Australian Aboriginal languages

41: 1269:. The result was a disruption to the inter-generational transmission of these languages that severely impacted their future use. Today, that same transmission of language between parents and grandparents to their children is a key mechanism for reversing language shift. For children, proficiency in the language of their cultural heritage has a positive influence on their ethnic identity formation, and it is thought to be of particular benefit to the emotional well-being of Indigenous children. There is some evidence to suggest that the reversal of the Indigenous language shift may lead to decreased self-harm and suicide rates among Indigenous youth. 2772: 1407: 2751: 2646: 1310:. The commemoration was used to raise awareness of and support for the preservation of Aboriginal languages within Australia, including spreading knowledge about the importance of each language to the identity and knowledge of Indigenous groups. Warrgamay/Girramay man Troy Wyles-Whelan joined the North Queensland Regional Aboriginal Corporation Language Centre (NQRACLC) in 2008, and has been contributing oral histories and the results of his own research to their database. As part of the efforts to raise awareness of 29: 2667: 2730: 2709: 560: 2688: 2793: 2894: 2005:

those sounds and distinctions which are difficult for people with early childhood hearing loss to perceive. At the same time, Australian languages make full use of those distinctions, namely place of articulation distinctions, which people with otitis media-caused hearing loss can perceive more easily. This hypothesis has been challenged on historical, comparative, statistical, and medical grounds.

117:. The status and knowledge of Aboriginal languages today varies greatly. Many languages became extinct with settlement as the encroachment of colonial society broke up Indigenous cultures. For some of these languages, few records exist for vocabulary and grammar. At the start of the 21st century, fewer than 150 Aboriginal languages remained in daily use, with the majority being highly 1250:

grounds it is anticipated that despite efforts at linguistic preservation, many of the remaining languages will disappear within the next generation. The overall trend suggests that in the not too distant future all of the Indigenous languages will be lost, perhaps by 2050, and with them the cultural knowledge they convey.

1393:. The language had rapidly disappeared after the settlement of South Australia and the breaking up of local indigenous people. Ivaritji, the last known speaker of the language, died in 1931. However, a substantial number of primary source records existed for the language, from which the language was reconstructed. 121:. In 2020, 90 per cent of the barely more than 100 languages still spoken are considered endangered. Thirteen languages are still being transmitted to children. The surviving languages are located in the most isolated areas. Of the five least endangered Western Australian Aboriginal languages, four belong to the 155:, retain between 1,000 and 3,000 speakers. Some Indigenous communities and linguists show support for learning programmes either for language revival proper or for only "post-vernacular maintenance" (Indigenous communities having the opportunity to learn some words and concepts related to the lost language). 2004:

ear infections and resulting hearing loss in their populations. People with hearing loss often have trouble distinguishing different vowels and hearing fricatives and voicing contrasts. Australian Aboriginal languages thus seem to show similarities to the speech of people with hearing loss, and avoid

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describes Dixon's scepticism as an erroneous phylogenetic assessment which is "such an insult to the eminently successful practitioners of Comparative Method Linguistics in Australia, that it positively demands a decisive riposte". Hale provides pronominal and grammatical evidence (with suppletion)

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and a few nearby islands. The relationships between the language families are not clear at present although there are proposals to link some into larger groupings. Despite this uncertainty, the Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages", or

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It has been inferred from the probable number of languages and the estimate of pre-contact population levels that there may have been from 3,000 to 4,000 speakers on average for each of the 250 languages. A number of these languages were almost immediately wiped out within decades of colonisation,

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nasals and laterals, contrasting with plain nasals and laterals, has been documented in some Australian languages, nasals and laterals are pre-stopped on a phonetic level in most languages of the continent. These phenomena are the result of a general resistance to the anticipatory assimilation of

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number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363. The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous

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In 1990 it was estimated that 90 languages still survived of the approximately 250 once spoken, but with a high rate of attrition as elders died out. Of the 90, 70% by 2001 were judged as 'severely endangered' with only 17 spoken by all age groups, a definition of a 'strong' language. On these

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paradigms across both Pama-Nyungan and the minority non-Pama-Nyungan languages, that a Proto-Australian could be reconstructed from which all known Australian languages descend. This Proto-Australian language, they concluded, would have been spoken about 12,000 years ago in northern Australia.

2193:. It has been suggested that subapical pronunciation is characteristic of more careful speech, while these sounds tend to be apical in rapid speech. Kalaw Lagaw Ya and many other languages in North Queensland differ from most other Australian languages in not having a retroflexive series. 2431:

of place of articulation, which is common around the world. In Australia, this type of assimilation seems only to have affected consonants within the apical and laminal categories. There's little evidence of assimilation between the labial, apical, laminal, and dorsal categories. Many

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places of articulation, 40-50% have five places, and 40-45% have six places of articulation, including four coronals. The four-way distinction in the coronal region is commonly accomplished through two variables: the position of the tongue (front, alveolar or dental, or

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issued a 50-cent coin to celebrate the International Year of Indigenous Languages which features 14 different words for "money" from Australian Indigenous languages. The coin was designed by Aleksandra Stokic in consultation with Indigenous language custodian groups.

2976:"Dixon (1980) claimed that all but two or three of the 200 languages of Australia can be shown to belong to one language family – the 'Australian family'. In the same way that most of the languages of Europe and Western Asia belong to the Indo-European family." 2087:, as well as only one rhotic, one lateral and three nasals (labial, dental and velar) in contrast to the 5 places of articulation of stops/sibilants. Where vowels are concerned, it has 8 vowels with some morpho-syntactic as well as phonemic length contrasts ( 1620:

The following represents a canonical 6-place Australian Aboriginal consonant system. It does not represent any single language, but is instead a simplified form of the consonant inventory of what would be found in many Australian languages, including most

2243:.) Here the contact is also laminal, but further back, spanning the alveolar to postalveolar, or the postalveolar to prepalatal regions. The tip of the tongue is typically down behind the lower teeth. This is similar to the "closed" articulation of 105:

Austronesian languages. Most Australian languages belong to the widespread Pama–Nyungan family, while the remainder are classified as "non-Pama–Nyungan", which is a term of convenience that does not imply a genealogical relationship.

732:. Dixon argues that after perhaps 40,000 years of mutual influence, it is no longer possible to distinguish deep genealogical relationships from areal features in Australia, and that not even Pama–Nyungan is a valid language family. 3986: 1257:, Aboriginal children were removed from their families and placed in institutions where they were punished for speaking their Indigenous language. Different, mutually unintelligible language groups were often mixed together, with 2303:

These descriptions do not apply exactly to all Australian languages, as the notes regarding Kalaw Lagaw Ya demonstrate. However, they do describe most of them, and are the expected norm against which languages are compared.

1913:; that is, a consonant may sound like a at the beginning of a word, but like a between vowels, and either letter could be (and often is) chosen to represent it. Australia also stands out as being almost entirely free of 727:

as a notable exception. For convenience, the rest of the languages, all spoken in the far north, are commonly lumped together as "Non-Pama–Nyungan", although this does not necessarily imply that they constitute a valid

1366:"to have all the microfilmed images from Section XII of the Bates papers digitised". The project is succeeded by the Nyingarn Project , which digitises manuscripts and crowdsources transcriptions through DigiVol. 2612:

In the Northern Territory, 62.5% of Aboriginal Australians spoke an indigenous language at home in 2016. In Queensland, almost 95% of Torres Strait Islanders spoke an indigenous language at home in 2016.

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are historically common here. While in most languages the word-initial position is prominent, maintaining all a language's contrasts, that is not the case in Australia. Here the prominent position is C

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was a nasal. Also, many languages have morphophonemic alterations whereby initial nasals in suffixes are denasalized if the preceding stem contains a nasal consonant. While the existence of phonemic

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In recent decades, there have been attempts to revive indigenous languages. Significant challenges exist, however, for the revival of languages in the dominant English language culture of Australia.

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on the Australian northeast coast and proto-Ngayarta of the Australian west coast, some 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) apart, to support the Pama–Nyungan grouping, whose age he compares to that of

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has concluded in a recent study that there were twelve Tasmanian languages, and that those languages are unrelated (that is, not demonstrably related) to those on the Australian mainland.

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For a long time unsuccessful attempts were made to detect a link between Australian and Papuan languages, the latter being represented by those spoken on the coastal areas of

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of the tongue), but may be formed in one of three different ways, depending on the language, on the speaker, and on how carefully the speaker pronounces the sound. These are

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Bowern, Claire. 2016. "Chirila: Contemporary and Historical Resources for the Indigenous Languages of Australia". Language Documentation and Conservation 10 (2016): 1–44.

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is cross-linguistically normal, since coda consonants are weak or nonexistent in many languages, as well as in the early stages of language acquisition. The weakening of C

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Some have suggested that the most appropriate unit to describe the phonotactics of Australian languages is the phonological word. The most common word length is two

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and inanimate are also found. In some languages the persons in between the accusative and ergative inflections (such as second person, or third-person human) may be

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only 8000 years ago, and that a deep reconstruction would likely include languages from both. Dixon, in the meantime, later abandoned his proto-Australian proposal.

809:. He believed that it was naïve to expect to find a single Papuan or Australian language family when New Guinea and Australia had been a single landmass (called the 4650:

Forrest, Walter (June 2017). "The intergenerational transmission of Australian Indigenous languages: why language maintenance programmes should be family-focused".

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before a following nasal consonant. However, this process is resisted in Australian languages. There was a historical process in many languages where nasal + stop C

44:

People who speak Australian Aboriginal languages as a percentage of the population in Australia, divided geographically by statistical local area at the 2011 census

5232: 4784: 4435:. 176th Meeting of Acoustical Society of America. 177th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Vol. 35. Acoustical Society of America. p. 060004. 5270: 2259:. Because the tongue is "peeled" from the roof of the mouth from back to front during the release of these stops, there is a fair amount of frication, giving the 4143: 3237: 4921:

McConvell, Patrick & Claire Bowern. 2011. The prehistory and internal relationships of Australian languages. Language and Linguistics Compass 5(1). 19–32.

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as well as more than fifty basic-vocabulary cognates (showing regular sound correspondences) between the proto-Northern-and-Middle Pamic (pNMP) family of the

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clusters have been preserved across Australia. Heterorganic nasal + stop sequences remain stable even in modern connected speech, which is highly unusual.

762:. That could explain the typological difference between Pama–Nyungan and non-Pama–Nyungan languages, but not how a single family came to be so widespread. 3463: 2932: 5143:"Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures" 5112: 4431:

Butcher, Andrew R. (2018). "The special nature of Australian phonologies: Why auditory constraints on human language sound systems are not universal".

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Whether it is due to genetic unity or some other factor such as occasional contact, typologically the Australian languages form a language area or

5084: 4763: 3618: 2927: 2482:. This pressed quality could therefore serve to enhance the clarity of speech and ensure the perception of place of articulation distinctions. 1436: 8303: 5400: 4925: 2937: 2817:

A number of linguists and ethnographers have contributed greatly to the sum of knowledge about Australian languages. Of particular note are:

1023: 2364:

distinctions do not make such distinctions in this position. Place of articulation distinctions are also less common in this position, and

2224:. The first tends to be used in careful enunciation, and the last in more rapid speech, while the tongue-down articulation is less common. 1294:

gave an acknowledgment of country in Wiradjuri in her first speech and was sung in by Lynette Riley in Wiradjuri from the public gallery.

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Hallett, Darcy; Chandler, Michael J.; Lalonde, Christopher E. (July–September 2007). "Aboriginal language knowledge and youth suicide".

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when he said "On this special occasion, I make my presence known as an Aborigine and to this chamber I say, perhaps for the first time:

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is typically the only position allowing all of a language's place of articulation contrasts. Fortis/lenis contrasts can only occur at C

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Australian languages typically resist certain connected speech processes which might blur the place of articulation of consonants at C

167:

is a regular Australia-wide survey of the status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages conducted in 2005, 2014 and 2019.

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Data relating to the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages spoken in Australia and its States and Territories.

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Andrew Butcher speculates that the unusual segmental inventories of Australian languages may be due to the very high presence of

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4.1 (2019) recognises 23 independent families and 9 isolates in Australia, comprising a total of 32 independent language groups.

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The anticipatory assimilation of nasality is quite common in various languages around the world. Typically, a vowel will become

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The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the Continent's Most Linguistically Complex Region

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in English; dental with the tip of the tongue down behind the lower teeth, so that the blade is visible between the teeth; and

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became law on 24 October 2017. It was the first legislation in Australia to acknowledge the significance of first languages.

4906: 4634: 4321: 2220:, that is, with both the tip and the blade making contact with the back of the upper teeth and alveolar ridge, as in French 8296: 7638: 5243: 5220: 2912: 1818: 1512: 1287: 4806: 3524: 5266: 4828: 1875: 1811: 1499:, special speech registers used only in the presence of certain close relatives. These registers share the phonology and 806: 7467: 2496:

Probably every Australian language with speakers remaining has had an orthography developed for it, in each case in the

7427: 1575: 78: 4135: 3723:"International Year of Indigenous Languages commemorated with new coins launched by Royal Australian Mint and AIATSIS" 5556: 5514: 5379: 5369: 5150: 4006: 3995: 1825: 1739: 1458: 978: 972: 183: 5331: 3357: 1479:. There are even those who claim that they own a language although they only know one single word of it: its name." 1429: 1385:

people of the Adelaide plains, has been the subject of a concerted revival movement since the 1980s, coordinated by

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Total 46 languages, 42,300 speakers, with 11 having only approximately 100. 11 languages have over 1,000 speakers.

3955: 8072: 7631: 7511: 7355: 6335: 6291: 5617: 5201: 3493: 2598: 2509: 2433: 2119:), and glides that distinguish between those that are in origin vowels, and those that in origin are consonants. 1594: 1307: 8312: 7420: 7382: 5590: 4961:"The Coherence and Distinctiveness of the Pama–Nyungan Language Family within the Australian Linguistic Phylum" 1286:" (Translation: My father is Dhunghutti. My mother is Gumbayynggir. And, therefore, I am Gumbayynggir.) In the 766:

suggests that the Pama–Nyungan family spread along with the now-dominant Aboriginal culture that includes the

143:

is being used successfully in some communities. Seven of the most widely spoken Australian languages, such as

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nasality and laterality. The lack of assimilation makes coda nasals and laterals more acoustically distinct.

1944:

Besides the lack of fricatives, the most striking feature of Australian speech sounds is the large number of

1363: 1327: 1258: 767: 5122: 3632: 7913: 7271: 6743: 6096: 5674: 3854: 2777: 1857: 1793: 1203: 745: 2440: 2436: 2297: 2293: 2150:(that is, pronounced by touching the tongue to the ridge just behind the gum line of the upper teeth) and 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 1899: 1608: 1604: 8058: 7905: 7501: 7407: 7330: 7246: 6965: 6420: 5373: 2952: 1725: 1215: 1199: 1167: 984: 680: 373: 90: 5252: 4201: 1559: 805:

noted lexical similarities between Robert M. W. Dixon's 1980 reconstruction of proto-Australian and the

7935: 7679: 7472: 7309: 6298: 6242: 5429: 5051: 5012: 4580: 4540: 4500: 4091: 3824: 1884: 1718: 1704: 1191: 1173: 894: 720: 706: 82: 33: 5346: 5215: 4390:; Atkinson, Quentin (2012). "Computational Phylogenetics and the Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan". 8065: 7320: 5307: 5298: 4972: 4741: 3902:"'Language is connected to all things': Why reviving Indigenous languages is so important – ABC Life" 2873: 2277: 2264: 1686: 1519: 1419: 1272:

The first Aboriginal people to use Australian Aboriginal languages in the Australian parliament were

1262: 960: 888: 763: 545: 4723: 4406: 4169:

https://guest.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/downloadTable?fileTemplate=templates%2FXLSX_Template.xlsx

8257: 8243: 8141: 8127: 7686: 7344: 7159: 5976: 5876: 5856: 5816: 5703: 5688: 5566: 5491: 5085:"Preserving Indigenous languages in IYIL2019 helps custodians heal, taps into knowledge of country" 2428: 2217: 1732: 1423: 1415: 966: 273: 5233:"The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often" 3794: 8030: 7869: 7790: 7592: 6952: 6767: 6542: 6155: 5561: 4892: 1711: 1386: 1346:

in the 1900s at Daisy Bates Online provides a valuable resource for those researching especially

1161: 948: 942: 755: 653: 428: 279: 267: 242: 122: 5385: 8334: 8327: 7811: 7755: 7654: 6960: 6929: 6896: 6863: 6591: 6127: 5996: 5680: 5453: 4718: 4401: 3238:"Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey" 2907: 2532: 2248: 2204:(that is, pronounced by touching with the surface of the tongue just above the tip, called the 2174: 2045: 1779: 1590: 1567: 1440: 1390: 936: 864: 852: 759: 476: 458: 367: 248: 236: 148: 62: 20: 7516: 5006: 4574: 1242:, and Indigenous Tasmanians remained isolated from the outside world for around 12,000 years. 7727: 7700: 7604: 6071: 6064: 6052: 5907: 5883: 5138: 5108: 5043: 4960: 4684:"In Port Augusta, an Israeli linguist is helping the Barngarla people reclaim their language" 4534: 4460: 4454: 3981: 2867: 2862: 2630: 2501: 2463: 2209: 2060: 1945: 1938: 1850: 1772: 1758: 1335: 1239: 1231: 1074:(2011), Australian languages divide into approximately 30 primary sub-groups and 5 isolates. 858: 810: 684: 524: 316: 230: 126: 114: 98: 6448: 4494: 1917:, even of . In the few cases where fricatives do occur, they developed recently through the 8079: 8009: 7928: 7586: 7461: 7338: 7285: 7129: 7065: 6919: 6914: 6886: 6881: 6873: 6640: 6430: 6021: 5525: 5519: 2154:(that is, touching that ridge with the tip of the tongue). This is very similar to English 1637: 1343: 1138: 1005: 900: 870: 569: 343: 337: 325: 285: 4932:

Goemulgaw Lagal: Cultural and Natural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait",

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Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond

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neighbours than the languages of the Australian mainland, including full voice contrasts:

8: 8250: 8197: 7964: 7949: 7769: 7544: 7303: 7279: 7235: 7164: 7098: 7088: 6904: 6850: 6827: 6713: 6585: 6570: 6548: 6491: 6474: 6185: 6162: 5913: 5827: 5653: 5551: 5474: 5463: 5458: 5420: 4952: 4620: 2412:

sequences. In languages with pre-stopped nasals or laterals, those sounds only occur at C

2267: 2244: 2190: 2182: 2124: 2037: 2009: 1954: 1941:(that is, like the combined rhotics of English and Spanish) and many have four laterals. 1914: 1869: 1786: 1676: 1563: 1359: 1277: 1144: 924: 876: 741: 578: 518: 379: 211: 140: 118: 70: 5142: 3662: 2474:, with the glottal opening narrower than in modal voice, a relatively high frequency of 7898: 7891: 7783: 7672: 7254: 7112: 7060: 7047: 7010: 6858: 6817: 6796: 6660: 6575: 6443: 6409: 6378: 6367: 6304: 6286: 6258: 6134: 5920: 5843: 5799: 5659: 5646: 5497: 5167: 4667: 4570: 4530: 4490: 4419: 4392: 4370: 4345: 2842: 2651: 2292:. In Kalaw Lagaw Ya, the palatal consonants are sub-phonemes of the alveolar sibilants 2147: 1966: 1765: 1671: 1661: 1551: 1539: 1351: 1311: 1254: 1132: 1126: 1040: 1034: 963:(2) (extinct; would be moribund if Laragiya were included as it is in other breakdowns) 918: 912: 724: 662: 596: 494: 446: 413: 403: 385: 205: 7820: 6118: 5301:

for more information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages and policy.

3693:"Protecting NSW Aboriginal languages | Languages Legislation | Aboriginal Affairs NSW" 2575: 1626: 132: 8264: 7971: 7942: 7884: 7877: 7854: 7776: 7734: 7436: 7349: 7220: 7200: 7144: 7118: 7106: 7075: 7020: 6937: 6822: 6780: 6646: 6619: 6606: 6526: 6389: 6349: 6318: 6313: 6247: 6237: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5928: 5850: 5792: 5726: 5694: 5666: 5532: 5353:(Contemporary and Historical Reconstruction in the Indigenous Languages of Australia) 5275: 5171: 5055: 5016: 4976: 4941: 4896: 4671: 4624: 4584: 4544: 4504: 4464: 4375: 4188: 4002: 3991: 3935: 3608: 3595: 3571: 2878: 2672: 2357: 2285: 2201: 2178: 1994: 1974: 1962: 1949: 1910: 1801: 1698: 1654: 1642: 1622: 1571: 1347: 1185: 1179: 1114: 1104: 1086: 999: 954: 930: 906: 697: 693: 671: 634: 587: 452: 440: 434: 331: 295: 197: 191: 144: 4278: 28: 8271: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8118: 8037: 7975: 7921: 7741: 7662: 7414: 7391: 7195: 7033: 7028: 7005: 6997: 6987: 6979: 6909: 6752: 6729: 6675: 6624: 6610: 6553: 6453: 6438: 6372: 6213: 6207: 6198: 6171: 6033: 6009: 5982: 5836: 5757: 5750: 5159: 5002: 4796: 4753: 4728: 4679: 4659: 4436: 4423: 4411: 4365: 4357: 4215: 2899: 2756: 2552: 2361: 2289: 2162:

is not aspirated, even in Kalaw Lagaw Ya, despite its other stops being aspirated.

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to the mainland Australian languages of the former is unknown, while the latter is

58: 4663: 1283:

Nyandi baaliga Jaingatti. Nyandi mimiga Gumbayynggir. Nya jawgar yaam Gumbyynggir.

8236: 8229: 8215: 8162: 8148: 8051: 7995: 7834: 7827: 7804: 7797: 7526: 7260: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7083: 6757: 6580: 6521: 6515: 6403: 6397: 6357: 6178: 6148: 6141: 6045: 5989: 5890: 5807: 5766: 5714: 5641: 5636: 5623: 5609: 5505: 5468: 5350: 5311: 5163: 4956: 4886: 4732: 4614: 4311: 2847: 2735: 2714: 2274: 2120: 1990: 1970: 1948:. Some 10-15% of Australian languages have four places of articulation, with two 1934: 1666: 1547: 1543: 1527: 1378: 1355: 1092: 1017: 751: 736: 605: 539: 506: 470: 422: 361: 221: 174: 94: 54: 4623:, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. 1902:, which may occur in both long and short variants. In a few cases the has been 1898:

A typical Australian phonological inventory includes just three vowels, usually

1342:

The work of digitising and transcribing many word lists created by ethnographer

8044: 8000: 7861: 7748: 7539: 7534: 7149: 6841: 6801: 6708: 6680: 6485: 6479: 6469: 6267: 6252: 6089: 5784: 5596: 5289: 5117: 4882: 4610: 3112:"The next generation is bringing Australia's ancient languages into the future" 2056: 1986: 1930: 1120: 615: 559: 488: 391: 349: 74: 19:"Australian languages" redirects here. For all the languages of Australia, see 4742:"Reconstructing remote relationships: Proto-Australian noun class prefixation" 8350: 8190: 7957: 7762: 7581: 7553: 7225: 7055: 6942: 6690: 6685: 5777: 5738: 5629: 4964: 4945: 4801: 4780: 4758: 4387: 4341: 4317: 2837: 2827: 2479: 2471: 2288:

in the IPA sense of the term, and indeed they contrast with true palatals in

1925:

like that are common elsewhere in the world. Some languages also have three

1523: 1495:

A common feature of many Australian languages is that they display so-called

1273: 1266: 1243: 1081: 1067: 1029: 814: 643: 464: 397: 152: 4456:

Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages

2044:

has even more contrasts, with an additional true dorso-palatal series, plus

1921:(weakening) of stops, and are therefore non-sibilants like rather than the 1511:

during extended periods of mourning or initiation that have led to numerous

7154: 4450: 4379: 4361: 2857: 2592: 2497: 2475: 2447: 2001: 1982: 1291: 754:

suggests that the northern families may be relatively recent arrivals from

4825:"Indigenous languages come from just one common ancestor, researchers say" 4415: 2008:

A language which displays the full range of stops, nasals and laterals is

8023: 7623: 7576: 5261: 4688: 3589: 3444: 3349: 2832: 2822: 1903: 1507:

is different and usually very restricted. There are also commonly speech

798: 136: 5255:, a guide to Aboriginal language, tribal and nation groups published by 8155: 7598: 5366:, an interactive map of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages 5356: 5279: 4888:

Archaeology and linguistics: aboriginal Australia in global perspective

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Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2019).

8111: 7549: 7442: 4928:(April 2015), "Ngalmun Lagaw Yangukudu: The Language of our Homeland 3529:

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

3212:

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

3182:

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

2505: 2409: 1693: 1489: 1235: 834: 773:

In late 2017, Mark Harvey and Robert Mailhammer published a study in

310: 49: 2508:, such as underlines, or extra symbols, sometimes borrowed from the 2083:(which have allophonic variation with and respectively) and velar 7559: 7478: 4785:"Reappraising the Effects of Language Contact in the Torres Strait" 4283: 4093:

Lend Me Your Ears: Otitis Media and Aboriginal Australian languages

3876: 3305: 2798: 2405: 2365: 2313: 1922: 1918: 1747: 1600: 1238:. Tasmania had been separated from the mainland at the end of the 7400: 5415: 5340:(audio recordings of 50 words in Australian Indigenous languages) 5295:

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner

3420: 3372: 2369: 2356:, on the other hand, is very unusual. No Australian language has 2123:

and other neighbouring languages have also developed contrasting

1535: 1504: 1500: 735:

However, few other linguists accept Dixon's thesis. For example,

3846: 3464:"Senate Official Hansard No. 198, 1999 Wednesday 25 August 1999" 2255:. This is similar to the "domed" English postalveolar fricative 813:) for most of their human history, having been separated by the 8289: 8097: 7991: 4969:

Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method

2396:

is a sonorant. Consonant clusters are often restricted to the C

2252: 2135:

Descriptions of the coronal articulations can be inconsistent.

1382: 781: 251:(~ 3,100; shared with Northern Territory and Western Australia) 5285:

Report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey 2014

4279:"Australia's indigenous languages have one source, study says" 1566:: that is, marked overtly as either ergative or accusative in 8134: 6361: 4576:

Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker

3269: 2470:

Most speakers of Australian languages speak with a 'pressed'

2146:) is straightforward: across the continent, these sounds are 1508: 729: 719:

Most Australian languages are commonly held to belong to the

5332:

Cultures and languages are strong, supported and flourishing

3816: 3384: 3329: 2348:

with the first syllable being stressed. The optionality of C

2212:

with the tip of the tongue visible between the teeth, as in

1281: 370:(~3,100; shared with Northern Territory and South Australia) 5343: 3757:"The 14 Indigenous words for money on our new 50-cent coin" 3347: 479:(~3,100; shared with Western Australia and South Australia) 109:

In the late 18th century there were more than 250 distinct

5337: 5304: 3317: 2052:

places of articulation, in addition to all four laterals.

1574:

clauses. There are also a few languages which employ only

32:

The primary typological division in Australian languages:

5363: 3904:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 February 2019. 2500:. Sounds not found in English are usually represented by 5380:

Spoken: celebrating Queensland languages digital stories

1488:, sharing much of their vocabulary and many distinctive 4103: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3980: 3958:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 October 2014. 3786: 3565: 3134: 3028: 2316:, and a typical phonological word would have the form: 2173:). Here the place is further back in the mouth, in the 36:(tan) and non-Pama–Nyungan languages (mustard and grey) 4708: 4047: 3590:

Grant, Stan; Grant, Stan, 1940-; Rudder, John (2010),

3450: 3155: 2478:, and low airflow. This may be due to an avoidance of 1234:

being one notorious example of precipitous linguistic

4848:

McConvell, P.; Thieberger, Nicholas (November 2001).

4115: 3354:

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History

3067: 3057: 3055: 4163: 4161: 4059: 4028: 4011: 3932:

Warraparna Kuarna: Reclaiming an Australian Language

3408: 3006: 3004: 2889: 2055:

A notable exception to the above generalisations is

1599:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 4847: 4071: 3432: 3426: 3402: 3378: 3091: 3079: 2933:

List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin

2181:region. The articulation is actually most commonly 4536:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development 4305:Oxford Bibliographies Online: Australian Languages 3755:Meakins, Felicity; Walsh, Michael (8 April 2019). 3522: 3208:"National Indigenous Languages Survey Report 2005" 3052: 2512:. Some examples are shown in the following table. 85:, though it shares features with the neighbouring 5344:CHIRILA: A database of the languages of Australia 5244:AUSTLANG Australian Indigenous Languages Database 4778: 4158: 3547: 3040: 3016: 3001: 2989: 2189:of the tip makes contact. That is, they are true 563:Australian language families. From west to east: 8348: 5370:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander word lists 4739: 3525:"Indigenous Languages in Australian Parliaments" 3311: 2570:digraph indicating 'n' with dental articulation 2492:Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages 2251:). The body of the tongue is raised towards the 1613:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 1428:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 758:, perhaps later replaced there by the spread of 5137: 5044:"Overview of indigenous languages of Australia" 4951: 4851:State of Indigenous languages in Australia 2001 3839: 3293: 3281: 3275: 2928:List of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales 1993:occur at all six places, and in many languages 4880: 4386: 4322:"How many languages were spoken in Australia?" 4133: 3809: 2625:Percentage that speaks an Indigenous language 2622:Population that speaks an Indigenous language 2547:diacritic (underline) indicates retroflex 'n' 158: 7639: 5401: 3974: 3956:"Project brings Kaurna language back to life" 3925: 3923: 3341: 3178:"National Indigenous Languages Report (NILR)" 2938:List of endangered languages with mobile apps 2185:; that is, the tongue curls back so that the 1123:(four to five families, with 11–19 languages) 3754: 3637:Australian Aboriginal Languages Student Blog 3613:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1471:"Some Aboriginal people distinguish between 723:, a family accepted by most linguists, with 5001: 4678: 3779: 3323: 3140: 2943:List of reduplicated Australian place names 2360:in this position, and those languages with 2263:something of the impression of the English 7653: 7646: 7632: 5408: 5394: 5107: 4934:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture 4859:Department of the Environment and Heritage 3920: 3750: 3748: 3617:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3161: 2165:The other apical series is the retroflex, 1581: 1304:International Year of Indigenous Languages 5290:Finding the meaning of an Aboriginal word 4800: 4757: 4740:Harvey, Mark; Mailhammer, Robert (2017). 4722: 4440: 4405: 4369: 2918:List of Aboriginal Australian group names 1459:Learn how and when to remove this message 4924: 4134:Glynn-McDonald, Rona (15 January 2021). 3085: 2040:has all this, as well as three rhotics. 1297: 558: 139:are also currently learned by children. 63:Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia 39: 27: 5267:The AIATSIS map of Aboriginal Australia 5230: 5008:Languages of the World: An Introduction 4649: 4430: 4121: 4109: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4022: 3934:. Adelaide: Adelaide University Press. 3745: 3438: 3414: 3118:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2923:List of Australian Aboriginal languages 2063:, which has an inventory more like its 825: 364:(~ 100; shared with Northern Territory) 170:Languages with more than 100 speakers: 61:, perhaps as many as 13, spoken by the 8349: 5305:Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages 5181:from the original on 28 September 2018 5113:"Aboriginal languages deserve revival" 4340: 4316: 4089: 3390: 3073: 3010: 2948:Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages 2607: 1893: 1492:features across the entire continent. 1362:, who works in collaboration with the 473:(~ 100; shared with Western Australia) 111:First Nations Peoples social groupings 7627: 5389: 5082: 5068:from the original on 24 December 2016 5041: 5029:from the original on 22 December 2019 4989:from the original on 25 December 2019 4909:from the original on 22 December 2019 4868:from the original on 26 December 2019 4609: 4569: 4557:from the original on 21 December 2019 4529: 4517:from the original on 22 December 2019 4489: 4477:from the original on 23 December 2019 4449: 4246:"Oates, Lynette F. (Lynette Frances)" 3990:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3962:from the original on 27 November 2020 3929: 3857:from the original on 27 February 2020 3827:from the original on 27 February 2020 3797:from the original on 30 December 2019 3663:"Aboriginal Languages Act 2017 No 51" 3553: 3360:from the original on 11 December 2019 3335: 3172: 3170: 3122:from the original on 13 November 2020 3109: 3097: 3061: 3046: 3034: 3022: 2995: 2130: 1636: 1634: 1570:clauses, but not marked as either in 1534:systems; a widespread pattern is for 1350:languages, and some languages of the 113:and a similar number of languages or 4809:from the original on 7 November 2021 4766:from the original on 17 January 2020 4597:from the original on 1 December 2019 4433:Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 4328:from the original on 3 February 2019 4256:from the original on 7 November 2021 4226:from the original on 13 October 2020 4175:from the original on 7 November 2021 3908:from the original on 23 October 2020 3451:Hallett, Chandler & Lalonde 2007 2913:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 2812: 2458:clusters lost the nasal element if C 2284:. That is, these consonants are not 2127:(, , , , ) not found further south. 1603:. For the distinction between , 1400: 1024:Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport 841: 165:National Indigenous Languages Survey 5319:http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=1002 5314:(Northern Territory languages only) 4829:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4822: 4346:"The riddle of Tasmanian languages" 4277: 3494:"First Speech: Hon Linda Burney MP" 3299: 3287: 3248:from the original on 16 August 2020 1369: 807:East New Guinea Highlands languages 13: 5195: 4835:from the original on 30 March 2018 4696:from the original on 11 March 2016 4637:from the original on 17 April 2021 4350:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4146:from the original on 29 March 2021 3673:from the original on 29 March 2018 3566:Grant, Stan; Rudder, John (2014), 3523:Battin, Jacqueline (21 May 2018). 3218:from the original on 1 August 2020 3188:from the original on 6 August 2020 3167: 2404:) position, and are most commonly 1997:occur at all four coronal places. 1503:of the standard language, but the 1396: 14: 8368: 5325: 5262:Aboriginal Languages of Australia 5231:Simpson, Jane (21 January 2019). 5151:Australian Journal of Linguistics 4823:Marchese, David (28 March 2018). 4291:from the original on 28 June 2018 4252:, National Library of Australia, 3767:from the original on 28 June 2019 3733:from the original on 26 June 2019 3703:from the original on 14 June 2019 3643:from the original on 26 June 2019 3504:from the original on 26 June 2019 1883: 1874: 1856: 1849: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1792: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1757: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1522:, many Australian languages have 1358:. The project is co-ordinated by 1111:Previously established families: 797:facing the Torres Strait and the 554: 16:Indigenous languages of Australia 5095:from the original on 3 June 2019 3535:from the original on 30 May 2019 3474:from the original on 4 June 2019 3110:Morse, Dana (13 November 2020). 2892: 2791: 2770: 2749: 2728: 2707: 2686: 2665: 2644: 1981:and only a few languages with a 1405: 1061: 777:that hypothesised, by analysing 8357:Australian Aboriginal languages 8073:South Australian Pidgin English 7512:South Australian Pidgin English 5207:Australian Aboriginal languages 4238: 4208: 4127: 4083: 3948: 3894: 3869: 3715: 3685: 3655: 3625: 3583: 3568:A grammar of Wiradjuri language 3559: 3516: 3486: 3456: 3427:McConvell & Thieberger 2001 3403:McConvell & Thieberger 2001 3379:McConvell & Thieberger 2001 3260: 3230: 3200: 3146: 3103: 2510:International Phonetic Alphabet 2380:), in the middle of the word. C 2307: 1595:International Phonetic Alphabet 1308:United Nations General Assembly 1306:(IYIL2019), as declared by the 8313:Australian Irish Sign Language 5357:CHIRILA, Yale Pama-Nyungan Lab 2970: 2485: 200:(~ 10; shared with Queensland) 194:(~ 20; shared with Queensland) 75:Western Torres Strait language 1: 8017:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin 7507:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin 5382:, State Library of Queensland 5083:Wyles, Dwayne (2 June 2019). 5046:. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.). 4664:10.1080/01419870.2017.1334938 2231:. (The stop is often spelled 1530:systems. These are typically 1364:National Library of Australia 1328:Aboriginal Languages Act 2017 1316:Grammar of Wiradjuri language 1259:Australian Aboriginal English 1194:(approximately 270 languages) 768:Australian Aboriginal kinship 6882:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar) 5364:Gambay - First Languages Map 5269:(recorded ranges; full view 5221:Resources in other libraries 5164:10.1080/07268602.2011.532859 4733:10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.02.001 3312:Harvey & Mailhammer 2017 2983: 2958:Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages 2778:Australian Capital Territory 2544:'earth, dirt, ground; land' 2227:Finally, the palatal series 1977:, but a complete absence of 1389:, a unit working out of the 125:grouping of the Central and 48:The Indigenous languages of 7: 8059:Port Jackson Pidgin English 7502:Port Jackson Pidgin English 6864:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh) 5374:State Library of Queensland 4789:Journal of Language Contact 4216:"Lynette Oates (1921–2013)" 2953:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages 2885: 1224: 1168:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages 820: 788: 714: 159:Living Aboriginal languages 10: 8373: 6641:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ) 5299:Social Justice Report 2009 5052:Cambridge University Press 5013:Cambridge University Press 4581:Cambridge University Press 4541:Cambridge University Press 4501:Cambridge University Press 4496:The Languages of Australia 4270: 3592:A new Wiradjuri dictionary 2489: 1320:A new Wiradjuri dictionary 1318:was published in 2014 and 69:The term can include both 18: 8322: 8281: 8207: 8090:Major immigrant languages 8089: 8066:Queensland Kanaka English 7990: 7908:? (5-6 families/isolates) 7846: 7722: 7710: 7661: 7569: 7525: 7492: 7452: 7390: 7381: 7368: 7329: 7294: 7270: 7245: 7234: 7213: 7173: 7137: 7128: 7097: 7074: 7046: 7019: 6996: 6978: 6951: 6928: 6895: 6872: 6849: 6840: 6810: 6789: 6776: 6766: 6742: 6722: 6702:Eastern (Goulburn Island) 6701: 6668: 6659: 6633: 6605: 6563: 6535: 6508: 6501: 6462: 6429: 6419: 6388: 6348: 6331: 6276: 6230: 6197: 6117: 6110: 6084: 6065:Wilson River (Wangkumara) 6008: 5948: 5941: 5900: 5869:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic 5868: 5826: 5713: 5608: 5586: 5579: 5544: 5484: 5446: 5439: 5428: 5216:Resources in your library 5141:; Walsh, Michael (2011). 4973:John Benjamins Publishing 4652:Ethnic and Racial Studies 4136:"First Nations languages" 2574: 2551: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 1882: 1880: 1873: 1746: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1520:morphosyntactic alignment 1513:Aboriginal sign languages 1276:on 25 August 1999 in the 1263:Australian Kriol language 1253:During the period of the 1152:Newly proposed families: 419:19 languages (~ 28,100): 93:languages, in particular 66:the "Australian family". 8304:Indigenous Sign Language 6938:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu) 6412:(Kurnindirri, southwest) 5253:Aboriginal Australia map 4802:10.1163/187740911x558798 4759:10.1163/187740911x558798 4090:Fergus, Anelisa (2019). 2963: 2427:), such as anticipatory 2158:, though the Australian 1909:There is almost never a 1558:, though splits between 1540:first and second persons 1414:This section includes a 1288:House of Representatives 322:Manytjilyitjarra (~ 100) 301:17 languages (~ 8,000): 8208:Major foreign languages 7872:? (3 families/isolates) 6781:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia) 5515:Central New South Wales 5349:23 October 2020 at the 5042:Walsh, Michael (1991). 4967:; Koch, Harold (eds.). 4893:Oxford University Press 4783:; Round, Erich (2011). 3498:Commonwealth Parliament 3468:Parliament of Australia 3338:, pp. xvii, xviii. 3276:O'Grady & Hale 2004 2046:prenasalised consonants 1591:phonetic transcriptions 1582:Phonetics and phonology 1443:more precise citations. 1387:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi 1282: 979:South-Eastern Tasmanian 973:North-Eastern Tasmanian 756:Maritime Southeast Asia 264:5 languages (~ 1,800): 227:4 languages (~ 3,900): 8335:Indigenous Australians 8328:Aboriginal Australians 7655:Languages of Australia 7261:Southwestern Tasmanian 7255:Northwestern Tasmanian 6545:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu) 6375:(Ganggalida, Nyangga) 5276:Languages of Australia 4362:10.1098/rspb.2012.1842 3697:NSW Aboriginal Affairs 3393:, pp. 4590, 4593. 2908:Aboriginal Australians 2346: 2249:Postalveolar consonant 1946:places of articulation 1588:This section contains 1391:University of Adelaide 1210:Northeastern Tasmanian 1078:Presumptive isolates: 711: 45: 37: 34:Pama–Nyungan languages 21:Languages of Australia 8297:Australian Aboriginal 7694:Australian Aboriginal 6859:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy) 6851:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay) 6842:Daly River Sprachbund 6072:Bulloo River (Galali) 5591:Western Torres Strait 5417:Australian Aboriginal 5310:14 March 2018 at the 5048:Language in Australia 4711:Cognitive Development 4461:Bloomsbury Publishing 4416:10.1353/lan.2012.0081 3787:"Digital Daisy Bates" 3727:Royal Australian Mint 3633:"Wiradjuri Resources" 3594:, Restoration House, 3152:UNESCO atlas (online) 2631:Torres Strait Islands 2318: 2061:Torres Strait Islands 1576:nominative–accusative 1336:Royal Australian Mint 1298:Preservation measures 1240:Quaternary glaciation 1232:Aboriginal Tasmanians 562: 180:3 languages (~ 600): 127:Great Victoria Desert 99:Torres Strait Islands 43: 31: 8080:Torres Strait Creole 7462:Torres Strait Creole 7374:Aboriginal Englishes 7138:Western (Nyulnyulic) 6034:Arabana–Wangkangurru 5506:Anewan (Nganyaywana) 5125:on 23 September 2009 4881:McConvell, Patrick; 4320:(23 December 2011). 4222:. 12 December 2016. 3244:. 16 February 2015. 3214:. 19 February 2016. 2504:, or more rarely by 2191:retroflex consonants 2138:The alveolar series 2125:aspirated consonants 1915:fricative consonants 1325:The New South Wales 1174:Greater Pama–Nyungan 1072:Australian Languages 79:genetic relationship 7399:Roper River Kriol ( 7350:Southeast Tasmanian 7239:family-level groups 5485:New South Wales P–N 5139:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 5109:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 4621:Pacific Linguistics 4356:(1747): 4590–4595. 4310:1 July 2017 at the 3982:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 3930:Amery, Rob (2016). 3851:Digital Daisy Bates 3847:"Technical details" 3821:Digital Daisy Bates 3791:Digital Daisy Bates 3453:, pp. 392–399. 3314:, pp. 470–515. 3184:. 6 November 2018. 3037:, pp. 253–254. 2608:Demographics (2016) 2012:, which has labial 1894:Segmental inventory 1556:ergative–absolutive 1192:Pama–Nyungan proper 746:Proto-Indo-European 742:Cape York Peninsula 721:Pama–Nyungan family 184:Yugambeh-Bundjalung 141:Bilingual education 71:Tasmanian languages 7680:Western Australian 7316:Lhotsky/Blackhouse 7280:Northern Tasmanian 6502:Gunwinyguan proper 6336:Proto-Pama–Nyungan 6199:Ngarna/Warluwarric 5949:Arandic–Thura–Yura 5773:Guwa–Yanda ? 5111:(26 August 2009). 5054:. pp. 27–48. 4975:. pp. 69–92. 4682:(September 2014). 4220:Wycliffe Australia 3405:, pp. 17, 61. 2853:Margaret Heffernan 2652:Northern Territory 2601:) for velar nasal 2434:proto-Pama–Nyungan 2358:consonant clusters 2196:The dental series 2131:Coronal consonants 1975:palatal consonants 1965:). There are also 1957:), and its shape ( 1416:list of references 1352:Northern Territory 1348:Western Australian 1312:Wiradjuri language 1290:on 31 August 2016 1255:Stolen Generations 1204:Northern Tasmanian 725:Robert M. W. Dixon 712: 414:Northern Territory 188:Bundjalung (~ 100) 46: 38: 8344: 8343: 7986: 7985: 7906:Macro-Gunwinyguan 7847:Language families 7621: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7488: 7487: 7437:Mornington Island 7413:Kimberley Kriol ( 7364: 7363: 7310:Tyerrernotepanner 7209: 7208: 7042: 7041: 6974: 6973: 6836: 6835: 6738: 6737: 6669:Central (Warrkbi) 6655: 6654: 6601: 6600: 6421:Macro-Gunwinyguan 6344: 6343: 6327: 6326: 6292:Kanyara–Mantharta 6106: 6105: 6017:Northern (Palku) 5937: 5936: 5751:Bidyara–Gungabula 5575: 5574: 5202:Library resources 5061:978-0-521-33983-4 5022:978-1-107-17114-5 5003:Pereltsvaig, Asya 4982:978-9-027-29511-8 4953:O'Grady, Geoffrey 4902:978-0-195-53728-4 4779:Hunter, Jessica; 4680:Goldsworthy, Anna 4630:978-0-858-83538-2 4590:978-1-108-02504-1 4550:978-0-521-47378-1 4510:978-0-521-29450-8 4470:978-1-408-10214-5 4442:10.1121/2.0001004 4303:Bowern, C. 2011. 4287:. 28 March 2018. 4196:Missing or empty 3941:978-1-925261-24-0 3601:978-0-86942-150-5 3577:978-0-86942-151-2 3266:Dixon 2002: 48,53 2879:Rachel Nordlinger 2813:Notable linguists 2810: 2809: 2673:Western Australia 2605: 2604: 2567:'this, this one' 1979:uvular consonants 1891: 1890: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1216:Eastern Tasmanian 1058: 1057: 985:Western Tasmanian 296:Western Australia 101:, as well as the 91:Eastern Trans-Fly 55:language families 8364: 8337: 8330: 8315: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 7979: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7909: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7865: 7857: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7720: 7719: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7687:South Australian 7682: 7675: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7468:Cape York Creole 7426:Westside Kriol ( 7392:Australian Kriol 7388: 7387: 7379: 7378: 7243: 7242: 7174:Eastern (Dyukun) 7135: 7134: 6994: 6993: 6847: 6846: 6790:Limilngan–Wulna? 6774: 6773: 6666: 6665: 6506: 6505: 6427: 6426: 6115: 6114: 5946: 5945: 5877:Guugu Yimidihirr 5584: 5583: 5444: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5338:50 Words Project 5240: 5237:The Conversation 5190: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5147: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5121:. Archived from 5104: 5102: 5100: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5038: 5036: 5034: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4948: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4856: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4804: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4761: 4736: 4726: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4675: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4446: 4444: 4427: 4409: 4383: 4373: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4112:, pp. 9–10. 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4026: 4020: 4009: 4001: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3761:The Conversation 3752: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3729:. 8 April 2019. 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3612: 3604: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3324:Pereltsvaig 2017 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3174: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3141:Goldsworthy 2014 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2993: 2977: 2974: 2902: 2900:Australia portal 2897: 2896: 2895: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2616: 2615: 2515: 2514: 2442: 2438: 2362:fortis and lenis 2299: 2295: 2247:fricatives (see 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079:, the sibilants 2078: 2074: 2070: 2059:, spoken in the 1911:voicing contrast 1901: 1887: 1878: 1860: 1853: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1632: 1631: 1610: 1606: 1550:marking and for 1497:avoidance speech 1464: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1439:this section by 1430:inline citations 1409: 1408: 1401: 1381:, spoken by the 1370:Language revival 1285: 1230:the case of the 895:Mangarrayi-Maran 842: 803:William A. Foley 704: 691: 678: 669: 660: 651: 641: 632: 623: 613: 603: 594: 585: 576: 567: 135:from north-east 8372: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8318: 8311: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8001:mixed languages 7999: 7982: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7912: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7860: 7853: 7842: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7714: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7657: 7652: 7622: 7613: 7565: 7527:Mixed languages 7521: 7517:Pidgin Ngarluma 7484: 7454: 7448: 7406:Bamyili Kriol ( 7372: 7370: 7369:New Indigenous 7360: 7345:Little Swanport 7325: 7312:(North Midland) 7290: 7266: 7263:(Toogee) ? 7238: 7230: 7205: 7169: 7160:Djabirr-Djabirr 7124: 7093: 7070: 7038: 7015: 6992: 6970: 6966:Ngan’gityemerri 6947: 6924: 6891: 6868: 6832: 6806: 6785: 6762: 6734: 6718: 6697: 6651: 6629: 6597: 6594:(Enindhilyagwa) 6559: 6531: 6497: 6458: 6415: 6400:(Garrwa, north) 6384: 6340: 6323: 6272: 6226: 6193: 6102: 6080: 6004: 5933: 5896: 5864: 5822: 5709: 5704:Flinders Island 5675:Southwest Paman 5604: 5571: 5540: 5480: 5432: 5424: 5414: 5351:Wayback Machine 5328: 5312:Wayback Machine 5278:, as listed by 5227: 5226: 5225: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5196:Further reading 5193: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5145: 5128: 5126: 5098: 5096: 5071: 5069: 5062: 5032: 5030: 5023: 4992: 4990: 4983: 4912: 4910: 4903: 4885:, eds. (1997). 4883:Evans, Nicholas 4871: 4869: 4865: 4854: 4838: 4836: 4812: 4810: 4769: 4767: 4724:10.1.1.134.3386 4699: 4697: 4640: 4638: 4631: 4611:Evans, Nicholas 4600: 4598: 4591: 4571:Dixon, R. M. W. 4560: 4558: 4551: 4539:. Vol. 1. 4531:Dixon, R. M. W. 4520: 4518: 4511: 4491:Dixon, R. M. W. 4480: 4478: 4471: 4407:10.1.1.691.3903 4331: 4329: 4324:. Anggarrgoon. 4312:Wayback Machine 4294: 4292: 4273: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056:, pp. 7–8. 4052: 4048: 4040: 4029: 4021: 4012: 3998: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3928: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3753: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3667:NSW Legislation 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3162:Zuckermann 2009 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3076:, p. 4593. 3072: 3068: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2815: 2792: 2790: 2771: 2769: 2750: 2748: 2736:New South Wales 2729: 2727: 2715:South Australia 2708: 2706: 2687: 2685: 2666: 2664: 2645: 2643: 2610: 2494: 2488: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2310: 2278:alveolo-palatal 2265:palato-alveolar 2133: 1896: 1687:Alveolo-palatal 1618: 1617: 1616: 1584: 1578:case marking. 1548:accusative case 1528:absolutive case 1465: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1434: 1420:related reading 1410: 1406: 1399: 1397:Common features 1379:Kaurna language 1372: 1360:Nick Thieberger 1356:South Australia 1300: 1227: 1064: 1059: 961:Limilngan-Wulna 889:Iwaidjan Proper 831: 823: 811:Sahul continent 791: 752:Johanna Nichols 737:Kenneth L. Hale 717: 710: 702: 700: 689: 687: 676: 674: 667: 665: 658: 656: 649: 647: 639: 637: 630: 628: 621: 619: 611: 609: 601: 599: 592: 590: 583: 581: 574: 572: 565: 557: 274:Guugu Yimidhirr 243:Yankunytjatjara 222:South Australia 175:New South Wales 161: 133:Yolŋu languages 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8370: 8360: 8359: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8331: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8293: 8285: 8283: 8282:Sign languages 8279: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8115: 8101: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8045:Light Warlpiri 8041: 8034: 8031:Gurindji Kriol 8027: 8020: 8013: 8005: 8003: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7914:Marrku–Wurrugu 7910: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7858: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7835:Djambarrpuyngu 7831: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812:Pitjantjatjara 7808: 7801: 7791:Western Desert 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7749:Kalaw Lagaw Ya 7745: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7668: 7666: 7659: 7658: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7628: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7610:Murdi Language 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7557: 7547: 7542: 7540:Gurindji Kriol 7537: 7535:Light Warlpiri 7531: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7476: 7473:Lockhart River 7470: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7428:Victoria River 7424: 7418: 7415:Fitzroy Valley 7411: 7404: 7396: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7371:languages and 7366: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7306:(Northeastern) 7300: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7258: 7251: 7249: 7240: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6984: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6920:Marramaninjsji 6917: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6744:Marrku–Wurrugu 6740: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6637: 6635: 6634:Other isolates 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6546: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6472: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6433: 6424: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6407: 6406:(Wanji, south) 6401: 6394: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6365: 6354: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6280: 6278: 6277:South-West P–N 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6255: 6250: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6231:Desert Nyungic 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6175: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6149:Dhuwal–Dhuwala 6145: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6068: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6014: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5965: 5952: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857:Lower Burdekin 5847: 5840: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5817:Lower Burdekin 5814: 5813: 5812: 5804: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5771: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5719: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5689:Southern Paman 5686: 5685: 5684: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667:Mbarrumbathama 5663: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5618:Northern Paman 5614: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5597:Kalaw Lagaw Ya 5587: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5502: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5426: 5425: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5377: 5367: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5341: 5335: 5327: 5326:External links 5324: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5302: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5273: 5264: 5259: 5250: 5241: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5158:(1): 111–127. 5135: 5118:The Australian 5105: 5079: 5078: 5060: 5039: 5021: 4999: 4981: 4965:Bowern, Claire 4949: 4940:(1): 323–446, 4922: 4919: 4901: 4878: 4845: 4819: 4795:(1): 106–140. 4781:Bowern, Claire 4776: 4752:(4): 470–515. 4737: 4717:(3): 392–399. 4706: 4676: 4658:(2): 303–323. 4647: 4629: 4613:, ed. (2003). 4607: 4589: 4567: 4549: 4527: 4509: 4487: 4469: 4447: 4428: 4400:(4): 817–845. 4388:Bowern, Claire 4384: 4342:Bowern, Claire 4338: 4318:Bowern, Claire 4314: 4301: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4237: 4207: 4157: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4027: 4010: 3996: 3973: 3947: 3940: 3919: 3893: 3868: 3838: 3808: 3778: 3744: 3714: 3684: 3654: 3639:. 6 May 2018. 3624: 3600: 3582: 3576: 3558: 3546: 3515: 3485: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3340: 3328: 3326:, p. 278. 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3259: 3229: 3199: 3166: 3154: 3145: 3133: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3000: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2874:Nicholas Evans 2871: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2843:R. M. W. Dixon 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2588: 2587:'person, man' 2585: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2535: 2533:Pitjantjatjara 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2490:Main article: 2487: 2484: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2309: 2306: 2218:denti-alveolar 2132: 2129: 2057:Kalaw Lagaw Ya 2024:; "retroflex" 1929:, typically a 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1879: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1611:⟩, see 1587: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1467: 1466: 1424:external links 1413: 1411: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1371: 1368: 1299: 1296: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1003: 996: 995: 990: 989: 988: 982: 976: 970: 967:Marrku-Wurrugu 964: 958: 952: 946: 940: 934: 928: 922: 916: 910: 904: 898: 892: 886: 880: 874: 868: 862: 856: 849: 848: 840: 830: 824: 822: 819: 790: 787: 764:Nicholas Evans 716: 713: 701: 688: 675: 666: 657: 648: 638: 629: 620: 610: 600: 591: 582: 573: 564: 556: 555:Classification 553: 552: 551: 550: 549: 533: 532: 531: 530: 529: 528: 522: 516: 510: 504: 498: 492: 486: 480: 477:Pitjantjatjara 474: 468: 462: 456: 450: 444: 438: 432: 429:Upper Arrernte 426: 411: 410: 409: 408: 407: 401: 395: 389: 383: 377: 371: 368:Pitjantjatjara 365: 359: 353: 347: 341: 335: 329: 323: 320: 314: 308: 293: 292: 291: 290: 289: 283: 277: 271: 256: 255: 254: 253: 252: 249:Pitjantjatjara 246: 240: 234: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 209: 203: 202: 201: 195: 189: 160: 157: 123:Western Desert 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8369: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7952:(4 families?) 7951: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7870:Darwin Region 7867: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7756:Murrinh Patha 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7701:Torres Strait 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7642: 7637: 7635: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7582:Nunga English 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7554:Tennant Creek 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453:Northeastern 7451: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7367: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341:(Paredarerme) 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961:Murrinh-patha 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6953:Southern Daly 6950: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6874:Northern Daly 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6768:Darwin Region 6765: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6543:Bininj Kunwok 6541: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6156:Djambarrpuyŋu 6153: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5997:Adnyamathanha 5994: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5758:Margany–Gunya 5755: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5681:Kuuk Thayorre 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5562:Gumbaynggiric 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447:Victorian P–N 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926:Mitchell, Rod 4923: 4920: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4852: 4846: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4451:Dalby, Andrew 4448: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4140:Common Ground 4137: 4130: 4124:, p. 10. 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4007:9780199812776 4004: 3999: 3997:9780199812790 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3924: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3749: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3429:, p. 96. 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3381:, p. 16. 3380: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3352:. 4.1. Jena: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3278:, p. 69. 3277: 3272: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3100:, p. 43. 3099: 3094: 3087: 3086:Mitchell 2015 3082: 3075: 3070: 3064:, p. 27. 3063: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3005: 2998:, pp. 2. 2997: 2992: 2988: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2890: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868:Lynette Oates 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2838:Arthur Capell 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2828:Claire Bowern 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2480:breathy voice 2477: 2473: 2472:voice quality 2468: 2465: 2449: 2444: 2435: 2430: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2345: 2317: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020:; "alveolar" 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1886: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1463: 1460: 1452: 1449:December 2019 1442: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302:2019 was the 1295: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1274:Aden Ridgeway 1270: 1268: 1267:lingua franca 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1244:Claire Bowern 1241: 1237: 1233: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162:Darwin Region 1160: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068:Claire Bowern 1066:According to 1062:Bowern (2011) 1054: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 992: 991: 987:(2) (extinct) 986: 983: 981:(2) (extinct) 980: 977: 975:(2) (extinct) 974: 971: 969:(2) (extinct) 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 949:Southern Daly 947: 944: 943:Northern Daly 941: 939:(2) (extinct) 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 915:(3) (extinct) 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 850: 847:Families (23) 846: 845: 844: 843: 839: 837: 836: 828: 818: 816: 815:Torres Strait 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 786: 783: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 747: 743: 738: 733: 731: 726: 722: 708: 699: 695: 686: 682: 673: 664: 655: 654:Darwin Region 645: 636: 627: 617: 607: 598: 589: 580: 571: 561: 547: 544: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 459:Murrinh Patha 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 420: 418: 417: 415: 412: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 317:Ngaanyatjarra 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 302: 300: 299: 297: 294: 287: 284: 281: 280:Kuuk Thaayore 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 265: 263: 262: 260: 257: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 226: 225: 223: 220: 213: 210: 207: 204: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 179: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 166: 156: 154: 150: 149:Murrinh-patha 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 67: 64: 60: 56: 51: 42: 35: 30: 26: 22: 7936:Pama–Nyungan 7864:(5 families) 7728:Anindilyakwa 7712: 7433:Barkly Kriol 7356:Bruny Island 7296:Northeastern 7282:(Tommeginne) 7066:Gajirrawoong 6930:Eastern Daly 6897:Western Daly 6592:Anindilyakwa 6303: 6299:Kartu–Nhanda 6257: 6243:Ngumpin–Yapa 6206: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6095: 6088: 6070: 6063: 6053:Yandruwandha 6051: 6044: 6032: 6020: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5967: 5960: 5919: 5912: 5889: 5884:Kuku Yalanji 5882: 5875: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5806: 5798: 5783: 5776: 5765: 5756: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5702: 5693: 5679: 5665: 5658: 5647:Umbindhamuic 5637:Middle Paman 5622: 5595: 5557:Bandjalangic 5531: 5524: 5504: 5496: 5473: 5454:Lower Murray 5440:Southeastern 5430:Pama–Nyungan 5416: 5236: 5206: 5185:12 September 5183:. Retrieved 5155: 5149: 5127:. Retrieved 5123:the original 5116: 5097:. Retrieved 5088: 5070:. Retrieved 5047: 5031:. Retrieved 5007: 4991:. Retrieved 4968: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4911:. Retrieved 4887: 4870:. Retrieved 4850: 4837:. Retrieved 4811:. Retrieved 4792: 4788: 4768:. Retrieved 4749: 4745: 4714: 4710: 4700:12 September 4698:. Retrieved 4687: 4655: 4651: 4639:. Retrieved 4615: 4599:. Retrieved 4575: 4559:. Retrieved 4535: 4519:. Retrieved 4495: 4479:. Retrieved 4455: 4432: 4397: 4391: 4353: 4349: 4330:. Retrieved 4293:. Retrieved 4282: 4258:, retrieved 4249: 4240: 4228:. Retrieved 4219: 4210: 4198:|title= 4177:. Retrieved 4148:. Retrieved 4139: 4129: 4122:Butcher 2018 4117: 4110:Butcher 2018 4105: 4092: 4085: 4078:Butcher 2018 4073: 4068:, p. 7. 4066:Butcher 2018 4061: 4054:Butcher 2018 4049: 4044:, p. 9. 4042:Butcher 2018 4025:, p. 8. 4023:Butcher 2018 3985: 3976: 3964:. Retrieved 3950: 3931: 3910:. Retrieved 3896: 3884:. Retrieved 3880: 3877:"Background" 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3850: 3841: 3829:. Retrieved 3820: 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3790: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3760: 3735:. Retrieved 3726: 3717: 3705:. Retrieved 3696: 3687: 3675:. Retrieved 3666: 3657: 3645:. Retrieved 3636: 3627: 3591: 3585: 3567: 3561: 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3528: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3497: 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3467: 3458: 3446: 3439:Forrest 2017 3434: 3422: 3417:, p. 1. 3415:Forrest 2017 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362:. Retrieved 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3262: 3250:. Retrieved 3241: 3232: 3220:. Retrieved 3211: 3202: 3190:. Retrieved 3181: 3157: 3148: 3136: 3124:. Retrieved 3115: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3049:, p. 3. 3042: 3030: 3025:, p. 2. 3018: 2991: 2972: 2858:Luise Hercus 2848:Kenneth Hale 2816: 2611: 2591: 2581: 2561: 2557: 2538: 2524:Translation 2498:Latin script 2495: 2476:creaky voice 2469: 2445: 2429:assimilation 2418: 2347: 2319: 2311: 2308:Phonotactics 2302: 2281: 2270: 2260: 2256: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2213: 2205: 2197: 2195: 2186: 2175:postalveolar 2170: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2054: 2049: 2033: 2032:; and velar 2029: 2028:; "palatal" 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2002:otitis media 1999: 1983:glottal stop 1943: 1908: 1897: 1629:languages. 1619: 1607:and ⟨ 1589: 1572:intransitive 1552:third person 1517: 1494: 1490:phonological 1483: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1455: 1446: 1435:Please help 1427: 1376: 1373: 1341: 1334:In 2019 the 1333: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1301: 1292:Linda Burney 1271: 1265:as the only 1252: 1248: 1228: 1071: 1065: 1052: 994:Isolates (9) 937:Eastern Daly 865:Western Daly 853:Pama-Nyungan 833: 832: 826: 792: 774: 772: 760:Austronesian 750: 734: 718: 707:Pama–Nyungan 618:(4 families) 534: 525:Anindilyakwa 326:Martu Wangka 268:Kuku Yalanji 237:Adyamathanha 231:Ngarrindjeri 169: 164: 162: 131: 108: 83:Pama–Nyungan 68: 47: 25: 8024:Cocos Malay 8010:Angloromani 7821:Yolŋu Matha 7577:Neo-Nyungar 7550:Wumpurrarni 7545:Modern Tiwi 7464:(Yumplatok) 7286:Port Sorell 7257:(Peerapper) 6915:Marrithiyel 6910:Merranunggu 6905:Marri Ngarr 6681:Garig–Ilgar 6360:(register: 6186:Ganhalpuyŋu 6128:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu 6022:Pitta-Pitta 5908:Kalkatungic 5545:North Coast 5526:Barranbinja 5129:1 September 4895:Australia. 4746:Diachronica 4689:The Monthly 3886:7 September 3391:Bowern 2012 3364:30 December 3350:"Glottolog" 3126:13 November 3074:Bowern 2012 3011:Bowern 2011 2870:(1921–2013) 2833:Gavan Breen 2823:Barry Blake 2486:Orthography 2464:pre-stopped 2210:interdental 2200:are always 2075:, alveolar 2038:Wangganguru 2016:; "dental" 1939:approximant 1441:introducing 1344:Daisy Bates 1006:Kungarakany 859:Gunwinyguan 799:Arafura Sea 775:Diachronica 685:Gunwinyguan 380:Walmatjarri 344:Nyangumarta 338:Yinjibarndi 286:Wik Mungkan 137:Arnhem Land 8251:Indonesian 8198:Vietnamese 7929:Nyulnyulan 7770:Walmajarri 7713:Indigenous 7673:Australian 7421:Daly River 7352:(Nuenonne) 7339:Oyster Bay 7304:Pyemmairre 7165:Nimanburru 7130:Nyulnyulan 7109:(Northern) 7089:Gooniyandi 6828:Bugurnidja 6811:Umbugarlic 6714:Manangkari 6586:Nunggubuyu 6571:Rembarrnga 6556:(Ngalkbun) 6549:Kunbarlang 6492:Mangarrayi 6475:Warndarang 6431:Maningrida 5977:Thura–Yura 5914:Kalkatungu 5567:Waka–Kabic 5520:Wiradhuric 5492:Yuin–Kuric 5475:Bungandidj 5280:Ethnologue 5072:2 November 4641:15 October 4260:13 October 4230:13 October 4179:7 November 4150:7 November 3966:17 October 3912:17 October 3861:26 January 3831:26 January 3801:26 January 3554:Wyles 2019 3336:Dixon 2002 3252:6 February 3222:6 February 3192:6 February 3098:Dalby 2015 3062:Walsh 1991 3047:Dixon 1980 3035:Dixon 2011 3023:Evans 2003 2996:Dixon 2002 2863:David Nash 2694:Queensland 2506:diacritics 2280:affricate 2245:Circassian 2229:ty, ny, ly 2222:t, d, n, l 2198:th, nh, lh 2179:prepalatal 2171:rd, rn, rl 2167:rt, rn, rl 2156:t, d, n, l 2030:ty, ny, ly 2026:rt, rn, rl 2018:th, nh, lh 2010:Kalkatungu 1973:and often 1906:to give . 1638:Peripheral 1568:transitive 1564:tripartite 1544:nominative 1542:) to have 1485:Sprachbund 1139:Nyulnyulan 1101:(moribund) 1049:(moribund) 1043:(moribund) 1014:(moribund) 901:Maningrida 871:Nyulnyulan 829:4.1 (2019) 801:. In 1986 795:New Guinea 779:noun class 646:(offshore) 570:Nyulnyulan 548:(~ 20,000) 519:Nunggubuyu 386:Gooniyandi 259:Queensland 212:Gamilaraay 119:endangered 103:Papuan Tip 95:Meriam Mir 77:, but the 8112:Cantonese 7972:Yangmanic 7965:Worrorran 7950:Tasmanian 7784:Warumungu 7715:languages 7665:varieties 7605:Cherbourg 7552:English ( 7443:Kowanyama 7236:Tasmanian 7121:(Western) 7115:(Eastern) 7113:Ngarinyin 7099:Worrorran 7061:Miriwoong 7011:Jaminjung 6818:Umbugarla 6797:Limilngan 6607:Yangmanic 6576:Ngalakgan 6449:Ndjébbana 6444:Gurr-goni 6410:Gunindiri 6379:Mingginda 6368:Kayardild 6305:Yinggarda 6259:Warumungu 6163:Gupapuyŋu 6135:Ritharrŋu 6097:Paakantyi 5921:Yalarnnga 5844:Warrgamay 5828:Dyirbalic 5800:Dharumbal 5746:Southern 5722:Northern 5660:Umbuygamu 5654:Lamalamic 5552:Durubalic 5498:Dhanggati 5464:Gippsland 5459:Yotayotic 5433:subgroups 5423:languages 5421:Tasmanian 5172:145627187 5033:30 August 4993:30 August 4957:Hale, Ken 4946:1440-4788 4872:30 August 4813:30 August 4719:CiteSeerX 4672:149318200 4601:30 August 4561:30 August 4521:30 August 4481:30 August 4402:CiteSeerX 2984:Citations 2518:Language 2448:nasalized 2410:obstruent 2388:, or at C 2370:deletions 2366:lenitions 2314:syllables 2268:affricate 2187:underside 2183:subapical 2071:, dental 1955:retroflex 1937:, and an 1923:sibilants 1904:unrounded 1694:Obstruent 1677:Retroflex 1477:ownership 1322:in 2010. 1236:ethnocide 1218:(extinct) 1212:(extinct) 1206:(extinct) 1145:Worrorran 1095:(extinct) 1089:(extinct) 1041:Wadjiginy 1037:(extinct) 1035:Umbugarla 1026:(extinct) 1020:(extinct) 1008:(extinct) 1002:(extinct) 925:Yangmanic 877:Worrorran 835:Glottolog 827:Glottolog 709:(3 areas) 608:(2 areas) 579:Worrorran 527:(~ 1,500) 503:(~ 1,000) 497:(~ 1,800) 495:Kunwinjku 467:(~ 2,000) 461:(~ 2,000) 447:Warumungu 437:(~ 2,300) 431:(~ 4,500) 425:(~ 1,000) 404:Miriwoong 319:(~ 1,000) 311:Wangkatha 206:Wiradjuri 115:varieties 50:Australia 8351:Category 8265:Japanese 8119:Mandarin 7899:Jarrakan 7892:Iwaidjan 7885:Giimbiyu 7777:Warlpiri 7735:Arrernte 7560:Alyawarr 7479:Napranum 7272:Northern 7221:Giimbiyu 7214:isolates 7201:Ngumbarl 7145:Nyulnyul 7119:Worrorra 7107:Wunambal 7048:Jarrakan 6887:Tyerraty 6823:Ngurmbur 6723:Southern 6661:Iwaidjan 6647:Gaagudju 6620:Wardaman 6527:Uwinymil 6518:(Djauan) 6381:(Minkin) 6287:Ngayarda 6283:Pilbara 6214:Southern 6060:Eastern 6041:Central 6029:Western 5969:Kaytetye 5962:Arrernte 5851:Nyawaygi 5795: ? 5734:Eastern 5727:Warrongo 5695:Mbabaram 5642:Umpilaic 5580:Northern 5533:Muruwari 5347:Archived 5308:Archived 5176:Archived 5093:Archived 5089:ABC News 5066:Archived 5027:Archived 5005:(2017). 4987:Archived 4959:(2004). 4913:29 March 4907:Archived 4863:Archived 4839:30 March 4833:Archived 4807:Archived 4770:29 March 4764:Archived 4694:Archived 4635:Archived 4595:Archived 4573:(2011). 4555:Archived 4533:(2002). 4515:Archived 4493:(1980). 4475:Archived 4453:(2015). 4393:Language 4380:23015621 4344:(2012). 4332:30 March 4326:Archived 4308:Archived 4289:Archived 4284:BBC News 4254:archived 4224:Archived 4189:cite web 4173:Archived 4144:Archived 3984:(2020). 3960:Archived 3906:Archived 3881:Nyingarn 3855:Archived 3825:Archived 3795:Archived 3765:Archived 3731:Archived 3701:Archived 3671:Archived 3641:Archived 3609:citation 3570:, Rest, 3533:Archived 3502:Archived 3472:Archived 3358:Archived 3300:BBC 2018 3288:ABC 2018 3246:Archived 3216:Archived 3186:Archived 3120:Archived 3116:ABC News 2886:See also 2799:Tasmania 2757:Victoria 2521:Example 2502:digraphs 2406:sonorant 2148:alveolar 1995:laterals 1967:bilabial 1919:lenition 1748:Sonorant 1672:Alveolar 1662:Bilabial 1605:/ / 1601:Help:IPA 1536:pronouns 1524:ergative 1473:usership 1225:Survival 1133:Jarrakan 1127:Iwaidjan 1105:Wardaman 1087:Giimbiyu 1000:Gaagudju 919:Jarrakan 913:Giimbiyu 821:Families 789:External 770:system. 715:Internal 683:, incl. 672:Giimbiyu 663:Iwaidjan 635:Wardaman 597:Jarrakan 509:(~4,200) 453:Gurindji 441:Kaytetye 435:Warlpiri 332:Panyjima 198:Githabul 192:Yugambeh 145:Warlpiri 73:and the 59:isolates 8272:Spanish 8258:Italian 8223:Chinese 8184:Tagalog 8177:Spanish 8170:Punjabi 8156:Maltese 8142:Italian 8105:Chinese 7996:creoles 7992:Pidgins 7976:Wagiman 7974:(incl. 7943:Tangkic 7878:Garrwan 7855:Bunuban 7805:Pintupi 7798:Luritja 7742:Burarra 7663:English 7562:English 7494:Pidgins 7455:creoles 7408:Barunga 7401:Ngukurr 7383:Creoles 7331:Eastern 7247:Western 7196:Nyigina 7076:Bunuban 7034:Wambaya 7029:Ngarnka 7021:Ngurlun 7006:Nungali 6988:Jingulu 6770: ? 6753:Wurrugu 6746: ? 6730:Amurdag 6676:Iwaidja 6643: ? 6625:Wagiman 6611:Wagiman 6588:(Wubuy) 6564:Eastern 6554:Dalabon 6536:Central 6509:Western 6494: ? 6488: ? 6482: ? 6454:Nakkara 6439:Burarra 6423: ? 6390:Garrwan 6373:Yukulta 6350:Tangkic 6314:Mirning 6308: ? 6262: ? 6248:Ngumpin 6238:Marrngu 6208:Yanyuwa 6111:Western 6075: ? 5983:Wirangu 5956:Arandic 5942:Central 5859: ? 5837:Dyirbal 5819: ? 5811: ? 5803: ? 5793:Kingkel 5770: ? 5509: ? 5501: ? 5257:AIATSIS 5248:AIATSIS 4424:4375648 4371:3479735 4295:21 July 4271:Sources 3771:26 June 3737:26 June 3707:26 June 3677:26 June 3647:26 June 3539:26 June 3508:26 June 3478:26 June 2698:13,474 2677:10,251 2656:34,956 2553:Wajarri 2290:Yanyuwa 2286:palatal 2273:or the 2202:laminal 2144:d, n, l 2140:t, n, l 2048:at all 2042:Yanyuwa 2022:t, n, l 1985:. 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