1086:
1118:), referring to a "conversational and storytelling style where Indigenous people share stories based on real experience and knowledge, from intimate family gatherings to formal public presentations". A "yarning circle" is a way of passing on cultural knowledge and building respectful relationships within a group. A 2021 article about Indigenous health communication says that yarning "includes repetition as a way to emphasise what is important in the message", and suggests that using the method can be useful in imparting health information. Yarning circles have been introduced in men's and women's prisons across
787:"Cheeky" (or "tjiki") may be used to mean "sly, cunning, malicious, malevolent, spiteful, ill-disposed, ill-natured, mischievous, vicious, bad, wicked, evil", so can be used to describe a person, dog, mosquito or snake, and "a cheeky bugger is a universal substitute for just about anything or anybody on earth". It can be used to denote a dangerous or aggressive animal or person, so for instance could be used describe a dog that is likely to bite or attack.
1303:
1289:
945:. ". A 1972 newspaper article suggested that the word is the "diminutive of garbage". The word "Gubba" is derived from the word "Government" and is representative of the White Men who came to take children from the missions, eg in a sentence " run from the Gubbament" nothing to do with white people as a whole, has been bastardised to blanket New South Wales. Most other states don't utilise the word.
866:, etc.) is used in combination with adjectives or numerals, e.g. "big fella business" = "important business", "one-feller girl" = "one girl". This can give it an adverbial meaning, e.g. "sing out big fella" = "call out loudly". It is also used with pronouns to indicate the plural, e.g. "me fella" = "we" or "us", "you fella" = "you all". Other words include
1054:
are also used to describe a lot of people or things when an actual number is not stated, and is usually associated with "big" or "biggest". Examples include, "There was a big mob (or the biggest mob) at the football." or "There was no moon, so we could see the biggest mobs of stars" or in a health
317:
Negative attitudes that exist in
Australian society towards AbE have negative effects on Aboriginal people across law, health and educational contexts. Speakers have been noted to tend to change between different forms of AAE depending on whom they are speaking to, e.g. striving to speak more like
912:, mainly relating to deceit, joking, and false, but also to a lame (pathetic, bad) idea. As a verb ("gammon/gamin/gammin around") means to fool around, and may also be used as an expression equivalent to "As if!". The word is also used by non-Aboriginal people, and it has been noted that the PNG
671:
compared to
Standard Australian English. The Aboriginal English vowel space tends to share the same lower boundary as Indigenous language vowel spaces, but shares an upper boundary with Standard Australian English, thus representing an expansion upwards from the Indigenous vowel space. There are
1076:
While "rubbish" as an adjective in many dialects of
English means wrong, stupid, or useless, in the north of Australia, "rubbish" is usually used to describe someone who is too old or too young to be active in the local culture. Another use is meaning something is "not dangerous"; for example,
329:
AAE terms, or derivative terms, are sometimes used by the broader
Australian community. Australian Aboriginal English is spoken among Aboriginal people generally, but is especially evident in what are called "discrete communities", i.e. ex-government or mission reserves such as the
537:
may be used for females and inanimate objects in additional to the expected masculine case. This is also shared in standard
English with the masculine pronouns possessing a neuter case, uncommonly (often historically) referring to an unspecified sex (e.g.
313:
There are generally distinctive features of phonology, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use in
Australian Aboriginal English, compared with Australian English. The language is also often accompanied by a lot of non-verbal cues.
805:; it has a "spiritual and philosophical dimension" by which they relate to a certain place. This meaning is now regarded to be part of Australian English, as it has become familiar to non-Indigenous Australians, for example in
755:". Financial matters are referred to as "money business", and the secret-sacred rituals distinct to each sex are referred to as "women's business" and "men's business". "Secret women's business" was at the centre of the
2295:
625:
accents. More basilectal varieties tend to merge a number of vowels, up to the point of merging all
Australian English vowels into the three or five vowels of a given speaker's native language. That said, the
590:. For example: "board", "church", "Perth"; but "flour", "doctor". Sutton speculates that this feature may derive from the fact that many of the first settlers in coastal South Australia – including
301:) population as a result of colonisation. It is made up of a number of varieties which developed differently in different parts of Australia, and grammar and pronunciation differs from that of standard
1024:
refers to an
Aboriginal person asking a relative for money. Humbugging can become a serious burden where the traditional culture is one of communal ownership and strong obligations between relatives.
1389:
259:
901:
The word is used across
Australian Aboriginal communities, with its meaning given variously as inauthentic, cheap or broken; to be pretending or joking; or just pathetic or lame.
1107:, often with incredible or unbelievable events. Originally a sailors' expression, "to spin a yarn", in reference to stories told while performing mundane tasks such as spinning
432:
948:
While it can be used derogatorily, "Gubba" is also used to refer to friends, e.g. "gubba mates". Other words for white people are balanda (see above), migaloo, and wadjela.
2404:
1077:
non-venomous snakes are all considered to be "rubbish", while in contrast, venomous snakes are "cheeky". In both cases, "rubbish" approximately means "inert".
1321:
1316:
4284:
2373:
1212:
Some other words with particular meanings in
Aboriginal English, or derived from an Aboriginal language, and/or pertaining to Aboriginal culture, include:
4224:
839:
is used by many Aboriginal people to mean excellent, or very good, in the same way that "wicked", "sick" or "awesome" is by many young English speakers.
2473:
1846:
1614:"Australian Aboriginal English in Indigenous-authored television series: A corpus linguistic study of lexis in Redfern Now, Cleverman and Mystery Road"
2569:
2022:
660:
Many Aboriginal people, including those who speak acrolectal varieties of English and even those who do not speak an Indigenous language, do not
1008:
character) means nonsensical, or unimportant information, humbug in Aboriginal English means to pester with inane or repetitive requests. The
3227:
2441:
1032:
Colloquially used to mean a group of Aboriginal people associated with an extended family group, clan group or wider community group, from a
578:, relative to both other AAE speakers and Standard Australian English speakers (which are generally non-rhotic). These speakers realise
4319:
3292:
908:
s Australian Word Map ascribes six meanings, based on feedback from around the country, in which the word is used as several different
2422:
This article by Celeste Rodriguez Louro and Glenys Dale Collard, from The University of Western Australia was originally published in
2345:
886:
slang used by criminals, "gammon" was to swindle someone or cheat them, used for example in the sense of creating a distraction while
1775:
2081:
1932:
1449:
2106:
672:
other differences between acrolectal Aboriginal English and Standard Australian English vowel qualities, which tend to represent
2541:
2148:
4430:
1905:
1638:
689:
4369:
4154:
2272:
1466:
4389:
3462:
3347:
3220:
2562:
1567:
1458:
941:
has it as "n. Colloq. (derog.) an Aboriginal term for a white man". Also, "gubba, n. Colloq. (derog.) 1. a white man. 2. a
3870:
2449:
1127:
756:
3975:
1875:
1036:. It is used to connect and identify the person and where they are from. "My mob" means my people, or extended family.
454:
Aboriginal English varieties also occur in Indigenous-authored fictional broadcast media, including kinship words like
1613:
2533:
2486:
1934:
Examining the Effectiveness of Including Aboriginal Perspectives to Engage Aboriginal Students in High School Science
1662:
1596:
1085:
1020:, humbug is used by both black and white in this latter, Aboriginal way. The most commonly recognised definition of
935:, also spelt gubba, is a term used by some Aboriginal people to refer to white people or non-Aboriginal people. The
3774:
2190:
802:
796:
641:
Although Indigenous language and basilectal Aboriginal English vowel systems are small, there is a high degree of
4022:
3818:
2996:
2636:
2555:
2409:
2350:
1123:
1040:
355:
2163:
4339:
3779:
3285:
3236:
397:, among other features. Specific terms can be used to refer to local or regional varieties of AbE, for example
318:
Australian English when speaking to a non-Indigenous English-speaking person. This is sometimes referred to as
2247:
1993:
1822:
447:
have a distinct way of pronouncing "r" in words such as "girl" and "bird", somewhat akin to the accent of the
305:, along a continuum. Some of its words have also been adopted into standard or colloquial Australian English.
4379:
4072:
3146:
3028:
2940:
2492:
844:
4425:
4374:
4027:
3847:
3664:
3485:
2837:
1336:
1732:
1126:, in a bid to connect Indigenous inmates with their culture, and reduce reoffending and the high rates of
579:
4420:
3750:
3740:
3338:
3305:
3301:
2982:
2829:
1588:
638:
diphthongs, tend to be maintained in all but the heaviest accents, albeit they are frequently shortened.
2218:
1138:
Often conjoined with the word "deadly", "unna" means "True" or "ain't it?". It is used primarily by the
4334:
4049:
3907:
3318:
2859:
2603:
2424:
1428:
813:, signifying the deep attachment to, and obligation to care for, the traditional lands of their group.
3270:
4314:
3840:
3798:
3769:
3701:
3669:
3278:
2989:
2514:
2144:
351:
2023:"On gammon, global noise and indigenous heterogeneity: Words as things in Aboriginal public culture"
4039:
3993:
3892:
3865:
3830:
3725:
3596:
3181:
3167:
3065:
3051:
2610:
2027:
1584:
And the clock struck thirteen: the life and thoughts of Kaurna Elder Uncle Lewis Yerloburka O'Brien
1200:" means "a white person" and comes from this word. It and its counterpart "blackfella" headline "
890:; or, more generally, nonsense, "humbug". Its origin has been variously thought to be related to
4251:
4084:
3902:
3877:
2954:
2793:
2714:
2525:
2521:
2140:
2136:
1341:
673:
646:
358:. Kriol is a totally separate language from English, spoken by over 30,000 people in Australia.
79:
69:
59:
354:. The varieties developed differently in different parts of Australia, by Aboriginal peoples of
4166:
4144:
3948:
3645:
3614:
3492:
3258:
3251:
2735:
2679:
2578:
2256:
1817:
650:
436:
331:
298:
290:
4062:
4364:
4149:
4044:
3757:
3691:
3445:
3435:
3430:
2651:
2624:
2381:
1362:
1201:
1033:
810:
618:
428:
294:
94:
4357:
751:
in a distinct way, to mean "matters". Funeral and mourning practices are commonly known as "
3786:
3679:
3619:
3497:
3470:
3387:
3003:
2933:
2852:
1331:
1185:
937:
903:
697:
575:
510:
180:
99:
8:
4384:
4214:
4206:
4104:
4067:
3953:
3938:
3813:
3803:
3730:
3569:
3174:
3121:
2888:
2873:
2693:
2405:"Yarns from the heart: the role of Aboriginal English in Indigenous health communication"
1385:
991:
448:
265:
160:
150:
1697:
1486:
Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
4274:
4241:
4176:
4159:
4014:
3835:
3382:
3372:
2822:
2815:
2707:
2596:
2052:
1883:
1740:
1536:
1017:
959:
806:
776:
654:
347:
302:
109:
74:
64:
2744:
1808:. Aboriginal Teacher Education Program, Mount Lawley College of Advanced Education: 50
250:
4279:
4264:
4236:
4196:
3988:
3925:
3674:
3450:
3414:
3188:
2895:
2866:
2808:
2801:
2778:
2700:
2658:
2529:
2482:
2268:
2056:
2044:
1964:
1941:
1592:
1528:
1462:
1044:
825:
768:
424:
370:
343:
3970:
1802:"Aboriginal Australians speak: An introduction to Australian Aboriginal linguistics"
1540:
566:
Sutton (1989) documents that some speakers of Aboriginal English in the area around
4399:
4352:
4304:
4231:
4139:
4129:
4124:
4114:
3960:
3933:
3791:
3711:
3656:
3554:
3536:
3523:
3360:
3355:
3195:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3042:
2961:
2899:
2845:
2665:
2586:
2260:
2036:
1956:
1706:
1671:
1520:
1308:
1294:
1193:
1104:
1066:
1005:
732:
599:
595:
286:
104:
89:
84:
1710:
4269:
4171:
4109:
4079:
3887:
3762:
3583:
3559:
3531:
3502:
3475:
3440:
3327:
3160:
3153:
3139:
3086:
3072:
2975:
2919:
2758:
2751:
2728:
2721:
1413:
1119:
1094:
1001:
956:
909:
591:
571:
444:
420:
51:
1189:
728:
346:
of varieties of Aboriginal English, ranging from light forms, close to standard
4344:
4259:
4219:
4119:
3943:
3696:
3601:
3591:
3507:
3309:
2968:
2924:
2785:
2672:
1511:
Butcher, Andrew (2008). "Linguistic aspects of Australian Aboriginal English".
1388:
Australian Aboriginal English at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1161:
1156:
752:
701:
498:
323:
210:
186:
175:
155:
1675:
1524:
736:
4414:
4394:
4309:
3965:
3882:
3823:
3735:
3686:
3564:
3546:
3114:
2881:
2686:
2442:"Yarning circles in NSW prisons aim to reduce Indigenous incarceration rates"
2048:
2040:
1968:
1151:
979:
891:
887:
883:
840:
416:
165:
1197:
3897:
3745:
3624:
1532:
1143:
1009:
767:
Many Aboriginal people refer to their house as their camp, particularly in
708:
614:
607:
603:
513:
to link things together. For example, the Aboriginal English equivalent of
451:
miners who worked in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
440:
217:
850:
This usage is not exclusive to Aboriginal people. It is commonly heard in
2947:
2547:
1582:
1555:
The Habitat of Australia's Aboriginal Languages: Past, Present and Future
1326:
1228:
1220:
1217:
Bunji ('mate, friend or "sister in-law (more common for female speakers)"
952:
942:
668:
661:
583:
170:
1660:
Sutton, Peter (1989). "Postvocalic R in an Australian English dialect".
1258:
1204:", an Aboriginal country rock anthem about the need for racial harmony.
843:(aka Deadlys) were awards for outstanding achievement by Aboriginal and
836:
529:
In Aboriginal English, particularly in northern Australia, the pronouns
3808:
3300:
3079:
2320:
895:
871:
867:
622:
547:
472:
1801:
1631:
1553:
Harris, John. "Linguistic responses to contact: Pidgins and creoles",
1263:
821:
435:
languages, as well as local variations in pronunciation. According to
3365:
3035:
1390:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1253:
1180:
In Aboriginal communities, particularly those in the outback and the
913:
642:
627:
587:
319:
243:
231:
32:
2264:
1100:
602:
whalers – spoke rhotic varieties. Many of his informants grew up in
586:
position (after a vowel and before a consonant), though only within
3392:
1499:
Australian English Reimagined: Structure, features and developments
1451:
Working with Aboriginal people and communities: A practice resource
1302:
1245:
664:
before nasal consonants, unlike other Australian English speakers.
567:
361:
Specific features of Aboriginal English differ between regions. In
285:) is a cover term used for the complex, rule-governed varieties of
2296:"What is the difference between mob, clan, tribe, language group?"
2164:"27 Aboriginal words and phrases that all Australians should know"
1639:"What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it?"
693:
4329:
4324:
4134:
3480:
3407:
3402:
1733:"Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land"
1181:
1147:
1090:
851:
772:
724:
720:
362:
42:
1621:
The Journal of the European Association for Studies of Australia
621:
for Aboriginal English vowel pronunciations, especially in more
373:, they include address terms and kinship, uninverted questions (
3397:
3377:
3213:
3021:
2915:
2403:
Louro, Celeste Rodriguez; Collard, Glenys Dale (28 July 2021).
1906:"How to understand Australians - Slang Words & Expressions"
1847:"20 Aboriginal words you should know before visiting Australia"
1268:
1021:
997:
326:
and is common among Aboriginal people living in major cities.
3058:
1273:
1240:
1139:
1128:
incarceration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
862:
In some forms of Aboriginal English, "fellow" (usually spelt
366:
727:) often refer to themselves and other Aboriginal people as "
2195:
1108:
2189:
Grant, Lowanna; McCarthy-Grogan, Grayson (15 March 2019).
1730:
423:
dialect of Aboriginal English. It includes words from the
2325:
Origin and meaning of yarn by Online Etymology Dictionary
1948:
1696:
Butcher, Andrew; Anderson, Victoria (22 September 2008).
613:
Most Australian Aboriginal languages have three- or five-
2082:"Words you thought were Indigenous that actually aren't"
2346:"10 ways Aboriginal Australians made English their own"
1568:"10 ways Aboriginal Australians made English their own"
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
2249:
Warraparna Kaurna!: Reclaiming an Australian language
1322:
List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin
1172:
These phrases can be used to ask "What's happening?"
1093:, Western Australia, on the traditional lands of the
982:(South Australia) to refer to non-Aboriginal people.
667:
Acrolectal Aboriginal accents tend to have a smaller
2188:
1284:
1682:
1581:O'Brien, Lewis Yerloburka; Gale, Mary-Anne (2007).
1114:
In Aboriginal English, the word is used as a verb (
2513:
1231:(moving quickly from one place to another another)
1154:. This word is used frequently in the 1998 novel
16:Dialect of English used by Indigenous Australians
4412:
2378:Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority
696:people for European people; originally from the
554:as the oblique form is not always observed, and
254: code abandoned, but bibliography retained
2481:. Dept. of Justice and Attorney General. 2000.
2219:"The etymology of Coober Pedy, South Australia"
1695:
1580:
1480:
1478:
1957:"On the Irish variety of the English language"
1724:
3286:
2563:
1461:. Aboriginal Services Branch. February 2009.
719:Aboriginal people (particularly those in the
3644:
2511:
2475:Aboriginal English in the courts: a handbook
2402:
1475:
970:), which translates to "whitefellas' hole".
2075:
2073:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1699:The vowels of Australian Aboriginal English
1491:
1055:perspective, "I've got a big mob of pain".
4320:Comparison of American and British English
3293:
3279:
2577:
2570:
2556:
2182:
2158:
2156:
1954:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1731:Walker, Alan & Zorc, R. David (1981).
2516:A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms
2239:
2133:A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms
2016:
2014:
1931:Hansen, Jennet Jeniffer (December 2016).
1497:Dickson, Greg. "Aboriginal English(es)",
1089:A yarning circle at a mining camp in the
4013:
2070:
1994:"12 Old-Timey Ways of Saying "Nonsense""
1987:
1985:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1799:
1793:
1776:"Aboriginal words in Australian English"
1752:
1611:
1426:
1084:
497:Aboriginal English does not make use of
2439:
2216:
2153:
1992:Jones, Paul Anthony (25 January 2019).
1827:
1641:. NSW Board of Studies. 7 November 2015
1510:
558:may be found as the subject of a verb.
4413:
2502:
2191:"50 ways you know you're a blackfella"
2079:
2020:
2011:
1930:
1705:. Interspeech 2008. pp. 347–350.
1659:
1557:. Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, p. 131–151.
1488:. Mouton de Gruyter, 1996, p. 133–141.
1379:
1167:
308:
3274:
2551:
2540:(Previews of each entry available at
2245:
1991:
1982:
1874:Browning, Daniel (3 September 2016).
1864:
1773:
1411:
1067:second person plural pronoun address.
803:special meaning for Aboriginal people
645:. For example, vowels may be heavily
4390:Non-native pronunciations of English
2507:. Oxford University Press Australia.
1844:
1484:Eades, Diana. "Aboriginal English",
1459:NSW Department of Community Services
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1317:Australian Aboriginal Pidgin English
747:Many Aboriginal people use the word
676:on the part of Aboriginal speakers.
2450:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1898:
1184:, Aboriginal people often refer to
757:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy
470:, and other frequent words such as
13:
2466:
2080:Verass, Sophie (7 February 2018).
1513:Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics
828:and means "cool", or really good.
735:term for an Aboriginal person is "
492:
14:
4442:
1955:Mitarcheva, Irina (31 May 2019).
1800:Vaszolyi, Eric G. (4 July 2016).
1663:Australian Journal of Linguistics
1394:
2149:Oxford Reference, 5th ed. (1990)
1774:Korff, Jens (17 February 2021).
1301:
1287:
1039:Mob is often used to refer to a
892:leg of cured ham known as gammon
797:Country (Indigenous Australians)
2997:South Australian Pidgin English
2440:Ormonde, Bill (8 August 2022).
2433:
2410:University of Western Australia
2396:
2366:
2351:University of Western Australia
2338:
2313:
2288:
2210:
2125:
2099:
1924:
1845:Reid, Sarah (18 October 2020).
1653:
1605:
1574:
1354:
1250:Tidda ('sister, female friend')
1124:Broken Hill Correctional Centre
739:", which comes from this term.
289:used by a large section of the
4340:English-based creole languages
3237:Australian Irish Sign Language
1560:
1547:
1504:
1501:. Routledge, 2019, p. 134–154.
1442:
1420:
1207:
955:is thought to derive from the
1:
4431:Australian Aboriginal culture
4380:List of English-based pidgins
2941:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1711:10.21437/Interspeech.2008-145
1373:
1175:
1034:particular place or "Country"
845:Torres Strait Islander people
714:
275:Australian Aboriginal English
115:Australian Aboriginal English
24:Australian Aboriginal English
4375:Linguistic purism in English
1347:
1337:Aboriginal English in Canada
864:fella, feller, fullah, fulla
824:originates in South-western
561:
381:, and Nyungar terms such as
350:, to heavy forms, closer to
337:
7:
3476:London & Thames Estuary
2983:Port Jackson Pidgin English
2259:Press. pp. 13–15, 17.
1280:
1237:Horse ('something awesome')
1012:released an album entitled
870:(an Aboriginal person) and
742:
574:have an uncommon degree of
542:). The distinction between
524:
10:
4447:
4335:English as a lingua franca
1876:"The etymology of country"
1071:
989:
794:
790:
684:
679:
582:as in the preconsonantal
487:
4315:Broad and general accents
4297:
4250:
4225:regional and occupational
4205:
4192:
4185:
4097:
4058:
4006:
3984:
3924:
3856:
3721:
3710:
3655:
3637:
3610:
3582:
3545:
3522:
3461:
3423:
3346:
3337:
3326:
3317:
3246:
3205:
3131:
3014:Major immigrant languages
3013:
2990:Queensland Kanaka English
2914:
2832:? (5-6 families/isolates)
2770:
2646:
2634:
2585:
1806:Research Outputs Pre 2011
1676:10.1080/07268608908599416
1612:Bednarek, Monika (2021).
1525:10.1080/02699200802223535
1103:is an English word for a
985:
973:
927:
877:
831:
782:
258:
241:
229:
224:
207:
143:
48:
38:
28:
23:
3228:Indigenous Sign Language
2538:– via Archive.org.
2217:Naessan, Petter (2010).
2145:Archive.org 1990 edition
2135:5th ed. (1990), p. 164.
2041:10.1177/0308275X09364068
2028:Critique of Anthropology
1000:in broader English (see
951:The name of the town of
857:
816:
809:ceremonies and the term
540:one must brush his teeth
3132:Major foreign languages
2796:? (3 families/isolates)
2526:Oxford University Press
2522:Sydney University Press
2141:Oxford University Press
2137:Sydney University Press
2021:Fisher, Daniel (2010).
1342:American Indian English
1133:
1080:
1061:can be used instead of
801:The word "country" has
762:
3493:Received Pronunciation
3259:Indigenous Australians
3252:Aboriginal Australians
2579:Languages of Australia
2503:Arthur, J. M. (1996).
2257:University of Adelaide
2226:press-files.anu.edu.au
1818:Edith Cowan University
1412:Davis, Sharon (2022).
1097:
1027:
692:is a word used by the
299:Torres Strait Islander
3687:Multicultural Toronto
3221:Australian Aboriginal
2618:Australian Aboriginal
2512:Wilkes, G.A. (1990).
2382:Queensland Government
2113:. Australian Word Map
1202:Blackfella/Whitefella
1088:
990:Further information:
811:connection to country
795:Further information:
630:, and especially the
617:, and these form the
377:), the utterance tag
295:Aboriginal Australian
291:Indigenous Australian
95:International English
3848:Western Pennsylvania
3004:Torres Strait Creole
2524:in association with
2498:on 31 December 2010.
2139:in association with
2111:Macquarie Dictionary
1429:"Aboriginal English"
1414:"Aboriginal English"
1332:Torres Strait Creole
1234:Foot Falcon ('walk')
938:Macquarie Dictionary
904:Macquarie Dictionary
698:Makassarese language
356:many language groups
181:Early Modern English
100:Commonwealth english
4426:Dialects of English
4385:Mid-Atlantic accent
3976:Trinidad and Tobago
2246:Amery, Rob (2016).
1168:Whichway and Wotnah
992:Humbug (Aboriginal)
653:in the presence of
437:Uncle Lewis O'Brien
375:That's your Auntie?
309:General description
161:Proto-West Germanic
151:Proto-Indo-European
4421:Australian English
3908:Pennsylvania Dutch
2604:Western Australian
2505:Aboriginal English
2168:Welcome to Country
1884:ABC Radio National
1820:: Research Online.
1741:Aboriginal History
1098:
1018:Northern Territory
874:(a white person).
807:Welcome to Country
777:Northern Territory
655:palatal consonants
598:missionaries, and
439:, people from the
348:Australian English
303:Australian English
220:(English alphabet)
110:Australian English
75:North Sea Germanic
4408:
4407:
4293:
4292:
4093:
4092:
4002:
4001:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3841:Pacific Northwest
3702:Standard Canadian
3633:
3632:
3578:
3577:
3518:
3517:
3268:
3267:
2910:
2909:
2830:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2771:Language families
2374:"Yarning circles"
2354:. 6 February 2020
2274:978-1-925261-25-7
1942:Curtin University
1468:978-1-74190-097-2
916:word for liar is
826:Western Australia
769:Central Australia
371:Western Australia
332:DOGIT communities
272:
271:
4438:
4305:English language
4190:
4189:
4011:
4010:
3994:Falkland Islands
3893:General American
3866:African-American
3719:
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3006:
2999:
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2943:
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2620:
2613:
2611:South Australian
2606:
2599:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2542:Oxford Reference
2539:
2520:(5th ed.).
2519:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2491:. Archived from
2480:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2425:The Conversation
2419:
2417:
2400:
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2186:
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2177:
2175:
2170:. 5 January 2021
2160:
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2018:
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1851:The Culture Trip
1842:
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1780:Creative Spirits
1771:
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1311:
1309:Languages portal
1306:
1305:
1297:
1295:Australia portal
1292:
1291:
1290:
1194:Australian Kriol
1122:, starting with
733:Australian Kriol
637:
633:
581:
515:"We are working"
421:South Australian
419:is the southern
268:
253:
234:
213:
105:Oceanian English
54:
21:
20:
4446:
4445:
4441:
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4085:Solomon Islands
4054:
3998:
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3903:New York Latino
3878:American Indian
3858:
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3615:Channel Islands
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3002:
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2925:mixed languages
2923:
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2469:
2467:Further reading
2464:
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2265:10.20851/kaurna
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2019:
2012:
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1990:
1983:
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1632:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:. p. 176.
1589:Wakefield Press
1579:
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1120:New South Wales
1095:Panyjima people
1083:
1074:
1030:
1014:Too Much Humbug
1002:Charles Dickens
994:
988:
976:
930:
910:parts of speech
894:or the game of
880:
860:
834:
819:
799:
793:
785:
765:
745:
717:
687:
682:
662:nasalize vowels
635:
631:
572:South Australia
564:
527:
499:auxiliary verbs
495:
493:Auxiliary verbs
490:
445:Yorke Peninsula
443:mission on the
411:Noongar English
342:There exists a
340:
334:in Queensland.
311:
264:
249:
230:
214:
209:
203:
146:
139:
55:
52:Language family
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4402:
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4345:Englishisation
4342:
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4291:
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4272:
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4262:
4256:
4254:
4252:Southeast Asia
4248:
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4234:
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4167:South Atlantic
4164:
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3949:Cayman Islands
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3859:ethno-cultural
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3488:
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3458:
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3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:Stoke-on-Trent
3448:
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3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3310:Modern English
3298:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3217:
3209:
3207:
3206:Sign languages
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
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3143:
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3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2969:Light Warlpiri
2965:
2958:
2955:Gurindji Kriol
2951:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2885:
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2849:
2842:
2838:Marrku–Wurrugu
2834:
2826:
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2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
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2762:
2759:Djambarrpuyngu
2755:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:Pitjantjatjara
2732:
2725:
2715:Western Desert
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
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2673:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2669:
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2655:
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2395:
2365:
2337:
2312:
2287:
2273:
2238:
2209:
2181:
2152:
2124:
2098:
2069:
2035:(3): 265–286.
2010:
1981:
1947:
1944:. p. 143.
1923:
1897:
1879:(Audio + text)
1863:
1826:
1792:
1751:
1723:
1681:
1670:(1): 161–163.
1652:
1630:
1604:
1597:
1573:
1559:
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1519:(8): 625–642.
1503:
1490:
1474:
1467:
1441:
1427:Eades, Diana.
1419:
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1372:
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1232:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:Phillip Gwynne
1152:Yolngu peoples
1135:
1132:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1043:, as in "that
1041:language group
1029:
1026:
987:
984:
975:
972:
929:
926:
879:
876:
859:
856:
833:
830:
818:
815:
792:
789:
784:
781:
764:
761:
753:sorry business
744:
741:
716:
713:
686:
683:
681:
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563:
560:
526:
523:
494:
491:
489:
486:
456:cousin brother
339:
336:
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262:
256:
255:
247:
239:
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227:
226:
225:Language codes
222:
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211:Writing system
208:
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200:
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187:Modern English
176:Middle English
156:Proto-Germanic
149:
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119:
118:
117:
58:
56:
49:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
30:
29:Native to
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:International
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
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4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Torres Strait
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3780:North-Central
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3758:New York City
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Ottawa Valley
3690:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:Multicultural
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Black Country
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:West Midlands
3434:
3432:
3431:East Midlands
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:(4 families?)
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:Darwin Region
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:Murrinh Patha
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2625:Torres Strait
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2535:9780424001784
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2488:0-7242-8071-5
2484:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2384:. 30 May 2018
2383:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:Wilkes, G.A.
2128:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1912:. 4 June 2020
1911:
1907:
1901:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1598:9781862547308
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:Deadly, Unna?
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
983:
981:
980:Nunga English
971:
969:
965:
961:
958:
954:
949:
946:
944:
940:
939:
934:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
905:
899:
897:
893:
889:
888:pickpocketing
885:
884:Victorian era
875:
873:
869:
865:
855:
853:
848:
846:
842:
841:Deadly Awards
838:
829:
827:
823:
814:
812:
808:
804:
798:
788:
780:
778:
774:
770:
760:
758:
754:
750:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
710:
706:
705:orang belanda
703:
699:
695:
691:
677:
675:
670:
665:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
629:
624:
620:
616:
615:vowel systems
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
577:
573:
569:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:
469:
468:daughter girl
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Nunga English
414:
412:
408:
404:
403:Murri English
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
335:
333:
327:
325:
324:codeswitching
321:
315:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
267:
263:
261:
257:
252:
248:
246:
245:
240:
236:
233:
228:
223:
219:
216:
212:
206:
188:
185:18th century
184:
183:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
167:
166:Proto-English
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
148:
142:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:Anglo-Frisian
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:West Germanic
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:Indo-European
57:
53:
47:
44:
41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
4150:South Africa
4145:Sierra Leone
4034:
3898:Miami Latino
3787:Philadelphia
3775:Inland North
3680:Newfoundland
3498:West Country
3312:by continent
2860:Pama–Nyungan
2788:(5 families)
2652:Anindilyakwa
2617:
2515:
2504:
2493:the original
2474:
2453:. Retrieved
2445:
2435:
2423:
2421:
2416:13 September
2414:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2388:13 September
2386:. Retrieved
2377:
2368:
2358:13 September
2356:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
2330:13 September
2328:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2300:Deadly Story
2299:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2248:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2212:
2202:13 September
2200:. Retrieved
2194:
2184:
2174:13 September
2172:. Retrieved
2167:
2132:
2127:
2117:13 September
2115:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2091:13 September
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2062:13 September
2060:. Retrieved
2032:
2026:
2003:13 September
2001:. Retrieved
1998:Mental Floss
1997:
1972:. Retrieved
1963:(in Latin).
1960:
1950:
1933:
1926:
1916:13 September
1914:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1890:13 September
1888:. Retrieved
1882:
1856:13 September
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1816:– via
1812:13 September
1810:. Retrieved
1805:
1795:
1785:13 September
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1745:
1739:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1698:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1633:
1624:
1620:
1607:
1583:
1576:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1450:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1422:
1381:
1366:, TV series.
1361:
1356:
1211:
1186:white people
1179:
1171:
1155:
1144:Ngarrindjeri
1137:
1115:
1113:
1099:
1075:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1031:
1013:
1010:Warumpi Band
995:
977:
967:
963:
950:
947:
936:
932:
931:
921:
917:
902:
900:
881:
863:
861:
849:
835:
820:
800:
786:
766:
748:
746:
718:
709:Dutch person
704:
688:
674:conservatism
666:
659:
640:
612:
608:Point McLeay
604:Point Pearce
594:tin-miners,
565:
555:
551:
543:
539:
534:
530:
528:
519:"We workin'"
518:
514:
506:
502:
496:
481:
477:
471:
467:
463:
460:brother boys
459:
455:
453:
441:Point Pearce
429:Ngarrindjeri
415:
410:
407:Broome lingo
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
360:
341:
328:
316:
312:
282:
278:
274:
273:
242:
114:
18:
4275:Philippines
4068:New Zealand
3954:Bay Islands
3934:The Bahamas
3857:Social and
3814:New Orleans
3731:New England
3625:Isle of Man
3570:Port Talbot
3471:East Anglia
3388:Northumbria
2948:Cocos Malay
2934:Angloromani
2745:Yolŋu Matha
2528:Australia.
2280:20 November
2143:Australia.
1961:DSpace Home
1716:20 November
1327:Neo-Nyungar
1229:Featherfoot
1221:Bush tucker
1208:Other words
1190:whitefellas
1142:(including
953:Coober Pedy
943:peeping tom
729:blackfellas
723:and in the
669:vowel space
584:postvocalic
464:sister girl
365:country in
171:Old English
145:Early forms
4415:Categories
4215:Bangladesh
4207:South Asia
4160:Cape Flats
4110:The Gambia
4035:Aboriginal
3871:vernacular
3836:California
3809:High Tider
3804:Appalachia
3665:Aboriginal
3597:South-West
3441:Birmingham
3398:Sunderland
3383:Manchester
3373:Lancashire
3175:Indonesian
3122:Vietnamese
2853:Nyulnyulan
2694:Walmajarri
2637:Indigenous
2597:Australian
2305:23 October
1940:(Thesis).
1910:mmmEnglish
1645:7 November
1374:References
1176:Whitefella
1105:long story
896:backgammon
872:whitefella
868:blackfella
715:Blackfella
628:diphthongs
623:basilectal
548:nominative
501:, such as
473:blackfella
433:West Coast
4280:Singapore
4242:Sri Lanka
4197:Hong Kong
4023:variation
4015:Australia
3926:Caribbean
3792:Baltimore
3675:Lunenburg
3620:Gibraltar
3537:Highlands
3415:Yorkshire
3378:Liverpool
3036:Cantonese
2896:Yangmanic
2889:Worrorran
2874:Tasmanian
2708:Warumungu
2639:languages
2589:varieties
2544:website.)
2057:143553835
2049:0308-275X
1974:27 August
1969:2682-9460
1363:Cleverman
1348:Footnotes
1254:Tjukurrpa
1225:Cleverman
1016:. In the
968:guba-bidi
964:kupa-piti
960:Barngarla
914:Tok Pisin
737:blackbala
643:allophony
619:substrate
576:rhoticity
562:Phonology
550:form and
517:would be
395:moorditji
391:maya-maya
344:continuum
338:Varieties
320:diglossia
244:Glottolog
232:ISO 639-3
33:Australia
4400:Standard
4370:Learning
4358:Nerrière
4349:Globish
4265:Malaysia
4237:Pakistan
4177:Zimbabwe
4105:Cameroon
3939:Barbados
3670:Atlantic
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3555:Abercraf
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3503:Cornwall
3424:Midlands
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3403:Tyneside
3393:Pitmatic
3356:Cheshire
3302:Dialects
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3043:Mandarin
2823:Jarrakan
2816:Iwaidjan
2809:Giimbiyu
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2659:Arrernte
2455:9 August
2446:ABC News
2231:2 August
2107:"Gammon"
1541:32763088
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1281:See also
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1198:waitbala
1050:Mob and
1045:Warlpiri
996:Whereas
978:Used in
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771:and the
749:business
743:Business
600:American
596:Scottish
568:Adelaide
525:Pronouns
425:Narungga
251:abor1240
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4330:Engrish
4325:E-Prime
4298:Related
4285:Vietnam
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3648:America
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3560:Cardiff
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1182:Top End
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1116:yarning
1091:Pilbara
1072:Rubbish
1059:You mob
1006:Scrooge
852:Ireland
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775:of the
773:Top End
731:". The
725:Top End
721:Outback
690:Balanda
685:Balanda
680:Lexicon
647:fronted
592:Cornish
546:as the
511:copulas
507:to have
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287:English
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3763:accent
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3714:States
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3646:North
3602:Ulster
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2307:2019
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2204:2021
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2064:2021
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1918:2021
1892:2021
1858:2021
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