292:
452:
345:
number of languages. Most of the Pama–Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer. Many languages, either due to disease or elimination of their speakers, have become extinct, and almost all remaining ones are endangered in some way. Only in the central inland portions of the continent do Pama–Nyungan languages remain spoken vigorously by the entire community.
1378:, Bowern proposed that the non-binary-branching characteristics of Pama–Nyungan languages are precisely what we would expect to see from a language continuum in which dialects are diverging linguistically but remaining in close geographic and social contact. Bowern offered three main advantages of this geographical-continuum model over the punctuated equilibrium model:
352:, in his work on the classification of Native Australian languages. Hale's research led him to the conclusion that of the Aboriginal Australian languages, one relatively closely interrelated family had spread and proliferated over most of the continent, while approximately a dozen other families were concentrated along the North coast.
1382:
First, there is a place for both divergence and convergence as processes of language change; punctuated equilibrium stresses convergence as the main mechanism of language change in
Australia. Second, it makes Pama-Nyungan look much more similar to other areas of the world. We no longer have to assume
1407:
Our work puts to rest once and for all the claim that
Australian languages are so exceptional that methods used elsewhere in the world do not work on this continent . The methods presented here have been used with Bantu, Austronesian, Indo-European, and Japonic languages (among others). Pama-Nyungan
344:
The other language families indigenous to the continent of
Australia are occasionally referred to, by exclusion, as non-Pama–Nyungan languages, though this is not a taxonomic term. The Pama–Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread, most of the Aboriginal population, and the greatest
1352:
describes Dixon's scepticism as an erroneous phylogenetic assessment which is "so bizarrely faulted, and such an insult to the eminently successful practitioners of
Comparative Method Linguistics in Australia, that it positively demands a decisive riposte." In the same work Hale provides unique
1402:
Additional methods of computational phylogenetics employed by Bowern and
Atkinson uncovered that there were more binary-branching characteristics than initially thought. Instead of acceding to the notion that Pama–Nyungan languages do not share the characteristics of a binary-branching language
1403:
family, the computational methods revealed that inter-language loan rates were not as atypically high as previously imagined and do not obscure the features that would allow for a phylogenetic approach. This finding functioned as a kind of rejoinder to Dixon's scepticism.
1383:
that
Australia is a special case. Third, and related to this, we do not have to assume in this model that there has been intensive diffusion of many linguistic elements that in other parts of the world are resistant to borrowing (such as shared irregularities).
1223:
reported that he was unable to find anything that reliably set Pama–Nyungan apart as a valid genetic group. Fifteen years later, he had abandoned the idea that
Australian or Pama–Nyungan were families. He now sees Australian as a
555:; numbers in parentheses are the numbers of languages in each branch. These vary from languages so distinct they are difficult to demonstrate as being in the same branch, to near-dialects on par with the differences between the
436:. How the Pama–Nyungan languages spread over most of the continent and displaced any pre-Pama–Nyungan languages is uncertain; one possibility is that language could have been transferred from one group to another alongside
1357:
on the
Australian northeast coast and Proto-Ngayarta of the Australian west coast, some 3,000 km apart (as well as from many other languages), to support the Pama–Nyungan grouping, whose age he compares to that of
1353:
pronominal and grammatical evidence (with suppletion) as well as more than fifty basic-vocabulary cognates (showing regular sound correspondences) between the Proto-Northern-and-Middle Pamic (pNMP) family of the
448:, indicating the antiquity of multiple waves of culture contact between groups. Dixon in particular has argued that the genealogical trees found with many language families do not fit in the Pama–Nyungan family.
827:
Some of inclusions in each branch are only provisional, as many languages became extinct before they could be adequately documented. Not included are dozens of poorly attested and extinct languages such as
1970:
1329:. Part of Dixon's objections to the Pama–Nyungan family classification is the lack of obvious binary branching points which are implicitly or explicitly entailed by his model.
1374:. Rather than discarding the notion that multiple subgroups of languages are genetically related due to the presence of multiple dialectal epicentres arranged around stark
8338:
547:
At the time of the
European arrival in Australia, there were some 300 Pama–Nyungan languages divided across three dozen branches. What follows are the languages listed in
8348:
8333:
1691:
1716:
1321:) wherein he believes Australian languages to be ancient and to have—for the most part—remained in unchanging equilibrium with the exception of sporadic branching or
4064:
8343:
2106:
1905:"Review of The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, by N. Evans"
487:
Pama–Nyungan languages generally share several broad phonotactic constraints: single-consonant onsets, a lack of fricatives, and a prohibition against
2075:
1618:
Bouckaert, Remco R.; Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin D. (12 March 2018). "The origin and expansion of Pama–Nyungan languages across
Australia".
1302:
He believes that Lower Murray (five families and isolates), Arandic (2 families, Kaytetye and Arrernte), and Kalkatungic (2 isolates) are small
8200:
4057:
6302:
1981:
4050:
2099:
1663:
Bowern, Claire (2006). "Another Look at Australia as a Linguistic Area". In Matras, Yaron; McMahon, April; Vincent, Nigel (eds.).
428:
Proto-Pama–Nyungan may have been spoken as recently as about 5,000 years ago, much more recently than the 40,000 to 60,000 years
1745:
1865:
The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region
5972:
2005:
1959:
1893:
1853:
1832:
1811:
1680:
1510:
1422:
Bowern and Atkinson's computational model is currently the definitive model of Pama–Nyungan intra-relatedness and diachrony.
1699:
7715:
7296:
1708:
1003:
857:
845:
7825:
8323:
2092:
6124:
6797:
6084:
2935:
7982:
4213:
4171:
2807:
2018:; Vigfússon, Sigurður; Rayner, Manny; Ní Chiaráin, Neasa; Ivanova, Nedelina; Habibi, Hanieh; Bédi, Branislav (2021).
949:
851:
444:. Given the relationship of cognates between groups, it seems that Pama–Nyungan has many of the characteristics of a
1470:
7958:
7197:
5952:
3781:
1431:
1203:
55:
1341:
demonstrate about ten traditional groups, including Pama–Nyungan, and its sub-branches such as Arandic, using the
7116:
7052:
6295:
6168:
6012:
4992:
4948:
4274:
4073:
3195:
2020:"LARA in the Service of Revivalistics and Documentary Linguistics: Community Engagement and Endangered Languages"
2019:
1144:
715:
491:(laterals and rhotics) beginning words. Voiced fricatives have developed in several scattered languages, such as
364:
and exclusively suffixing languages which lack gender, while noting that some non-Pama–Nyungan languages such as
314:
196:
7729:
6971:
6077:
6039:
4247:
1994:"The coherence and distinctiveness of the Pama-Nyungan language family within the Australian linguistic phylum"
1904:
7480:
8195:
7842:
6977:
6802:
6588:
6582:
6506:
6163:
6150:
6030:
964:
8205:
8190:
7889:
7190:
7177:
6948:
6909:
5928:
5400:
4753:
4331:
2312:
1359:
1072:
249:
1725:
532:
528:
524:
516:
500:
496:
8185:
8179:
7964:
7237:
7155:
7128:
6832:
6822:
6158:
6064:
5987:
5903:
5622:
5077:
3793:
2507:
2042:
Bowern, Claire; Rzymski, Christoph; Forkel, Robert; Tresoldi, Tiago; List, Johann-Mattis (21 July 2021),
873:
464:
8328:
7751:
7412:
7007:
6867:
6837:
6827:
6817:
6523:
6288:
6129:
5966:
4955:
4899:
3342:
2479:
2072:
1151:
1114:
738:
361:
208:
507:, which acquired both fricatives and a voicing contrast in them and in its plosives from contact with
8163:
7970:
7946:
7921:
7894:
7877:
6887:
6842:
6812:
6785:
6356:
6311:
5977:
2958:
2786:
2397:
2000:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 69–92.
1408:
languages, like all languages, show a mixture of histories that reflect both contact and inheritance.
1187:
915:
8210:
8017:
7654:
7642:
7474:
6536:
6529:
6345:
6001:
5816:
4633:
4533:
4513:
4473:
4360:
4345:
4223:
4148:
3753:
2715:
2588:
2464:
2302:
2161:
2146:
1370:
Bowern offered an alternative to Dixon's binary phylogenetic-tree model based in the principles of
974:
944:
836:
651:
613:
264:
156:
130:
1264:
1232:). Some of the small traditionally Pama–Nyungan families which have been demonstrated through the
7215:
7140:
6543:
6493:
6249:
5609:
5424:
5199:
4812:
4218:
3544:
3516:
2664:
2340:
2297:
2230:
969:
631:
142:
4042:
8229:
8077:
7872:
7648:
7601:
7231:
7148:
6807:
6791:
6599:
6500:
6363:
6339:
5617:
5586:
5553:
5520:
5248:
4784:
4653:
4337:
4110:
3717:
3707:
3038:
3023:
2977:
2905:
2863:
1709:"AustLangs-MasterLanguageList-Dec2011.xlsx [Master List of Australian Languages, v1.0]"
1314:
1310:
894:
680:
625:
580:
556:
429:
381:
174:
138:
111:
78:
7867:
6173:
2044:
CLDF dataset derived from Bowern and Atkinson's "Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan" from 2012
1873:
1480:
8275:
8173:
7862:
7665:
7455:
7444:
7406:
7013:
6987:
6892:
6882:
6565:
6481:
6332:
6261:
4728:
4721:
4709:
4564:
4540:
3927:
3620:
3607:
3419:
3236:
2995:
2412:
2292:
2240:
2027:
ComputEL-4: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Methods for Endangered Languages
2015:
1993:
1285:
1199:
991:
758:
98:
7976:
7701:
5105:
3815:
1206:. However, this has yet to be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the linguistic community.
317:, containing 306 out of 400 Aboriginal languages in Australia. The name "Pama–Nyungan" is a
8250:
8007:
7815:
7788:
7771:
7739:
7637:
7351:
7276:
7203:
6982:
6959:
6931:
6862:
6773:
6554:
6243:
6118:
5995:
5942:
5786:
5722:
5576:
5571:
5543:
5538:
5530:
5297:
5087:
4678:
4182:
4176:
3948:
3856:
3802:
3656:
3592:
3455:
3304:
3276:
3271:
3086:
3015:
3000:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2868:
2781:
2687:
2672:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2433:
2402:
2250:
2245:
1318:
1259:
1049:
905:
830:
752:
686:
645:
512:
372:, a head-marking and prefixing language with a complicated gender system, diverge from it.
178:
152:
8135:
8:
8027:
7931:
7831:
7820:
7782:
7761:
7659:
7618:
7393:
7375:
7369:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7243:
7226:
6965:
6631:
6618:
6512:
6462:
6319:
6201:
5960:
5936:
5892:
5821:
5755:
5745:
5561:
5507:
5484:
5370:
5242:
5227:
5205:
5148:
5131:
4842:
4819:
4570:
4484:
4310:
4208:
4131:
4120:
4115:
4077:
3922:
3912:
3902:
3846:
3732:
3597:
3450:
3427:
3404:
3261:
2953:
2855:
2768:
2728:
2695:
2631:
2611:
2522:
2350:
2276:
2156:
2151:
1354:
1119:
1025:
959:
930:
668:
657:
619:
601:
568:
536:
492:
166:
162:
134:
122:
7941:
7936:
7926:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7883:
7852:
7847:
7800:
7794:
7745:
7690:
7613:
7497:
7461:
7422:
7364:
7171:
7166:
6877:
6636:
6605:
6571:
6559:
6518:
6393:
5911:
5769:
5717:
5704:
5667:
5515:
5474:
5453:
5317:
5232:
5100:
5066:
5035:
5024:
4961:
4943:
4915:
4791:
4577:
4500:
4456:
4316:
4303:
4154:
4018:
3990:
3980:
3907:
3820:
3636:
3432:
3373:
3365:
3350:
3327:
3294:
3218:
3208:
3185:
3114:
3109:
3028:
2990:
2920:
2840:
2776:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2705:
2700:
2596:
2540:
2484:
2443:
2371:
2325:
2320:
2255:
2181:
1929:
1783:
1651:
1342:
1277:
1233:
1166:
1139:
808:
745:
721:
213:
200:
39:
8038:
8001:
4775:
3699:
1091:
820:
282:
90:
7952:
7857:
7837:
7776:
7756:
7467:
7428:
7399:
7387:
7324:
7270:
7248:
7221:
7161:
7134:
6953:
6914:
6904:
6872:
6745:
6671:
6653:
6647:
6549:
6467:
6381:
6093:
6006:
5877:
5857:
5801:
5775:
5763:
5732:
5677:
5594:
5479:
5437:
5303:
5276:
5263:
5183:
5046:
5006:
4975:
4970:
4904:
4894:
4625:
4618:
4612:
4585:
4507:
4449:
4383:
4351:
4323:
4189:
4005:
3972:
3953:
3943:
3892:
3882:
3651:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3483:
3442:
3355:
3299:
3286:
3266:
3246:
3203:
3165:
3142:
3096:
3073:
3053:
3043:
2985:
2884:
2878:
2723:
2578:
2573:
2535:
2459:
2438:
2407:
2345:
2271:
2225:
2166:
2001:
1955:
1889:
1849:
1828:
1807:
1775:
1676:
1655:
1643:
1635:
1371:
1326:
1247:
1195:
1191:
1161:
1156:
1109:
1044:
996:
800:
781:
727:
698:
692:
674:
365:
332:
243:
222:
204:
186:
182:
170:
43:
8043:
8032:
8012:
6350:
1460:
1458:
1236:, or which in Dixon's opinion are likely to be demonstrable, include the following:
734:
Cutting inland back to Paman, south of the northern non-Pama–Nyungan languages, are
8260:
8120:
8110:
8105:
8059:
8053:
8022:
7915:
7810:
7734:
7672:
7624:
7559:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7531:
7520:
7504:
7439:
7434:
7417:
7358:
7252:
7184:
7095:
7062:
7030:
6926:
6898:
6847:
6768:
6752:
6738:
6720:
6713:
6699:
6659:
6641:
6625:
6611:
6433:
6416:
6071:
6048:
5852:
5690:
5685:
5662:
5654:
5644:
5636:
5566:
5409:
5386:
5332:
5281:
5267:
5210:
5110:
5095:
5029:
4870:
4864:
4855:
4828:
4690:
4666:
4639:
4493:
4414:
4407:
3995:
3958:
3897:
3825:
3810:
3727:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3554:
3511:
3409:
3383:
3251:
3231:
3226:
3180:
3170:
3119:
3104:
3081:
3063:
2743:
2654:
2649:
2563:
2545:
2530:
2474:
2392:
2387:
2366:
2235:
2176:
2171:
2047:
1919:
1881:
1787:
1765:
1757:
1668:
1627:
1289:
1273:
1269:
1096:
1059:
793:
787:
508:
488:
369:
238:
234:
147:
94:
8100:
8048:
7040:
8255:
8130:
8115:
8084:
7805:
7766:
7631:
7577:
7449:
7311:
7077:
7072:
6937:
6852:
6733:
6726:
6706:
6688:
6593:
6576:
6375:
6183:
5917:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5740:
5414:
5237:
5178:
5172:
5060:
5054:
5014:
4835:
4805:
4798:
4702:
4646:
4547:
4464:
4423:
4371:
4298:
4293:
4280:
4266:
4162:
4125:
4023:
4013:
3985:
3917:
3887:
3877:
3758:
3737:
3722:
3712:
3641:
3587:
3567:
3506:
3460:
3391:
3256:
3241:
3175:
3157:
3058:
3033:
2945:
2892:
2817:
2802:
2758:
2733:
2677:
2644:
2555:
2469:
2330:
2207:
2191:
2186:
2128:
2079:
1843:
1822:
1801:
1455:
1349:
1281:
1253:
1241:
1019:
1009:
925:
709:
638:
607:
594:
587:
349:
310:
229:
190:
126:
117:
106:
50:
360:
Evans and McConvell describe typical Pama–Nyungan languages such as Warlpiri as
8265:
8125:
8094:
8065:
7696:
7582:
7565:
7515:
7510:
7381:
7318:
7088:
7082:
7002:
6997:
6943:
6920:
6665:
6487:
6444:
6427:
6421:
6399:
6387:
6196:
6191:
5806:
5498:
5458:
5365:
5337:
5142:
5136:
5126:
4924:
4909:
4746:
4441:
4253:
3861:
3851:
3841:
3663:
3498:
2812:
2639:
2601:
2428:
1296:
1220:
1126:
1067:
1014:
910:
775:
764:
520:
322:
291:
218:
102:
1631:
8317:
8149:
8089:
8071:
7587:
7571:
7525:
7282:
7102:
7067:
7057:
7035:
6992:
6857:
6438:
6370:
6238:
6210:
5882:
5712:
5599:
5347:
5342:
4434:
4395:
4286:
3048:
3005:
2568:
2217:
1779:
1672:
1639:
504:
6280:
7046:
5811:
2051:
1647:
1885:
1878:
Archaeology and language II: Archaeological data and linguistic hypotheses
1806:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
1761:
6233:
2084:
572:
476:
456:
405:
2055:
1933:
1924:
1746:"Computational phylogenetics and the internal structure of Pama-Nyungan"
6693:
6255:
1952:
Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in global perspective
1665:
Linguistic areas: Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective
1322:
1225:
451:
445:
2067:
1770:
6206:
6099:
1793:
433:
276:
35:
2014:
1971:"Modeling Ancient Population Structures and Movement in Linguistics"
1880:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 29. Routledge. pp. 174–191.
1464:
6216:
6135:
1375:
1240:
North Cape York (Northern Paman, Umpila, Wik/Middle Paman: part of
472:
6057:
4072:
437:
8289:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
8270:
8168:
1998:
Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method
1803:
Australian languages: Classification and the comparative method
1486:
441:
318:
1198:
family. He then proposes a more distant relationship with the
5018:
861:, appear to be geographical rather than genealogical groups.
843:
A few more inclusive groups that have been proposed, such as
1561:
1559:
2041:
1583:
664:
Continuing along the south coast, from Melbourne to Perth:
1848:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press.
1571:
562:
321:: it is derived from the two end-points of the range, the
1556:
368:
share this typology and some Pama–Nyungan languages like
1617:
468:
1348:
In his last published paper from the same collection,
816:
Separated to the north of the rest of Pama–Nyungan is
1546:
1544:
1219:
In his 1980 attempt to reconstruct Proto-Australian,
348:
The Pama–Nyungan family was identified and named by
335:
of southwest Australia (where the word for "man" is
325:
of northeast Australia (where the word for "man" is
8339:
Indigenous Australian languages in Victoria (state)
1874:"The enigma of Pama-Nyungan expansion in Australia"
1667:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 244–265.
8349:Indigenous Australian languages in South Australia
8334:Indigenous Australian languages in New South Wales
1950:McConvell, Patrick; Evans, Nicholas, eds. (1997).
1845:Australian languages: Their nature and development
1595:
1541:
1517:
1443:
8315:
1980:, vol. 26, pp. 359–384, archived from
1954:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia.
1529:
1498:
1991:
1589:
1492:
1397:
1949:
1871:
1743:
1692:"How many languages were spoken in Australia?"
1577:
1565:
1476:
1414:
1190:, the closest relative of Pama–Nyungan is the
869:
8344:Indigenous Australian languages in Queensland
6310:
6296:
4058:
2100:
1876:. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
495:, though often the sole alleged fricative is
336:
326:
8299:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1992:O'Grady, Geoffrey; Hale, Kenneth L. (2004).
1713:Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web
1696:Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web
1800:Bowern, Claire; Koch, Harold, eds. (2004).
1726:"Master List of Australian Languages, v1.2"
876:to calculate the following classification:
298:Other Macro-Pama–Nyungan (green and orange)
6303:
6289:
4065:
4051:
2114:
2107:
2093:
1996:. In Bowern, Claire; Koch, Harold (eds.).
1799:
1744:Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin (2012).
1338:
1250:(Dyaabugai and Yidiny: rejected by Bowern)
778:(15), the large inland expanse in the west
38:, with the exception of northern parts of
3326:
2839:
1943:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1923:
1769:
3482:
3141:
2506:
1872:Evans, Nick; McConvell, Patrick (1998).
1867:(Thesis). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
1509:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvansRhys (
1332:
1309:Dixon's theories of Australian language
864:
450:
3780:
1968:
1706:
1689:
1550:
1523:
648:(Central NSW; inland of Yuin–Kuric) (5)
563:Traditional conservative classification
548:
469:Bouckaert, Bowern & Atkinson (2018)
8316:
3685:
1723:
1662:
1601:
1389:
552:
6284:
4046:
3779:
3684:
3481:
3325:
3140:
2838:
2505:
2126:
2088:
1902:
1862:
1841:
1820:
1535:
1504:
1317:(adapted from the eponymous model in
1229:
1214:
1181:
812:(Darling; inland of Lower Murray) (2)
432:are believed to have been inhabiting
16:Aboriginal Australian language family
1707:Bowern, Claire (23 December 2011b).
1690:Bowern, Claire (23 December 2011a).
503:by other linguists. An exception is
2127:
2073:AIATSIS map of Australian languages
1940:
1449:
475:expansion of Pama–Nyungan from the
13:
1724:Bowern, Claire (6 February 2012).
1719:from the original on 18 June 2014.
535:, a trait shared with the extinct
499:and is analysed as an approximant
14:
8360:
2061:
950:Central New South Wales languages
771:Encircled by these branches are:
542:
459:, the Proto-Pama–Nyungan homeland
375:
1365:
290:
6169:South Australian Pidgin English
2068:Chirila – Yale Pama-Nyungan Lab
1730:Historical and Pama-Nyungan Lab
482:
315:Australian Aboriginal languages
296:Pama–Nyungan languages (yellow)
1827:. Cambridge University Press.
1824:The rise and fall of languages
1620:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1313:have been based on a model of
511:. Several of the languages of
1:
6164:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1978:Annual Review of Anthropology
1610:
1272:, a clear connection between
1256:(extinct languages uncertain)
965:Yugambeh-Bundjalung languages
417:
5539:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
1437:
1432:Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages
1398:Bowern & Atkinson (2012)
1088:Yolŋu-Ngarna (weak support)
870:Bowern & Atkinson (2012)
7:
6159:Port Jackson Pidgin English
5521:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
1941:Frawley, William J. (ed.).
1425:
1209:
1202:in a macro-family he calls
1145:Kanyara-Mantharta languages
874:computational phylogenetics
479:of northeastern Australia.
465:computational phylogenetics
355:
257:plus unclassified languages
10:
8365:
5298:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
1578:McConvell & Evans 1997
1566:Bowern & Atkinson 2012
1477:Evans & McConvell 1998
1415:Bowern & Atkinson 2012
567:Down the east coast, from
379:
270:29-A to 29-X (provisional)
8284:
8243:
8220:
8159:
8148:
7992:
7725:
7714:
7682:
7609:
7600:
7489:
7306:
7295:
7262:
7124:
7115:
7023:
6781:
6767:
6681:
6476:
6458:
6409:
6327:
6318:
6312:Primary language families
6226:
6182:
6149:
6109:
6047:
6038:
6025:
5986:
5951:
5927:
5902:
5891:
5870:
5830:
5794:
5785:
5754:
5731:
5703:
5676:
5653:
5635:
5608:
5585:
5552:
5529:
5506:
5497:
5467:
5446:
5433:
5423:
5399:
5379:
5359:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
5358:
5325:
5316:
5290:
5262:
5220:
5192:
5165:
5158:
5119:
5086:
5076:
5045:
5005:
4988:
4933:
4887:
4854:
4774:
4767:
4741:
4722:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
4665:
4605:
4598:
4557:
4526:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
4525:
4483:
4370:
4265:
4243:
4236:
4201:
4141:
4103:
4096:
4085:
4004:
3971:
3936:
3870:
3834:
3801:
3792:
3788:
3775:
3746:
3698:
3694:
3680:
3629:
3553:
3525:
3497:
3493:
3477:
3441:
3418:
3382:
3364:
3341:
3337:
3321:
3285:
3217:
3194:
3156:
3152:
3136:
3095:
3072:
3014:
2976:
2944:
2891:
2877:
2854:
2850:
2834:
2795:
2767:
2714:
2686:
2663:
2630:
2587:
2554:
2521:
2517:
2501:
2452:
2421:
2380:
2359:
2311:
2285:
2264:
2216:
2200:
2139:
2135:
2122:
1969:Nichols, Johanna (1997),
1632:10.1038/s41559-018-0489-3
412:
401:
393:
388:
289:
275:
263:
84:
74:
51:Linguistic classification
49:
28:
23:
7129:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
5595:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
5069:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
1863:Evans, Nicholas (2003).
1842:Dixon, R. M. W. (2002).
1821:Dixon, R. M. W. (1997).
1673:10.1057/9780230287617_10
1339:Bowern & Koch (2004)
1194:, followed by the small
837:Lower Burdekin languages
796:(Yarli) (3), in the west
784:(9), in the north centre
539:across the Bass Strait.
309:are the most widespread
8296:have no living members.
5438:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
4172:Central New South Wales
1590:O'Grady & Hale 2004
1493:O'Grady & Hale 2004
1337:However, the papers in
1192:Garawan language family
970:Gumbaynggiric languages
852:Central New South Wales
527:and consonant clusters
337:
327:
8324:Pama–Nyungan languages
8276:Unclassified languages
8230:list of sign languages
7198:Northeastern Tasmanian
5918:Southwestern Tasmanian
5912:Northwestern Tasmanian
5202:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
5032:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
3646:old Wangkumara/Garlali
3615:new Wangkumara/Garlali
2116:Pama–Nyungan languages
2052:10.5281/zenodo.1312841
1465:Zuckermann et al. 2021
1420:
1395:
1315:punctuated equilibrium
1152:Kartu–Nhanda languages
1115:Ngumpin–Yapa languages
895:Lower Murray languages
858:Southwest Pama–Nyungan
846:Northeast Pama–Nyungan
557:Scandinavian languages
523:—also allowed initial
460:
430:indigenous Australians
394:Reconstruction of
307:Pama–Nyungan languages
8251:Constructed languages
5516:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
5508:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
5499:Daly River Sprachbund
4729:Bulloo River (Galali)
4248:Western Torres Strait
4074:Australian Aboriginal
2936:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
1886:10.4324/9780203202913
1762:10.1353/lan.2012.0081
1405:
1380:
1333:Mainstream rejoinders
1200:Gunwinyguan languages
1056:Southwest Queensland
992:Kalkatungic languages
865:Bowern & Atkinson
671:(somewhat inland) (2)
454:
6798:Binanderean–Goilalan
6119:Torres Strait Creole
6031:Aboriginal Englishes
5795:Western (Nyulnyulic)
4691:Arabana–Wangkangurru
4163:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
3996:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
1903:Black, Paul (2007).
1319:evolutionary biology
1050:Thura-Yura languages
975:Waka-Kabic languages
945:Yuin-Kuric languages
61:Greater Pama–Nyungan
8080:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
7983:Tequiraca–Canichana
7826:Harákmbut–Katukinan
6589:Northwest Caucasian
6583:Northeast Caucasian
6507:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
6056:Roper River Kriol (
6007:Southeast Tasmanian
5896:family-level groups
4142:New South Wales P–N
3782:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
2016:Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
1987:on 12 February 2017
1925:10.22459/AH.31.2011
1702:on 12 January 2012.
1360:Proto-Indo-European
1355:Cape York Peninsula
1120:Warumungu languages
1041:Arandic–Thura-Yura
1026:Dyirbalic languages
960:Durubalic languages
705:Up the west coast:
537:Tasmanian languages
7702:Tarascan/Purépecha
7191:Northern Tasmanian
6949:South Bougainville
6910:North Bougainville
5973:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
5937:Northern Tasmanian
5159:Gunwinyguan proper
4993:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
4856:Ngarna/Warluwarric
4606:Arandic–Thura–Yura
4430:Guwa–Yanda ?
3247:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
2078:1 May 2013 at the
1912:Aboriginal History
1343:comparative method
1234:comparative method
1215:Dixon's scepticism
1204:Macro-Pama–Nyungan
1182:External relations
1167:Yinggarda language
1140:Ngayarda languages
1136:Pilbara languages
1133:Southwest Nyungic
1103:Nyungic languages
461:
389:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
382:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
79:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
56:Macro-Pama–Nyungan
40:Northern Territory
8329:Language families
8311:
8310:
8261:Language isolates
8239:
8238:
8144:
8143:
7710:
7709:
7596:
7595:
7291:
7290:
7238:Western Tasmanian
7156:Eastern Tasmanian
7111:
7110:
6833:East Geelvink Bay
6763:
6762:
6454:
6453:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6145:
6144:
6094:Mornington Island
6070:Kimberley Kriol (
6021:
6020:
5967:Tyerrernotepanner
5866:
5865:
5699:
5698:
5631:
5630:
5493:
5492:
5395:
5394:
5326:Central (Warrkbi)
5312:
5311:
5258:
5257:
5078:Macro-Gunwinyguan
5001:
5000:
4984:
4983:
4949:Kanyara–Mantharta
4763:
4762:
4674:Northern (Palku)
4594:
4593:
4408:Bidyara–Gungabula
4232:
4231:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
3967:
3966:
3835:Mangarrayi-Marran
3794:Macro-Gunwinyguan
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3196:Kanyara–Mantharta
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
2972:
2971:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2480:Mbariman-Gudhinma
2056:GitHub repository
2007:978-90-272-9511-8
1961:978-0-19-553728-4
1895:978-0-415-11761-6
1855:978-0-521-47378-1
1834:978-0-521-62654-5
1813:978-90-272-9511-8
1682:978-1-349-54544-5
1495:, pp. 91–92.
1372:dialect geography
1327:phylogenetic tree
1323:speciation events
1157:Mirning languages
1110:Marrngu languages
1045:Arandic languages
997:Mayabic languages
902:Eastern Victoria
790:(18), in the west
716:Kanyara–Mantharta
642:(Nganyaywana) (1)
426:
425:
362:dependent-marking
333:Nyungan languages
303:
302:
197:Kanyara–Mantharta
44:Western Australia
34:Most of mainland
8356:
8157:
8156:
8111:Huaorani/Waorani
7995:(extant in 2000)
7959:Esmeralda–Yaruro
7730:Andoque–Urequena
7723:
7722:
7607:
7606:
7413:Plateau Penutian
7304:
7303:
7279:(Northern Daly?)
7122:
7121:
7008:Northwest Papuan
6972:Trans–New Guinea
6838:East New Britain
6813:Central Solomons
6779:
6778:
6524:Great Andamanese
6474:
6473:
6325:
6324:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6282:
6281:
6125:Cape York Creole
6083:Westside Kriol (
6049:Australian Kriol
6045:
6044:
6036:
6035:
5900:
5899:
5831:Eastern (Dyukun)
5792:
5791:
5651:
5650:
5504:
5503:
5447:Limilngan–Wulna?
5431:
5430:
5323:
5322:
5163:
5162:
5084:
5083:
4772:
4771:
4603:
4602:
4534:Guugu Yimidihirr
4241:
4240:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4044:
4043:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3696:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3495:
3494:
3479:
3478:
3339:
3338:
3323:
3322:
3154:
3153:
3138:
3137:
2963:Kuurn Kopan Noot
2959:Dhauwurd Wurrung
2889:
2888:
2852:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2787:Pallanganmiddang
2519:
2518:
2503:
2502:
2398:Aghu Tharrnggala
2137:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2011:
1988:
1986:
1975:
1965:
1946:
1937:
1927:
1909:
1899:
1868:
1859:
1838:
1817:
1791:
1773:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1720:
1703:
1698:. Archived from
1686:
1659:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1505:Evans & Rhys
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1418:
1393:
1162:Nyunga languages
1097:Ngarna languages
1060:Karnic languages
941:New South Wales
916:Pallanganmiddang
534:
530:
526:
518:
515:allowed initial
509:Papuan languages
502:
498:
422:
419:
386:
385:
340:
330:
294:
285:
271:
21:
20:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8306:
8280:
8266:Mixed languages
8235:
8216:
8151:
8140:
7994:
7988:
7843:Katembri–Taruma
7717:
7706:
7678:
7592:
7485:
7298:
7287:
7258:
7107:
7019:
6978:Turama–Kikorian
6888:Lower Mamberamo
6843:East Strickland
6771:
6759:
6677:
6465:
6460:
6450:
6405:
6314:
6309:
6279:
6270:
6222:
6184:Mixed languages
6178:
6174:Pidgin Ngarluma
6141:
6111:
6105:
6063:Bamyili Kriol (
6029:
6027:
6026:New Indigenous
6017:
6002:Little Swanport
5982:
5969:(North Midland)
5947:
5923:
5920:(Toogee) ?
5895:
5887:
5862:
5826:
5817:Djabirr-Djabirr
5781:
5750:
5727:
5695:
5672:
5649:
5627:
5623:Ngan’gityemerri
5604:
5581:
5548:
5525:
5489:
5463:
5442:
5419:
5391:
5375:
5354:
5308:
5286:
5254:
5251:(Enindhilyagwa)
5216:
5188:
5154:
5115:
5072:
5057:(Garrwa, north)
5041:
4997:
4980:
4929:
4883:
4850:
4759:
4737:
4661:
4590:
4553:
4521:
4479:
4366:
4361:Flinders Island
4332:Southwest Paman
4261:
4228:
4197:
4137:
4089:
4081:
4071:
4041:
4028:
4000:
3963:
3932:
3866:
3830:
3784:
3763:
3742:
3690:
3668:
3625:
3602:Wangka-Yutjurru
3549:
3521:
3489:
3465:
3437:
3414:
3378:
3360:
3333:
3309:
3281:
3213:
3190:
3148:
3124:
3091:
3068:
3010:
2968:
2940:
2906:Dja Dja Wurrung
2887:
2873:
2846:
2822:
2791:
2763:
2710:
2682:
2659:
2626:
2583:
2550:
2513:
2489:
2465:Flinders Island
2448:
2417:
2376:
2355:
2307:
2303:Guugu Yimidhirr
2281:
2260:
2212:
2196:
2162:Arritinngithigh
2147:Adithinngithigh
2131:
2129:Paman languages
2118:
2113:
2080:Wayback Machine
2064:
2033:
2022:
2008:
1984:
1973:
1962:
1907:
1896:
1856:
1835:
1814:
1734:
1732:
1683:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1368:
1335:
1217:
1212:
1184:
1179:
1106:Desert Nyungic
1092:Yolŋu languages
1020:Maric languages
1010:Paman languages
1006:(weak support)
926:Kulin languages
867:
565:
545:
485:
421: 3000 BCE
420:
384:
378:
358:
350:Kenneth L. Hale
299:
297:
281:
269:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8362:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8309:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8297:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8247:
8245:
8241:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8191:Indo-Pakistani
8188:
8183:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8074:
8069:
8062:
8057:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
7998:
7996:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7890:Piaroa–Saliban
7887:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7791:
7786:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7720:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7657:
7655:Tequistlatecan
7652:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7568:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7535:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7501:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7459:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7391:
7384:
7379:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7334:
7327:
7322:
7315:
7307:
7301:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7274:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7246:
7241:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7213:
7206:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7182:
7178:Marrku–Wurrugu
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7137:
7132:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7011:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6968:
6963:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6749:
6742:
6736:
6731:
6723:
6718:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6540:
6537:Hurro-Urartian
6533:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6509:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6485:
6477:
6471:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6431:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6368:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6285:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6267:Murdi Language
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6204:
6199:
6197:Gurindji Kriol
6194:
6192:Light Warlpiri
6188:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6133:
6130:Lockhart River
6127:
6122:
6115:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6085:Victoria River
6081:
6075:
6072:Fitzroy Valley
6068:
6061:
6053:
6051:
6042:
6033:
6028:languages and
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6004:
5999:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5963:(Northeastern)
5957:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5933:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5915:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5760:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5577:Marramaninjsji
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5401:Marrku–Wurrugu
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5294:
5292:
5291:Other isolates
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5208:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5169:
5167:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5081:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5063:(Wanji, south)
5058:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5022:
5011:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4937:
4935:
4934:South-West P–N
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4888:Desert Nyungic
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4832:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4806:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
4802:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4778:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4574:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:Lower Burdekin
4504:
4497:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4474:Lower Burdekin
4471:
4470:
4469:
4461:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4346:Southern Paman
4343:
4342:
4341:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:Mbarrumbathama
4320:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4275:Northern Paman
4271:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
4244:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3754:Lower Burdekin
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3545:Lower Arrernte
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3517:Western Desert
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2813:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Kuuk Thaayorre
2338:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2063:
2062:External links
2060:
2059:
2058:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2012:
2006:
1989:
1966:
1960:
1947:
1945:. p. 232.
1938:
1900:
1894:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1797:
1756:(4): 817–845.
1741:
1721:
1704:
1687:
1681:
1660:
1626:(4): 741–749.
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1555:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1497:
1485:
1469:
1454:
1452:, p. 232.
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1417:, p. 839)
1410:
1399:
1396:
1392:, p. 257)
1385:
1367:
1364:
1334:
1331:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1221:R. M. W. Dixon
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1188:Nicholas Evans
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1127:Wati languages
1124:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1064:Northwest NSW
1062:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1017:
1015:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
1012:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
981:
980:
979:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
954:
953:
952:
947:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
928:
920:
919:
918:
913:
908:
897:
878:
866:
863:
849:(Pama–Maric),
825:
824:
814:
813:
805:
797:
791:
785:
779:
769:
768:
762:
756:
750:
742:
732:
731:
725:
719:
713:
703:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
662:
661:
655:
649:
643:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
591:
585:
564:
561:
549:Bowern (2011b)
544:
543:Classification
541:
484:
481:
424:
423:
414:
410:
409:
408:, NE Australia
403:
399:
398:
395:
391:
390:
380:Main article:
377:
376:Reconstruction
374:
357:
354:
323:Pama languages
301:
300:
295:
287:
286:
279:
273:
272:
267:
261:
260:
259:
258:
254:
253:
226:
194:
160:
86:
82:
81:
76:
75:Proto-language
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
53:
47:
46:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8361:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8242:
8232:
8231:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8201:Original Thai
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8147:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7965:Hibito–Cholón
7963:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7713:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7599:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7481:Yuman–Cochimí
7479:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7294:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7216:Southern Daly
7214:
7212:
7211:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7141:Darwin Region
7138:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6823:Demta–Sentani
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6544:Indo-European
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6494:Austroasiatic
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6464:
6457:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6239:Nunga English
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6211:Tennant Creek
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6110:Northeastern
6108:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6024:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:(Paredarerme)
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Murrinh-patha
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5610:Southern Daly
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5531:Northern Daly
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5425:Darwin Region
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5200:Bininj Kunwok
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4813:Djambarrpuyŋu
4810:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4654:Adnyamathanha
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4415:Margany–Gunya
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4338:Kuuk Thayorre
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:Gumbaynggiric
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:Victorian P–N
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Adnyamathanha
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Yabula-Yabula
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2665:Gumbaynggiric
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Gureng Gureng
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Gugu Yalandyi
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1467:, p. 19.
1466:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1366:Bowern (2006)
1363:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:According to
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
986:
985:
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
900:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
889:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
879:
877:
875:
871:
862:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
841:
839:
838:
833:
832:
822:
819:
818:
817:
811:
810:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
772:
767:(Mayabic) (7)
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
736:
735:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
706:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
665:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
632:Gumbaynggiric
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
582:
581:Kala Lagaw Ya
578:
577:
576:
575:, there are:
574:
570:
560:
558:
554:
553:Bowern (2012)
550:
540:
538:
522:
514:
510:
506:
505:Kala Lagaw Ya
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
453:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
363:
353:
351:
346:
342:
339:
334:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
293:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
268:
266:
262:
256:
255:
252:
251:
247:
245:
240:
236:
232:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
149:
144:
143:Gumbaynggiric
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
119:
115:
113:
112:Kala Lagaw Ya
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
66:
63:
62:
60:
59:
57:
54:
52:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
27:
22:
19:
8300:
8293:
8292:Families in
8227:
8178:
8076:
8064:
7914:
7882:
7873:Pano-Tacanan
7830:
7793:
7781:
7752:Arutani–Sape
7744:
7689:
7671:
7664:
7649:Oto-Manguean
7647:
7630:
7623:
7570:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7503:
7496:
7473:
7466:
7454:
7427:
7405:
7398:
7386:
7374:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7336:
7329:
7317:
7310:
7269:
7236:
7232:Western Daly
7210:Pama–Nyungan
7209:
7208:
7196:
7189:
7176:
7154:
7149:Eastern Daly
7147:
7139:
7094:
6970:
6958:
6936:
6919:
6897:
6868:Kaure–Kosare
6828:Doso–Turumsa
6818:Chimbu–Wahgi
6808:Bulaka River
6792:Austronesian
6790:
6751:
6744:
6725:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6600:Sino-Tibetan
6598:
6581:
6564:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6511:
6501:Austronesian
6499:
6492:
6480:
6426:
6364:Nilo-Saharan
6362:
6355:
6340:Austronesian
6338:
6331:
6090:Barkly Kriol
6013:Bruny Island
5953:Northeastern
5939:(Tommeginne)
5723:Gajirrawoong
5587:Eastern Daly
5554:Western Daly
5249:Anindilyakwa
4960:
4956:Kartu–Nhanda
4914:
4900:Ngumpin–Yapa
4863:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4752:
4745:
4727:
4720:
4710:Yandruwandha
4708:
4701:
4689:
4677:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4624:
4617:
4576:
4569:
4546:
4541:Kuku Yalanji
4539:
4532:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4463:
4455:
4440:
4433:
4422:
4413:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4359:
4350:
4336:
4322:
4315:
4304:Umbindhamuic
4294:Middle Paman
4279:
4252:
4214:Bandjalangic
4188:
4181:
4161:
4153:
4130:
4111:Lower Murray
4097:Southeastern
4087:Pama–Nyungan
4086:
3928:Anindilyakwa
3688:Pama–Nyungan
3687:
3642:Bulloo River
3621:Yandruwandha
3608:Wilson River
3487:Pama–Nyungan
3486:
3399:Yindjilandji
3343:Ngumpin–Yapa
3331:Pama–Nyungan
3330:
3272:Yindjibarndi
3237:Martuthunira
3146:Pama–Nyungan
3145:
2978:Lower Murray
2844:Pama–Nyungan
2843:
2511:Pama–Nyungan
2510:
2293:Barrow Point
2115:
2043:
2026:
1997:
1982:the original
1977:
1951:
1942:
1915:
1911:
1877:
1864:
1844:
1823:
1802:
1753:
1749:
1733:. Retrieved
1729:
1712:
1700:the original
1695:
1664:
1623:
1619:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1551:Bowern 2011a
1531:
1524:Nichols 1997
1519:
1500:
1488:
1472:
1445:
1421:
1406:
1401:
1381:
1369:
1347:
1336:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1286:Yindjilandji
1218:
1185:
1083:
1036:
983:
956:North Coast
922:Macro-Kulin
887:Southeastern
886:
882:Pama–Nyungan
881:
868:
856:
850:
844:
842:
835:
829:
826:
815:
807:
799:
770:
744:
739:Ngumpin–Yapa
733:
704:
681:Lower Murray
663:
637:
626:Bandjalangic
593:
579:
566:
546:
486:
483:Phonotactics
471:posit a mid-
462:
427:
397:Pama–Nyungan
359:
347:
343:
306:
304:
265:Linguasphere
248:
242:
228:
212:
209:Ngumpin–Yapa
175:Lower Murray
146:
139:Bandjalangic
116:
110:
85:Subdivisions
65:Pama–Nyungan
64:
31:distribution
24:Pama–Nyungan
18:
8186:Germanosign
8090:Mura-Pirahã
7971:Lule–Vilela
7947:Bora-Witoto
7922:Uru–Chipaya
7895:Ticuna–Yuri
7878:Peba–Yaguan
7863:Nambikwaran
7666:Uto-Aztecan
7602:Mesoamerica
7456:Uto-Aztecan
7445:Tsimshianic
7407:Palaihnihan
7277:Malak-Malak
7014:Papuan Gulf
6988:West Papuan
6893:Lower Sepik
6883:Lakes Plain
6786:Arai–Samaia
6774:the Pacific
6482:Afroasiatic
6357:Niger–Congo
6333:Afroasiatic
6234:Neo-Nyungar
6207:Wumpurrarni
6202:Modern Tiwi
6121:(Yumplatok)
5943:Port Sorell
5914:(Peerapper)
5572:Marrithiyel
5567:Merranunggu
5562:Marri Ngarr
5338:Garig–Ilgar
5017:(register:
4843:Ganhalpuyŋu
4785:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
4679:Pitta-Pitta
4565:Kalkatungic
4202:North Coast
4183:Barranbinja
3949:Kungarakany
3871:Gunwinyguan
3857:Warndarrang
3657:Barranbinja
3593:Pitta Pitta
3456:Mayi-Kutuna
3420:Kalkatungic
3305:Nyangumarta
3277:Yinhawangka
3087:Ngadjunmaya
3001:Yitha-Yitha
2931:Wemba Wemba
2916:Madhi-Madhi
2911:Ledji-Ledji
2782:Gunaikurnai
2673:Kumbainggar
2434:Mbara-Yanga
2403:Ikarranggal
2251:Wik-Ngathan
2246:Wik-Mungkan
2231:Kugu-Muminh
1918:: 190–193.
1602:Bowern 2006
1390:Bowern 2006
1304:Sprachbunds
906:Yorta-Yorta
831:Barranbinja
759:Kalkatungic
573:Bass Strait
477:Gulf Plains
457:Gulf Plains
406:Gulf Plains
99:Kalkatungic
8318:Categories
8180:Francosign
8028:Chiquitano
8008:Alacalufan
7816:Guaicuruan
7789:Chapacuran
7772:Cahuapanan
7740:Araucanian
7643:Mixe–Zoque
7638:Misumalpan
7352:Comecrudan
7204:Nyulnyulan
6983:Upper Yuat
6960:Torricelli
6932:Senu River
6863:Foja Range
6769:New Guinea
6694:Burushaski
6555:Kartvelian
6530:Hmong–Mien
6346:Khoe–Kwadi
6078:Daly River
6009:(Nuenonne)
5996:Oyster Bay
5961:Pyemmairre
5822:Nimanburru
5787:Nyulnyulan
5766:(Northern)
5746:Gooniyandi
5485:Bugurnidja
5468:Umbugarlic
5371:Manangkari
5243:Nunggubuyu
5228:Rembarrnga
5213:(Ngalkbun)
5206:Kunbarlang
5149:Mangarrayi
5132:Warndarang
5088:Maningrida
4634:Thura–Yura
4571:Kalkatungu
4224:Waka–Kabic
4177:Wiradhuric
4149:Yuin–Kuric
4132:Bungandidj
3923:Nunggubuyu
3913:Rembarrnga
3903:Kunbarlang
3847:Mangarrayi
3803:Maningrida
3612:Bundhamara
3598:Wanggamala
3582:Yarluyandi
3451:Mayi-Kulan
3428:Kalkatungu
3405:Warluwarra
3384:Warluwaric
3262:Nyiyaparli
3016:Thura-Yura
2954:Bungandidj
2926:Wathaurong
2808:Bandjalang
2729:Darkinjung
2716:Yuin–Kuric
2696:Gamilaraay
2688:Wiradhuric
2589:Waka–Kabic
2485:Umbindhamu
2351:Yir-Yoront
2335:Ogh-Undjan
2277:Morrobolam
2157:Anguthimri
2152:Andjingith
1771:1885/61360
1735:4 February
1611:References
1536:Dixon 1997
1479:, p.
1376:isoglosses
1260:Wiradhuric
1230:Dixon 2002
1226:Sprachbund
1004:Pama-Maric
931:Bungandidj
899:Victorian
891:Victorian
753:Warluwaric
687:Thura-Yura
652:Yuin–Kuric
646:Wiradhuric
614:Waka–Kabic
519:, and one—
493:Anguthimri
446:sprachbund
331:) and the
179:Thura-Yura
157:Yuin–Kuric
153:Wiradhuric
131:Waka–Kabic
29:Geographic
8211:Tanzanian
8152:languages
8049:Hodï/Joti
7993:Isolates
7932:Yanomaman
7868:Otomákoan
7832:Jirajaran
7821:Guajiboan
7783:Catacaoan
7762:Barbacoan
7691:Cuitlatec
7660:Totonacan
7619:Jicaquean
7498:Chimariko
7394:Muskogean
7376:Kalapuyan
7370:Iroquoian
7345:Chumashan
7338:Chinookan
7331:Chimakuan
7249:Yangmanic
7244:Worrorran
7227:Wagaydyic
7117:Australia
6966:Trans-Fly
6632:Yeniseian
6619:Tyrsenian
6513:Dravidian
6262:Cherbourg
6209:English (
6100:Kowanyama
5893:Tasmanian
5778:(Western)
5772:(Eastern)
5770:Ngarinyin
5756:Worrorran
5718:Miriwoong
5668:Jaminjung
5475:Umbugarla
5454:Limilngan
5264:Yangmanic
5233:Ngalakgan
5106:Ndjébbana
5101:Gurr-goni
5067:Gunindiri
5036:Mingginda
5025:Kayardild
4962:Yinggarda
4916:Warumungu
4820:Gupapuyŋu
4792:Ritharrŋu
4754:Paakantyi
4578:Yalarnnga
4501:Warrgamay
4485:Dyirbalic
4457:Dharumbal
4403:Southern
4379:Northern
4317:Umbuygamu
4311:Lamalamic
4209:Durubalic
4155:Dhanggati
4121:Gippsland
4116:Yotayotic
4090:subgroups
4080:languages
4078:Tasmanian
4019:Gunindiri
3981:Kayardild
3908:Ngalakgan
3893:Kunwinjku
3821:Gurr-goni
3816:Ndjébbana
3733:Ritharrŋu
3637:Baagandji
3433:Yalarnnga
3374:Warumungu
3366:Warumungu
3295:Karajarri
3209:Mantharta
3186:Yinggarda
3115:Natingero
3110:Kalaamaya
3029:Barngarla
2991:Ngayawung
2921:Wadi-Wadi
2885:Kolakngat
2856:Yotayotic
2777:Dhudhuroa
2769:Gippsland
2749:Ngunnawal
2739:Dhanggati
2706:Wiradjuri
2701:Ngiyambaa
2632:Durubalic
2607:Gabi-Gabi
2597:Barunggam
2541:Warrgamay
2523:Dyirbalic
2444:Walangama
2326:Kok Thawa
2321:Koko-Bera
2313:Southwest
2265:Lamalamic
2256:Wik-Ompom
2241:Wik-Me'nh
2201:Northeast
2182:Ndrangith
2036:Data sets
1780:1535-0665
1656:256707821
1640:2397-334X
1438:Citations
1311:diachrony
1278:Warluwara
1073:Paakantyi
809:Baagandji
746:Warumungu
701:(SW) (11)
669:Yotayotic
658:Gippsland
620:Durubulic
602:Dyirbalic
569:Cape York
434:Australia
277:Glottolog
250:Paakantyi
214:Warumungu
167:Yotayotic
163:Gippsland
135:Durubulic
123:Dyirbalic
36:Australia
8244:See also
8221:Isolates
8196:Japanese
8136:Yuracaré
8018:Candoshi
7977:Macro-Jê
7942:Zaparoan
7937:Zamucoan
7927:Witotoan
7910:Tucanoan
7905:Tiniguan
7900:Timotean
7884:Quechuan
7853:Matacoan
7848:Mascoian
7838:Jivaroan
7801:Chibchan
7795:Charruan
7746:Arawakan
7683:Isolates
7614:Chibchan
7490:Isolates
7462:Wakashan
7423:Salishan
7365:Eskaleut
7271:Giimbiyu
7263:Isolates
7172:Jarrakan
7167:Iwaidjan
7024:Isolates
6878:Kutubuan
6746:Sumerian
6682:Isolates
6637:Yukaghir
6606:Tungusic
6572:Mongolic
6560:Koreanic
6519:Eskaleut
6410:Isolates
6394:Ubangian
6217:Alyawarr
6136:Napranum
5929:Northern
5878:Giimbiyu
5871:isolates
5858:Ngumbarl
5802:Nyulnyul
5776:Worrorra
5764:Wunambal
5705:Jarrakan
5544:Tyerraty
5480:Ngurmbur
5380:Southern
5318:Iwaidjan
5304:Gaagudju
5277:Wardaman
5184:Uwinymil
5175:(Djauan)
5038:(Minkin)
4944:Ngayarda
4940:Pilbara
4871:Southern
4717:Eastern
4698:Central
4686:Western
4626:Kaytetye
4619:Arrernte
4508:Nyawaygi
4452: ?
4391:Eastern
4384:Warrongo
4352:Mbabaram
4299:Umpilaic
4237:Northern
4190:Muruwari
3954:Wardaman
3944:Gaagudju
3883:Uwinymil
3652:Muruwari
3540:Kaytetye
3535:Arrernte
3328:Northern
3267:Panyjima
3219:Ngayarta
3166:Badimaya
3054:Ngadjuri
3044:Narungga
2901:Bunurong
2869:Yotayota
2841:Southern
2754:Tharawal
2724:Awabakal
2622:Wuliwuli
2617:Wakawaka
2579:Warrongo
2536:Nyawaygi
2475:Kok Narr
2460:Djabugay
2439:Mbabaram
2422:Southern
2346:Kuuk Yak
2286:Yalanjic
2272:Lamalama
2226:Ayabadhu
2167:Awngthim
2076:Archived
1934:24046742
1750:Language
1717:Archived
1648:29531347
1426:See also
1411:—
1386:—
1350:Ken Hale
1295:Part of
1210:Validity
984:Northern
834:and the
801:Muruwari
722:Ngayarta
513:Victoria
473:Holocene
416:perhaps
356:Typology
283:pama1250
244:Muruwari
201:Ngayarta
8294:italics
8271:Pidgins
8256:Creoles
8206:Swedish
8174:Chinese
8121:Urarina
8106:Puinave
8060:Itonama
8054:Irantxe
8023:Chimane
7953:Chimuan
7858:Nadahup
7777:Cariban
7757:Aymaran
7718:America
7560:Waikuri
7553:Tonkawa
7546:Timucua
7539:Takelma
7532:Siuslaw
7521:Kutenai
7505:Esselen
7468:Wintuan
7429:Shastan
7400:Na-Dene
7388:Maiduan
7325:Caddoan
7299:America
7253:Wagiman
7251:(incl.
7222:Tangkic
7162:Garawan
7135:Bunuban
7096:Tambora
7063:Maybrat
7031:Abinomn
6954:Teberan
6915:Pauwasi
6905:Mairasi
6873:Kiwaian
6753:Tambora
6739:Shompen
6721:Kusunda
6714:Kenaboi
6700:Elamite
6672:Siangic
6654:Kho-Bwa
6648:Hrusish
6566:Kra–Dai
6550:Japonic
6459:Eurasia
6434:Sandawe
6417:Bangime
6382:Songhay
6219:English
6151:Pidgins
6112:creoles
6065:Barunga
6058:Ngukurr
6040:Creoles
5988:Eastern
5904:Western
5853:Nyigina
5733:Bunuban
5691:Wambaya
5686:Ngarnka
5678:Ngurlun
5663:Nungali
5645:Jingulu
5427: ?
5410:Wurrugu
5403: ?
5387:Amurdag
5333:Iwaidja
5300: ?
5282:Wagiman
5268:Wagiman
5245:(Wubuy)
5221:Eastern
5211:Dalabon
5193:Central
5166:Western
5151: ?
5145: ?
5139: ?
5111:Nakkara
5096:Burarra
5080: ?
5047:Garrwan
5030:Yukulta
5007:Tangkic
4971:Mirning
4965: ?
4919: ?
4905:Ngumpin
4895:Marrngu
4865:Yanyuwa
4768:Western
4732: ?
4640:Wirangu
4613:Arandic
4599:Central
4516: ?
4494:Dyirbal
4476: ?
4468: ?
4460: ?
4450:Kingkel
4427: ?
4166: ?
4158: ?
4006:Garrwan
3973:Tangkic
3959:Wagiman
3898:Dalabon
3826:Nakkara
3811:Burarra
3578:Ngamini
3573:Mithaka
3563:Arabana
3527:Arandic
3484:Central
3410:Yanyuwa
3396:Bularnu
3356:Ngumbin
3351:Ngarrga
3300:Mangala
3287:Marrngu
3252:Nhuwala
3232:Kurrama
3227:Jurruru
3204:Kanyara
3181:Wajarri
3171:Malgana
3143:Western
3120:Nyungar
3105:Galaagu
3097:Nyungic
3082:Mirning
3074:Mirniny
3064:Wirangu
2996:Yaralde
2986:Keramin
2879:Kulinic
2744:Ngarigo
2655:Turrbal
2650:Nunukul
2574:Kingkel
2564:Bidjara
2546:Wulguru
2531:Dyirbal
2508:Eastern
2429:Agwamin
2413:Thaypan
2408:Takalak
2393:Angkula
2388:Alungul
2381:Thaypan
2372:Kuthant
2367:Kurtjar
2236:Pakanha
2177:Mbiywom
2172:Luthigh
1794:Dataset
1788:4375648
1450:Frawley
1325:in the
1290:Bularnu
1274:Yanyuwa
1248:Yidinic
1196:Tangkic
1084:Western
1037:Central
782:Arandic
728:Marrngu
699:Nyungic
693:Mirniny
675:Kulinic
571:to the
489:liquids
438:culture
370:Yanyuwa
366:Tangkic
223:Arandic
205:Marrngu
187:Nyungar
183:Mirniny
171:Kulinic
8169:BANZSL
8131:Yamana
8116:Trumai
8085:Movima
8039:Fulniô
8002:Aikanã
7916:Tupian
7811:Chonan
7735:Arauan
7673:Xincan
7625:Lencan
7578:Yokuts
7475:Yukian
7440:Tanoan
7435:Siouan
7418:Pomoan
7359:Coosan
7185:Mirndi
7078:Porome
7073:Pawaia
6927:Senagi
6899:Madang
6848:Eleman
6803:Border
6734:Nihali
6727:Minoan
6707:Hattic
6689:Basque
6660:Mijiic
6642:Digaro
6626:Uralic
6612:Turkic
6463:Europe
6320:Africa
6256:Woorie
6244:Yarrie
6227:Others
6138:Creole
6132:Creole
6102:Creole
6096:Creole
5978:Norman
5848:Warrwa
5843:Dyugun
5838:Yawuru
5741:Bunuba
5655:Yirram
5637:Mirndi
5415:Marrgu
5238:Ngandi
5173:Jawoyn
5120:Marran
5061:Waanyi
5055:Garawa
5015:Lardil
4976:Nyunga
4875:Ngarru
4836:Djinba
4829:Djinaŋ
4703:Diyari
4667:Karnic
4647:Kaurna
4548:Yidiny
4465:Bayali
4424:Bindal
4281:Uradhi
4024:Waanyi
4014:Garrwa
3991:Minkin
3986:Lardil
3918:Ngandi
3878:Jawoyn
3759:Bindal
3728:Djinaŋ
3723:Djinba
3713:Dhuwal
3686:Other
3664:Yardli
3568:Diyari
3555:Karnic
3512:Wanman
3507:Ngardi
3461:Ngawun
3392:Wagaya
3257:Nyamal
3242:Ngarla
3176:Nhanda
3059:Nukunu
3039:Kuyani
3034:Kaurna
2818:Yidiny
2803:Anewan
2734:Dharug
2678:Yaygir
2645:Janday
2602:Dappil
2470:Gugadj
2360:Norman
2331:Kunjen
2208:Umpila
2192:Uradhi
2187:Ngkoth
2004:
1958:
1932:
1892:
1852:
1831:
1810:
1786:
1778:
1679:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1282:Wagaya
1270:Ngarna
1265:Yolngu
855:, and
794:Yardli
788:Karnic
639:Anewan
595:Yidiny
463:Using
442:ritual
402:Region
338:nyunga
319:merism
311:family
239:Yardli
235:Karnic
230:Kalali
148:Anewan
118:Yidiny
95:Ngarna
8126:Warao
8095:Nukak
8066:Kunza
8044:Guató
8033:Cofán
8013:Camsá
7806:Choco
7767:Boran
7716:South
7697:Huave
7632:Mayan
7583:Yuchi
7566:Washo
7516:Karuk
7511:Haida
7450:Utian
7382:Keres
7319:Alsea
7312:Algic
7297:North
7089:Taiap
7083:Sulka
6938:Sepik
6853:Engan
6594:Ongan
6577:Nivkh
6445:Shabo
6428:Jalaa
6422:Hadza
6376:Mande
6246:Lingo
6080:Kriol
5807:Bardi
5459:Wulna
5366:Maung
5348:Ilgar
5343:Garig
5179:Waray
5143:Alawa
5137:Yugul
5127:Marra
5019:Damin
4878:Thawa
4799:Nhaŋu
4776:Yolŋu
4747:Yarli
4442:Yanda
4372:Maric
4267:Paman
4126:Kulin
3937:Other
3888:Waray
3862:Yugul
3852:Marra
3842:Alawa
3747:Other
3738:Nhaŋu
3718:Djaŋu
3708:Dhaŋu
3700:Yolŋu
3630:Other
3588:Ngura
3158:Kartu
2946:Drual
2893:Kulin
2796:Other
2759:Wormi
2640:Guwar
2556:Maric
2453:Other
2140:North
2023:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1974:(PDF)
1930:JSTOR
1908:(PDF)
1784:S2CID
1652:S2CID
1254:Maric
1242:Paman
1068:Yarli
988:Gulf
911:Gunai
821:Yolŋu
710:Kartu
608:Maric
588:Paman
521:Gunai
191:Kartu
127:Maric
107:Paman
91:Yolŋu
8301:bold
8228:See
8164:Arab
8150:Sign
8101:Páez
8078:Maku
8072:Leco
7588:Zuni
7572:Yana
7526:Seri
7283:Tiwi
7103:Wiru
7068:Mpur
7058:Kuot
7041:Anêm
7036:Abun
7003:Yuat
6998:Yawa
6944:Skou
6921:Ramu
6772:and
6666:Miju
6488:Ainu
6468:Asia
6466:and
6439:Laal
6400:Kadu
6388:Ijaw
6351:Kx'a
6264:Talk
6258:Talk
6252:Talk
6250:Palm
5883:Tiwi
5812:Jawi
5713:Kija
5600:Kamu
4925:Wati
4910:Yapa
4586:Mayi
4558:Gulf
4435:Guwa
4396:Biri
4076:and
3499:Wati
3443:Mayi
3049:Nauo
3006:Yuyu
2569:Biri
2002:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1776:ISSN
1737:2024
1677:ISBN
1644:PMID
1636:ISSN
1511:help
1297:Yura
1276:and
1024:(?)
872:use
823:(10)
776:Wati
765:Mayi
741:(10)
724:(12)
677:(13)
654:(14)
610:(26)
590:(41)
551:and
533:/pr/
531:and
529:/kr/
455:The
440:and
328:pama
305:The
219:Wati
103:Mayi
42:and
7053:Kol
7047:Ata
6993:Yam
6858:Fas
6371:Tuu
4287:Wik
2218:Wik
2048:doi
1920:doi
1882:doi
1766:hdl
1758:doi
1669:doi
1628:doi
1481:176
804:(1)
761:(2)
755:(5)
749:(1)
730:(3)
718:(8)
712:(5)
695:(2)
689:(8)
683:(9)
660:(5)
634:(2)
628:(4)
622:(5)
616:(5)
604:(5)
598:(1)
584:(1)
525:/r/
517:/l/
501:/ɰ/
497:/ɣ/
413:Era
341:).
313:of
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2046:,
2025:.
1976:,
1928:.
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1914:.
1910:.
1888:.
1782:.
1774:.
1764:.
1754:88
1752:.
1748:.
1728:.
1715:.
1711:.
1694:.
1675:.
1650:.
1642:.
1634:.
1622:.
1558:^
1543:^
1457:^
1362:.
1345:.
1306:.
1288:,
1284:,
1280:,
840:.
559:.
467:,
418:c.
241:,
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105:,
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8303:.
8213:?
8097:?
8056:?
8035:?
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7985:?
7979:?
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7967:?
7961:?
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7218:?
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