: 450: 387: 265: 228: 6722: 7695: 7679: 7624: 7096: 1724: 1587: 1575: 1560: 982: 466: 431: 7433: 4631:

Malbon, Justin (2003). "The Extinguishment of Native Title—The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens".

4538:"Why do media organisations like News Corp, Reuters and The New York Times still use words like 'Aborigines'?" 3844:

Scholander, P. F.; Hammel, H. T.; et al. (1 September 1958). "Cold Adaptation in Australian Aborigines".

7406: 7124: 7041: 6988: 6938: 6870: 6695: 4290:

The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society, and Culture

3846: 2745:"Serpents Glen (Karnatukul): New Histories for Deep time Attachment to Country in Australia's Western Desert" 2724: 1883: 1858: 1853: 1646: 1530: 1227: 446: 236: 3705:

Pugach, Irina; Delfin, Frederick; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen; Kayser, Manfred; Stoneking, Mark (29 January 2013).

488: 7184: 4783: 3344:

Mallick, Swapan; Li, Heng; Lipson, Mark; Mathieson, Iain; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (13 October 2016).

1848: 1684: 1514: 800: 261: 257: 194: 5511: 4213: 1755: 7661: 7500: 7391: 7236: 7174: 7159: 7046: 6931: 6918: 4372: 1878: 1868: 1656: 574:

The ancestors of present-day Aboriginal Australian people migrated from Southeast Asia by sea during the

396: 302: 52: 5268: 5232: 4784:"4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010" 2795:"Almost all living people outside of Africa trace back to a single migration more than 50,000 years ago" 1610:

in the past, as the latter was seen to have more directly discriminatory legal origins, use of the term

7483: 7119: 7071: 6926: 6630: 5669: 4719: 4046: 2299: 1312: 48: 3585:"A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa" 3411:"A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa" 441:, Indigenous Australians comprised 3.8% of Australia's population. Most Aboriginal people today speak 7639: 7634: 7443: 7338: 7051: 5977: 5674: 1918: 1873: 1780: 1779:

Indigenous communities in remote Australia are often small, isolated towns with basic facilities, on

1668: 1203: 873:

The Rasmussen study also found evidence that Aboriginal peoples carry some genes associated with the

758: 408: 253: 240: 4455: 4042:

A death in the Tiwi islands: conflict, ritual, and social life in an Australian aboriginal community

3526:

Larena M, McKenna J, Sanchez-Quinto F, Bernhardsson C, Ebeo C, Reyes R, et al. (October 2021).

3512: 7554: 7473: 7179: 6247: 4241:"The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often" 2720:"Rock- art: Pigment dates provide new perspectives on the role of art in the Australian arid zone" 972:

reached Australia about 4,000 years ago. Near that time, there were changes in language (with the

781:. Phylogenetic data suggests that an early initial eastern lineage (ENA) trifurcated somewhere in 707:

about 60,000 years ago. They migrated across the continent within 6,000 years. A 2018 study using

7588: 7525: 7520: 7358: 7303: 6802: 6683: 6666: 6534: 6394: 6170: 6007: 5872: 5867: 5542: 4130: 3071: 2655:"Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen): A new chronology for the oldest site in Australia's Western Desert" 1024: 902: 858: 482: 375: 277: 20: 4988:"Suicide Prevention in Australian Aboriginal Communities: A Review of Past and Present Programs" 2249: 807: 7532: 7221: 6766: 6409: 6384: 6379: 6294: 6212: 6175: 6039: 5815: 5805: 5765: 5699: 5529: 4364: 3953:"Preferences in terminology when referring to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples" 2603: 2145:"Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey" 1470: 1196: 1082: 973: 754: 438: 24: 5552: 4397: 2652: 1226:

Most Aboriginal people speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create

736: 7690: 7560: 7495: 7241: 7091: 6807: 6797: 6509: 6459: 6399: 6364: 6359: 6304: 6133: 6123: 6096: 5943: 5926: 5911: 5810: 5755: 5745: 5735: 5679: 5649: 5599: 5589: 5453: 4516: 4105:"Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census" 4040: 3905:"Temperature-responsive release of thyroxine and its environmental adaptation in Australians" 3903:

Qi, Xiaoqiang; Chan, Wee Lee; Read, Randy J.; Zhou, Aiwu; Carrell, Robin W. (22 March 2014).

3499: 2370: 1409: 1265: 1239: 579: 458: 352: 345: 281: 7216: 6635: 6615: 6561: 6519: 6494: 6484: 6419: 6334: 6309: 6284: 6272: 6242: 6234: 6128: 6071: 6012: 5982: 5862: 5822: 5795: 5720: 5715: 5654: 5634: 5614: 5594: 3718: 3659: 3539: 3357: 3292: 3167: 3026: 2668: 2507: 2005: 1819: 1486: 1062: 631: 620: 6688: 5364: 5355: 4338: 2921:"Unravelling the Genetic History of Negritos and Indigenous Populations of Southeast Asia" 8: 7066: 6973: 6735: 6705: 6640: 6610: 6601: 6596: 6514: 6499: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6429: 6424: 6389: 6374: 6369: 6344: 6314: 6299: 6289: 6257: 6252: 6153: 6148: 6091: 6017: 5965: 5916: 5889: 5855: 5780: 5750: 5694: 5689: 5561: 2175: 1768: 1437: 1098: 720: 678: 628:

Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage

598: 571:, dated by modern techniques, shows that their culture has continued from ancient times. 568: 5360: 5142: 4667: 3722: 3663: 3543: 3361: 3296: 3171: 3030: 2672: 2511: 2029:"4713.0 – Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians" 7666: 7576: 7505: 7490: 7313: 7226: 7189: 6710: 6700: 6661: 6576: 6549: 6544: 6524: 6434: 6414: 6404: 6349: 6339: 6324: 6158: 6143: 6081: 6076: 6032: 6022: 5992: 5970: 5850: 5845: 5629: 5162: 5111: 5082:

Murrup-Stewart, Cammi; Searle, Amy K.; Jobson, Laura; Adams, Karen (16 November 2018).

5064: 4968: 4921: 4864: 4648: 4612: 4072:"Tiwi Christianity: Aboriginal histories, Catholic mission and a surprising conversion" 3929: 3904: 3741: 3706: 3682: 3647: 3617: 3584: 3560: 3527: 3482: 3459: 3435: 3410: 3386: 3345: 3321: 3280: 3256: 3221: 3047: 3014: 2945: 2920: 2896: 2861: 2776: 2691: 2628: 2549: 2477: 2277: 2109:, Knowledge and Space, vol. 4, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 329–345, 1923: 1688: 1418:

in Central and Northern Queensland, sometimes referring to all Aboriginal Queenslanders

1393: 957: 862: 842: 778: 560: 341: 337: 326: 306: 232: 86: 6727:

Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016

5378: 4657:

Aboriginal Australians have been "assigned a separate legally defined status" (p 322).

2991: 1466:. These also coincide with geographical regions of varying sizes. A few examples are: 7328: 7298: 7251: 7086: 6883: 6539: 6504: 6354: 6329: 6319: 6277: 6267: 6262: 6217: 6207: 6192: 6180: 6027: 5948: 5921: 5899: 5837: 5760: 5276: 5240: 5194: 5154: 5146: 5115: 5103: 5068: 5056: 5015: 5007: 4960: 4913: 4905: 4856: 4765: 4755: 4735: 4652: 4616: 4428: 4403: 4376: 4294: 4272: 4050: 4006: 3977: 3934: 3863: 3779: 3769: 3746: 3687: 3622: 3604: 3565: 3487: 3440: 3391: 3373: 3326: 3308: 3261: 3243: 3201: 3193: 3089: 3052: 2995: 2950: 2901: 2883: 2842: 2780: 2768: 2719: 2696: 2632: 2620: 2598: 2553: 2541: 2533: 2469: 2427: 2321: 2281: 2269: 2227: 2217: 2118: 1773: 1492: 1389: 704: 696: 360: 140: 5273:

Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia

5237:

Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia

5166: 4972: 4868: 4595:

Blandy, Sarah; Sibley, David (2010). "Law, boundaries and the production of space".

2862:"Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects" 2569:"Researchers demystify the secrets of ancient Aboriginal migration across Australia" 753:

Genetic studies have revealed that Aboriginal Australians largely descended from an

498: 7036: 6998: 6479: 6454: 6197: 5338: 5138: 5095: 5046: 4999: 4952: 4940: 4925: 4895: 4848: 4731: 4644: 4640: 4604: 3924: 3916: 3855: 3824: 3736: 3726: 3677: 3667: 3612: 3596: 3555: 3547: 3477: 3467: 3430: 3422: 3381: 3365: 3316: 3300: 3251: 3233: 3183: 3175: 3081: 3076: 3042: 3034: 2987: 2940: 2932: 2891: 2873: 2832: 2758: 2686: 2676: 2612: 2523: 2515: 2461: 2311: 2261: 2110: 1805: 1405: 1304: 1243: 819: 700: 615: 442: 212: 4956: 4696: 2265: 2103:"Landscape, Transformations, and Immutability in an Aboriginal Australian Culture" 2102: 7416: 6605: 5219: 2681: 2114: 1728: 1700: 1535: 1480: 1385: 1342: 1106: 1018: 838: 692: 659: 379: 310: 298: 176: 158: 3958:. Gulanga Good Practice Guides. ACT Council of Social Service Inc. December 2016 3883:"Genetic mutation helps Aboriginal people survive tough climate, research finds" 3859: 2820: 1566:

and cultural practices spread over large regions defined by ecological factors.

818:

Aboriginal people are genetically most similar to the indigenous populations of

317: 7671: 7566: 7438: 7343: 4509:"Why saying 'Aborigine' isn't OK: 8 facts about Indigenous people in Australia" 3711:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3346:"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations" 3304: 2616: 2599:"Landscape rules predict optimal superhighways for the first peopling of Sahul" 2316: 1760: 1660: 1567: 1520: 1474: 1334: 1113:. Indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, however, are not Aboriginal. 1110: 1057: 910: 670: 643: 630:

has mapped the likely migration routes of the peoples as they moved across the

427: 400: 293: 3821:

Genomic insights into the human population history of Australia and New Guinea

3672: 3551: 3528:"Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world" 3238: 535: 7717: 7381: 7293: 6958: 6898: 5150: 5107: 5060: 5011: 4964: 4909: 4900: 4883: 4860: 4769: 4608: 3783: 3608: 3377: 3312: 3247: 3197: 3093: 2887: 2846: 2772: 2537: 2473: 2325: 2273: 2231: 1928: 1338: 1094: 743: 708: 655: 639: 564: 469:

and economic deprivations in comparison with the wider Australian community.

42: 3731: 3600: 3472: 3426: 3038: 3015:"An Aboriginal Australia Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia" 2837: 7571: 7478: 7428: 7333: 7208: 6908: 5019: 4917: 3938: 3920: 3867: 3750: 3691: 3626: 3569: 3491: 3444: 3395: 3330: 3265: 3205: 3056: 2999: 2954: 2905: 2729: 2704: 2700: 2624: 2545: 1676: 1672: 1446: 1415: 1102: 986: 831: 674: 606: 545: 525: 416: 371: 5480: 5158: 4836: 4749: 3707:"Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia" 3085: 2878: 2211: 1274: 803:

of Orang Asli (Semang) and Andamanese, with worldwide populations in HGDP.

623:. Its authors concluded "Human occupation began around 65,000 years ago." 7288: 6963: 5521: 4852: 4720:"The Altyerre Story-'Suffering Badly by Translation': The Altyerre Story" 2936: 2419: 1450: 1442: 950: 878: 770: 766: 686: 663: 575: 556: 521: 504: 344:

and many of its islands, excluding the ethnically distinct people of the

4987: 4837:"Australian Aboriginal suicide: The need for an Aboriginal suicidology?" 4013:. No. 150, 1989: Compilation No. 54. Australian Government. 4 April 2019 3984:. No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41. Australian Government. 4 April 2019 3369: 3188: 3179: 2821:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 2596: 2519: 2481: 1333:

languages, dialects, or distinctive speech patterns. According to noted

563:, oral histories comprising complex narratives have been passed down by 7396: 7283: 7278: 6953: 6943: 6888: 5403:"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies" 5391:"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies" 5233:"1. The origins and history of outstations as Aboriginal life projects" 5003: 3829: 3525: 2528: 2340: 1070: 1001: 990: 977: 914: 905:

suggests that it was about 50,000 years ago that these peoples reached

854: 850: 782: 742:

Phylogenetic position of the Aboriginal Australian lineage among other

712: 651: 587: 541: 122: 5083: 4369:

Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia

4365:"Chapter 1: Structures of Aboriginal life at the time of colonisation" 2453: 1348: 849:

Genetic data extracted in 2011 by Morten Rasmussen et al., who took a

7542: 7273: 5099: 5051: 5034: 4218:

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

2465: 1696: 1680: 1510: 1370: 1235: 1086: 1066: 874: 647: 583: 454: 5342: 3130:"DNA Study Finds Aboriginal Australians World's Oldest Civilization" 3025:(6052). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 94–98. 2763: 2744: 7013: 7003: 4451: 3766:

The ocean of churn : how the Indian Ocean shaped human history

2659: 1708: 1692: 1675:(dot painting)—collectively telling the story of creation known as 1664: 1498: 1374: 1330: 1308: 1090: 1081:

Aboriginal people have lived for tens of thousands of years on the

1065:

study found that a beneficial mutation in two genes which regulate

1049: 939: 935: 867: 827: 774: 635: 602: 412: 404: 368: 364: 104: 4941:"An Aboriginal youth suicide prevention project in rural Victoria" 4564:"Aboriginality and Identity: Perspectives, Practices and Policies" 4185:"What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it?" 359:. In the past, Aboriginal people lived over large sections of the 5190: 4312: 1968: 1541: 1504: 1433: 1427: 1005: 953: 918: 895: 890: 886: 811: 762: 638:, then part of the mainland. The modelling is based on data from 445:

and live in cities. Some may use Aboriginal phrases and words in

423: 363:. They were isolated on many of the smaller offshore islands and 285: 4810:"Indigenous Socioeconomics Indicators, Benefits and Expenditure" 2006:"Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians" 993:

C∗, with the most recent common ancestor about 5,000 years ago.

515: 5469: 5081: 4693:"Australia Now – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples" 3843: 3704: 3013:

Rasmussen, Morten; Guo, Xiaosen; et al. (7 October 2011).

1712: 1704: 1547: 1526: 1381: 1329:

have been identified, distinguished by names designating their

1316: 882: 823: 355:

at least 65,000 years ago, and over time formed as many as 500

4621:"Aboriginal Australians are a legally defined group" (p. 280). 3115:"DNA confirms Aboriginal culture is one of the Earth's oldest" 1759:

Historical image of Aboriginal Australian women and children,

1651:

Australian Indigenous people have beliefs unique to each mob (

7353: 7323: 3157: 2497: 2248:

Harvey, Arlene; Russell-Mundine, Gabrielle (18 August 2019).

2213:

Religion and non-religion among Australian Aboriginal peoples

1834:

List of Indigenous Australians in politics and public service

1784: 1652: 1421: 1401: 969: 906: 790: 591: 6723:

Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013

6983: 4985: 3281:"Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea" 2300:"The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war" 1085:, through its various changes in landmass. The area within 881:) of Asia; the study suggests that there is an increase in 391:

networks, inter-cultural relationships, law and religions.

6765: 5402: 5390: 5183:

Indigenous Health and Wellbeing: The Importance of Country

3644: 3218: 3012: 2859: 2597:

Crabtree, S.A.; White, D.A.; et al. (29 April 2021).

1914:

National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award

996:

The first type of evidence comes from a 2013 study by the

889:, researchers concluded that the Denisovans migrated from 5032: 4841:

Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health

2977: 1119:

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander persons, 2006–2021

769:. The Aboriginal Australians also show affinity to other 5415:"Aboriginal Art of Australia: Understanding its History" 3343: 2394:"Discover the oldest continuous living culture on Earth" 913:

consisting of present-day Australia and its islands and

837:

In a 2001 study, blood samples were collected from some

4343:

Life and Times of the Gunggari People, QLD (Pathfinder)

2717: 2424:

Unearthed: The Aboriginal Tasmanians of Kangaroo Island

2366:"DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth's oldest" 4788:

Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government

3978:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976" 3802:"Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia" 3278: 2493: 2491: 2247: 949:

Two genetic studies by Larena et al. 2021 found that

5363: by Anders Bergström et al. available under the 5239:. Monographs in Anthropology. ANU Press. p. 2. 4488:. Melbourne. Australian Associated Press. 1 May 2008 4271:, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom (1997) 4029:

means a person of the Aboriginal race of Australia."

3648:"Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes" 1795: 4751:

Traditional healers of central Australia: Ngangkari

3812: 3768:. Gurgaon, Haryana, India: Penguin UK. p. 59. 1718: 1633:.) Some Aboriginal people object to being labelled 1576:

saltwater, freshwater, rainforest or desert peoples

1574:Some Aboriginal peoples identify as one of several 870:fishermen and Dutch explorers up to 500 years ago. 415:of modern daily life and ancient creation known as 16:

One of the two categories of Indigenous Australians

7165:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations 5189:. Native Title Research Report Report No. 1/2009. 2488: 1744: 1052:foothills in an 1854 painting by Alexander Schramm 998:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 586:were lower. At that time, Australia, Tasmania and 5328: 4427:(2nd ed.). Social Science Press. p. 2. 1763:, New South Wales around 1900 (in European dress) 877:(a species of human related to but distinct from 711:dated evidence of continuous human habitation at 23:. For an overview of these peoples together, see 7715: 4834: 4569:. New South Wales AECG Inc. 2011. Archived from 4007:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005" 3640: 3638: 3636: 2040: 2038: 1839:Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA) 1507:(Kukatja), an Anangu sub-group based on language 963: 367:when the land was inundated at the start of the 55:, it was proclaimed a flag of Australia in 1995. 5379:"Start exploring Australian Aboriginal culture" 5269:"10. Homelands as outstations of public policy" 5231:Myers, Fred; Peterson, Nicolas (January 2016). 4776: 4131:"Australia: 2021 census all persons QuickStats" 3880: 2973: 2971: 2173: 2044: 1554: 1457: 938:hunter-gatherer sample ("Leang Panninge") from 321:Dwellings accommodating Aboriginal families at 7652:Northern Territory National Emergency Response 7155:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples 4402:. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 191–193. 3902: 2031:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4 May 2010. 1894:List of Aboriginal missions in New South Wales 930:within Australia after about 28,000 years ago. 7140:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association 6751: 5496: 5230: 4939:Isaacs, Anton; Sutton, Keith (16 June 2016). 3698: 3633: 2174:Berndt, Ronald M.; Tonkinson, Robert (2023). 2045:Berndt, Ronald M.; Tonkinson, Robert (2023). 2035: 1561:Indigenous Australians § Other groupings 1360: 1303:Clockwise from upper left: traditional lands 976:spreading over most of the mainland), and in 669:It is intended to compare this data with the 7207: 5271:. In Peterson, Nicolas; Myers, Fred (eds.). 5235:. In Peterson, Nicolas; Myers, Fred (eds.). 5179: 4938: 4594: 4399:Language and Culture in Aboriginal Australia 4263: 4261: 4153: 4151: 3795: 3793: 2968: 2736: 2646: 2023: 2021: 1864:Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology 1538:(Yapa) in western central Northern Territory 1076: 1039: 5510: 4888:International Journal of Circumpolar Health 4395: 3582: 3408: 3117:. Australian Geographic. 23 September 2011. 2918: 2418: 2341:"Yolngu are People 2: They're not Clip Art" 1904:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians 578:epoch and lived over large sections of the 461:). Many but not all also speak the various 7247:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council 7232:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council 6758: 6744: 5503: 5489: 5296: 4208: 4206: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 2451: 1369:commonly used to identify groups based on 489:Early human migrations § Near Oceania 41: 5275:. Monographs in Anthropology. ANU Press. 5050: 4899: 4269:New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory 4258: 4148: 4069: 3928: 3828: 3818: 3799: 3790: 3740: 3730: 3681: 3671: 3616: 3559: 3481: 3471: 3434: 3409:Lipson, Mark; Reich, David (April 2017). 3385: 3320: 3255: 3237: 3187: 3121: 3046: 2944: 2895: 2877: 2836: 2762: 2690: 2680: 2527: 2315: 2100: 2018: 1829:List of Indigenous Australian politicians 1464:language group or specific dialect spoken 1256:List of Australian Aboriginal group names 1089:'s borders today includes the islands of 761:. They are most closely related to other 590:were part of the same landmass, known as 4835:Elliott-Farrelly, Terri (January 2004). 4556: 4362: 4319:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre 3128:Klein, Christopher (23 September 2016). 3069: 2742: 2711: 1844:Aboriginal cultures of Western Australia 1754: 1517:and surrounding areas of New South Wales 1347: 1249: 1230:(which also has a tangible influence of 1069:, a hormone involved in regulating body 1043: 924: 806: 795: 634:to its southern reaches and what is now 544:player Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr performing with 449:(which also has a tangible influence of 316: 292: 6969:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards 6841:People from politics and public service 5260: 4881: 4506: 4476: 4474: 4446: 4444: 4425:An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies 4422: 4416: 4238: 4203: 4090: 4038: 3823:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. 2182:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 2143: 2053:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 2000: 1998: 1637:, as an artificial and denialist term. 1523:, an Anangu sub-group based on language 985:data; and secondly, the existence of a 7716: 6767:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders 5302: 5266: 5224: 5128: 4724:The Australian Journal of Anthropology 4630: 4396:Walsh, Michael; Yallop, Colin (1993). 4293:, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra. 3945: 3763: 3457: 2919:Aghakhanian, Farhang (14 April 2015). 2825:Human Population Genetics and Genomics 2750:Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 2338: 2297: 2072: 2070: 2068: 1640: 1581: 597:As sea levels rose, the people on the 6739: 5484: 4992:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 4717: 4367:. In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.). 4078:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3127: 2566: 2452:Read, Peter; Broome, Richard (1982). 2447: 2445: 2443: 2293: 2291: 1117:Census counts and intercensal change, 567:through hundreds of generations. The 6949:Literature of Indigenous Australians 5726:Caribbean and West Indian Australian 5180:Ganesharajah, Cynthia (April 2009). 4471: 4450: 4441: 4070:Rademaker, Laura (7 February 2018). 2818: 2243: 2241: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2096: 2094: 2047:"Traditional sociocultural patterns" 1995: 1899:List of Indigenous Australian firsts 1571:colonial ways of viewing societies. 723:in WA from around 50,000 years ago. 73:Regions with significant populations 5143:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb115531.x 4482:"Don't call me indigenous: Lowitja" 3881:Caitlyn Gribbin (29 January 2014). 3800:MacDonald, Anna (15 January 2013). 3583:Lipson, Mark; Reich, David (2017). 3072:"First Aboriginal genome sequenced" 2819:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). 2577:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2209: 2078:"Behind the dots of Aboriginal Art" 2065: 1889:Indigenous land rights in Australia 1462:Other group names are based on the 1404:(or Koorie) in New South Wales and 1365:There are various other names from 626:A 2021 study by researchers at the 13: 7130:Aborigines Progressive Association 5371: 3909:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3819:Bergström, Anders (20 July 2018). 2718:McDonald, Jo; Veth, Peter (2008). 2440: 2288: 1048:An Aboriginal encampment near the 309:, in 1923. His hut is decked with 14: 7735: 5433: 5267:Palmer, Kingsley (January 2016). 4310: 4239:Simpson, Jane (20 January 2019). 4214:"Indigenous Australian Languages" 2298:Fraser, Jenny (25 January 2012). 2238: 2194: 2091: 1751:Outstation (Aboriginal community) 1095:K'gari (previously Fraser Island) 673:of Aboriginal peoples, including 524:artist Glen Namundja painting at 479:History of Indigenous Australians 382:people of modern-day Indonesia. 5551: 5468: 5359: This article incorporates 5354: 5305:"No movement on the outstations" 4736:10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x 4695:. 8 October 2006. Archived from 4507:Solonec, Tammy (9 August 2015). 1812: 1798: 1719:Health and economic deprivations 1293: 1284: 1273: 1264: 1133:Intercensal change (percentage) 934:Carlhoff et al. 2021 analysed a 735: 534: 514: 497: 205: 187: 169: 151: 133: 115: 97: 79: 7724:Indigenous peoples of Australia 7468:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 5322: 5173: 5122: 5075: 5026: 4979: 4932: 4875: 4828: 4802: 4742: 4711: 4685: 4660: 4624: 4588: 4530: 4500: 4389: 4356: 4331: 4304: 4281: 4232: 4177: 4163:Australian Bureau of Statistics 4135:Australian Bureau of Statistics 4123: 4109:Australian Bureau of Statistics 4063: 4032: 4011:Federal Register of Legislation 3999: 3982:Federal Register of Legislation 3970: 3896: 3874: 3837: 3757: 3589:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3576: 3519: 3451: 3415:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3402: 3337: 3272: 3212: 3151: 3107: 3063: 3006: 2912: 2853: 2812: 2787: 2590: 2560: 2412: 2386: 2358: 2332: 2176:"Australian Aboriginal peoples" 2011:Australian Bureau of Statistics 1975: 1961: 1951: 1942: 1909:Lists of Indigenous Australians 1788:ineffective in the long term." 1745:Viability of remote communities 1367:Australian Aboriginal languages 1222:Australian Aboriginal languages 266:Australian Aboriginal mythology 229:Australian Aboriginal languages 7680:Uluru Statement from the Heart 7097:Torres Strait Island languages 5193:. Native Title Research Unit. 4645:10.1080/10383441.2003.10854523 4456:"'Aborigine' and 'Aboriginal'" 2426:. Kent Town: Wakefield Press. 2339:Graves, Randin (2 June 2017). 2167: 2137: 1725:Indigenous health in Australia 1695:rain and water spirits. Major 1602:While some preferred the term 1592: 1588:Australian Aboriginal identity 426:, but have been isolated from 68:3.8% of Australia's population 1: 7145:Australian Aborigines' League 7125:Aborigines Advancement League 7042:Australian Aboriginal English 4957:10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 3847:Journal of Applied Physiology 3136:. A&E Television Networks 2992:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 2725:Australian Aboriginal Studies 2567:Morse, Dana (30 April 2021). 2266:10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 1988: 1884:First Nations Media Australia 1859:Australian Aboriginal kinship 1854:Australian Aboriginal culture 1647:Australian Aboriginal culture 1531:Western Australian Goldfields 1430:in southern Western Australia 1228:Australian Aboriginal English 1009: 964:Changes about 4,000 years ago 863:human remains near Lake Mungo 683:the many Aboriginal languages 681:, and linguistic features of 447:Australian Aboriginal English 237:Australian Aboriginal English 7185:National Reconciliation Week 5459:Resources in other libraries 5131:Medical Journal of Australia 4882:Marrone, Sonia (July 2007). 2925:Genome Biology and Evolution 2743:McDonald, Jo (2 July 2020). 2682:10.1371/journal.pone.0202511 2254:Teaching in Higher Education 2115:10.1007/978-90-481-8945-8_18 1849:Aboriginal South Australians 1631:separate governmental status 1555:Difficulties defining groups 1544:in central Western Australia 1515:Australian Capital Territory 1458:A few examples of sub-groups 1388:, and neighbouring parts of 1215: 974:Pama-Nyungan language family 814:traditional dancers in Perth 580:Australian continental shelf 195:Australian Capital Territory 7: 7237:NSW Aboriginal Land Council 7175:Registered Aboriginal Party 7160:National Indigenous Council 7047:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages 5731:Hispanic and Latin American 5303:Altman, Jon (25 May 2009). 4672:Torres Strait Shire Council 3860:10.1152/jappl.1958.13.2.211 2728:(2008/1): 4–21 – via 1879:Indigenous Australian music 1869:Climate change in Australia 1791: 1617:The definition of the term 1550:in eastern Arnhem Land (NT) 1489:in Western Arnhem Land (NT) 1424:in southern South Australia 1130:Intercensal change (number) 989:(male) lineage, designated 757:population wave during the 726: 411:that collectively weave an 53:Torres Strait Islander flag 10: 7740: 7615:Constitutional recognition 7484:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars 7120:Aboriginal Medical Service 5828:Trinidadian and Tobagonian 4597:Social & Legal Studies 4468:10 Accessed 19 August 2011 4047:Cambridge University Press 3305:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 2617:10.1038/s41562-021-01106-8 2317:10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 2210:Cox, James Leland (2016). 2101:Tonkinson, Robert (2011), 1748: 1722: 1644: 1585: 1558: 1361:Geographically-based names 1253: 1219: 507:Aboriginal dancers in 1981 486: 476: 472: 49:Australian Aboriginal flag 18: 7602: 7457: 7367: 7264: 7105: 7027: 7009:Traditional custodianship 6869: 6821: 6773: 6719: 6654: 6468: 6233: 5836: 5708: 5560: 5549: 5528: 5518: 5454:Resources in your library 5309:The Sydney Morning Herald 5137:(25–26). AMPCo: 939–942. 4945:Advances in Mental Health 4668:"About the Torres Strait" 3673:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 3552:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 3239:10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x 1919:Native title in Australia 1874:Indigenous Australian art 1501:people in New South Wales 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1077:Location and demographics 1040:Environmental adaptations 1016:However, a 2016 study in 759:Initial Upper Paleolithic 351:Humans first migrated to 276: 271: 251: 246: 231:, many no longer spoken, 226: 221: 203: 185: 167: 149: 131: 113: 95: 77: 72: 65: 60: 40: 7474:Australian Frontier Wars 7180:Reconciliation Australia 5520:Ancestral background of 4901:10.3402/ijch.v66i3.18254 4718:Green, Jennifer (2012). 4609:10.1177/0964663910372178 4317:Bininj Kunwok Dictionary 3764:Sanyal, Sanjeev (2016). 3458:Larena, M (March 2021). 2454:"Aboriginal Australians" 1935: 1781:traditionally owned land 1495:in south-west Queensland 715:(Serpent's Glen) in the 7526:Australian history wars 7387:Contemporary visual art 6803:Torres Strait Islanders 5543:Torres Strait Islanders 5512:Ancestry of Australians 5088:Australian Psychologist 5039:Australian Psychologist 4814:Parliament of Australia 4466:Aboriginal Law Bulletin 4460:Aboriginal Law Bulletin 4423:Edwards, W. H. (2004). 4363:Monaghan, Paul (2017). 4076:ABC Religion and Ethics 3732:10.1073/pnas.1211927110 3473:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 3070:Callaway, Ewen (2011). 3039:10.1126/science.1211177 2838:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 903:University of Cambridge 859:Maritime Southeast Asia 619:evaluated artefacts in 483:Prehistory of Australia 376:Torres Strait Islanders 278:Torres Strait Islanders 21:Torres Strait Islanders 7222:Kimberley Land Council 7072:Pama–Nyungan languages 7062:Loanwords into English 6979:Religion and mythology 6932:Torres Strait Islander 6783:Aboriginal Australians 5538:Aboriginal Australians 5475:Aboriginal Australians 5445:Aboriginal Australians 4039:Venbrux, Eric (1995). 3921:10.1098/rspb.2013.2747 3507:Cite journal requires 2604:Nature Human Behaviour 2151:. 2014. Archived from 1764: 1626:Indigenous Australians 1599:Aboriginal Australians 1357: 1083:continent of Australia 1053: 931: 815: 804: 334:Aboriginal Australians 330: 314: 36:Aboriginal Australians 25:Indigenous Australians 7561:Native Title Act 1993 7496:Cummeragunja walk-off 7242:Northern Land Council 7092:Torres Strait English 7019:Torres Strait Islands 5331:The Rangeland Journal 4517:Amnesty International 4287:Horton, David (1994) 3601:10.1093/molbev/msw293 3538:(19): 4219–4230.e10. 3427:10.1093/molbev/msw293 3086:10.1038/news.2011.551 2879:10.3390/genes13122373 2371:Australian Geographic 2216:. London: Routledge. 1758: 1749:Further information: 1559:Further information: 1477:(off Arnhem Land), NT 1410:Aboriginal Victorians 1351: 1250:Groups and sub-groups 1240:grammatical structure 1058:Pitjantjatjara people 1047: 928: 810: 799: 773:populations, such as 463:traditional languages 459:grammatical structure 357:language-based groups 346:Torres Strait Islands 320: 296: 282:Aboriginal Tasmanians 272:Related ethnic groups 7217:Central Land Council 5477:at Wikimedia Commons 4853:10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 3146:Updated Aug 22, 2018 1820:Civilizations portal 1699:spirits include the 1483:in central Australia 1232:Aboriginal languages 1063:Cambridge University 901:A 2016 study at the 632:Australian continent 607:inter-glacial period 451:Aboriginal languages 372:inter-glacial period 323:Hermannsburg Mission 51:. Together with the 6974:Outstation movement 6813:Western Australians 5522:Australian citizens 5385:. 24 December 2018. 4633:Griffith Law Review 4375:. pp. 10, 12. 4339:"General Reference" 3723:2013PNAS..110.1803P 3664:2016CBio...26..809B 3544:2021CBio...31E4219L 3466:(13): e2026132118. 3370:10.1038/nature18964 3362:2016Natur.538..201M 3297:2021Natur.596..543C 3180:10.1038/nature18299 3172:2016Natur.538..207M 3031:2011Sci...334...94R 2673:2018PLoSO..1302511M 2520:10.1038/nature22968 2512:2017Natur.547..306C 2374:. 23 September 2011 1769:outstation movement 1641:Culture and beliefs 1582:Aboriginal identity 1120: 1099:Hinchinbrook Island 721:Little Sandy Desert 679:Australian rock art 599:Australian mainland 569:Aboriginal rock art 432:Aboriginal identity 395:and shared through 342:Australian mainland 37: 7667:Stolen Generations 7657:Self-determination 7577:Stolen Generations 7511:Historical figures 7491:Caledon Bay crisis 7314:Fire-stick farming 7227:Maralinga Tjarutja 6846:Performing artists 6706:South Sea Islander 5218:4 May 2020 at the 5004:10.1111/sltb.12121 4790:. 17 February 2011 4267:Lourandos, Harry. 3915:(1779): 20132747. 3830:10.17863/CAM.20837 2937:10.1093/gbe/evv065 2400:. 22 December 2023 1924:Stolen Generations 1765: 1689:Northern Territory 1394:Northern Territory 1358: 1116: 1054: 1000:using large-scale 958:East Asian peoples 932: 843:Northern Territory 816: 805: 779:East Asian peoples 561:Northern Territory 338:Indigenous peoples 331: 327:Northern Territory 315: 307:Northern Territory 233:Australian English 87:Northern Territory 35: 7711: 7710: 7594:Western Australia 7329:Possum-skin cloak 7260: 7259: 7252:Tiwi Land Council 7087:Taboo on the dead 7052:Australian Creole 6793:Aboriginal groups 6733: 6732: 6696:Papua New Guinean 5473:Media related to 5440:Library resources 4761:978-1-921248-82-5 4699:on 8 October 2006 4576:on 5 October 2016 4434:978-1-876633-89-9 4056:978-0-521-47351-4 4026:Aboriginal person 3356:(7624): 201–206. 3291:(7873): 543–547. 3166:(7624): 207–214. 2611:(10): 1303–1313. 2506:(7663): 306–310. 2433:978-1-86254-552-6 2223:978-1-4724-4383-0 2124:978-90-481-8944-1 2107:Cultural Memories 1774:Howard government 1436:(or Pallawah) in 1390:Western Australia 1193: 1192: 1127:Number of persons 705:Western Australia 697:Monash University 361:continental shelf 303:Arltunga district 291: 290: 141:Western Australia 7731: 7205: 7204: 7037:Avoidance speech 6999:Smoking ceremony 6760: 6753: 6746: 6737: 6736: 5555: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5482: 5481: 5472: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5383:Creative Spirits 5358: 5347: 5346: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5228: 5222: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5188: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5100:10.1111/ap.12367 5079: 5073: 5072: 5054: 5052:10.1111/ap.12277 5030: 5024: 5023: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4903: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4478: 4469: 4463: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4308: 4302: 4285: 4279: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4245:The Conversation 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4036: 4030: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3886:(text and audio) 3878: 3872: 3871: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3744: 3734: 3717:(5): 1803–1808. 3702: 3696: 3695: 3685: 3675: 3642: 3631: 3630: 3620: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3485: 3475: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3389: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3241: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3191: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2980:Human Immunology 2975: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2948: 2931:(5): 1206–1215. 2916: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2881: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2840: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2766: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2694: 2684: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2531: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2466:10.2307/27508560 2449: 2438: 2437: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2319: 2295: 2286: 2285: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2207: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2155:on 24 April 2015 2141: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2074: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2042: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2002: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1965: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1806:Australia portal 1803: 1802: 1801: 1341:and sociologist 1297: 1288: 1277: 1268: 1244:language revival 1121: 1115: 1011: 820:Papua New Guinea 787:Native Americans 777:, as well as to 755:Eastern Eurasian 739: 701:Kimberley region 660:geomorphologists 613:A 2017 paper in 538: 518: 501: 336:are the various 227:Several hundred 211: 209: 208: 193: 191: 190: 175: 173: 172: 157: 155: 154: 139: 137: 136: 121: 119: 118: 103: 101: 100: 85: 83: 82: 61:Total population 45: 38: 34: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7707: 7647:Media portrayal 7610:1967 Referendum 7598: 7506:Gurindji Strike 7501:Day of Mourning 7453: 7363: 7256: 7203: 7101: 7057:Language groups 7023: 6865: 6817: 6769: 6764: 6734: 6729: 6715: 6650: 6472: 6470: 6464: 6229: 5832: 5704: 5556: 5547: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5423: 5421: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5374: 5372:Further reading 5351: 5350: 5343:10.1071/RJ07048 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5229: 5225: 5220:Wayback Machine 5213:AIATSIS summary 5205: 5203: 5201: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5127: 5123: 5080: 5076: 5031: 5027: 4984: 4980: 4937: 4933: 4880: 4876: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4816:. 7 August 2001 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4762: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4629: 4625: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4373:Wakefield Press 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4311:Garde, Murray. 4309: 4305: 4286: 4282: 4266: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4191:. 12 March 2019 4183: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4165:. 14 March 2019 4157: 4156: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4037: 4033: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3901: 3897: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3842: 3838: 3817: 3813: 3798: 3791: 3776: 3762: 3758: 3703: 3699: 3652:Current Biology 3643: 3634: 3581: 3577: 3532:Current Biology 3524: 3520: 3508: 3506: 3497: 3496: 3456: 3452: 3407: 3403: 3342: 3338: 3277: 3273: 3217: 3213: 3156: 3152: 3139: 3137: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3068: 3064: 3011: 3007: 2976: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2917: 2913: 2858: 2854: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2764:10.5334/bha-624 2741: 2737: 2716: 2712: 2667:(9): e0202511. 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2565: 2561: 2496: 2489: 2460:(43): 125–126. 2450: 2441: 2434: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2337: 2333: 2296: 2289: 2246: 2239: 2224: 2208: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2142: 2138: 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Wales 152: 150: 134: 132: 116: 114: 98: 96: 80: 78: 67: 56: 33: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7737: 7727: 7726: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7672:Half-Caste Act 7664: 7662:Reconciliation 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7640:Protected Area 7637: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7574: 7569: 7567:Pilbara strike 7564: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7471: 7463: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7344:Spinifex resin 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7082:Sign languages 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6856:Visual artists 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6740: 6731: 6730: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6631:South Sudanese 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 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211–218. 3836: 3811: 3789: 3774: 3756: 3697: 3658:(6): 809–813. 3632: 3595:(4): 889–902. 3575: 3518: 3509:|journal= 3450: 3421:(4): 889–902. 3401: 3336: 3271: 3211: 3150: 3120: 3106: 3062: 3005: 2986:(9): 954–969. 2967: 2911: 2852: 2811: 2786: 2735: 2710: 2645: 2589: 2559: 2487: 2458:Labour History 2439: 2432: 2411: 2385: 2357: 2345:Yidaki History 2331: 2287: 2260:(6): 789–808. 2237: 2222: 2193: 2166: 2136: 2123: 2090: 2064: 2034: 2017: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1974: 1960: 1950: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1809: 1793: 1790: 1746: 1743: 1720: 1717: 1685:Western desert 1645:Main article: 1642: 1639: 1594: 1591: 1586:Main article: 1583: 1580: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1524: 1521:Pitjantjatjara 1518: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1475:Groote Eylandt 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1440: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1399: 1396: 1362: 1359: 1335:anthropologist 1302: 1301: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1248: 1220:Main article: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1111:Groote Eylandt 1078: 1075: 1041: 1038: 965: 962: 940:South Sulawesi 911:supercontinent 744:East Eurasians 741: 734: 733: 732: 731: 730: 728: 725: 689:in Australia. 671:oral histories 656:climatologists 640:archaeologists 540: 533: 532: 531: 520: 513: 512: 511: 503: 496: 495: 494: 493: 492: 474: 471: 428:Southeast Asia 289: 288: 274: 273: 269: 268: 249: 248: 244: 243: 224: 223: 219: 218: 215: 201: 200: 197: 183: 182: 179: 165: 164: 161: 147: 146: 143: 129: 128: 125: 111: 110: 107: 93: 92: 89: 75: 74: 70: 69: 66:984,000 (2021) 63: 62: 58: 57: 46: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7736: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7704: 7703:Voting rights 7701: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7556: 7555:Native police 7553: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7382:Bark painting 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7294:Bush medicine 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7209:Land councils 7206: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7107:Organisations 7104: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Message stick 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6899:Deadly Awards 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6728: 6724: 6721:according to 6718: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6684:New Zealander 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 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7466: 7449:Yininmadyemi 7434:Sandpainting 7429:Papunya Tula 7424:NATSIA Award 7412:Music groups 7334:Scarred tree 7304:Dugout canoe 6994:Sacred sites 6909:The Dreaming 6851:Sportspeople 6782: 6473:North Africa 6248:Anglo-Celtic 5801:Puerto Rican 5537: 5444: 5422:. 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