25:
310:
1016:
are quite constrained in structure. All syllables begin with a single consonant, there are no syllable-initial consonant clusters and no syllable begins with a vowel. After the consonant is a single long or short vowel, which is sometimes followed by a single closing consonant. Open syllables are
1023:
Stress is not generally distinctive but is assigned by rule. Polysyllabic words receive primary stress on the first syllable, with secondary stresses tending to occur on alternate syllables thereafter; this rhythm may be broken by the structure of the word and so some three-syllable stress groups
1047:
The tendency to prefer adjacent high vowels to be identical also spreads across morpheme boundaries within a word. Adding a suffix to a word can place a /u/ and an /i/ in contact. When that happens, one of the vowels tends to assimilate by changing to match the other vowel. That kind of
1709:
In
Warlpiri culture, it is considered impolite or shameful for certain family relations to converse. (For example, a woman should not converse with her son-in-law.) If such conversation is necessary, speakers use a special style of the language, the
1639:
The auxiliary word also functions as the home for an elaborate family of suffixes that specify the person and number of the subject and object of the clause. They are similar to the familiar conjugational suffixes that agree with the subject in
1370:
Most preverb-verb combinations are fixed in the lexicon, and new combinations cannot be created freely. However, a few preverbs are very productive and can be combined with many different roots, and some roots accept almost any preverb.
1341:
Warlpiri verbs are built from a few hundred verb roots, distributed among five conjugation classes. Two of the classes contain the vast majority of verb roots; the other three classes have only a few roots each.
1020:
The most common kind of consonant cluster occurs when a syllable ends with a nasal consonant and the next syllable begins with the corresponding stop, but other clusters like /rk/ and /lp/ also occur.
1714:. The avoidance register has the same grammar as ordinary Warlpiri but a drastically reduced lexicon. Most content words are replaced by a generic synonym or a word unique to the avoidance register.
1187:
using an alphabet originally devised by Lothar Jagst and later modified slightly. The
Warlpiri alphabet uses only ordinary letters, with no accent marks, and has the following deviations from IPA:
1606:
Warlpiri nouns are assembled from thousands of roots, with a rich array of derivational techniques such as compounding and derivational suffixes. Plurals are formed by reduplication of the root.
979:
is phonetically an unusual consonant that is possibly unique to
Warlpiri. The tip of the tongue begins in retroflex position but then moves forward rapidly, flapping against the alveolar ridge.
1938:
1923:
1908:
1893:
1766:
282:
1374:
The verb root is followed by a tense suffix. There are five tense suffixes for each conjugation class, as shown in the following table. (Some optional variations have been omitted.)
1036:
have high vowels, those high vowels are almost always alike: both /u/ or both /i/. The number of
Warlpiri roots with adjacent syllables having /u/ and /i/ is very small. Both
1676:
In the past tense, the auxiliary word often drops out completely. In that case, the agreement suffixes attach instead to the first or second word of the clause, as in
1156:
No
Warlpiri word begins with an alveolar consonant; the first consonant of a word must be bilabial, palatal, retroflex or velar. Exceptions include borrowings such as
1618:
word, which, together with the verb suffix, serves to identify tense and to clarify the relationship between main and dependent clauses. Common auxiliaries include
1169:
All
Warlpiri words end in vowels. A word whose final meaningful component ends in a consonant is usually "corrected" by appending a meaningless suffix, usually
1044:
vowel harmony occur. In progressive vowel harmony, the second vowel changes to match the first; in regressive harmony, the first changes to match the second.
1367:
is used with a few other verb roots to form other verbs of hiding or seclusion. Preverbs are sometimes reduplicated for emphasis or to change the meaning.
2043:
986:
As shown in the chart, Warlpiri distinguishes five positions of articulation and has oral and nasal stops at each position. The oral stops have no
2701:
2018:
compiled by Carmel O'Shannessy. Audio recordings of narrative texts, with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level and translations.
89:
997:. Stops are usually unvoiced at the beginning of a word and voiced elsewhere. In both positions, they are usually unaspirated.
61:
1644:, but in Warlpiri, they are placed on the auxiliary instead of on the verb and agree with the object as well as the subject.
2694:
2036:
914:
931:
904:
329:
68:
894:
42:
1292:(for retroflex) are often dropped if they are redundant in consonant clusters with the same position of articulation:
108:
2764:
75:
1132:
On occasion, long chains of high vowels can assimilate, each forcing the next. For example, when the class 2 verb
2470:
2110:
2029:
1315:
may be omitted. That does not produce ambiguity because no
Warlpiri word begins with a plain alveolar consonant:
1075:
Regressive harmony occurs only when a tense suffix is attached to a verb (see below). For example, when the verb
521:
455:
319:
2710:
1983:
1865:
46:
57:
2620:
2502:
2414:
2091:
426:
2311:
951:
296:
2759:
2456:
2303:
764:
568:
559:
149:
2004:
1685:
The junction at which the agreement suffixes are attached can trigger progressive vowel harmony. Thus,
2754:
2333:
2077:
1049:
941:
746:
692:
613:
604:
451:
181:
176:
2463:
972:
769:
751:
733:
728:
715:
697:
2655:
2641:
2539:
2525:
2084:
771:
587:
578:
2428:
2267:
2188:
1825:
1801:
1641:
753:
710:
699:
231:
35:
1017:
much more common than closed ones. No syllable ends with a stop or with the retroflex flap /ɽ/.
2732:
2725:
2209:
2153:
2052:
1722:
829:
735:
525:
463:
238:
82:
2125:
2098:
974:
925:
875:
850:
819:
789:
2477:
2407:
2326:
809:
717:
642:
1934:
1919:
1904:
1889:
1762:
288:
8:
2648:
2595:
2362:
2347:
2167:
1001:
679:
2296:
2289:
2181:
2070:
1742:
1065:
1061:
799:
674:
659:
447:
186:
134:
2218:
1839:
1100:. Progressive harmony occurs with most other kinds of suffixes. For example, when the
274:
2662:
2369:
2340:
2282:
2275:
2252:
2132:
886:
686:
669:
647:
443:
325:
2669:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2516:
2435:
2373:
2319:
2139:
2060:
1978:
1711:
1280:
To those basic rules are added two adjustments to make the alphabet easier to use.
1069:
1057:
652:
626:
385:
353:
458:
in
Australia in terms of number of speakers. One of the most well-known terms for
2634:
2627:
2613:
2560:
2546:
2449:
2393:
2232:
2225:
2202:
2195:
1636:(conditional). The auxiliary word is almost always the second word of a clause.
840:
783:
664:
431:
168:
145:
2015:
1992:
301:
2442:
2398:
2259:
2146:
863:
1349:, are used to create verbs with specific meanings. For example, the verb root
629:, with a phonemic length distinction creating a total of six possible vowels.
2748:
2588:
2355:
2160:
1101:
1053:
439:
435:
1815:
1791:
1184:
258:
2421:
2021:
553:
541:
2553:
994:
598:
546:
2509:
1939:
Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1924:
Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1909:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1894:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1767:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1647:
An example of a suffixed auxiliary word can be seen in the farewell,
1056:
and is common in the world's languages. It is found, for example, in
1013:
990:
459:
267:
251:
24:
1695:(second-person singular object) assimilating to the final vowel of
1206:
Retroflex consonants are written with digraphs formed by prefixing
1033:
987:
517:
497:
337:
1820:
1796:
512:
In the following tables of the Warlpiri sound system, symbols in
333:
2687:
2495:
2389:
625:
Warlpiri has a standard three-vowel system, similar to that of
309:
403:
2532:
1232:
Other palatals are written with digraphs formed by suffixing
394:
2005:"Paradisec Catalog: Collections [Search on Walpiri]"
1937:
Ngardilypa at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
516:
give the practical alphabet used by the Warlpiri community.
362:
1892:
Warnayaka at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
406:
374:
1765:
Warlpiri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
336:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1907:
Wawulya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1963:
A Learner's Guide to Warlpiri: Tape course for beginners
1922:
Ngalia at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1609:
1000:
Warlpiri, like most other Australian languages, has no
1191:
Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel letter:
1081:(class 2) is placed in the past tense with the suffix
496:
are regarded as probable dialects of Warlpiri on the
391:
359:
1311:
At the beginning of a word, the retroflex indicator
400:
397:
371:
368:
365:
1691:'(S)he will see you' shows the vowel of the suffix
500:database, although with potentially no data; while
430:> ) language is spoken by close to 3,000 of the
388:
356:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1866:"'Dreamtime' and 'The Dreaming' – an introduction"
1667:indicates second-person singular object 'you' and
1183:Since the 1950s, Warlpiri has been written in the
993:distinction, but they display voiced and unvoiced
2746:
1816:"Warlpiri Man - Protect Our Culture (Warlpiri)"
1673:is the nonpast form of the class 3 verb 'see'.
1961:Laughren, Hoogenraad, Hale, Granites (1996).
1864:Nicholls, Christine Judith (22 January 2014).
1696:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1654:
1648:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1322:
1316:
1170:
1157:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
2037:
1663:indicates first-person singular subject 'I',
2051:
2044:
2030:
308:
1717:
1614:Each full Warlpiri clause may contain an
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1863:
1361:means 'scurry into hiding'. The preverb
1345:A large class of modifying prefixes, or
1032:If two adjacent syllables in a Warlpiri
1792:"Warlpiri audio: Wbp_word-list_1976_01"
1725:exists as well as the spoken language.
1007:
971:The phoneme listed as a retroflex flap
330:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2747:
1828:from the original on 13 December 2021.
1804:from the original on 13 December 2021.
1756:
1244:. The palatal approximant is written
425:
2025:
1704:
1610:Auxiliary word and agreement suffixes
1272:The retroflex approximant is written
1138:is attached to the past tense suffix
1976:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
1970:
1779:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
14:
2776:
1979:"Warlpiri: Warlpiri bibliography"
950:
940:
930:
913:
903:
893:
874:
849:
828:
818:
808:
798:
788:
763:
745:
727:
709:
691:
612:
603:
586:
577:
567:
558:
1743:"SBS Australian Census Explorer"
1027:
384:
352:
23:
2471:South Australian Pidgin English
1928:
1913:
965:
34:needs additional citations for
2711:Australian Irish Sign Language
1984:Australian National University
1898:
1883:
1857:
1832:
1808:
1784:
1771:
1735:
1265:The retroflex flap is written
1258:The alveolar trill is written
1236:to the usual alveolar symbol:
1210:to the usual alveolar symbol:
16:Aboriginal Australian language
1:
2415:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1977:Nash, David (25 March 2020).
1728:
1331:
632:
1225:The palatal stop is written
507:
7:
2457:Port Jackson Pidgin English
1965:, IAD Press, Alice Springs.
1376:
1355:means 'run' by itself, and
1251:The velar nasal is written
1178:
1116:'boomerang', the result is
524:are shown in /slashes/ and
10:
2781:
1956:Topics in Warlpiri Grammar
1947:
454:and is one of the largest
2720:
2679:
2605:
2488:Major immigrant languages
2487:
2464:Queensland Kanaka English
2388:
2306:? (5-6 families/isolates)
2244:
2120:
2108:
2059:
1653:'I will see you.' Here,
949:
929:
890:
867:
844:
651:
641:
639:
602:
531:
470:, derives from Warlpiri.
316:
307:
295:
281:
265:
249:
244:
228:
204:
165:
155:
141:
130:
125:
2702:Indigenous Sign Language
1659:indicates future tense,
1601:
1336:
1151:
1142:, the resulting word is
1110:is attached to the noun
514:⟨boldface⟩
161:2,624 (2021 census)
2765:Vowel-harmony languages
2606:Major foreign languages
2270:? (3 families/isolates)
1697:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1655:
1649:
1642:Indo-European languages
1632:
1626:
1620:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1171:
1162:'dollar', from English
1158:
1144:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1077:
423:Warlpiri pronunciation:
419:
2733:Indigenous Australians
2726:Aboriginal Australians
2053:Languages of Australia
2016:Warlpiri DoReCo corpus
1723:Warlpiri Sign Language
1718:Warlpiri Sign Language
318:This article contains
239:Warlpiri Sign Language
2695:Australian Aboriginal
2092:Australian Aboriginal
2478:Torres Strait Creole
1954:Nash, David (1980).
1777:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
1008:Syllables and stress
456:Aboriginal languages
43:improve this article
466:spiritual belief),
452:Pama–Nyungan family
446:. It is one of the
58:"Warlpiri language"
2760:Ngarrkic languages
2078:Western Australian
1958:, PhD thesis, MIT.
1712:avoidance register
1705:Avoidance register
1650:kapirnangku nyanyi
1321:'foot' is written
1288:(for palatal) and
919:⟨rl⟩
899:⟨ly⟩
880:⟨rd⟩
855:⟨rr⟩
834:⟨rn⟩
814:⟨ny⟩
804:⟨ng⟩
777:⟨rt⟩
618:⟨aa⟩
592:⟨uu⟩
573:⟨ii⟩
448:Ngarrkic languages
135:Northern Territory
2755:Warlpiri language
2742:
2741:
2384:
2383:
2304:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2245:Language families
1624:(present tense),
1599:
1598:
1392:Immediate future
961:
960:
956:⟨r⟩
946:⟨y⟩
936:⟨w⟩
909:⟨l⟩
824:⟨n⟩
794:⟨m⟩
759:⟨t⟩
741:⟨j⟩
723:⟨k⟩
705:⟨p⟩
623:
622:
609:⟨a⟩
583:⟨u⟩
564:⟨i⟩
444:Central Australia
427:[waɭpiɻi]
344:
343:
326:rendering support
322:phonetic symbols.
119:
118:
111:
93:
2772:
2735:
2728:
2713:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2377:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2085:South Australian
2080:
2073:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1870:The Conversation
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1844:Jukurrpa Designs
1836:
1830:
1829:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1700:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1658:
1652:
1635:
1630:(future tense),
1629:
1623:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1326:
1320:
1174:
1161:
1147:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1099:
1092:
1087:, the result is
1086:
1080:
980:
978:
969:
957:
954:
947:
944:
937:
934:
920:
917:
910:
907:
900:
897:
881:
878:
856:
853:
835:
832:
825:
822:
815:
812:
805:
802:
795:
792:
778:
775:
767:
760:
757:
749:
742:
739:
731:
724:
721:
713:
706:
703:
695:
637:
636:
627:Classical Arabic
619:
616:
610:
607:
593:
590:
584:
581:
574:
571:
565:
562:
536:
535:
515:
429:
424:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
312:
291:
277:
261:
254:
234:
222:Eastern Warlpiri
171:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:mixed languages
2397:
2380:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2112:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2055:
2050:
2003:
1991:
1973:
1971:Further reading
1968:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1720:
1707:
1688:nyanyi kapingki
1612:
1604:
1339:
1334:
1284:The indicators
1181:
1154:
1030:
1010:
984:
983:
970:
966:
955:
945:
935:
918:
908:
898:
879:
854:
833:
823:
813:
803:
793:
776:
758:
740:
722:
704:
635:
617:
608:
591:
582:
572:
563:
534:
526:phonetic values
513:
510:
438:, northwest of
432:Warlpiri people
422:
387:
383:
355:
351:
324:Without proper
287:
273:
257:
250:
235:
230:
200:
172:
169:Language family
167:
158:
157:Native speakers
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
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2729:
2721:
2718:
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2707:
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2691:
2683:
2681:
2680:Sign languages
2677:
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2666:
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2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2443:Light Warlpiri
2439:
2432:
2429:Gurindji Kriol
2425:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2359:
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2330:
2323:
2316:
2312:Marrku–Wurrugu
2308:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:Djambarrpuyngu
2229:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:Pitjantjatjara
2206:
2199:
2189:Western Desert
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2147:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2115:
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2102:
2095:
2088:
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2020:
2019:
2013:
2001:
1989:
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761:
743:
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707:
689:
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677:
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631:
621:
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601:
595:
594:
575:
556:
550:
549:
544:
539:
533:
530:
509:
506:
504:is confirmed.
342:
341:
328:, you may see
314:
313:
305:
304:
299:
293:
292:
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279:
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263:
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245:Language codes
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31:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2777:
2766:
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2761:
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2734:
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2400:
2395:
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2357:
2353:
2350:(4 families?)
2349:
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2321:
2317:
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2305:
2301:
2298:
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2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:Darwin Region
2265:
2261:
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2250:
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2247:
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2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
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2197:
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2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
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2172:
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2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:Murrinh Patha
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2099:Torres Strait
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
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2068:
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2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
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2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
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1994:
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1986:
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1964:
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1744:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1682:'I saw you'.
1680:
1679:nyangurnangku
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
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1372:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:wurulyparnka-
1353:
1348:
1343:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
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1202:
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1160:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1102:ergative case
1098:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:vowel harmony
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:Vowel harmony
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
989:
976:
968:
964:
953:
943:
939:
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927:
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869:
865:
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839:
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831:
827:
821:
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773:
766:
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719:
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628:
615:
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589:
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570:
561:
557:
555:
552:
551:
548:
545:
543:
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538:
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529:
527:
523:
519:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:of the large
449:
445:
441:
440:Alice Springs
437:
436:Tanami Desert
433:
428:
421:
417:
411:
379:
349:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
321:
315:
311:
306:
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193:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2334:Pama–Nyungan
2262:(5 families)
2174:
2126:Anindilyakwa
2008:
1996:
1982:
1962:
1955:
1930:
1915:
1900:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1819:
1810:
1795:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1737:
1721:
1708:
1692:
1684:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1646:
1638:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1373:
1369:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:Latin script
1182:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1139:
1131:
1074:
1050:assimilation
1046:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1011:
1004:consonants.
999:
985:
967:
624:
511:
501:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
467:
460:The Dreaming
415:
347:
345:
317:
266:
232:Signed forms
191:
182:Ngumpin–Yapa
177:Pama–Nyungan
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2422:Cocos Malay
2408:Angloromani
2219:Yolŋu Matha
1781:, Edinburgh
1389:Imperative
1304:is written
1296:is written
1038:progressive
926:Approximant
332:instead of
137:, Australia
2749:Categories
2649:Indonesian
2596:Vietnamese
2327:Nyulnyulan
2168:Walmajarri
2111:Indigenous
2071:Australian
1993:"Warlpiri"
1840:"Jukurrpa"
1729:References
1332:Morphology
1052:is called
1042:regressive
995:allophones
643:Peripheral
633:Consonants
520:values in
502:Ngardilypa
464:Aboriginal
99:March 2022
69:newspapers
2510:Cantonese
2370:Yangmanic
2363:Worrorran
2348:Tasmanian
2182:Warumungu
2113:languages
2063:varieties
2009:Paradisec
1748:9 January
1616:auxiliary
1126:karlingku
1119:karlingki
1066:Mongolian
1062:Hungarian
1014:syllables
1012:Warlpiri
1002:fricative
680:Retroflex
508:Phonology
490:Ngardilpa
474:Warnayaka
434:from the
268:Glottolog
252:ISO 639-3
219:Ngardilpa
142:Ethnicity
2663:Japanese
2517:Mandarin
2297:Jarrakan
2290:Iwaidjan
2283:Giimbiyu
2175:Warlpiri
2133:Arrernte
1997:Omniglot
1826:Archived
1802:Archived
1395:Present
1383:Nonpast
1347:preverbs
1179:Alphabet
1097:pantirnu
1090:panturnu
1034:morpheme
988:phonemic
675:Alveolar
660:Bilabial
611:
585:
566:
518:Phonemic
498:AUSTLANG
478:Wanayaga
468:Jukurrpa
420:Warlpiri
416:Warlpiri
348:Warlpiri
338:Help:IPA
302:Warlpiri
275:warl1254
210:Warlpiri
205:Dialects
192:Warlpiri
187:Ngarrkic
146:Warlpiri
126:Warlpiri
2670:Spanish
2656:Italian
2621:Chinese
2582:Tagalog
2575:Spanish
2568:Punjabi
2554:Maltese
2540:Italian
2503:Chinese
2394:creoles
2390:Pidgins
2374:Wagiman
2372:(incl.
2341:Tangkic
2276:Garrwan
2253:Bunuban
2203:Pintupi
2196:Luritja
2140:Burarra
2061:English
1999:. 2020.
1948:Sources
1821:YouTube
1797:YouTube
1364:wuruly-
1352:parnka-
1145:kujurnu
1104:suffix
1070:Turkish
1058:Finnish
1024:occur.
887:Lateral
687:Plosive
670:Palatal
648:Laminal
492:), and
486:Wawulya
482:Woneiga
334:Unicode
283:AIATSIS
216:Walmala
213:Ngaliya
83:scholar
2688:Auslan
2635:German
2628:French
2614:Arabic
2561:Nepali
2547:Korean
2496:Arabic
2450:Norfuk
2320:Mirndi
2226:Dhuwal
2109:Major
1875:2 July
1849:2 July
1670:nyanyi
1553:rninya
1513:nganya
1473:rninya
1380:Class
1164:dollar
1122:, not
1093:, not
1078:panti-
653:Apical
532:Vowels
494:Ngalia
150:Ngalia
131:Region
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2642:Greek
2533:Hindi
2526:Greek
2436:Kriol
1693:-ngku
1665:-ngku
1602:Nouns
1593:nanya
1386:Past
1337:Verbs
1318:rtari
1152:Words
1135:kiji-
1124:*
1113:karli
1107:-ngku
1095:*
991:voice
841:Trill
784:Nasal
774:]
770:[
756:]
752:[
738:]
734:[
720:]
716:[
702:]
698:[
665:Velar
554:Close
542:Front
528:in .
90:JSTOR
76:books
2589:Urdu
2356:Tiwi
2260:Daly
2161:Tiwi
1877:2020
1851:2020
1750:2023
1698:kapi
1661:-rna
1656:kapi
1633:kaji
1627:kapi
1506:ngku
1499:ngka
1324:tari
1302:rnrt
1159:tala
1140:-rnu
1084:-rnu
1068:and
1040:and
864:Flap
599:Open
547:Back
462:(an
346:The
62:news
2396:and
1935:C38
1920:C43
1905:C39
1890:C40
1763:C15
1586:nku
1579:nta
1546:lku
1539:nja
1532:rnu
1525:rni
1492:ngu
1485:nyi
1452:rnu
1445:rni
1433:nya
1306:rnt
1294:nyj
1172:-pa
522:IPA
484:),
414:) (
382:or
363:ɑːr
320:IPA
297:ELP
289:C15
259:wbp
45:by
2751::
2392:,
2376:)?
2007:.
1995:.
1981:.
1868:.
1842:.
1824:.
1818:.
1800:.
1794:.
1701:.
1621:ka
1572:nu
1565:ni
1560:5
1520:4
1480:3
1466:ku
1459:ka
1440:2
1426:ju
1419:ya
1412:ja
1405:mi
1400:1
1300:,
1298:nj
1267:rd
1260:rr
1253:ng
1242:ly
1240:,
1238:ny
1220:rl
1218:,
1216:rn
1214:,
1212:rt
1201:uu
1199:,
1197:aa
1195:,
1193:ii
1175:.
1166:.
1148:.
1129:.
1072:.
1064:,
1060:,
614:aː
588:uː
569:iː
480:,
442:,
418::
404:ər
395:ɔː
148:,
2314:?
2045:e
2038:t
2031:v
2011:.
1987:.
1879:.
1853:.
1752:.
1327:.
1313:r
1308:.
1290:r
1286:y
1276:.
1274:r
1269:.
1262:.
1255:.
1248:.
1246:y
1234:y
1229:.
1227:j
1222:.
1208:r
1203:.
977:/
975:ɽ
973:/
952:ɻ
942:j
932:w
915:ɭ
905:l
895:ʎ
876:ɽ
851:r
830:ɳ
820:n
810:ɲ
800:ŋ
790:m
772:ɖ
768:~
765:ʈ
754:d
750:~
747:t
736:ɟ
732:~
729:c
718:g
714:~
711:k
700:b
696:~
693:p
605:a
579:u
560:i
488:(
476:(
410:/
407:i
401:p
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