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and some French influences. It is the product of several waves of immigration and settlement, from
Britain, Ireland, France, the United States, and around the world, over a period of more than two centuries. Modern Canadian English has taken significant vocabulary and spelling from the shared
294:
varieties spoken, but they are not one and the same. There is a great deal of variation in the way
English is spoken, with a "Standard English" at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum and Creole languages at the other. These dialects have roots in 17th-century British and
511:
phonology is highly variable; stress, rhythm and intonation are generally different from those of native varieties. There are also several peculiarities at the levels of morphology, syntax and usage, some of which can also be found among educated speakers.
229:, with some exceptions, particularly in Canada, where there are strong influences from neighbouring American English. Few Commonwealth countries besides Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom have produced their own English
206:, but is also used to distinguish between British English and that in the rest of the Commonwealth. English in the Commonwealth is diverse, and many regions have developed their own local varieties of the language. In
335:"; that is, each English-speaking community has developed (or is in the process of developing) its own standards of usage, often under the influence of local languages. These dialects are sometimes referred to as
1165:
710:. Handbooks of linguistics and communication science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 1888.
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Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society / Soziolinguistik: ein internationales
Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft
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and other cities where there is an expanding middle class, for whom
English is increasingly being used in the home as the first language.
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languages including French, Spanish, and Dutch; unlike most native varieties of
English, West Indian dialects often tend to be
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native varieties of
English began to develop during the 18th century, with the colonisation of Australasia and South Africa.
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181:, with some exceptions. English serves as the medium of inter-Commonwealth relations and the language forms part of the
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exist, with a lot of regional variation and some influence from indigenous languages. West
African English tends to be
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Written
English in the current and former Commonwealth generally favours British English spelling as opposed to
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has the largest
English-speaking population in the Commonwealth, although comparatively very few speakers of
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Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter, eds. (2006). "Greece and Cyprus".
182:
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said that he expected
Commonwealth membership to provide opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn
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ceased to be part of the Commonwealth (by virtue of being a British territory) in 1997. Nonetheless,
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to English as practised in the Commonwealth; the term is most often interchangeable with
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are first-language speakers. The same is true of English spoken in other parts of
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222:. English is spoken as a first or second language in most of the Commonwealth.
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contains elements of British English and American English, as well as many
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834:, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 592–622,
260:(though it has unique influences from indigenous African languages, and
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Current Commonwealth members (dark blue), former members (orange), and
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are closely related to each other, and share some similarities with
34:
959:
International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English
897:"From the Imperial to the Empirical: Teaching English in Hong Kong"
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871:"Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English-speaking world"
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Small communities of native English speakers can be found in
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political and social institutions of Commonwealth countries.
771:"New Zealand English: Origins, Relationships, and Prospects"
433:, and remarked that the country sought closer ties with the
418:
328:
757:
Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World
161:. Rwanda, a Commonwealth country, was never part of the
264:
influences it inherited along with the development of
237:, and may rely on those produced in other countries.
479:. Among the partitioned post-independent countries,
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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657:New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
1408:
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371:with native varieties of English. A distinctive
339:(McArthur, p. 36); most of them inherited
989:
457:still enjoys status as an official language.
423:2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
832:Accents of English: Beyond the British Isles
593:
410:; the dialects spoken are similar to native
215:
996:
982:
584:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
943:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
762:
375:, often with significant influences from
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1132:Association of Commonwealth Universities
1099:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
784:(1). Sweden: Linnaeus University: 8–14.
323:Second-language varieties of English in
144:
132:
68:"English in the Commonwealth of Nations"
363:inventory is much simpler than that of
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303:, plus localised influences from other
14:
1422:Symbols of the Commonwealth of Nations
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1152:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
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759:. Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
941:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
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57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
928:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
290:is influenced by the English-based
240:
141:and Crown Dependencies (light blue)
24:
1157:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
535:; it features some influence from
25:
1433:
926:The Oxford Guide to World English
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633:from the original on 7 March 2022
383:, is spoken in countries such as
734:. Oxford University Press. 2016.
467:Englishisation § South Asia
33:
343:from Southern British English.
44:needs additional citations for
869:Lawson, Alice (24 June 2022).
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1335:Commonwealth Youth Parliament
1147:Commonwealth Games Federation
1137:Commonwealth Business Council
608:
1396:Visits by Queen Elizabeth II
1081:Commonwealth Youth Programme
895:Eoyang, Eugene Chen (2000).
840:10.1017/cbo9780511611766.006
567:EF English Proficiency Index
471:English was introduced into
445:
425:, Togolese Foreign Minister
282:
139:British Overseas Territories
7:
1330:Commonwealth Writers' Prize
957:& Hannah, Jean (2002).
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177:was largely inherited from
10:
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1071:Deputy Secretaries-General
961:; 4th ed. London: Arnold.
826:Wells, J. C., ed. (1982),
623:"Joining the Commonwealth"
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455:the English language there
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828:"The southern hemisphere"
746:Standard Canadian English
683:Oxford English Dictionary
367:; this sometimes affects
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1353:Commonwealth citizenship
1114:Ministerial Action Group
1046:Head of the Commonwealth
790:10.58221/mosp.v94i1.9625
214:but is widely used as a
1142:Commonwealth Foundation
1005:Commonwealth of Nations
744:Boberg, Charles (2004)
732:New Oxford Style Manual
521:Southeast Asian English
440:
755:." In Raymond Hickey.
678:"Commonwealth English"
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572:English-speaking world
543:languages, as well as
369:mutual intelligibility
365:Received Pronunciation
331:have often undergone "
216:
175:Commonwealth countries
173:in current and former
166:
142:
1358:Commonwealth diaspora
1284:Commonwealth republic
769:Bayard, Donn (2000).
751:11 April 2023 at the
412:South African English
373:North African English
258:South African English
148:
136:
1340:Round Table movement
939:Peters, Pam (2004).
589:Dutch Language Union
421:'s admission at the
353:West African English
351:Several dialects of
319:Non-native varieties
194:Commonwealth English
179:British colonisation
53:improve this article
18:Commonwealth english
1417:Dialects of English
1264:Membership criteria
1124:Commonwealth Family
1091:Heads of government
509:South Asian English
501:Bangladeshi English
461:Indian subcontinent
254:New Zealand English
246:Southern Hemisphere
210:, it does not have
1368:King's Baton Relay
1310:Commonwealth Games
1279:Commonwealth realm
1269:Special membership
653:"The Commonwealth"
497:Sri Lankan English
391:, particularly in
250:Australian English
167:
143:
1404:
1403:
1320:Commonwealth Flag
1289:High Commissioner
1076:Marlborough House
1065:Patricia Scotland
1061:Secretary-General
849:978-0-521-28541-4
529:Malaysian English
525:Singapore English
516:Malay Archipelago
493:Pakistani English
301:African languages
288:Caribbean English
129:
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578:Other languages:
562:American English
473:the subcontinent
435:Anglophone world
272:Canadian English
241:Native varieties
227:American English
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187:the Commonwealth
171:English language
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203:British English
169:The use of the
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357:syllable-timed
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333:indigenisation
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341:non-rhoticity
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337:New Englishes
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297:Irish English
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268:from Dutch).
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70: –
69:
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64:Find sources:
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42:This article
40:
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31:
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878:. Retrieved
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706:
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687:. Retrieved
681:
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627:Commonwealth
626:
617:
596:Francophonie
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336:
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313:stress-timed
311:rather than
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276:Canadianisms
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235:style guides
231:dictionaries
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149:English and
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
1363:LGBT rights
1108:Paul Kagame
1056:Secretariat
1050:Charles III
603:Latin Union
477:British Raj
151:Kinyarwanda
1411:Categories
1274:Suspension
1039:Governance
901:Profession
609:References
523:comprises
489:South Asia
465:See also:
359:, and its
109:March 2019
79:newspapers
903:: 62–74.
806:254175799
798:2000-3560
662:8 January
451:Hong Kong
446:Hong Kong
417:Prior to
283:Caribbean
266:Afrikaans
1030:Timeline
924:(2002).
909:25595704
749:Archived
637:27 March
631:Archived
551:See also
404:Botswana
400:Zimbabwe
389:Tanzania
379:such as
305:colonial
153:text in
1348:Journal
1315:Symbols
1298:Culture
1256:Members
1013:History
875:Reuters
855:17 June
811:24 July
541:Chinese
491:, e.g.
475:by the
431:English
408:Namibia
393:Nairobi
381:Swahili
361:phoneme
93:scholar
1007:topics
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947:
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880:1 July
846:
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531:, and
406:, and
347:Africa
325:Africa
299:, and
292:Creole
208:Cyprus
198:refers
159:Rwanda
155:Kigali
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
1378:Lists
905:JSTOR
802:S2CID
774:(PDF)
689:7 May
537:Malay
481:India
385:Kenya
262:Dutch
100:JSTOR
86:books
1241:ROSL
1231:RCEL
1216:CSFP
1206:CPSU
1201:CLGF
1186:CJIA
1181:CHRI
1161:BECM
963:ISBN
945:ISBN
930:ISBN
882:2022
857:2024
844:ISBN
813:2010
794:ISSN
712:ISBN
691:2024
664:2024
639:2022
539:and
503:and
441:Asia
419:Togo
329:Asia
327:and
252:and
233:and
72:news
1246:SSI
1236:RCS
1226:ICS
1221:ESU
1211:CPU
1196:CLA
1191:CoL
1176:CET
1171:CBA
1166:CAP
836:doi
786:doi
387:or
185:of
55:by
1413::
899:.
873:.
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830:,
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792:.
782:94
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680:.
655:.
629:.
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547:.
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