4162:
39:
3293:
677:
2549:
3118:
3668:
1980:, passed the following year, abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834, finally bringing the empire into line with the law in the UK (with the exception of the territories administered by the East India Company and Ceylon, where slavery was ended in 1844). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of "apprenticeship". Facing further opposition from abolitionists, the apprenticeship system was abolished in 1838. The British government compensated slave-owners.
402:
1695:
3472:
2188:
932:
16544:
46:
16640:
1465:
2661:
16623:
1804:
4021:
2329:
14036:
78:
16520:
2839:
14046:
1704:
2926:
2029:
16606:
818:, but rising costs soon led English traders to embrace the use of imported African slaves. The enormous wealth generated by slave-produced sugar made Barbados the most successful colony in the Americas, and one of the most densely populated places in the world. This boom led to the spread of sugar cultivation across the Caribbean, financed the development of non-plantation colonies in North America, and accelerated the growth of the
16589:
12115:
3258:" blowing. Their priorities changed to maintaining an extensive zone of British influence and ensuring that stable, non-Communist governments were established in former colonies. In this context, while other European powers such as France and Portugal waged costly and unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact, Britain generally adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies, although violence occurred in
897:. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 per cent in 1650 to around 80 per cent in 1780, and in the Thirteen Colonies from 10 per cent to 40 per cent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies). The transatlantic slave trade played a pervasive role in British economic life, and became a major economic mainstay for western port cities. Ships registered in
16572:
16532:
2600:. As the dominions gained greater autonomy, they would come to be recognized as distinct realms of the empire with unique customs and symbols of their own. Imperial identity, through imagery such as patriotic artworks and banners, began developing into a form that attempted to be more inclusive by showcasing the empire as a family of newly birthed nations with common roots.
1097:
3254:, and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check. At first, British politicians believed it would be possible to maintain Britain's role as a world power at the head of a re-imagined Commonwealth, but by 1960 they were forced to recognise that there was an irresistible "
2444:'s 44 per cent shareholding in the Suez Canal for Β£4 million (equivalent to Β£480 million in 2023). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. Although Britain controlled the
3389:, while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. Frustrated by the intractability of the problem, attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence, Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve. The
4161:
3202:, which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar. The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand, which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces, into closer ties with the United States and, ultimately, the 1951
316:, during which Britain relied heavily on its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on its military, financial, and manpower resources. Although the empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after the First World War, Britain was no longer the world's preeminent industrial or military power.
881:
between 1688 and 1712 allowed independent
British slave traders to thrive, leading to a rapid escalation in the number of slaves transported. British ships carried a third of all slaves shipped across the Atlanticβapproximately 3.5 million Africansβuntil the abolition of the trade by Parliament in 1807 (see
3051:, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly
1414:) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.
3623:, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore by the end of 1971, instead of 1975 as earlier planned. By that time over 50,000 British military personnel were still stationed in the Far East, including 30,000 in Singapore. The British granted independence to the
2635:
was defeated in
Parliament. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation, many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the
1292:
During the 1760s and early 1770s, relations between the
Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent. This was summarised at the time by the colonists' slogan
137:
and, for a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the
British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 percent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land
3145:
in
September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa. All soon declared war on Germany. While Britain continued to regard Ireland as still within the British Commonwealth, Ireland chose
2172:
on the subcontinent in which it is estimated that over 15 million people died. The East India
Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule. Later, under direct British rule, commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the
602:
and establishing a colony in North
America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583, he embarked on a second attempt. On this occasion, he formally claimed the harbour of the island of Newfoundland, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the
4297:
say that the economic and institutional development the
British Empire brought resulted in a net benefit to its colonies. Other historians treat its legacy as varied and ambiguous. Public attitudes towards the empire within 21st-century Britain have been broadly positive although sentiment towards
3197:
For
Churchill, the entry of the United States into the war was the "greatest joy". He felt that Britain was now assured of victory, but failed to recognise that the "many disasters, immeasurable costs and tribulations lay ahead" in December 1941 would have permanent consequences for the future of
2148:
in 1857, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under
British officers and discipline. The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the company and assumed direct control over India
2002:
Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's "imperial century" by some historians, around 10 million sq mi (26 million km) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious
1825:
Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon, in a struggle that, unlike previous wars, represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations. It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was at risk: Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself, just as his armies had
2846:
The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United
3546:
very publicly exposed Britain's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain's decline on the world stage and its end as a first-rate power, demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence, if not the full support, of the United States. The events at Suez
3224:
Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet
3494:
returned to power in Britain under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the
880:
was granted a monopoly on the supply of slaves to the British colonies in the Caribbean. The company would transport more slaves across the Atlantic than any other, and significantly grew England's share of the trade, from 33 per cent in 1673 to 74 per cent in 1683. The removal of this monopoly
533:(who was the first to use the term "British Empire") were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. By this time, Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific Ocean, Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of
3189:
under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.
3567:
later described the mindset she believed had befallen Britain's political leaders after Suez where they "went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing", from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the
626:, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the
1119:
Great Britain rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, with France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage. Great Britain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire continued the War of the Spanish Succession, which lasted until 1714 and was concluded by the
3360:
were provided with a choice to either remain independent or join India or Pakistan. Millions of Muslims crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of
2080:
The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. The company's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy during the Seven Years' War, and the two continued to co-operate in arenas outside India: the eviction of the French from Egypt (1799), the
1534:
were considered too uncivilised to require treaties, and colonisation brought disease and violence that together with the deliberate dispossession of land and culture were devastating to these peoples. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840, to
4212:, and the growth of transportation by railway and steamship. British colonial architecture, such as in churches, railway stations and government buildings, can be seen in many cities that were once part of the British Empire. The British choice of system of measurement, the
1849:
in 1805. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands, which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810. France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815. Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties: France ceded the
966:, and an important hub in the trade network, India. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other. Although England eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power, in the short term the Netherlands' more advanced financial system and the three
2108:
since the 1730s. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by China in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at
1341:, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa.
1185:
In the East Indies, British and Dutch merchants continued to compete in spices and textiles. With textiles becoming the larger trade, by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch. During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were
3978:, due to expire in 1997. Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China. A deal was reached in 1984βunder the terms of the
1485:
to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to
3722:, in which tens of thousands of suspected rebels were interned by the colonial government in detention camps to suppress the rebellion and over 1000 convicts executed, with records systematically destroyed. Throughout the 1960s, the British government took a "
8365:
3047:. Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932. In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The
2759:
signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1.8 million sq mi (4.7 million km) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as
3912:. The British Parliament had the power to pass laws extending to Canada at Canadian request. Although no longer able to pass any laws that would apply to Australian Commonwealth law, the British Parliament retained the power to legislate for the individual
2731:
against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on
3082:, declaring Britain and the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations". This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931
3603:'s foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States. Although Britain granted Kuwait independence in 1961, it continued to maintain a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. On 16 January 1968, a few weeks after the
3055:. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a
3908:, vestigial constitutional links had remained in place. The British Parliament retained the power to amend key Canadian constitutional statutes, meaning that effectively an act of the British Parliament was required to make certain changes to the
1222:, ending French hopes of controlling India. In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the
4176:
Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the
3884:
By 1981, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts, the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when
3538:
and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives, UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces, and Eden resigned.
3409:
broke out, during which the territory of the former Mandate was partitioned between Israel and the surrounding Arab states. Amid the fighting, British forces continued to withdraw from Israel, with the last British troops departing from
2702:
Britain's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied
6332:
4262:, whose work greatly influenced imperial historiography during the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, differing assessments of the empire's legacy remain relevant to debates over recent history and politics, such as the Anglo-American
3094:
and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. In 1937 the Irish Free State introduced a
1018:, raised the prospect of the unification of France, Spain and their respective colonies, an unacceptable state of affairs for England and the other powers of Europe. In 1701, England, Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the
783:. Although less financially successful than colonies in the Caribbean, these territories had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far greater numbers of English emigrants, who preferred their temperate climates.
3241:
from the United States, the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. The situation was complicated further by the increasing
1001:
as allies, but the conflictβwaged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch allianceβleft the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their
12105:
1609:. The outcome was a humiliation for Spain, which practically renounced all sovereignty on the North Pacific coast. This opened the way to British expansion in the area, and a number of expeditions took place; firstly a
2722:
The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the
2475:" by defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims. The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from
5892:
1305:
began with a rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self-government. In response, Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. The following year, in 1776, the
2855:, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Germany and Japan helped in part by the
8770:
4438:
3788:, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. Jamaica attained independence in 1962, as did
5954:
2017:". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and
2052:, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, called the
3380:
The British Mandate in Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India. The matter was complicated by large numbers of
1241:
had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the
2676:
was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war. Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the
459:. He believed he had reached Asia, and there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but did not return; it is unknown what happened to his ships.
1578:
was limited to the trading of goods. European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with many trading stations being established, especially in the North. In 1839, the
4126:
in regions around the world. Today it is the primary language of up to 460 million people and is spoken by about 1.5 billion as a first, second or foreign language. Individual and team sports
3990:
in 1997 marked for many, including King Charles III, then Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, "the end of Empire", though many British territories that are remnants of the empire still remain.
3507:, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow Sudan was
2132:
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the
8824:
3425:
in Malaya turned their attention towards the British, who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony, valuing it as a source of rubber and tin. The fact that the guerrillas were primarily
12103:
4343:
4122:
Decades, and in some cases centuries, of British rule and emigration have left their mark on the independent nations that rose from the British Empire. The empire established the use of the
3950:, travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese Communist government, on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong. Under the terms of the 1842
3198:
the empire. The manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power, including, particularly, the
8492:
3401:
between the Arabs and Jews of Palestine, and British forces withdrew amid the fighting. The British Mandate for Palestine officially terminated at midnight on 15 May 1948 as the State of
2719:, who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state.
14023:
4338:
2859:, for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the
1068:
was a financial disaster for Scotland: a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise. The episode had major political consequences, helping to persuade the government of the
16409:
3983:
8855:
4185:
populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Millions of people moved between British colonies, with large numbers of
3016:. In Britain, public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The
284:(Latin for "British Peace"). Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its colonies, its dominance of much of world trade, and of its oceans, meant that it effectively
2389:
clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities, including those of the
2144:
which regulated the company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The company's eventual end was precipitated by the
12104:
11841:
3344:
led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy,
1128:
renounced his and his descendants' claim to the French throne, and Spain lost its empire in Europe. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained
10478:
5888:
3842:
in 1980. Vanuatu's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French-speaking communities, as the islands had been jointly administered as a
4198:
10633:
2711:
respectively. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916
13834:
6336:
3738:
of 1979. The agreement saw the British Empire temporarily re-establish the Colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980 as a transitionary government to a majority rule
8760:
7095:
3336:) as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate
2452:
and not part of the British Empire. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888
2432:. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the "jugular vein of the Empire". In 1875, the
909:
were responsible for the bulk of British slave trading. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average
556:
Although England tended to trail behind Portugal, Spain, and France in establishing overseas colonies, it carried out its first modern colonisation, referred to as the
5944:
2973:
2223:
demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India. In 1839, Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading
568:
in 1169. Several people who helped establish the Munster plantations later played a part in the early colonisation of North America, particularly a group known as the
3377:
was enacted, in hopes of strengthening and unifying the Commonwealth: it provided British citizenship and right of entry to all those living within its jurisdiction.
3043:
in 1936, under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone. In return, Egypt was assisted in joining the
4492:
9504:
3575:
While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in
869:. Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French, who had established their own fur trading colony in adjacent
2697:
3939:
On 1 January 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, was granted full independence. Independence had been delayed due to the opposition of the
2506:" railway linking the strategically important Suez Canal to the mineral-rich south of the continent. During the 1880s and 1890s, Rhodes, with his privately owned
173:
pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England,
9905:
2366:
3270:. Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to 5 million, 3 million of whom were in Hong Kong.
3206:. The war weakened the empire in other ways: undermining Britain's control of politics in India, inflicting long-term economic damage, and irrevocably changing
1254:
to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful
16695:
12239:
4447:, p. 15, chapter 1 'Great Expectations': "The dramatic rise in Spanish fortunes sparked both envy and fear among northern, mostly Protestant, Europeans.".
4333:
9592:
4277:
have argued against perceptions of the British Empire as a primarily liberalising and modernising enterprise, criticising its widespread use of violence and
1997:
8165:
6469:
12693:
3727:
16690:
3975:
8816:
16685:
16354:
9031:
3904:
The 1980s saw Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sever their final constitutional links with Britain. Although granted legislative independence by the
3778:
3695:
and Malayaβwere added nearly ten times that number during the 1960s. Owing to the rapid pace of decolonisation during this period, the cabinet post of
3526:
by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion. Another of Eisenhower's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the
4051:
of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. The United Kingdom and 14 other countries, all collectively known as the
13407:
9666:
8346:
2588:, the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of
2449:
1174:
routes. In 1746, the Spanish and British began peace talks, with the King of Spain agreeing to stop all attacks on British shipping; however, in the
760:
4866:
3714:, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. From 1952 the
1833:
The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the
954:'s monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyagesβthe English, later British, East India Company and the
3345:
14001:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
3683:, South Africa in February 1960 where he spoke of "the wind of change blowing through this continent". Macmillan wished to avoid the same kind of
3032:
8488:
16162:
3691:, and under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly. To the three colonies that had been granted independence in the 1950sβSudan, the
3588:
3398:
2561:
2267:
1601:
The British also expanded their mercantile interests in the North Pacific. Spain and Britain had become rivals in the area, culminating in the
15019:
9332:
7672:
312:
had begun to challenge Britain's economic lead. Military, economic and colonial tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the
16377:
13566:
10474:
5582:
1379:
260:
and imperial power of the 19th century and expanded its imperial holdings. It pursued trade concessions in China and Japan, and territory in
8646:
8267:
16710:
13994:
13977:
13855:
11754:
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Caribbean Court of Justice: Navigating Independence and Changing Political Environments
8847:
4108:
3704:
517:
gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic,
3246:
rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. In practice, American
2727:, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915
841:βwhich would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. In 1655, England annexed the island of
14095:
13446:
11098:
10415:
10084:
4328:
4205:
3394:
2165:. India became the empire's most valuable possession, "the Jewel in the Crown", and was the most important source of Britain's strength.
2065:
1989:
16349:
13136:
13130:
12232:
2910:, a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown.
2238:
in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and the Middle East led Britain and France to enter the war in support of the
7703:
5586:
3237:
for official Commonwealth usage. Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of
2580:
was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the
2266:
and was a resounding defeat for Russia. The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing
13192:
11813:
8723:
Sheldon, Richard (2009). "Development, Poverty & Famines: The Case of British Empire". In Duffield, Mark; Hewitt, Vernon (eds.).
7213:
3190:
Nevertheless, Churchill rejected its universal applicability when it came to the self-determination of subject nations including the
2215:. This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the "Great Game". As far as Britain was concerned, defeats inflicted by Russia on
1311:
2564:, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest which had erupted in
3784:
Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the
2773:
1798:
1323:
1319:
4669:
3928:
the Canadian Constitution. The act ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. Similarly, the
16444:
4236:
3825:
3437:, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the
3229:, the word "British" was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature. It was decided that the term
2315:
815:
11133:
Pettigrew, William A. (2007). "Free to Enslave: Politics and the Escalation of Britain's Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1688β1714".
10614:
5736:
4158:) to all continents. The British Empire provided refuge for religiously persecuted continental Europeans for hundreds of years.
2282:. For a while, it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective
16424:
13040:
12185:
3816:
opted to retain ties with Britain, while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland,
3453:
was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations and became an independent city-state.
3017:
1243:
155:
8293:
7488:
1633:
led the first, starting out in 1792, and a year later he became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the
1437:, and invaded Canadian territory. In response, Britain invaded the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814
228:
resulted in Britain losing some of its oldest and most populous colonies in North America by 1783. While retaining control of
16434:
16287:
16190:
15972:
15354:
13401:
12225:
12055:
12022:
11989:
11956:
11927:
11905:
11871:
11793:
11762:
11681:
11662:
11643:
11622:
11603:
11573:
11543:
11471:
11414:
11391:
11360:
11339:
11320:
11285:
11258:
11227:
11206:
11171:
11123:
11092:
11059:
11026:
10993:
10957:
10928:
10909:
10888:
10869:
10838:
10805:
10784:
10757:
10730:
10699:
10663:
10627:
10591:
10563:
10528:
10507:
10488:
10409:
10376:
10347:
10316:
10295:
10276:
10245:
10192:
10161:
10140:
10109:
10078:
10057:
10026:
10002:
9968:
9919:
9879:
9846:
9813:
9733:
9693:
9660:
9625:
9586:
9533:
9498:
9469:
9450:
9431:
9395:
9359:
9309:
9286:
9267:
9245:
9223:
9194:
9165:
9127:
9094:
9058:
9025:
9004:
8982:
8956:
8933:
8893:
8799:
8732:
8680:
8570:
7923:
7390:
7251:
7130:
7099:
6979:
6503:
5712:
5682:
5655:
4308:
4267:
3916:. With regard to New Zealand, the British Parliament retained the power to pass legislation applying to New Zealand with the
3886:
3552:
1035:
396:
12028:
11995:
11768:
11366:
11233:
11065:
10999:
10844:
10811:
10597:
10534:
10382:
10032:
9885:
9852:
9819:
9401:
9365:
9133:
9064:
7960:
5616:
16705:
16397:
13739:
13349:
12575:
12199:
12194:
12061:
11962:
11877:
11032:
10963:
10705:
10669:
10322:
10251:
10167:
9974:
9699:
9631:
9100:
8899:
4313:
4243:
3766:
3723:
3487:
3309:
3147:
3052:
2981:
2941:
2624:
1891:
1605:
in 1789. Both sides mobilised for war, but when France refused to support Spain it was forced to back down, leading to the
1455:
756:
695:
in 1604 lasted only two years and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Colonies on the Caribbean islands of
655:
627:
564:
by settling it with English and Welsh Protestant settlers. England had already colonised part of the country following the
38:
15878:
4496:
4372:
reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as "British Dependent Territories". The act entered into force on 1 January 1983
802: (1628), but struggled until the "Sugar Revolution" transformed the Caribbean economy in the mid-17th century. Large
16560:
16339:
14610:
13679:
12461:
12346:
12212:
10202:
Koebner, Richard (May 1953). "The Imperial Crown of This Realm: Henry VIII, Constantine the Great, and Polydore Vergil".
9480:
3913:
3696:
1851:
5842:
3932:(effective 3 March 1986) severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states, while New Zealand's
3675:(the future Zimbabwe) and the South African mandate of South West Africa (Namibia) had achieved recognised independence.
3522:
that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal. Eden infuriated US President
3373:). India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join. That same year, the
16402:
16200:
16155:
16024:
15024:
14464:
13397:
12120:
11515:
4318:
4194:
3726:" policy towards decolonising the empire, leading the white minority government of Southern Rhodesia to enact the 1965
2879:
2319:
2090:
1953:
1935:
1294:
833:
in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the
803:
5612:
Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science
16449:
14668:
13559:
12752:
11704:
11440:
9755:
4100:
2887:
2220:
2216:
2126:
1367:
and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.
1283:
1175:
7641:
4281:
to maintain power. Common criticisms of the empire include the use of detention camps in its colonies, massacres of
691:
England's early efforts at colonisation in the Americas met with mixed success. An attempt to establish a colony in
16439:
16372:
14595:
14190:
13432:
13419:
7772:
5090:
3936:(effective 1 January 1987) reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain.
2716:
1957:
1375:
7296:
2668:
By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the
1972:
was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. Parliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the
16414:
16247:
15650:
14620:
14223:
14088:
13648:
13379:
12217:
12147:
11490:
10985:
Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present
8382:: "approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English".
8329:
8157:
6458:
4112:
4076:
3843:
3519:
3390:
3134:
2829:
2632:
2581:
1654:
790:
initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies. Settlements were successfully established in
471:
452:
14812:
3758:
2592:. Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies
16419:
16392:
16237:
14407:
14240:
14178:
13942:
13470:
13084:
12978:
12795:
12479:
9573:
5921:
4060:
3979:
3508:
3112:
3056:
2965:
2919:
2805:
1626:
1582:
announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. On 6 February 1840, Captain
1495:
1371:
1275:
490:
10401:
The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945β1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism
4974:
16148:
16088:
14615:
14524:
13752:
13516:
13267:
12708:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
12605:
12537:
4323:
3518:, who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister, was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on
3433:
majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted. The
3352:
into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and
3070:
the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the
3040:
2949:
2922:, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom.
2860:
2801:
1638:
1023:
151:
9015:
3129:
was made up of units from many different countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth; it fought in the
958:, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative
646:
towards the end of the 18th century, has been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".
16578:
16475:
16257:
16083:
15967:
13552:
13002:
12926:
12902:
12896:
12253:
8696:
Howe, Stephen (2010). "Colonising and Exterminating? Memories of Imperial Violence in Britain and France".
4369:
4217:
4096:
4040:
4032:
4025:
3999:
3831:
3792:. Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands, including the
3703:, which merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office to form the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (now the
3442:
3374:
3317:
3126:
2997:
2825:
2507:
2453:
2150:
2007:. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the
1759:
1570:
islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively. Initially, interaction between the indigenous
703: (1609) rapidly folded. The first permanent English settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in
581:
392:
360:
344:
122:
83:
12171:
8350:
4858:
3194:. Churchill further added that he did not become Prime Minister to oversee the liquidation of the empire.
3062:
The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the
2631:, who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire, but his 1886
1230:, led by British officers. The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global
272:" also ensued. The period of relative peace (1815β1914) during which the British Empire became the global
133:
in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was the
16093:
15130:
14574:
14569:
14185:
13969:
13635:
12485:
12181:
4235:
for legal systems. International commercial contracts are often based on English common law. The British
3987:
3905:
3692:
3504:
3283:
3086:. The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and
3083:
3079:
2985:
2957:
2875:
2543:
2104:
From its base in India, the company had been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to
1540:
1307:
9277:
Clegg, Peter (2005). "The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories". In de Jong, Lammert; Kruijt, Dirk (eds.).
1543:
until 1868. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of the
829:
To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of colonial trade remained in English hands, Parliament
16612:
16510:
14630:
14625:
14081:
13707:
13484:
13458:
13355:
13124:
12203:
9990:
4259:
3441:
within the Commonwealth. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and
3000:
failed to satisfy the demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the
2821:
2637:
2094:
1977:
1642:
1503:
1395:
1271:
740:
728:
643:
565:
225:
63:
12161:
2672:
and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation".
339:, the damage to British prestige and the British economy helped accelerate the decline of the empire.
16700:
16344:
16051:
15199:
14763:
14600:
14354:
14315:
13998:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
13641:
13597:
13319:
13030:
12705:
12675:
12433:
12139:
3940:
3761:, which resulted in Cyprus being granted independence in 1960. The UK retained the military bases of
3735:
3406:
3162:
3091:
3071:
3013:
2899:
2761:
2712:
2611:. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the
2365:) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the
2158:
1658:
1507:
1374:
had migrated from the new United States following independence. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the
1195:
991:
885:). To facilitate the shipment of slaves, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as
110:
12208:
9685:
The Washington Conference, 1921β22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor
2471:
of 1884β85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the "
1590:
which is considered to be New Zealand's founding document, despite differing interpretations of the
1370:
The war to the south influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated
16180:
16009:
15984:
15834:
15493:
15488:
13822:
13530:
13477:
13385:
13343:
13307:
13261:
12876:
12525:
12467:
11714:
Williams, Beryl J. (1966). "The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907".
8947:
Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480β1630
7664:
7240:
Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned
3801:
3652:
3321:
3292:
3087:
3075:
3063:
2989:
2933:
2867:
2597:
2539:
2511:
2145:
1778:
1646:
1622:
1315:
1081:
955:
858:
771:. England's North American holdings were further expanded by the annexation of the Dutch colony of
510:
190:
9320:
8637:
8562:
3348:, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly
16670:
16665:
16227:
16076:
15957:
15498:
15451:
15394:
15093:
15037:
14785:
14605:
14263:
14039:
13871:
13746:
13714:
13695:
13361:
13313:
13255:
12964:
12908:
12284:
12047:
Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair
11531:
11164:
Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672β1752
9381:
8263:
4348:
4104:
4080:
4072:
4044:
4003:
3662:
3491:
3329:
3255:
3151:
3096:
2852:
2848:
2833:
2797:
2681:
2628:
2616:
2593:
2589:
2535:
2460:
2433:
2098:
2082:
1789:
on 1818, the East India Company acquired control of a large majority of the Indian subcontinent.
1782:
1770:
1755:
1747:
1662:
1491:
1326:
into the war tipped the military balance in the Americans' favour and after a decisive defeat at
854:
623:
368:
367:. After independence, many former British colonies, along with most of the dominions, joined the
134:
4059:βas their respective head of state. These 15 nations are distinct and equal legal entities: the
3804:
opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. The
1621:. On land, expeditions sought to discover a river route to the Pacific for the extension of the
462:
No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the
285:
210:
16680:
16098:
15999:
15994:
15682:
15630:
15550:
15483:
15387:
15372:
15265:
15032:
14986:
14827:
14714:
14429:
14258:
13510:
13491:
13367:
13331:
13103:
13091:
12990:
12870:
12858:
12746:
12701:
12689:
12320:
9911:
8917:
An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce, from the Earliest Accounts
5647:
4007:
3917:
3909:
3805:
3785:
3656:
3178:
3130:
3021:
2785:
2769:
2620:
2577:
2531:
2421:
2398:
2295:
2228:
2133:
1751:
1743:
1531:
1459:
1430:
1251:
1238:
1198:, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the
1167:
1057:
1041:
975:
935:
748:
723:
was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company's
557:
518:
336:
174:
11692:
11199:
Ending 'East of Suez': The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964β1968
11082:
10399:
10068:
7306:
6969:
5702:
4246:
are diverse and evolving. Two key sites of debate over recent decades have been the impact of
1330:
in 1781, Britain began negotiating peace terms. American independence was acknowledged at the
16524:
16029:
15989:
15802:
15677:
14741:
14731:
14690:
14661:
14509:
14374:
14049:
13655:
12810:
12587:
12569:
12378:
12309:
11633:
10899:
9648:
9213:
7380:
5574:
4984:
4263:
4064:
4048:
3933:
3875:
3762:
3604:
3170:
2937:
2891:
2789:
2503:
2291:
2287:
2071:
1993:
1941:
1678:
1527:
1347:
1331:
1279:
877:
850:
768:
744:
708:
456:
356:
229:
53:
15917:
607:, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the
16675:
16491:
16195:
16171:
16122:
15952:
15922:
15797:
15728:
15699:
15618:
14952:
14790:
14780:
14564:
14559:
14499:
14434:
14339:
13960:
13778:
13691:
13625:
13603:
13504:
13464:
13373:
13337:
13275:
13200:
12888:
12623:
12617:
12611:
12135:
11561:
9575:
HC Paper 147-II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee: Overseas Territories, Volume II
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7695:
4228:
4186:
4131:
3955:
3640:
3616:
3523:
3438:
2756:
2749:
2737:
2677:
2488:
1973:
1961:
1838:
1610:
1575:
1482:
1387:
1359:
policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the
1298:
970:
of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia. Hostilities ceased after the
819:
752:
676:
671:
619:
546:
506:
432:
15902:
10498:
Macdonald, Barrie (1994). "Britain". In Howe, K.R.; Kiste, Robert C.; Lal, Brij V (eds.).
7205:
2560:
The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839
806:
were first established in the 1640s on Barbados, with assistance from Dutch merchants and
8:
16222:
16205:
15814:
15694:
15660:
15562:
15382:
15377:
15189:
14908:
14844:
14719:
14704:
14529:
14459:
14402:
14319:
14145:
13439:
13242:
13149:
13097:
12984:
12972:
12952:
12940:
12852:
12643:
12555:
4182:
4092:
4088:
3789:
3592:
3422:
3333:
3267:
3238:
3199:
3181:
to commit the country to war. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the
3048:
2915:
2765:
2553:
2472:
2333:
2323:
2283:
2192:
2141:
2137:
1969:
1846:
1713:
1579:
1544:
1302:
1267:
1231:
1191:
1149:
1129:
1069:
1045:
1015:
1007:
971:
886:
787:
764:
704:
667:
631:
475:
428:
407:
364:
297:
269:
241:
202:
114:
15530:
15520:
4031:
Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles. In 1983, the
16646:
15927:
15907:
15890:
15841:
15706:
15515:
15466:
15399:
15317:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15204:
15174:
15066:
14964:
14832:
14807:
14635:
14539:
14323:
14275:
14270:
14173:
14163:
14120:
14112:
13685:
13667:
13607:
13498:
13224:
13186:
13162:
13143:
13034:
12581:
12507:
12473:
12372:
12352:
12278:
11833:
11739:
11731:
11507:
11299:
11291:
11150:
10934:
10552:
10462:
10454:
10215:
9790:
9726:
British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945β1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind
9560:
9423:
Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power
9298:
8945:
8738:
7187:
5640:
5082:
5074:
4282:
4224:
4116:
4084:
4068:
4052:
4011:
3929:
3920:'s consent. In 1982, the last legal link between Canada and Britain was severed by the
3859:
3731:
3556:
3531:
3496:
3418:
3349:
3297:
3279:
3226:
3186:
2903:
2745:
2728:
2641:
2604:
2585:
2573:
2565:
2445:
2405:(1854β1902). In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two
2303:
2299:
2173:
causes and implement new policies, which took until the early 1900s to have an effect.
2014:
1965:
1915:
1855:
1827:
1808:
1630:
1587:
1536:
1421:, as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to
1145:
1116:
1108:
1085:
998:
926:
716:
681:
635:
424:
376:
372:
351:
movement, in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The
206:
189:. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left
139:
130:
67:
57:
16629:
4661:
4150:
who travelled around the globe often in advance of soldiers and civil servants spread
3066:. Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the
997:
Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant the two countries entered the
16429:
16387:
16382:
16036:
15932:
15868:
15863:
15792:
15689:
15404:
15332:
15327:
15169:
15098:
15081:
15076:
15071:
14871:
14822:
14514:
14489:
14469:
14449:
14439:
14329:
14311:
14280:
14213:
14130:
14104:
14045:
13631:
13249:
13214:
12946:
12834:
12782:
12776:
12760:
12599:
12593:
12543:
12513:
12443:
12166:
12051:
12018:
11985:
11952:
11923:
11901:
11867:
11789:
11758:
11743:
11700:
11677:
11658:
11639:
11618:
11599:
11569:
11539:
11467:
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Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the
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by pushing the Soviet Union and the United States to the centre of the global stage.
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was passed by Parliament in 1914, but not implemented because of the outbreak of the
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in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the
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and as a major military and political power in India. France was left control of its
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4172:. Sports developed in Britain or the former empire continue to be viewed and played.
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of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of
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8289:
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5047:"The City of London and Slavery: Evidence from the First Dock Companies, 1795β1800"
4190:
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set sail, arriving in 1788. Unusually, Australia was claimed through proclamation.
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890:
862:
838:
823:
780:
591:
569:
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162:
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4254:
re-evaluate the history of imperialism, and the continued relevance of historians
3901:
contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power.
3397:
into a Jewish and an Arab state. It was immediately followed by the outbreak of a
2397:. Eventually, the Boers established two republics that had a longer lifespan: the
2353:
in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the
359:
on 1 July 1997 symbolised for many the end of the British Empire, though fourteen
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8588:"Review: The Imperial History Wars: Debating the British Empire, by Dane Kennedy"
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15525:
9551:(6). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Canadian Economics Association: 389β394.
3773:
was amicably granted independence from the UK in 1964 and became the country of
3457:, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union.
1571:
747:
would become the motive for many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous
638:, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the
286:
controlled the economies of, and readily enforced its interests in, many regions
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3599:), though on these occasions with American approval, as the new Prime Minister
3535:
3514:
In July 1956, Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal. The response of
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Union, who now held the balance of global power. In April 1949, following the
2377:, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their ownβmostly short-livedβ
2187:
1657:. The North West Company sought further exploration and backed expeditions by
86:
underlined in red. Mandates and protected states are shown in a lighter shade.
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16014:
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15782:
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10368:
Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization
10223:
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9443:
The West and the Third World: trade, colonialism, dependence, and development
9149:
8992:
8613:
8379:
7784:
7446:
7243:
7183:
7140:
5905:
As a result of public pressure apprenticeships were abolished early, in 1838.
5838:
5070:
4278:
4178:
4151:
3898:
3871:
3608:
3386:
3362:
3337:
3185:, which included the statement that "the rights of all peoples to choose the
3067:
3009:
2953:
2945:
2874:, a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats in the
2673:
2649:
2208:
1903:
1617:
which explored the inlets around the Pacific North West, particularly around
1602:
1441:, ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States.
1391:
1364:
1360:
1199:
1187:
1179:
1065:
807:
776:
715:; the Crown took direct control of the venture in 1624, thereby founding the
498:
494:
309:
305:
289:
214:
198:
45:
15555:
15535:
14060:
11937:
11583:
11503:
11295:
11189:
10433:"The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement β 1920β1922"
9778:
8761:"British people are proud of colonialism and the British Empire, poll finds"
4231:
has served as the template for the governments of many former colonies, and
4216:, continues to be used in some countries in various ways. The convention of
3627:
in 1965 but continued to station a garrison there until 1976, withdrew from
3161:
in June 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the
2028:
1444:
1234:(1756β1763) involving France, Britain, and the other major European powers.
826:
of slaves, sugar and provisions between Africa, the West Indies and Europe.
16314:
16019:
15760:
15750:
15716:
15645:
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15009:
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14549:
14379:
14250:
14168:
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13619:
13180:
13174:
13155:
12920:
12655:
12562:
12501:
12495:
11553:
11450:
10767:
10740:
9421:
9321:"The International Market for Contracts: The Most Attractive Contract Laws"
9204:
4036:
3715:
3684:
3620:
3612:
3527:
3515:
3475:
3471:
3263:
3174:
3142:
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combining the arms of the dominions to represent their growing significance
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to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the
178:
126:
106:
102:
16543:
11486:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
10750:
The Eighteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II
10357:
3530:
after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side. Eisenhower applied
3328:) β had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed with
2871:
1803:
1518:
on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of
1417:
Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the
594:
for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the
16454:
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16292:
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15723:
15572:
15285:
15194:
15184:
15110:
14758:
14753:
14534:
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14369:
14205:
14028:
13524:
13425:
13236:
12840:
12740:
12455:
12449:
11277:
10231:
9086:
The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV
8791:
8632:
8604:
8587:
8550:
7633:
4293:
that killed millions during British rule. Conversely, historians such as
4286:
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3005:
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2224:
2154:
2075:
1887:
1786:
1739:
1727:
1559:
1555:
1434:
1422:
1383:
1363:
of Spain and Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent
1314:
proclaiming the colonies' sovereignty from the British Empire as the new
1287:
1210:
and his French allies, left the British East India Company in control of
1170:
in 1739, Spanish privateers attacked British merchant shipping along the
994:
to England, but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability.
987:
983:
959:
846:
791:
724:
696:
587:
514:
502:
380:
371:, which has been a free association of independent states since the 1949
352:
340:
293:
194:
12123:
was created from a revision of this article dated 7 March 2014
11084:
Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World
9748:
States and power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control
9649:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000"
9187:
The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I
8709:
8489:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
7788:
7438:
6971:
A New Look at Modern Indian History : From 1707 to The Modern Times
5078:
5046:
4239:
still serves as the highest court of appeal for twelve former colonies.
3090:
were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify
2328:
1716:
in 1765 (left) and 1858 (right) showing British expansion in the region.
486:
Spain into implacable enemies. In 1562, Elizabeth I encouraged the
15765:
15582:
15456:
15416:
15349:
14297:
13301:
13282:
13025:
12804:
12423:
12340:
11857:
11837:
11735:
11511:
11154:
10458:
9794:
7422:
7191:
7167:
4344:
List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom
4147:
4020:
4015:
3925:
3879:
3813:
3548:
2741:
2740:
in a similar light. The important contribution of the Dominions to the
2417:
2382:
2275:
2255:
2059:
1899:
1895:
1867:
1834:
1634:
1519:
1499:
1468:
1426:
1352:
1351:, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that
1342:
870:
622:
ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the
550:
467:
444:
412:
265:
257:
143:
77:
9960:
Britain's Imperial Century, 1815β1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion
9564:
8326:
6498:. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: Harvard University Press.
4039:
as "British Dependent Territories", and in 2002 they were renamed the
3495:
Middle East in spite of the loss of India. Churchill could not ignore
3365:
until 1937 gained independence the following year in 1948 along with
2838:
2808:
was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions.
1907:
16304:
16267:
16262:
15655:
15426:
15310:
15280:
15061:
14935:
14726:
14344:
13947:
12800:
12549:
12333:
10119:
8926:
Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire
8885:
The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415β1980
6440:
6438:
5674:
The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History
4407:, p. 97, "The total population of the Empire was 412 million ";
3680:
3450:
3366:
3316:, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire:
2925:
2733:
2669:
2608:
2527:
2358:
2271:
2110:
2049:
2045:
1735:
1548:
1487:
1137:
902:
595:
522:
487:
416:
324:
237:
158:", as the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.
154:
legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "
82:
Areas of the world that were part of the British Empire with current
14073:
11829:
11462:
Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires
11018:
The British Imperial Century, 1815β1914: A World History Perspective
10449:
10432:
5917:
4270:, as well as Britain's role and identity in the contemporary world.
4043:. Most former British colonies and protectorates are members of the
1703:
1218:
but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British
16272:
15056:
14839:
14797:
14736:
14554:
14349:
13875:
13790:
13069:
13021:
12770:
12697:
12683:
12679:
12649:
12437:
11786:
A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America
9556:
9482:
A Federal Republic: Australia's Constitutional System of Government
7123:
The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century
5677:(reprint ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
4339:
Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories
3797:
3739:
3672:
3671:
British decolonisation in Africa. By the end of the 1960s, all but
3624:
3446:
3353:
3296:
About 14.5 million people lost their homes as a result of the
3243:
2929:
2724:
2203:
vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining
2018:
1923:
1875:
1863:
1812:
1558:, known to Europeans due to the 1642 voyage of the Dutch explorer,
1515:
795:
530:
301:
182:
181:
began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the
98:
9156:
Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning
8555:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography
6435:
4208:
led to revolutionary changes in manufacturing, the development of
3710:
Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing
3559:" and another to suggest that the country had become an "American
2664:
A poster urging men from countries of the British Empire to enlist
2168:
A series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century led to
1785:
wars resulted in British victories. After the surrender of Peshwa
16309:
14969:
14898:
14854:
14709:
14424:
14235:
13784:
13117:
13077:
12670:
12427:
12386:
11332:
Planting an Empire: The Early Chesapeake in British North America
10921:
Shaping the New World: African Slavery in the Americas, 1500-1888
9543:
GΓ©rin-Lajoie, Paul (1951). "Constitutional Amendment in Canada".
8004:
8002:
7906:
Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert, eds. (2015). "Colonial Office".
5945:"Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after"
4165:
4135:
3839:
3834:
in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with
3793:
3632:
3074:. After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa, the
2793:
2235:
1911:
1158:
1141:
1077:
1061:
939:
898:
842:
736:
720:
700:
603:
return journey to England and was succeeded by his half-brother,
561:
479:
273:
249:
14770:
11898:
Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya
11270:
Principles and Agents: The British Slave Trade and Its Abolition
11219:
The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire
2932:(Seated front) with British and Dominion prime ministers at the
2748:
when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an
2467:
region undermining orderly colonisation of tropical Africa, the
1765:
The East India Company fought three Anglo-Maratha Wars with the
466:, during the last decades of the 16th century. In the meantime,
16277:
14802:
14677:
13794:
13169:
12934:
12712:
12314:
6253:
5704:
Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj
5642:
The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790β1795
5259:
4763:
3984:
special administrative region of the People's Republic of China
3855:
3821:
3746:
3584:
3454:
3402:
3177:
from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask
3035:, though it continued to be a British client state until 1954.
2918:
which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920
2883:
2788:. The Dominions themselves acquired mandates of their own: the
2354:
1871:
1211:
1133:
1091:
1010:
in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to
906:
866:
599:
538:
534:
355:
of 1956 confirmed Britain's decline as a global power, and the
245:
233:
10797:
Looking for Blackfellas' Point: An Australian History of Place
10500:
Tides of history: the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century
8050:
7999:
7987:
6363:
5707:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172β181.
5387:
2623:
between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was supported by the British
2596:. The term "dominion status" was officially introduced at the
680:
A 1670 illustration of African slaves working in 17th-century
16554:
15436:
13295:
13017:
12489:
10480:
The History of England from the Accession of James the Second
8727:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 74β87.
8062:
7312:
6650:
5531:
5451:
4189:
to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and
4169:
3774:
3636:
3479:
3411:
3203:
2476:
2374:
2113:
of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the
1227:
799:
542:
8848:"UK more nostalgic for empire than other ex-colonial powers"
8725:
Empire, Development and Colonialism: The Past in the Present
8445:
8290:"The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982"
7399:
6885:
6592:
6590:
6301:
6205:
6140:
5235:
3024:, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years.
2479:. A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the
1645:
by twelve years. Shortly thereafter, Mackenzie's companion,
474:
had declared "that this realm of England is an Empire". The
343:, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved
12846:
11051:
Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture
10901:
English Writing and India, 1600β1920: Colonizing Aesthetics
8817:"Niall Ferguson: What the British Empire did for the world"
8220:
5307:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5117:
4143:
3835:
3754:
2362:
1919:
575:
296:. Increasing degrees of autonomy were granted to its white
186:
14646:
10622:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
8433:
8385:
7953:"The Kenyan school that was once a British detention camp"
6602:
6068:
5839:"Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire?"
4638:
845:
from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the
16282:
8519:
8308:
8110:
8086:
7975:
7887:
7851:
7614:
7542:
7382:
Ethno-political Conflict in Pakistan: The Baloch Movement
7098:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 26 April 2009. Archived from
7076:
7012:
6988:
6921:
6587:
6551:
6193:
6104:
6044:
6002:
6000:
5148:
5146:
5144:
4990:
4909:
4897:
4823:
4574:
4285:, and famine-response policies. Some scholars, including
3889:, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the
3820:, became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed
3213:
1983:
1944:, goods produced by slavery became less important to the
1758:. Following Tipu Sultan's death in the fourth war in the
1598:
versions of the text being the cause of ongoing dispute.
1386:, felt too far removed from the provincial government in
1261:
11566:
The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade
10881:
Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785 - 1820
8507:
8409:
8127:
8125:
7743:
7741:
7590:
7578:
7508:
7506:
6909:
6845:
6775:
6773:
6758:
6638:
6529:
6527:
6351:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6152:
5807:
5187:
5170:
5014:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4787:
4562:
2698:
History of the United Kingdom during the First World War
2521:
1096:
978:
ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the
10723:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire
9907:
The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia
9545:
The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science
8421:
8244:
8232:
8192:
8074:
7000:
6933:
6785:
6662:
6399:
6241:
6116:
6032:
5199:
4933:
4753:
4751:
4516:
4514:
4414:
3924:, which was passed by the British parliament, formally
3893:. Britain's successful military response to retake the
1990:
Timeline of British diplomatic history Β§ 1815β1860
649:
8397:
7932:
7284:
7272:
7260:
7064:
6411:
5997:
5543:
5463:
5439:
5375:
5363:
5295:
5271:
5141:
5002:
4775:
4700:
4662:"Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578"
4334:
History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom
2902:
ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the
2385:
of the late 1830s and early 1840s. In the process the
2357:. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large
2161:
administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the
1665:. These pushed into the wilderness territories of the
1471:'s mission was to find the alleged southern continent
1029:
920:
501:
against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of
16508:
13900:
13033:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
11249:
Rhodes, R.A.W.; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick (2009).
10050:
The IndiaβChina opium trade in the nineteenth century
8997:
The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781β1997
8457:
8180:
8137:
8122:
8098:
8038:
8026:
8014:
7863:
7839:
7815:
7803:
7753:
7738:
7602:
7566:
7554:
7530:
7518:
7503:
7465:
7453:
7360:
7336:
7324:
7168:"The Terms of the Anglo-American Financial Agreement"
7147:
7052:
7040:
6897:
6833:
6821:
6809:
6797:
6770:
6746:
6722:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6626:
6614:
6575:
6563:
6524:
6512:
6496:
The king's peace: law and order in the British Empire
6387:
6375:
6313:
6289:
6277:
6265:
6176:
6164:
5985:
4945:
4586:
4538:
4526:
4426:
4298:
the Commonwealth has been one of apathy and decline.
4193:
people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. The
3039:
remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the
3004:
ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the
2744:
was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister
2456:, which made the Canal officially neutral territory.
2401:
or Transvaal Republic (1852β1877; 1881β1902) and the
2021:, which has been described by some historians as an "
1998:
Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era
1649:, founded the first permanent European settlement in
1166:) to Britain. With the outbreak of the Anglo-Spanish
982:
and England. A deal between the two nations left the
423:
The foundations of the British Empire were laid when
10583:
Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands
9260:
The Second World War, The Grand Alliance, Volume III
8975:
From Plassey to partition: a history of modern India
8531:
8469:
7875:
7348:
6873:
6734:
6539:
6423:
6229:
6217:
6092:
6080:
6056:
5869:
5857:
5819:
5795:
5783:
5519:
5475:
5283:
5211:
5158:
5105:
5026:
4748:
4610:
4511:
3619:
troops would be withdrawn from major military bases
2060:
East India Company rule and the British Raj in India
1948:. Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular
1762:, the kingdom became a protectorate of the company.
1226:, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian
11697:
National innovation systems: a comparative analysis
8675:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 14β16, 680.
8673:
Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire
8557:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40β42.
6710:
6335:. Egypt Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from
6128:
5427:
5399:
5319:
5247:
5223:
5129:
4962:
4921:
4835:
4811:
4736:
4724:
4712:
4598:
4550:
4386:
2603:The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted
2494:British gains in Southern and East Africa prompted
2246:to destroy Russian naval capabilities. The ensuing
2191:British cavalry charging against Russian forces at
1498:, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770
865:, which would later form a large proportion of the
11459:
11402:
10551:
10067:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008).
9387:Unfinished Empire, The Global Expansion of Britain
9351:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire
9297:
9153:
8944:
8636:
5639:
4799:
3970:, but the majority of the colony consisted of the
3742:. This was the last British possession in Africa.
3385:seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the
3027:In 1922, Egypt, which had been declared a British
2842:The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921
2483:in 1896 and rebuffed an attempted French invasion
2373:began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of
1506:, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it
814:. At first, sugar was grown primarily using white
615:, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail.
375:. Fifteen of these, including the United Kingdom,
244:, British colonial expansion turned towards Asia,
11248:
9838:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800β1914
9300:The History of American Foreign Policy: From 1895
7827:
7125:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 128.
6444:
4055:, voluntarily continue to share the same personβ
2044:British imperial strength was underpinned by the
16657:
11536:American Colonies, The Settling of North America
10130:
8638:"Legacy of Violence β the bloody ends of empire"
5393:
4220:has been retained in much of the former empire.
3824:in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A
2847:States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its
2306:of 1904β1905 limited its threat to the British.
1773:ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war
1502:charted the eastern coast while on a scientific
1064:, the colony was abandoned two years later. The
1048:, which established a settlement in 1698 on the
946:At the end of the 16th century, England and the
525:. At the same time, influential writers such as
304:by the 1920s. By the start of the 20th century,
16170:
10288:Aspects of British political history, 1914β1995
10269:Aspects of British political history, 1815β1914
10066:
7905:
7423:"British Citizenship and the Legacy of Empires"
7198:
6022:
5942:
4455:
4453:
3757:against British rule, was ended in 1959 by the
3482:in 1956 revealed Britain's post-war weaknesses.
1494:had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch
1445:Rise of the "Second" British Empire (1783β1815)
1006:to the costly land war in Europe. The death of
962:, an effort focused mainly on two regions: the
11948:British foreign and imperial policy, 1865β1919
11674:Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830β1914
10183:Knight, Franklin W.; Palmer, Colin A. (1989).
9765:Higman, B. W. (2000). "The Sugar Revolution".
9653:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
8972:
5265:
4244:approaches to understanding the British Empire
3012:, where repressive measures culminated in the
2866:In 1919, the frustrations caused by delays to
2250:(1854β1856), which involved new techniques of
2040:. The caption reads "New crowns for old ones!"
1684:
300:, some of which were formally reclassified as
256:(1803β1815), Britain emerged as the principal
121:and its predecessor states. It began with the
16696:States and territories disestablished in 1997
16156:
14662:
14089:
14065:
13560:
12233:
11977:
11652:
10135:(2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press.
10131:Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, Michael (2010).
9995:The British Empire: A Very Short Introduction
8914:
7899:
6891:
5646:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. p.
5583:New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage
5241:
4852:
4850:
3777:, though the idea had been raised in 1955 of
2345:The Dutch East India Company had founded the
2121:, at that time a minor settlement, and other
1449:
509:. This effort was rebuffed and later, as the
363:that are remnants of the empire remain under
16119:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
13995:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
13978:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
13856:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
11978:Hendry, Ian; Dickson, Susan (14 June 2018).
11657:(6th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
11631:
11384:International relations in Europe, 1689β1789
10859:
10182:
9542:
9050:Aboriginal Australians: A history since 1788
8491:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013.
8116:
8008:
7114:
5773:
5696:
5694:
5457:
4450:
4289:, assert that British policies worsened the
4197:changed after the Second World War owing to
3705:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
3031:at the outbreak of the First World War, was
2568:in 1837. This began with the passing of the
2117:, and resulted in the seizure by Britain of
1194:, as the English East India Company and its
1080:into a political and economic one under the
10945:
10616:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
6557:
4329:Territorial evolution of the British Empire
3828:over claims to Belize was left unresolved.
3020:was called off in March 1922 following the
3008:. This led to tension, particularly in the
2996:A similar struggle began in India when the
2688:and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively.
2448:into the 20th century, it was officially a
2066:Presidencies and provinces of British India
1297:", a perceived violation of the guaranteed
1206:in 1757, in which the British defeated the
335:. Despite the final victory of Britain and
277:
16691:States and territories established in 1583
16350:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
16163:
16149:
14669:
14655:
14096:
14082:
13567:
13553:
12240:
12226:
11671:
11612:
11457:
11310:
11267:
11222:. Vol. III. Oxford University Press.
10826:
9440:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8391:
8349:. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from
8264:"British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 6"
8214:
7993:
7385:. ISSN. Taylor & Francis. p. 78.
6369:
5918:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section XXIV"
5569:
5537:
5020:
4891:
4847:
3534:by threatening to sell US reserves of the
1722:The East India Company fought a series of
1551:for a time the richest city in the world.
1156:. Spain ceded the rights to the lucrative
739:religious separatists, later known as the
415:'s ship used for his second voyage to the
16686:1583 establishments in the British Empire
12010:
11480:
11313:The Routledge companion to decolonization
11161:
11132:
11118:. University of Western Australia Press.
10684:
10516:
10497:
10448:
10070:The Historical Foundations of World Order
9940:
9805:Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition
9681:
9318:
9254:
8881:
8603:
8585:
8563:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.001.0001
8525:
8068:
7910:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
7318:
7082:
7018:
6994:
6668:
5691:
5493:
5193:
4996:
4980:
4420:
4218:driving on the left-hand side of the road
3460:
2715:. This agreement was not divulged to the
2655:
2199:During the 19th century, Britain and the
1178:Britain lost its slave-trading rights in
882:
16233:Decline and legacy of the British Empire
13039:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
12131:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
12114:
11914:
11713:
11632:Trivedi, Harish; Allen, Richard (2000).
11430:
11352:Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854β1856
10747:
10720:
10612:
10579:
10549:
10473:
9723:
9478:
9416:
9238:The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry
8923:
8811:
8513:
8451:
8415:
8155:
8080:
7938:
7693:
7596:
7584:
7405:
7302:
7165:
6915:
6867:
6851:
6764:
6644:
6608:
6307:
6211:
6146:
6026:
5936:
5700:
5631:
5608:
5421:
5357:
5313:
5301:
5205:
5152:
5123:
5008:
4829:
4592:
4544:
4520:
4463:
4408:
4404:
4392:
4160:
4019:
3943:, who had preferred British protection.
3666:
3470:
3340:for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing
3291:
3273:
3165:on 7 April 1941. British Prime Minister
3116:
2924:
2898:against the British administration. The
2837:
2659:
2547:
2327:
2186:
2027:
1802:
1799:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
1463:
1111:as both a military and commercial power.
1095:
930:
675:
576:English overseas possessions (1583β1707)
400:
15943:
11944:
11920:Colossus: The Price of America's Empire
11783:
11655:British government and the constitution
11381:
11014:
10860:Mulligan, Martin; Hill, Stuart (2001).
10793:
10230:
10201:
10018:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
9989:
9900:
9610:
9520:Games, Alison (2002). Armitage, David;
9347:
9232:
9115:
8991:
8942:
8915:Anderson, Adam; Combe, William (1801).
8722:
8620:
8463:
8427:
8250:
8238:
8226:
8198:
7206:"What's a little debt between friends?"
7120:
7006:
6939:
6158:
6110:
6050:
5991:
5637:
5549:
5513:
5417:
5369:
5181:
4956:
4793:
4769:
4690:
4656:
4568:
4532:
4475:
4432:
4411:, p. 241, "" 1 791 020".
4237:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
3966:had been respectively ceded to Britain
3734:that lasted until the British-mediated
3421:in the Second World War, anti-Japanese
1929:
990:archipelago to the Netherlands and the
16658:
14024:Historical flags of the British Empire
14008:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
12043:
11892:
11814:"Brunei on the Morrow of Independence"
11693:"National Innovation Systems: Britain"
11690:
11560:
11530:
11215:
11113:
11080:
11047:
10978:
10949:The AngloβJapanese Alliance, 1902β1922
10918:
10774:
10304:
10187:. University of North Carolina Press.
10099:
9928:
9764:
9742:
9714:
9380:
9335:from the original on 25 September 2020
9211:
9046:
8754:
8752:
8667:
8543:
8439:
8403:
8210:
7845:
7420:
7416:
7414:
7290:
7278:
7266:
7070:
6417:
6357:
6074:
6018:
6006:
5863:
5761:
5757:
5565:
5509:
5497:
5469:
5337:
5289:
5217:
5111:
5044:
4915:
4903:
4887:
4856:
4644:
4580:
4459:
3946:In September 1982 the Prime Minister,
3887:Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands
3728:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
3699:was abolished in 1966, along with the
3214:Decolonisation and decline (1945β1997)
2176:
1984:Britain's imperial century (1815β1914)
1837:, which won a decisive victory over a
1637:, reaching the ocean near present-day
1586:and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the
1262:Loss of the Thirteen American Colonies
1188:several outbreaks of military conflict
1162:(permission to sell African slaves in
443:in overseas exploration, commissioned
431:were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King
386:
201:. Britain became a major power in the
156:the empire on which the sun never sets
16144:
14650:
14103:
14077:
14064:
13899:
13811:
13548:
13057:
12729:
12404:
12297:
12221:
11856:
11844:from the original on 15 November 2020
11811:
11750:
11653:Turpin, Colin; Tomkins, Adam (2007).
11590:
11518:from the original on 19 November 2018
11400:
11348:
11329:
10897:
10777:Tea: the drink that changed the world
10655:Northern Ireland: Crisis and Conflict
10651:
10639:from the original on 11 November 2020
10600:from the original on 12 December 2019
10397:
10385:from the original on 22 February 2017
10364:
10337:
10308:The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset
10149:
10047:
10011:
9932:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples
9834:
9822:from the original on 11 February 2017
9801:
9571:
9526:The British Atlantic world, 1500β1800
9519:
9507:from the original on 20 February 2021
9295:
9276:
9181:
9079:
9013:
8928:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
8902:from the original on 14 December 2011
8845:
8758:
8649:from the original on 10 December 2022
8549:
8537:
8495:from the original on 16 December 2013
8314:
8186:
8143:
8131:
8104:
8092:
8056:
8044:
8032:
8020:
7981:
7893:
7881:
7869:
7857:
7821:
7809:
7759:
7747:
7728:
7724:
7675:from the original on 19 December 2018
7662:
7620:
7608:
7572:
7560:
7548:
7536:
7524:
7512:
7471:
7459:
7372:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7330:
7234:
7153:
7058:
7046:
7034:
7030:
6961:
6955:
6951:
6927:
6903:
6879:
6863:
6839:
6827:
6815:
6803:
6779:
6752:
6740:
6728:
6704:
6692:
6680:
6632:
6620:
6596:
6581:
6569:
6545:
6533:
6518:
6456:
6429:
6405:
6393:
6381:
6319:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6223:
6199:
6187:
6170:
6134:
6122:
6086:
5979:
5957:from the original on 12 December 2019
5875:
5845:from the original on 26 November 2016
5825:
5813:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5670:
5664:
5589:from the original on 20 December 2008
5561:
5525:
5481:
5445:
5433:
5405:
5381:
5353:
5341:
5325:
5277:
5253:
5229:
5164:
5135:
5032:
4968:
4939:
4927:
4869:from the original on 12 February 2012
4841:
4817:
4805:
4781:
4757:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4632:
4628:
4616:
4604:
4556:
4479:
4444:
4309:List of British Empire-related topics
3631:in 1967, and granted independence to
3141:Britain's declaration of war against
2792:gained South West Africa (modern-day
2522:Changing status of the white colonies
2487:in 1898. Sudan was nominally made an
2463:and Portuguese activity in the lower
1036:Scottish colonization of the Americas
857:(HBC), granting it a monopoly on the
545:, and France had begun to settle the
397:Scottish colonization of the Americas
16:Territory ruled by the United Kingdom
16561:
12195:University of Michigan Museum of Art
11272:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
11196:
11087:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
10878:
10118:
9956:
9867:
9598:from the original on 26 October 2016
9319:Cuniberti, Gilles (8 October 2014).
9148:
8695:
8631:
8371:
7963:from the original on 3 December 2019
7950:
7916:10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001
7833:
7732:
7644:from the original on 3 February 2012
7228:
6974:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 319.
6493:
6450:
6098:
6062:
5975:
5943:Sanchez Manning (24 February 2013).
5619:from the original on 14 January 2023
4314:Historiography of the British Empire
3320:. India's major political partyβthe
2640:was defeated for similar reasons. A
1526:, and in 1787 the first shipment of
1337:The loss of such a large portion of
731:were largely unsuccessful. In 1620,
656:British colonisation of the Americas
650:Americas, Africa and the slave trade
455:, and made landfall on the coast of
453:first voyage of Christopher Columbus
447:to lead an expedition to discover a
252:. After the defeat of France in the
16711:Historical transcontinental empires
16340:Black and Asian Studies Association
14611:History of the Mediterranean region
13835:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
12678:. British Cameroons is now part of
12213:Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
12064:from the original on 3 January 2014
11998:from the original on 15 August 2021
11880:from the original on 3 January 2014
11812:Brown, Derek E. (1 February 1984).
11676:. University College London Press.
11369:from the original on 16 August 2021
11068:from the original on 14 August 2021
11035:from the original on 3 January 2014
11002:from the original on 16 August 2021
10966:from the original on 3 January 2014
10708:from the original on 3 January 2014
10672:from the original on 3 January 2014
10537:from the original on 17 August 2021
10430:
10285:
10266:
10254:from the original on 3 January 2014
10170:from the original on 3 January 2014
10035:from the original on 23 August 2021
9977:from the original on 3 January 2014
9855:from the original on 15 August 2021
9702:from the original on 3 January 2014
9634:from the original on 3 January 2014
9459:
9279:Extended Statehood in the Caribbean
9136:from the original on 16 August 2021
9103:from the original on 3 January 2014
9067:from the original on 18 August 2021
8749:
8689:
8156:Trumbull, Robert (1 January 1984).
7706:from the original on 30 August 2017
7411:
7378:
6791:
6716:
6656:
6475:from the original on 13 August 2023
6038:
5895:from the original on 15 August 2021
3724:No independence until majority rule
3697:Secretary of State for the Colonies
3106:
2811:
2491:, but a British colony in reality.
2440:bought the indebted Egyptian ruler
2316:History of South Africa (1815β1910)
2258:fought between Britain and another
1792:
1148:and allowed Britain to control the
1030:Scottish attempt to expand overseas
1026:, which lasted for thirteen years.
921:Rivalry with other European empires
13:
12694:unilaterally declared independence
12389:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
12101:
11804:
11771:from the original on 24 March 2021
11101:from the original on 18 April 2021
10814:from the original on 18 April 2021
10418:from the original on 18 April 2021
10216:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1953.tb02124.x
10087:from the original on 18 April 2021
9669:from the original on 1 August 2020
9646:
9441:Fieldhouse, David Kenneth (1999).
9404:from the original on 18 April 2021
8475:
8158:"Borneo Sultanate Now Independent"
7665:"1956: Suez and the end of empire"
4672:from the original on 21 March 2021
4495:. The Commonwealth. Archived from
4319:Demographics of the British Empire
4195:demographics of the United Kingdom
3974:, which had been acquired under a
3555:(MP) to describe it as "Britain's
2755:Under the terms of the concluding
2691:
2498:, pioneer of British expansion in
2450:vassal state of the Ottoman Empire
2320:History of Egypt under the British
1936:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
1750:were followed by victories in the
1394:as a separate colony in 1784. The
1295:No taxation without representation
1092:"First" British Empire (1707β1783)
853:incorporated by royal charter the
775:in 1664, following the capture of
598:with the intention of engaging in
236:) and territories in and near the
14:
16722:
16355:National Black Police Association
13901:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
13880:Occupied by Argentina during the
13812:
13058:
12078:
12031:from the original on 27 July 2020
11615:Leisure and recreation management
10946:O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2004).
10558:. University of Minnesota Press.
9888:from the original on 27 July 2020
9871:A History of the English Language
9034:from the original on 9 March 2013
8858:from the original on 25 June 2022
8827:from the original on 29 June 2022
8773:from the original on 28 June 2022
8586:Middleton, Alex (6 August 2019).
8296:from the original on 1 April 2019
8270:from the original on 1 April 2019
8168:from the original on 15 July 2020
7663:Brown, Derek E. (14 March 2001).
7491:from the original on 29 June 2019
7216:from the original on 10 June 2010
6967:
5739:from the original on 23 June 2022
4859:"Slavery and Economy in Barbados"
3646:
2684:in 1902 and with its old enemies
2085:from the Netherlands (1811), the
1858:(which it had occupied in 1798),
1661:, starting in 1797, and later by
377:retain the same person as monarch
16638:
16621:
16604:
16587:
16570:
16542:
16530:
16518:
14596:Bibliography of European history
14191:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
14044:
14035:
14034:
13447:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
12113:
11981:British Overseas Territories Law
11965:from the original on 13 May 2011
11236:from the original on 11 May 2021
10847:from the original on 14 May 2015
10830:A Concise History of New Zealand
10325:from the original on 13 May 2011
9651:. In Arjomand, SaΓ―d Amir (ed.).
9368:from the original on 14 May 2015
8973:BandyopΔdhyΔαΊa, Εekhara (2004).
8839:
8805:
8785:
8716:
8661:
8579:
8481:
8339:
8320:
8282:
8256:
8204:
8149:
7944:
7765:
7718:
7687:
7656:
7626:
7477:
7159:
7096:"Celebrating thecommonwealth@60"
7088:
7024:
6945:
6857:
6487:
6325:
6012:
5969:
5924:from the original on 24 May 2008
5093:from the original on 8 June 2022
5063:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00400.x
4857:Watson, Karl (2 February 2011).
4362:
4109:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3865:
2752:to co-ordinate imperial policy.
2309:
2003:international rival, other than
1952:. With support from the British
1702:
1693:
1677:on the Pacific Coast, expanding
1554:During his voyage, Cook visited
1456:History of Australia (1788β1850)
1022:against Spain and France in the
767:and Connecticut (1639) for
505:with the aim of establishing an
165:in the 15th and 16th centuries,
76:
44:
37:
14621:History of Western civilization
14224:Christianity in the Middle Ages
11695:. In Nelson, Richard R. (ed.).
11491:International Studies Quarterly
11116:The Dutch down under, 1606β2006
10923:. University of Toronto Press.
10691:Scotland: The Story of a Nation
10126:. Macmillan Publishing Company.
10073:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
9929:Hunter, William Wilson (1907),
8846:Booth, Robert (11 March 2020).
7951:Zane, Damian (27 August 2019).
7908:A Dictionary of British History
7694:Reynolds, Paul (24 July 2006).
7485:"The British Army in Palestine"
6445:Rhodes, Wanna & Weller 2009
5910:
5881:
5831:
5767:
5751:
5721:
5609:Blackmar, Frank Wilson (1891).
5602:
5555:
5503:
5487:
5411:
5347:
5331:
5038:
4881:
4684:
4650:
4622:
3749:, a guerrilla war waged by the
3449:, but in 1965 Chinese-majority
3169:successfully lobbied President
2888:Irish independence was declared
2830:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
2582:British North America Act, 1867
1811:in 1815 ended in the defeat of
1244:ceding of New France to Britain
729:attempts to settle Newfoundland
472:Statute in Restraint of Appeals
464:reign of Queen Elizabeth I
292:. It also came to dominate the
14465:PolishβLithuanian Commonwealth
14408:Christianity in the modern era
14179:Christianity in late antiquity
13943:Australian Antarctic Territory
12799:since 1965 (before as part of
12796:British Indian Ocean Territory
12682:, while Tanganyika is part of
12313:since 1960 (before as part of
11945:Goodlad, Graham David (2000).
11433:Navies in Modern World History
11409:. Cambridge University Press.
11135:The William and Mary Quarterly
11081:Pestan, Carla Gardina (2009).
10864:. Cambridge University Press.
10833:. Cambridge University Press.
10725:. Cambridge University Press.
10523:. Cambridge University Press.
10520:A Concise History of Australia
10502:. University of Hawaii Press.
10153:Ireland and the British Empire
9874:. Cambridge University Press.
9841:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
9808:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
9750:. Princeton University Press.
9485:. Cambridge University Press.
9464:. Cambridge University Press.
9218:. Asian Educational Services.
9116:Buckner, Phillip, ed. (2008).
9020:. Cambridge University Press.
8951:. Cambridge University Press.
8874:
8759:Stone, Jon (21 January 2016).
6457:Kelly, Ralph (8 August 2017).
5615:. Hopkins Press. p. 335.
5420:, pp. 8, 30β34, 389β392;
4485:
4469:
4398:
3980:Sino-British Joint Declaration
3796:, in the 1970s and 1980s, but
3405:declared independence and the
3113:British Empire in World War II
2914:, consisting of six of the 32
1276:Decolonization of the Americas
357:handover of Hong Kong to China
1:
14616:History of the European Union
11784:Zolberg, Aristide R. (2006).
11405:British Imperialism 1750β1970
10827:Mein Smith, Philippa (2005).
10311:. Pearson Education Limited.
9835:Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2007).
9119:Canada and the British Empire
8592:The English Historical Review
4379:
4324:Economy of the British Empire
4187:South Asian people emigrating
3765:as sovereign base areas. The
3730:from Britain, resulting in a
2876:1918 British general election
2682:formed an alliance with Japan
2514:territories named after him,
2369:. British immigration to the
2032:An 1876 political cartoon of
1964:in 1807, which abolished the
1284:History of Canada (1763β1867)
1150:Atlantic entry and exit point
1072:of the merits of turning the
1024:War of the Spanish Succession
435:, following the successes of
117:ruled or administered by the
16476:Multicultural London English
12254:British Overseas Territories
12191:Collection: "British Empire"
12172:Resources in other libraries
12011:Hollowell, Jonathan (1992).
11757:. Rowman & Littlefield.
11311:Rothermund, Dietmar (2006).
11021:. Rowman & Littlefield.
11015:Parsons, Timothy H. (1999).
10748:——, ed. (1998).
10721:Marshall, P.J., ed. (1996).
10437:The Journal of Asian Studies
10340:The British Empire 1558β1995
10240:. Harvard University Press.
8553:(1999). Winks, Robin (ed.).
7172:The American Economic Review
5394:Kelley & Trebilcock 2010
4370:British Nationality Act 1981
4041:British Overseas Territories
4033:British Nationality Act 1981
4026:British Overseas Territories
4000:British Overseas Territories
3832:British Overseas Territories
3759:London and ZΓΌrich Agreements
3687:that France was fighting in
3239:a US$ 3.75 billion loan
2998:Government of India Act 1919
2936:. Standing (left to right):
2851:and instead signed the 1922
2826:Indian independence movement
2764:. Britain gained control of
2619:, and had suffered a severe
2508:British South Africa Company
2454:Convention of Constantinople
2270:in 1876 and Russia annexing
2231:was a disaster for Britain.
2151:Government of India Act 1858
2087:acquisition of Penang Island
1815:and marked the beginning of
1760:Siege of Seringapatam (1799)
942:, India was founded in 1639.
644:American War of Independence
611:on the coast of present-day
582:English overseas possessions
393:English overseas possessions
347:in 1947 as part of a larger
226:American War of Independence
84:British Overseas Territories
7:
16706:Former countries in Ireland
14676:
14575:Russian invasion of Ukraine
14186:Crisis of the Third Century
13970:British Antarctic Territory
13680:Western Pacific Territories
13574:
12050:. Oxford University Press.
11699:. Oxford University Press.
11613:Torkildsen, George (2005).
11253:. Oxford University Press.
11201:. Oxford University Press.
10752:. Oxford University Press.
10586:. Oxford University Press.
10554:The Commonwealth of Nations
10550:McIntyre, W. David (1977).
10431:Low, D.A. (February 1966).
10404:. Oxford University Press.
10342:. Oxford University Press.
10338:Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1996).
10156:. Oxford University Press.
10104:. Oxford University Press.
10100:Joseph, William A. (2010).
9935:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
9767:The Economic History Review
9215:Delhi, the Capital of India
9189:. Oxford University Press.
9122:. Oxford University Press.
9089:. Oxford University Press.
8327:The Commonwealth β About Us
6023:Johnston & Reisman 2008
5051:The Economic History Review
4301:
3982:, Hong Kong would become a
3906:Statute of Westminster 1931
3679:Macmillan gave a speech in
3395:plan to partition Palestine
3308:government, elected at the
3080:Balfour Declaration of 1926
3033:granted formal independence
2572:in 1840, which created the
2544:Independence of New Zealand
2013:, and a foreign policy of "
1685:Continued conquest in India
1522:for the establishment of a
1312:Declaration of Independence
1308:Second Continental Congress
1250:under British control) and
1052:. Besieged by neighbouring
883:Β§ Abolition of slavery
10:
16727:
16403:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
14631:Military history of Europe
14626:Maritime history of Europe
13708:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
13125:British Arctic Territories
12405:
12298:
12204:Metropolitan Museum of Art
11672:Vandervort, Bruce (1998).
11568:. Picador, Phoenix/Orion.
11268:Richardson, David (2022).
10517:Macintyre, Stuart (2009).
9719:. The Johns Hopkins Press.
9160:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
8794:. Development as Freedom.
8347:"Head of the Commonwealth"
7634:"Suez Crisis: Key players"
7242:(1st ed.). New York:
5920:. pdavis. 28 August 1833.
4201:from its former colonies.
3997:
3869:
3660:
3650:
3611:and his Defence Secretary
3464:
3277:
3217:
3110:
2822:Irish revolutionary period
2815:
2762:League of Nations mandates
2695:
2636:break-up of the empire. A
2525:
2489:Anglo-Egyptian condominium
2313:
2180:
2069:
2063:
1987:
1933:
1826:overrun many countries of
1796:
1643:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1453:
1450:Exploration of the Pacific
1396:Constitutional Act of 1791
1272:American Revolutionary War
1265:
1248:French-speaking population
1033:
992:textiles industry of India
924:
735:was founded as a haven by
653:
579:
566:Norman invasion of Ireland
390:
64:Flag of the United Kingdom
16484:
16463:
16363:
16345:Black Equity Organisation
16330:
16246:
16179:
16112:
16064:
15581:
14985:
14684:
14601:Genetic history of Europe
14583:
14388:
14204:
14144:
14111:
14071:
14066:Links to related articles
14019:
13988:
13948:Commonwealth of Australia
13906:
13895:
13866:
13818:
13807:
13773:
13580:
13544:
13350:Newfoundland and Labrador
13064:
13053:
13031:League of Nations mandate
13012:
12736:
12725:
12706:Lancaster House Agreement
12676:League of Nations mandate
12665:
12411:
12400:
12304:
12293:
12260:
12209:"Empire through the Lens"
12200:The New British Galleries
12167:Resources in your library
11984:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
11751:Young, Harold A. (2020).
11728:10.1017/S0018246X00026698
11458:Springhall, John (2001).
10898:Nayar, Pramod K. (2008).
10775:Martin, Laura C. (2007).
10365:Louis, Wm. Roger (2006).
10305:Levine, Philippa (2007).
9581:. The Stationery Office.
9325:Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus
9296:Combs, Jerald A. (2008).
9017:Britain and the Dominions
8943:Andrews, Kenneth (1984).
8888:. Yale University Press.
8882:Abernethy, David (2000).
8374:, p. 424, chapter 9
8332:27 September 2013 at the
6892:Turpin & Tomkins 2007
6659:, pp. 23β29, 35, 60.
6262:, pp. 168, 186, 243.
5841:. The Abolition Project.
5671:Innis, Harold A (2001) .
5242:Anderson & Combe 1801
3993:
3736:Lancaster House Agreement
3393:subsequently voted for a
3163:German invasion of Greece
2920:Government of Ireland Act
2900:Irish War of Independence
2459:With competitive French,
2290:. The destruction of the
1890:, while the Danish ceded
1398:created the provinces of
1115:The 18th century saw the
1044:granted a charter to the
765:tolerant of all religions
763: (1636) as a colony
135:largest empire in history
75:
34:
23:
16191:First Africans in London
13478:Turks and Caicos Islands
12785:(protectorate) 1907β1949
12730:
12357:(integrated into the UK)
12017:. Blackwell Publishing.
11691:Walker, William (1993).
10658:. Taylor & Francis.
10613:Maddison, Angus (2001).
10267:Lee, Stephen J. (1994).
10133:The Making of the Mosaic
9724:Heinlein, Frank (2002).
9682:Goldstein, Erik (1994).
9491:10.1017/CBO9781139084932
9479:Galligan, Brian (1995).
9460:Fox, Gregory H. (2008).
9445:. Blackwell Publishing.
9281:. Rozenberg Publishers.
9262:. Cassell & Co Ltd.
9047:Broome, Richard (2010).
8924:Anderson, David (2005).
8059:, pp. 401, 427β429.
8009:Knight & Palmer 1989
7487:. National Army Museum.
5774:Trivedi & Allen 2000
5701:Naravane, M. S. (2014).
5458:Mulligan & Hill 2001
4772:, pp. 316, 324β326.
4493:"The London Declaration"
4355:
3838:in 1970 and ending with
3802:Turks and Caicos Islands
3779:integration with Britain
3718:saw the eight-year long
3653:Decolonisation of Africa
3605:devaluation of the pound
3572:from Argentina in 1982.
3322:Indian National Congress
3233:should formally replace
3076:1926 Imperial Conference
3064:1923 Imperial Conference
3018:non-cooperation movement
2934:1926 Imperial Conference
2598:1907 Imperial Conference
2540:Irish Home Rule movement
2341:spanning "Cape to Cairo"
2234:When Russia invaded the
1968:in the empire. In 1808,
1878:; the Netherlands ceded
1623:North American fur trade
1562:. Cook claimed both the
1316:United States of America
1082:Kingdom of Great Britain
956:Dutch East India Company
323:, Britain's colonies in
16228:Race Relations Act 1965
14606:History of Christianity
13761:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
13586:18th and 19th centuries
13402:Queen Charlotte Islands
13362:North-Western Territory
13334:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
12937:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
12602:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
12285:Commonwealth of Nations
11596:British India 1600β1828
11504:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
11216:Porter, Andrew (1998).
11162:—— (2013).
10879:Mori, Jennifer (2014).
10580:—— (2016).
10286:—— (1996).
9779:10.1111/1468-0289.00158
9717:Southeast Asia Tomorrow
9715:Gurtov, Melvin (1970).
9462:Humanitarian Occupation
9348:Dalziel, Nigel (2006).
8336:; Online September 2014
7773:"An affair to remember"
7421:Mycock, Andrew (2009).
7166:Rosenson, Alex (1947).
7121:Parsons, T. H. (2014).
6459:"A flag for the Empire"
5733:Encyclopædia Britannica
5638:Pethick, Derek (1980).
5057:(2): 432β433, 459β461.
4349:British overseas cities
4229:parliamentary democracy
4146:were exported. British
4045:Commonwealth of Nations
4004:Commonwealth of Nations
3663:Wind of Change (speech)
3375:British Nationality Act
3304:The pro-decolonisation
3284:1947β1949 Palestine war
3097:republican constitution
3072:1923 Treaty of Lausanne
2894:simultaneously began a
2853:Washington Naval Treaty
2849:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
2834:Commonwealth of Nations
2736:. Canadians viewed the
2617:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2590:international relations
2536:Federation of Australia
1940:With the advent of the
1771:First Anglo-Maratha War
1355:should replace the old
1239:Treaty of Paris of 1763
974:of 1688 when the Dutch
964:East Indies archipelago
950:began to challenge the
757:English Roman Catholics
369:Commonwealth of Nations
276:was later described as
14430:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
13511:West Indies Federation
12700:) and continued as an
12283:Current member of the
12109:
12085:Listen to this article
11716:The Historical Journal
11382:Shennan, J.H. (1995).
11355:. Palgrave Macmillan.
11349:Royle, Trevor (2000).
11114:Peters, Nonja (2006).
11048:Pascoe, Bruce (2018).
10794:McKenna, Mark (2002).
10124:The Honourable Company
9963:. Palgrave Macmillan.
9912:Kodansha International
9868:Hogg, Richard (2008).
9620:. Simon and Schuster.
9528:. Palgrave Macmillan.
8292:. legislation.gov.uk.
8266:. legislation.gov.uk.
4199:immigration to Britain
4173:
4028:
4008:English-speaking world
3918:New Zealand Parliament
3826:dispute with Guatemala
3806:British Virgin Islands
3786:West Indies Federation
3676:
3657:Decolonization of Asia
3483:
3478:'s decision to invade
3461:Suez and its aftermath
3301:
3138:
3084:Statute of Westminster
3022:Chauri Chaura incident
2993:
2986:William Mackenzie King
2880:independent parliament
2843:
2665:
2656:World wars (1914β1945)
2578:Responsible government
2557:
2532:Canadian Confederation
2399:South African Republic
2351:southern tip of Africa
2342:
2296:Imperial Japanese Navy
2229:First Anglo-Afghan War
2196:
2134:Regulating Act of 1773
2041:
2036:making Queen Victoria
2005:Russia in Central Asia
1822:
1744:First Anglo-Mysore war
1532:Indigenous Australians
1478:
1460:History of New Zealand
1431:United States Congress
1390:, so London split off
1382:valleys, then part of
1112:
1042:Parliament of Scotland
943:
835:United Dutch Provinces
688:
549:area, later to become
476:Protestant Reformation
420:
278:
16378:Antiguan and Barbudan
16089:Medieval great powers
14510:Industrial Revolution
13433:Saint Kitts and Nevis
12704:state until the 1979
12310:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
12186:the National Archives
12108:
12044:McLean, Iain (2001).
11635:Literature and Nation
11431:Sondhaus, L. (2004).
11401:Smith, Simon (1998).
11251:Comparing Westminster
10919:Nellis, Eric (2013).
10779:. Tuttle Publishing.
10398:Louis, Roger (1986).
10150:Kenny, Kevin (2006).
9957:Hyam, Ronald (2002).
9802:Hinks, Peter (2007).
9773:(2). Wiley: 213β236.
9617:Churchill and America
9212:Capper, John (1997).
9053:. Allen & Unwin.
8743:10.7722/j.ctt81pqr.10
7696:"Suez: End of empire"
7427:Parliamentary Affairs
7246:. pp. 321, 341.
4248:post-colonial studies
4206:innovation in Britain
4204:In the 19th century,
4164:
4101:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4049:voluntary association
4035:renamed the existing
4023:
3976:99-year lease in 1898
3934:Constitution Act 1986
3910:Canadian Constitution
3876:Handover of Hong Kong
3763:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3670:
3661:Further information:
3499:'s new revolutionary
3488:1951 general election
3474:
3407:1948 Arab-Israeli War
3310:1945 general election
3295:
3274:Initial disengagement
3218:Further information:
3192:British Indian Empire
3171:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3120:
3041:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
2966:Union of South Africa
2928:
2892:Irish Republican Army
2841:
2790:Union of South Africa
2713:SykesβPicot Agreement
2663:
2638:second Home Rule bill
2551:
2379:independent republics
2331:
2292:Imperial Russian Navy
2288:Anglo-Russian Entente
2190:
2157:, where an appointed
2072:Company rule in India
2031:
1994:Industrial Revolution
1978:Slavery Abolition Act
1942:Industrial Revolution
1806:
1746:and stalemate in the
1679:British North America
1547:, making its capital
1467:
1280:British North America
1176:1750 Treaty of Madrid
1144:. Gibraltar became a
1099:
934:
878:Royal African Company
876:Two years later, the
861:in the area known as
804:sugarcane plantations
749:trans-Atlantic voyage
745:religious persecution
711:, and managed by the
679:
632:joint-stock companies
499:slave-raiding attacks
404:
331:were occupied by the
230:British North America
54:Flag of Great Britain
16196:Atlantic slave trade
16172:Black British people
16099:European colonialism
16084:Ancient great powers
14565:European debt crisis
14560:European integration
14500:Age of Enlightenment
14340:Republic of Florence
13961:Realm of New Zealand
13959:(transferred to the
13946:(transferred to the
13779:Realm of New Zealand
13380:Prince Edward Island
13258:1671β1816, 1833β1960
12140:More spoken articles
11951:. Psychology Press.
11638:. Psychology Press.
11330:Russo, Jean (2012).
11278:10.2307/j.ctv240ddz3
10939:10.3138/j.ctv2gmhh15
10652:Magee, John (1974).
10185:The Modern Caribbean
10048:Janin, Hunt (1999).
9728:. Psychology Press.
9572:Gapes, Mike (2008).
9014:Brock, W.R. (2011).
6339:on 15 September 2010
6025:, pp. 508β510;
5891:. Historic England.
5889:"Slavery After 1807"
4647:, pp. 119, 123.
4181:, with the founding
4128:developed in Britain
3956:Convention of Peking
3740:Republic of Zimbabwe
3641:United Arab Emirates
3617:British Armed Forces
3553:Member of Parliament
3524:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3509:granted independence
3439:Federation of Malaya
3423:resistance movements
3231:Commonwealth country
2796:), Australia gained
2757:Treaty of Versailles
2750:Imperial War Cabinet
2738:Battle of Vimy Ridge
2678:Imperial German Navy
2648:leading to the 1916
2512:occupied and annexed
2284:spheres of influence
1974:West India Committee
1930:Abolition of slavery
1926:to the Netherlands.
1839:French Imperial Navy
1641:. This preceded the
1299:Rights of Englishmen
1246:(leaving a sizeable
1014:, a grandson of the
855:Hudson's Bay Company
820:Atlantic slave trade
779:, which was renamed
672:Atlantic slave trade
620:James VI of Scotland
590:granted a patent to
547:Saint Lawrence River
507:Atlantic slave trade
433:Henry VII of England
361:overseas territories
123:overseas possessions
16364:Ethnic and national
16223:Bristol Bus Boycott
16094:Modern great powers
14530:Revolutions of 1848
14460:Early modern France
14241:Anglo-Saxon England
14146:Classical antiquity
13992:Since 2009 part of
13884:of AprilβJune 1982.
13471:Trinidad and Tobago
13085:Antigua and Barbuda
12985:Straits Settlements
11197:Pham, P.L. (2010).
11166:. UNC Press Books.
10862:Ecological pioneers
10204:Historical Research
9744:Herbst, Jeffrey Ira
9647:Go, Julian (2007).
9522:Braddick, Michael J
8710:10.3917/hp.011.0012
8454:, pp. 238β240.
8442:, pp. 187β188.
8317:, pp. 145β147.
8229:, pp. 654β655.
8095:, pp. 624β625.
8071:, pp. 171β191.
7996:, pp. 100β102.
7984:, pp. 618β621.
7896:, pp. 427β433.
7860:, pp. 370β371.
7623:, pp. 161β163.
7551:, pp. 339β340.
7408:, pp. 355β356.
7321:, pp. 148β150.
6930:, pp. 313β314.
6794:, pp. 241β259.
6599:, pp. 494β495.
6494:Ford, Lisa (2021).
6372:, pp. 169β183.
6310:, pp. 230β233.
6214:, pp. 360β373.
6149:, pp. 133β134.
6077:, pp. 146β148.
6041:, pp. 254β257.
5816:, pp. 115β118.
5729:"Battle of Wadgaon"
5540:, pp. 145β149.
5316:, pp. 312β223.
5266:BandyopΔdhyΔαΊa 2004
5126:, pp. 440β464.
5045:Draper, N. (2008).
4918:, pp. 225β226.
4906:, pp. 224β225.
4583:, pp. 155β158.
4466:, pp. 156β157.
4273:Historians such as
4077:Antigua and Barbuda
4053:Commonwealth realms
3897:during the ensuing
3860:Commonwealth realms
3846:with France. Fiji,
3790:Trinidad and Tobago
3707:) in October 1968.
3511:on 1 January 1956.
3505:taken power in 1952
3501:government of Egypt
3391:UN General Assembly
3369:(formerly known as
3334:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
3318:Indian independence
3049:Balfour Declaration
2605:political campaigns
2554:British Empire flag
2473:Scramble for Africa
2334:The Rhodes Colossus
2324:Scramble for Africa
2177:Rivalry with Russia
2153:, establishing the
2142:Charter Act of 1813
1970:Sierra Leone Colony
1894:. Britain returned
1847:Battle of Trafalgar
1783:Third Anglo-Maratha
1767:Maratha Confederacy
1732:Sultanate of Mysore
1714:Indian subcontinent
1627:Alexander Mackenzie
1580:New Zealand Company
1545:Victorian gold rush
1303:American Revolution
1268:American Revolution
1237:The signing of the
1192:Indian subcontinent
1168:War of Jenkins' Ear
1146:critical naval base
1084:established by the
1070:Kingdom of Scotland
1046:Company of Scotland
1008:Charles II of Spain
972:Glorious Revolution
822:, particularly the
788:British West Indies
755:was established by
668:British West Indies
634:, most notably the
558:Munster Plantations
519:laden with treasure
387:Origins (1497β1583)
365:British sovereignty
288:, such as Asia and
270:Scramble for Africa
242:British West Indies
203:Indian subcontinent
138:area. As a result,
16455:Other black groups
16331:Civic and economic
14636:Crusading movement
14540:Russian Revolution
14375:Hundred Years' War
14271:Maritime republics
14174:Early Christianity
14164:Hellenistic period
14121:Paleolithic Europe
13144:Cape Breton Island
13035:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
12877:Unfederated States
12692:Southern Rhodesia
12279:Commonwealth realm
12110:
12014:Britain Since 1945
11818:Far Eastern Survey
11484:(September 1997).
11435:. Reaktion Books.
11054:. Magabala Books.
10988:. Modern Library.
9942:2027/uc1.$ b196576
9256:Churchill, Winston
9234:Cervero, Robert B.
8977:. Orient Longman.
8698:Histoire Politique
8605:10.1093/ehr/cez128
8162:The New York Times
6466:The Flag Institute
5496:, pp. 33β34;
4942:, pp. 33, 43.
4368:Schedule 6 of the
4283:indigenous peoples
4233:English common law
4225:Westminster system
4174:
4029:
4012:Westminster system
3930:Australia Act 1986
3677:
3532:financial leverage
3497:Gamal Abdul Nasser
3492:Conservative Party
3484:
3419:surrender of Japan
3302:
3298:partition of India
3280:Partition of India
3227:London Declaration
3187:form of government
3139:
2994:
2904:Anglo-Irish Treaty
2878:, to establish an
2844:
2800:, and New Zealand
2746:David Lloyd George
2729:Gallipoli Campaign
2666:
2594:federating in 1901
2586:British Parliament
2574:Province of Canada
2558:
2446:Khedivate of Egypt
2343:
2304:Russo-Japanese War
2300:Battle of Tsushima
2197:
2170:widespread famines
2042:
2015:splendid isolation
1916:Danish West Indies
1828:continental Europe
1823:
1809:Battle of Waterloo
1631:North West Company
1588:Treaty of Waitangi
1539:until 1853 and to
1492:coast of Australia
1479:
1433:declared war, the
1196:French counterpart
1136:, and from Spain,
1113:
1109:East India Company
1103:'s victory at the
1086:Acts of Union 1707
1060:, and affected by
944:
927:East India Company
917:was one in seven.
867:Dominion of Canada
769:Congregationalists
717:Colony of Virginia
689:
636:East India Company
628:English settlement
560:, in 16th century
511:Anglo-Spanish Wars
421:
373:London Declaration
207:East India Company
140:its constitutional
16506:
16505:
16500:
16499:
16373:African-Caribbean
16138:
16137:
16060:
16059:
16025:PolishβLithuanian
15200:Gurjara-Pratihara
14644:
14643:
14570:COVID-19 pandemic
14515:French Revolution
14490:Habsburg monarchy
14470:Cossack Hetmanate
14450:Portuguese Empire
14440:Absolute monarchy
14435:Thirty Years' War
14330:Holy Roman Empire
14255:Bulgarian Empire
14214:Early Middle Ages
14131:Bronze Age Europe
14105:History of Europe
14058:
14057:
14015:
14014:
13891:
13890:
13823:Providence Island
13803:
13802:
13768:
13767:
13636:Western Australia
13604:Van Diemen's Land
13540:
13539:
13517:Associated States
13215:Columbia District
13049:
13048:
12903:Manila and Cavite
12721:
12720:
12600:Southern Rhodesia
12594:South-West Africa
12544:Northern Rhodesia
12456:Cape of Good Hope
12396:
12395:
12273:Current territory
12148:Library resources
12106:
12057:978-0-1982-9529-7
12024:978-0-6312-0968-3
11991:978-1-5099-1871-3
11958:978-0-4152-0338-8
11929:978-1-5942-0013-7
11907:978-0-8050-8001-8
11873:978-0-6709-1137-0
11863:The Indian Mutiny
11795:978-0-6740-2218-8
11764:978-1-4985-8695-5
11683:978-1-8572-8486-7
11664:978-0-5216-9029-4
11645:978-0-4152-1207-6
11624:978-0-4153-0995-0
11605:978-1-1131-4290-0
11575:978-0-7538-2056-8
11545:978-0-1420-0210-0
11473:978-0-3337-4600-4
11416:978-3-1258-0640-5
11393:978-0-4150-7780-4
11362:978-1-4039-6416-8
11341:978-1-4214-0694-7
11322:978-0-4153-5632-9
11287:978-0-3002-5043-5
11260:978-0-1995-6349-4
11229:978-0-1992-4678-6
11208:978-0-1995-8036-1
11173:978-1-4696-1181-5
11125:978-1-9206-9475-3
11094:978-0-8122-4150-1
11061:978-1-9257-6895-4
11028:978-0-8476-8825-8
10995:978-0-8129-6761-6
10959:978-0-4153-2611-7
10930:978-1-4426-0555-8
10911:978-1-1341-3150-1
10890:978-1-3178-9189-5
10871:978-0-5218-1103-3
10840:978-0-5215-4228-9
10807:978-0-8684-0644-2
10786:978-0-8048-3724-8
10759:978-0-1992-4677-9
10732:978-0-5210-0254-7
10701:978-0-8021-3932-0
10686:Magnusson, Magnus
10665:978-0-7100-7947-3
10629:978-9-2641-8608-8
10593:978-0-1925-1361-8
10565:978-0-8166-0792-1
10530:978-0-5215-1608-2
10509:978-0-8248-1597-4
10490:978-0-1404-3133-9
10411:978-0-1982-2960-5
10378:978-1-8451-1347-6
10349:978-0-1987-3134-4
10318:978-0-5824-7281-5
10297:978-0-4151-3102-5
10278:978-0-4150-9006-3
10247:978-0-6740-2584-4
10194:978-0-8078-1825-1
10163:978-0-1992-5184-1
10142:978-0-8020-9536-7
10111:978-0-1953-3530-9
10102:Politics in China
10080:978-9-0474-2393-5
10059:978-0-7864-0715-6
10028:978-0-3121-6985-5
10004:978-0-1996-0541-5
9970:978-0-7134-3089-9
9921:978-4-7700-1703-1
9881:978-0-5216-6227-7
9848:978-0-3133-3404-7
9815:978-0-3133-3143-5
9735:978-0-7146-5220-7
9695:978-0-7146-4559-9
9662:978-9-0041-5174-1
9627:978-0-7432-9122-4
9588:978-0-2155-2150-7
9535:978-0-3339-6341-8
9500:978-1-1390-8493-2
9471:978-0-5218-5600-3
9452:978-0-6311-9439-2
9433:978-0-4650-2329-5
9397:978-1-8461-4089-1
9361:978-0-1410-1844-7
9311:978-0-7656-2056-9
9288:978-9-0517-0686-4
9269:978-0-3049-2114-0
9247:978-1-5596-3591-2
9225:978-8-1206-1282-2
9196:978-0-1992-4676-2
9167:978-0-8711-3971-9
9129:978-0-1992-7164-1
9096:978-0-1992-4679-3
9060:978-1-7417-6554-0
9027:978-1-1076-8833-9
9006:978-0-2240-6222-0
8984:978-8-1250-2596-2
8958:978-0-5212-7698-6
8935:978-0-297-84719-9
8895:978-0-3000-9314-8
8800:978-0-3857-2027-4
8734:978-1-8470-1011-7
8682:978-0-3072-7242-3
8635:(17 March 2022).
8572:978-0-1982-0566-1
8478:, pp. 92β94.
8376:English Worldwide
8117:GΓ©rin-Lajoie 1951
8011:, pp. 14β15.
7925:978-0-1917-5802-7
7439:10.1093/pa/gsp035
7392:978-1-000-72992-4
7253:978-0-0600-8381-6
7236:Davis, Kenneth C.
7132:978-1-4422-3529-8
6981:978-93-5501-683-6
6611:, pp. 78β79.
6505:978-0-6742-4907-3
6408:, pp. 28β29.
6360:, pp. 71β72.
6250:, pp. 85β86.
6125:, pp. 50β57.
6113:, pp. 44β46.
6053:, pp. 88β91.
5714:978-8-1313-0034-3
5684:978-0-8020-8196-4
5657:978-0-8889-4279-1
5579:nzhistory.govt.nz
5516:, pp. 28β29.
5460:, pp. 20β23.
5448:, pp. 20β21.
5384:, pp. 46β48.
5280:, pp. 18β19.
5268:, pp. 49β52.
5184:, pp. 11β17.
4832:, pp. 72β73.
4796:, pp. 20β22.
4784:, pp. 15β20.
4709:, pp. 63β64.
4571:, pp. 29β52.
4264:invasions of Iraq
3988:handover ceremony
3964:Kowloon Peninsula
3952:Treaty of Nanking
3948:Margaret Thatcher
3914:Australian states
3720:Mau Mau rebellion
3712:Southern Rhodesia
3607:, Prime Minister
3565:Margaret Thatcher
3435:Malayan Emergency
3427:Malaysian Chinese
3414:on 30 June 1948.
3288:Malayan Emergency
3200:Fall of Singapore
3167:Winston Churchill
3057:Jewish insurgency
3045:League of Nations
3014:Amritsar Massacre
3002:Ghadar conspiracy
2984:), seated right:
2705:German New Guinea
2629:William Gladstone
2613:Act of Union 1800
2469:Berlin Conference
2438:Benjamin Disraeli
2426:Mediterranean Sea
2403:Orange Free State
2367:Flanders Campaign
2347:Dutch Cape Colony
2244:Crimean Peninsula
2034:Benjamin Disraeli
1742:. Defeats in the
1724:Anglo-Mysore wars
1675:Strait of Georgia
1607:Nootka Convention
1576:European settlers
1541:Western Australia
1380:Saint Croix river
1348:Wealth of Nations
1224:Presidency Armies
1204:Battle of Plassey
1126:Philip V of Spain
1122:Treaty of Utrecht
1105:Battle of Plassey
1050:Isthmus of Panama
1020:Holy Roman Empire
1012:Philip V of Spain
976:William of Orange
952:Portuguese Empire
816:indentured labour
812:Portuguese Brazil
798: (1627) and
699: (1605) and
682:colonial Virginia
664:Thirteen Colonies
640:Thirteen Colonies
449:northwest passage
405:A replica of the
379:, currently King
219:Battle of Plassey
91:
90:
16718:
16701:Overseas empires
16651:
16643:
16642:
16641:
16634:
16633:from Wikiversity
16626:
16625:
16624:
16617:
16609:
16608:
16607:
16600:
16592:
16591:
16590:
16583:
16575:
16574:
16573:
16563:
16547:
16546:
16535:
16534:
16533:
16523:
16522:
16521:
16514:
16165:
16158:
16151:
16142:
16141:
15941:
15940:
15606:Austro-Hungarian
15306:Chagatai Khanate
14671:
14664:
14657:
14648:
14647:
14505:Great Divergence
14420:Age of Discovery
14365:Late Middle Ages
14335:High Middle Ages
14246:Byzantine Empire
14229:Christianization
14219:Migration Period
14154:Classical Greece
14126:Neolithic Europe
14098:
14091:
14084:
14075:
14074:
14062:
14061:
14048:
14038:
14037:
14003:Antarctic Treaty
13964:
13951:
13936:Falkland Islands
13928:Tristan da Cunha
13920:Ascension Island
13897:
13896:
13848:Falkland Islands
13809:
13808:
13777:Now part of the
13649:Pitcairn Islands
13614:Auckland Islands
13583:
13582:
13569:
13562:
13555:
13546:
13545:
13531:Windward Islands
13485:Vancouver Island
13262:MassachusettsBay
13131:British Columbia
13055:
13054:
12871:Federated States
12727:
12726:
12637:Tristan da Cunha
12606:Southern Nigeria
12538:Northern Nigeria
12417:Ascension Island
12402:
12401:
12358:
12295:
12294:
12269:Former territory
12266:
12242:
12235:
12228:
12219:
12218:
12130:
12128:
12117:
12116:
12107:
12097:
12095:
12091:
12086:
12073:
12071:
12069:
12040:
12038:
12036:
12007:
12005:
12003:
11974:
11972:
11970:
11941:
11911:
11894:Elkins, Caroline
11889:
11887:
11885:
11853:
11851:
11849:
11799:
11788:. Russell Sage.
11780:
11778:
11776:
11747:
11710:
11687:
11668:
11649:
11628:
11609:
11587:
11557:
11527:
11525:
11523:
11477:
11465:
11454:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11408:
11397:
11378:
11376:
11374:
11345:
11326:
11307:
11264:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11212:
11193:
11158:
11129:
11110:
11108:
11106:
11077:
11075:
11073:
11044:
11042:
11040:
11011:
11009:
11007:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10942:
10915:
10894:
10875:
10856:
10854:
10852:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10790:
10771:
10744:
10717:
10715:
10713:
10681:
10679:
10677:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10638:
10621:
10609:
10607:
10605:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10557:
10546:
10544:
10542:
10513:
10494:
10475:Macaulay, Thomas
10470:
10452:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10394:
10392:
10390:
10361:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10301:
10282:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10237:War with America
10227:
10198:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10146:
10127:
10115:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10063:
10044:
10042:
10040:
10008:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9953:
9944:
9925:
9897:
9895:
9893:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9798:
9761:
9739:
9720:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9597:
9580:
9568:
9539:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9475:
9456:
9437:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9377:
9375:
9373:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9315:
9303:
9292:
9273:
9251:
9240:. Island Press.
9229:
9208:
9178:
9176:
9174:
9159:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9081:Brown, Judith M.
9076:
9074:
9072:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9010:
8999:. Random House.
8988:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8950:
8939:
8920:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8843:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8809:
8803:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8756:
8747:
8746:
8720:
8714:
8713:
8693:
8687:
8686:
8669:Elkins, Caroline
8665:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8640:
8629:
8618:
8617:
8607:
8598:(568): 773β775.
8583:
8577:
8576:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8343:
8337:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8277:
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8254:
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8054:
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8036:
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8006:
7997:
7991:
7985:
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7973:
7972:
7970:
7968:
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7942:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7787:. Archived from
7779:. 27 July 2006.
7769:
7763:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7736:
7727:, pp. 342;
7722:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7640:. 21 July 2006.
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7534:
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7522:
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7501:
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7498:
7496:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7418:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7379:Zeb, R. (2019).
7376:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7102:on 4 August 2009
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7010:
7004:
6998:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6968:Mehta, B.L.G.A.
6965:
6959:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6861:
6855:
6849:
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6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6474:
6463:
6454:
6448:
6447:, pp. 5β15.
6442:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6161:, pp. 1β12.
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5900:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5771:
5765:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5645:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5507:
5501:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5472:, pp. 5β23.
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5351:
5345:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
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5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4999:, pp. 3β38.
4994:
4988:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
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4885:
4879:
4878:
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4845:
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4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
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4755:
4746:
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4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4688:
4682:
4681:
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4677:
4654:
4648:
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4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
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4584:
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4560:
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4548:
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4483:
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4457:
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4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4373:
4366:
4291:famines in India
4250:, which seek to
4191:Overseas Chinese
4183:settler colonist
4168:being played in
4124:English language
4097:Papua New Guinea
4057:King Charles III
3960:Hong Kong Island
3895:Falkland Islands
3848:Papua New Guinea
3818:British Honduras
3601:Harold Macmillan
3570:Falkland Islands
3547:wounded British
3346:Lord Mountbatten
3252:anti-imperialism
3183:Atlantic Charter
3123:Second World War
3107:Second World War
3099:renaming itself
3053:revolted in 1936
2976:). Seated left:
2974:Irish Free State
2962:J. B. M. Hertzog
2912:Northern Ireland
2908:Irish Free State
2857:Great Depression
2818:Interwar Britain
2812:Inter-war period
2566:armed rebellions
2163:Empress of India
2159:governor-general
2146:Indian Rebellion
2140:of 1784 and the
2138:Pitt's India Act
2119:Hong Kong Island
2097:(1824), and the
2038:Empress of India
1950:slave rebellions
1793:Wars with France
1706:
1697:
1671:Interior Plateau
1651:British Columbia
1619:Vancouver Island
1615:George Vancouver
1611:naval expedition
1524:penal settlement
1404:English speaking
1232:Seven Years' War
1107:established the
968:Anglo-Dutch Wars
839:Anglo-Dutch Wars
824:triangular trade
713:Virginia Company
624:Treaty of London
592:Humphrey Gilbert
570:West Country Men
515:Elizabeth I
321:Second World War
298:settler colonies
283:
163:Age of Discovery
80:
48:
41:
21:
20:
16726:
16725:
16721:
16720:
16719:
16717:
16716:
16715:
16656:
16655:
16654:
16650:from Wikivoyage
16644:
16639:
16637:
16627:
16622:
16620:
16616:from Wikisource
16610:
16605:
16603:
16593:
16588:
16586:
16576:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16562:sister projects
16559:at Knowledge's
16553:
16541:
16531:
16529:
16519:
16517:
16509:
16507:
16502:
16501:
16496:
16480:
16471:British English
16459:
16365:
16359:
16332:
16326:
16278:British hip hop
16249:
16242:
16207:Empire Windrush
16182:
16175:
16169:
16139:
16134:
16123:American Empire
16108:
16104:African empires
16056:
15939:
15631:Central African
15577:
15395:Romano-Germanic
14981:
14715:Middle Assyrian
14688:
14680:
14675:
14645:
14640:
14579:
14545:Interwar period
14520:Napoleonic Wars
14384:
14355:Mongol invasion
14308:Crown of Aragon
14200:
14140:
14136:Iron Age Europe
14107:
14102:
14067:
14059:
14054:
14011:
13984:
13958:
13956:Ross Dependency
13945:
13902:
13887:
13862:
13814:
13799:
13769:
13764:
13720:
13715:Solomon Islands
13662:North Australia
13642:South Australia
13598:New South Wales
13576:
13573:
13536:
13256:Leeward Islands
13060:
13045:
13008:
12915:Muscat and Oman
12732:
12717:
12661:
12407:
12392:
12356:
12300:
12289:
12264:
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12246:
12178:
12177:
12176:
12156:
12155:
12151:
12144:
12143:
12132:
12126:
12124:
12121:This audio file
12118:
12111:
12102:
12099:
12093:
12089:
12088:
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12058:
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12025:
12001:
11999:
11992:
11968:
11966:
11959:
11930:
11916:Ferguson, Niall
11908:
11883:
11881:
11874:
11847:
11845:
11830:10.2307/2644439
11807:
11805:Further reading
11802:
11796:
11774:
11772:
11765:
11707:
11684:
11665:
11646:
11625:
11606:
11592:Tilby, A. Wyatt
11576:
11546:
11521:
11519:
11482:Taagepera, Rein
11474:
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10996:
10980:Pagden, Anthony
10969:
10967:
10960:
10931:
10912:
10891:
10872:
10850:
10848:
10841:
10817:
10815:
10808:
10787:
10760:
10733:
10711:
10709:
10702:
10694:. Grove Press.
10675:
10673:
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10640:
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10630:
10619:
10603:
10601:
10594:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10540:
10538:
10531:
10510:
10491:
10450:10.2307/2051326
10421:
10419:
10412:
10388:
10386:
10379:
10371:. I.B. Tauris.
10350:
10328:
10326:
10319:
10298:
10279:
10257:
10255:
10248:
10195:
10173:
10171:
10164:
10143:
10112:
10090:
10088:
10081:
10060:
10038:
10036:
10029:
10013:James, Lawrence
10005:
9991:Jackson, Ashley
9980:
9978:
9971:
9922:
9891:
9889:
9882:
9858:
9856:
9849:
9825:
9823:
9816:
9758:
9736:
9705:
9703:
9696:
9672:
9670:
9663:
9637:
9635:
9628:
9612:Gilbert, Martin
9601:
9599:
9595:
9589:
9578:
9536:
9510:
9508:
9501:
9472:
9453:
9434:
9426:. Basic Books.
9418:Ferguson, Niall
9407:
9405:
9398:
9371:
9369:
9362:
9338:
9336:
9312:
9304:. M.E. Sharpe.
9289:
9270:
9248:
9226:
9197:
9183:Canny, Nicholas
9172:
9170:
9168:
9139:
9137:
9130:
9106:
9104:
9097:
9070:
9068:
9061:
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9028:
9007:
8985:
8963:
8961:
8959:
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8905:
8903:
8896:
8877:
8872:
8871:
8861:
8859:
8844:
8840:
8830:
8828:
8821:The Independent
8815:(3 June 2004).
8813:Ferguson, Niall
8810:
8806:
8790:
8786:
8776:
8774:
8766:The Independent
8757:
8750:
8735:
8721:
8717:
8694:
8690:
8683:
8666:
8662:
8652:
8650:
8643:Financial Times
8630:
8621:
8584:
8580:
8573:
8548:
8544:
8536:
8532:
8524:
8520:
8512:
8508:
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8496:
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8470:
8462:
8458:
8450:
8446:
8438:
8434:
8426:
8422:
8414:
8410:
8402:
8398:
8392:Torkildsen 2005
8390:
8386:
8370:
8366:
8356:
8354:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8334:Wayback Machine
8325:
8321:
8313:
8309:
8299:
8297:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8273:
8271:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8249:
8245:
8237:
8233:
8225:
8221:
8215:Rothermund 2006
8213:, p. 355;
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8171:
8169:
8154:
8150:
8142:
8138:
8130:
8123:
8115:
8111:
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8099:
8091:
8087:
8079:
8075:
8067:
8063:
8055:
8051:
8043:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8019:
8015:
8007:
8000:
7994:Springhall 2001
7992:
7988:
7980:
7976:
7966:
7964:
7949:
7945:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7904:
7900:
7892:
7888:
7880:
7876:
7868:
7864:
7856:
7852:
7844:
7840:
7832:
7828:
7820:
7816:
7808:
7804:
7794:
7792:
7771:
7770:
7766:
7758:
7754:
7746:
7739:
7731:, p. 105;
7723:
7719:
7709:
7707:
7692:
7688:
7678:
7676:
7661:
7657:
7647:
7645:
7632:
7631:
7627:
7619:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7591:
7583:
7579:
7571:
7567:
7559:
7555:
7547:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7523:
7519:
7511:
7504:
7494:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7470:
7466:
7458:
7454:
7419:
7412:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7377:
7373:
7365:
7361:
7353:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7301:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7233:
7229:
7219:
7217:
7212:. 10 May 2006.
7204:
7203:
7199:
7164:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7133:
7119:
7115:
7105:
7103:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7033:, p. 337;
7029:
7025:
7017:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6993:
6989:
6982:
6966:
6962:
6954:, p. 316;
6950:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6890:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6862:
6858:
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6826:
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6802:
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6786:
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6759:
6751:
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6735:
6727:
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6715:
6711:
6703:
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6691:
6687:
6679:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6595:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6492:
6488:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6461:
6455:
6451:
6443:
6436:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6392:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6370:Vandervort 1998
6368:
6364:
6356:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6294:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6085:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6021:, p. 332;
6017:
6013:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5974:
5970:
5960:
5958:
5950:The Independent
5941:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5898:
5896:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5862:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5788:
5784:
5772:
5768:
5760:, p. 203;
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5669:
5665:
5658:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5607:
5603:
5592:
5590:
5573:
5570:Mein Smith 2005
5568:, p. 579;
5560:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5538:Fieldhouse 1999
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5508:
5504:
5492:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5356:, p. 119;
5352:
5348:
5336:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5288:
5284:
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5252:
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5216:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5021:Richardson 2022
5019:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4979:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4892:Richardson 2022
4890:, p. 224;
4886:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4855:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4693:, p. 188;
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4660:
4659:, p. 187;
4655:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4627:
4623:
4619:, pp. 4β8.
4615:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4478:, p. 660;
4474:
4470:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4435:, pp. 5β6.
4431:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4304:
4275:Caroline Elkins
4256:Ronald Robinson
4214:imperial system
4210:factory systems
4130:, particularly
4113:Solomon Islands
4018:
3998:Main articles:
3996:
3972:New Territories
3922:Canada Act 1982
3882:
3868:
3852:Solomon Islands
3701:Colonial Office
3665:
3659:
3651:Main articles:
3649:
3615:announced that
3469:
3463:
3445:joined to form
3383:Jewish refugees
3358:princely states
3350:partition India
3290:
3278:Main articles:
3276:
3250:prevailed over
3222:
3216:
3148:legally neutral
3115:
3109:
2978:Stanley Baldwin
2906:, creating the
2870:led the MPs of
2868:Irish home rule
2861:British economy
2836:
2816:Main articles:
2814:
2717:Sharif of Mecca
2700:
2694:
2692:First World War
2658:
2646:First World War
2546:
2526:Main articles:
2524:
2500:Southern Africa
2411:Second Boer War
2326:
2314:Main articles:
2312:
2254:, was the only
2242:and invade the
2236:Ottoman Balkans
2185:
2179:
2115:First Opium War
2099:defeat of Burma
2083:capture of Java
2078:
2068:
2062:
2023:Informal Empire
2000:
1986:
1962:Slave Trade Act
1946:British economy
1938:
1932:
1918:to Denmark and
1801:
1795:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1667:Rocky Mountains
1574:population and
1508:New South Wales
1474:Terra Australis
1462:
1454:Main articles:
1452:
1447:
1439:Treaty of Ghent
1419:Napoleonic Wars
1412:French-speaking
1339:British America
1318:. The entry of
1290:
1266:Main articles:
1264:
1208:Nawab of Bengal
1164:Spanish America
1094:
1038:
1032:
1004:military budget
999:Nine Years' War
936:Fort St. George
929:
923:
743:. Fleeing from
686:British America
674:
660:British America
654:Main articles:
652:
584:
578:
527:Richard Hakluyt
399:
389:
333:Empire of Japan
314:First World War
254:Napoleonic Wars
129:established by
87:
71:
61:
50:
49:
42:
30:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
16724:
16714:
16713:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16671:Former empires
16668:
16666:British Empire
16653:
16652:
16635:
16618:
16601:
16599:from Wikiquote
16584:
16557:British Empire
16555:
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16539:
16527:
16525:British Empire
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16467:
16465:
16461:
16460:
16458:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16435:Sierra Leonean
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16406:
16405:
16400:
16398:Montserratians
16395:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16369:
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16360:
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16062:
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16049:
16044:
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16034:
16033:
16032:
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16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15976:
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15970:
15960:
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15938:
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15898:
15888:
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15881:
15876:
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15856:
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15807:
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15785:
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15773:
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15763:
15758:
15753:
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15703:
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15040:
15035:
15027:
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15017:
15012:
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14997:
14991:
14989:
14987:Post-classical
14983:
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14794:
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14788:
14786:Middle Kingdom
14783:
14773:
14768:
14767:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14746:
14745:
14744:
14742:Neo-Babylonian
14739:
14734:
14732:Old Babylonian
14724:
14723:
14722:
14717:
14707:
14702:
14696:
14694:
14682:
14681:
14674:
14673:
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14572:
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14547:
14542:
14537:
14532:
14527:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14495:Russian Empire
14492:
14487:
14485:British Empire
14482:
14480:Dutch Republic
14477:
14475:Swedish Empire
14472:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14455:Spanish Empire
14452:
14447:
14445:Ottoman Empire
14442:
14437:
14432:
14427:
14422:
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14405:
14400:
14394:
14392:
14386:
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14372:
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14360:Serbian Empire
14357:
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14233:
14232:
14231:
14221:
14216:
14210:
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14202:
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14199:
14198:
14196:Late antiquity
14193:
14188:
14183:
14182:
14181:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14159:Roman Republic
14156:
14150:
14148:
14142:
14141:
14139:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14117:
14115:
14109:
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14093:
14086:
14078:
14072:
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14056:
14055:
14053:
14052:
14042:
14032:
14026:
14020:
14017:
14016:
14013:
14012:
14010:
14009:
14006:
13999:
13989:
13986:
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13953:
13940:
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13916:
13907:
13904:
13903:
13893:
13892:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13885:
13878:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13861:
13860:
13852:
13844:
13838:
13832:
13829:Willoughbyland
13826:
13819:
13816:
13815:
13805:
13804:
13801:
13800:
13798:
13797:
13787:
13781:
13774:
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13572:
13571:
13564:
13557:
13549:
13542:
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13538:
13537:
13535:
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13528:
13522:
13521:
13520:
13508:
13502:
13496:
13492:Virgin Islands
13488:
13482:
13474:
13468:
13462:
13459:South Carolina
13456:
13450:
13443:
13436:
13429:
13423:
13417:
13411:
13405:
13395:
13389:
13383:
13377:
13371:
13365:
13359:
13356:North Carolina
13353:
13347:
13341:
13335:
13329:
13323:
13317:
13311:
13305:
13299:
13293:
13290:Mosquito Coast
13287:
13279:
13273:
13272:
13271:
13259:
13253:
13246:
13240:
13234:
13228:
13222:
13219:Oregon Country
13212:
13208:Cayman Islands
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13198:
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13196:
13190:
13184:
13178:
13166:
13159:
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13074:
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13047:
13046:
13044:
13043:
13037:
13028:
13013:
13010:
13009:
13007:
13006:
13000:
12997:Trucial States
12994:
12988:
12982:
12976:
12970:
12969:
12968:
12956:
12950:
12944:
12938:
12932:
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12894:
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12744:
12737:
12734:
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12715:
12709:
12690:Self-governing
12687:
12673:
12666:
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12662:
12660:
12659:
12653:
12647:
12641:
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12493:
12483:
12477:
12471:
12465:
12462:Central Africa
12459:
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12412:
12409:
12408:
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12393:
12391:
12390:
12384:
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12382:
12376:
12367:
12366:
12365:
12350:
12347:Ionian Islands
12344:
12338:
12330:
12324:
12318:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12291:
12290:
12288:
12287:
12281:
12275:
12270:
12267:
12261:
12258:
12257:
12250:British Empire
12245:
12244:
12237:
12230:
12222:
12216:
12215:
12206:
12197:
12188:
12182:British Empire
12175:
12174:
12169:
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12153:British Empire
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12079:External links
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11824:(2): 201β208.
11808:
11806:
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11800:
11794:
11781:
11763:
11748:
11722:(3): 360β373.
11711:
11705:
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11682:
11669:
11663:
11650:
11644:
11629:
11623:
11610:
11604:
11598:. BiblioLife.
11588:
11574:
11558:
11544:
11528:
11498:(3): 475β504.
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10800:. UNSW Press.
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10489:
10471:
10443:(2): 241β259.
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10395:
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9902:Hopkirk, Peter
9898:
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9268:
9252:
9246:
9230:
9224:
9209:
9195:
9185:, ed. (1998).
9179:
9166:
9150:Burk, Kathleen
9146:
9128:
9113:
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9059:
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9005:
8993:Brendon, Piers
8989:
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8894:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8838:
8804:
8784:
8748:
8733:
8715:
8688:
8681:
8660:
8619:
8578:
8571:
8542:
8530:
8528:, p. 455.
8526:Cuniberti 2014
8518:
8516:, p. 307.
8506:
8480:
8468:
8456:
8444:
8432:
8430:, p. 135.
8420:
8418:, p. 286.
8408:
8406:, p. 185.
8396:
8394:, p. 347.
8384:
8364:
8353:on 6 July 2010
8338:
8319:
8307:
8281:
8255:
8253:, p. 660.
8243:
8241:, p. 656.
8231:
8219:
8217:, p. 100.
8203:
8201:, p. 654.
8191:
8189:, p. 202.
8179:
8148:
8146:, p. 689.
8136:
8134:, p. 594.
8121:
8109:
8107:, p. 629.
8097:
8085:
8073:
8069:Macdonald 1994
8061:
8049:
8047:, p. 622.
8037:
8035:, p. 428.
8025:
8023:, p. 128.
8013:
7998:
7986:
7974:
7943:
7931:
7924:
7898:
7886:
7874:
7872:, p. 616.
7862:
7850:
7838:
7826:
7824:, p. 586.
7814:
7812:, p. 106.
7802:
7764:
7762:, p. 585.
7752:
7750:, p. 343.
7737:
7735:, p. 602.
7717:
7686:
7655:
7625:
7613:
7611:, p. 583.
7601:
7599:, p. 356.
7589:
7587:, p. 355.
7577:
7575:, p. 581.
7565:
7563:, p. 572.
7553:
7541:
7539:, p. 396.
7529:
7527:, p. 364.
7517:
7515:, p. 335.
7502:
7476:
7474:, p. 328.
7464:
7462:, p. 327.
7452:
7433:(2): 339β355.
7410:
7398:
7391:
7371:
7369:, p. 325.
7359:
7347:
7345:, p. 322.
7335:
7333:, p. 330.
7323:
7319:Abernethy 2000
7311:
7295:
7293:, p. 366.
7283:
7281:, p. 343.
7271:
7269:, p. 193.
7259:
7252:
7227:
7197:
7178:(1): 178β187.
7158:
7156:, p. 331.
7146:
7131:
7113:
7087:
7085:, p. 146.
7083:Abernethy 2000
7075:
7073:, p. 340.
7063:
7061:, p. 316.
7051:
7049:, p. 460.
7039:
7037:, p. 319.
7023:
7021:, p. 540.
7019:Churchill 1950
7011:
7009:, p. 244.
6999:
6997:, p. 539.
6995:Churchill 1950
6987:
6980:
6960:
6958:, p. 513.
6944:
6942:, p. 234.
6932:
6920:
6918:, p. 122.
6908:
6906:, p. 300.
6896:
6884:
6872:
6870:, p. 186.
6866:, p. 68;
6856:
6854:, p. 187.
6844:
6842:, p. 271.
6832:
6830:, p. 101.
6820:
6818:, p. 292.
6808:
6806:, p. 104.
6796:
6784:
6782:, p. 416.
6769:
6767:, p. 330.
6757:
6755:, p. 108.
6745:
6733:
6731:, p. 143.
6721:
6719:, p. 305.
6709:
6707:, p. 303.
6697:
6695:, p. 294.
6685:
6683:, p. 302.
6673:
6669:Goldstein 1994
6661:
6649:
6647:, p. 315.
6637:
6635:, p. 278.
6625:
6623:, p. 277.
6613:
6601:
6586:
6584:, p. 275.
6574:
6572:, p. 667.
6562:
6550:
6538:
6536:, p. 315.
6523:
6521:, p. 213.
6511:
6504:
6486:
6449:
6434:
6422:
6420:, p. 187.
6410:
6398:
6396:, p. 215.
6386:
6384:, p. 298.
6374:
6362:
6350:
6324:
6322:, p. 274.
6312:
6300:
6298:, p. 718.
6288:
6286:, p. 256.
6276:
6274:, p. 255.
6264:
6252:
6240:
6228:
6216:
6204:
6192:
6190:, p. 182.
6175:
6173:, p. 181.
6163:
6151:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6101:, p. 393.
6091:
6079:
6067:
6065:, p. 178.
6055:
6043:
6031:
6011:
6009:, p. 401.
5996:
5984:
5968:
5935:
5909:
5880:
5878:, p. 129.
5868:
5856:
5830:
5828:, p. 165.
5818:
5806:
5804:, p. 151.
5794:
5792:, p. 152.
5782:
5776:, p. 30;
5766:
5750:
5720:
5713:
5690:
5683:
5663:
5656:
5630:
5601:
5575:"Waitangi Day"
5572:, p. 49;
5564:, p. 45;
5554:
5552:, p. 320.
5542:
5530:
5528:, p. 159.
5518:
5502:
5494:Macintyre 2009
5486:
5484:, p. 142.
5474:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5424:, p. 388.
5410:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5372:, p. 496.
5362:
5360:, p. 585.
5346:
5344:, p. 120.
5340:, p. 91;
5330:
5318:
5306:
5294:
5282:
5270:
5258:
5246:
5244:, p. 277.
5234:
5222:
5210:
5208:, p. 509.
5198:
5196:, p. 531.
5194:Magnusson 2003
5186:
5169:
5167:, p. 441.
5157:
5140:
5128:
5116:
5104:
5037:
5035:, p. 228.
5025:
5013:
5001:
4997:Pettigrew 2007
4989:
4981:Pettigrew 2013
4973:
4961:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4880:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4774:
4762:
4760:, p. 221.
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4683:
4666:Avalon Project
4649:
4637:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4510:
4499:on 6 July 2010
4484:
4482:, p. 594.
4468:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4423:, p. 502.
4421:Taagepera 1997
4413:
4397:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4295:Niall Ferguson
4279:emergency laws
4260:John Gallagher
4061:United Kingdom
4037:Crown Colonies
3995:
3992:
3891:Spanish Empire
3867:
3864:
3810:Cayman Islands
3648:
3647:Wind of change
3645:
3551:, leading one
3549:national pride
3465:Main article:
3462:
3459:
3417:Following the
3371:British Ceylon
3326:Mahatma Gandhi
3314:Clement Attlee
3275:
3272:
3256:wind of change
3248:anti-communism
3220:Decolonization
3215:
3212:
3159:Fall of France
3111:Main article:
3108:
3105:
3037:British troops
2982:United Kingdom
2970:W. T. Cosgrave
2916:Irish counties
2813:
2810:
2696:Main article:
2693:
2690:
2657:
2654:
2633:Home Rule bill
2625:Prime minister
2523:
2520:
2436:government of
2424:, linking the
2409:following the
2407:Boer Republics
2311:
2308:
2264:Pax Britannica
2260:imperial power
2252:modern warfare
2240:Ottoman Empire
2205:Ottoman Empire
2201:Russian Empire
2183:The Great Game
2181:Main article:
2178:
2175:
2064:Main article:
2061:
2058:
2010:Pax Britannica
1985:
1982:
1934:Main article:
1931:
1928:
1874:; Spain ceded
1852:Ionian Islands
1818:Pax Britannica
1797:Main article:
1794:
1791:
1728:Southern India
1711:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1659:David Thompson
1584:William Hobson
1483:transportation
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1332:Peace of Paris
1324:Spanish forces
1263:
1260:
1256:maritime power
1172:Triangle Trade
1093:
1090:
1074:personal union
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1016:King of France
980:Dutch Republic
925:Main article:
922:
919:
915:Middle Passage
911:mortality rate
808:Sephardic Jews
794: (1624),
773:New Netherland
759: (1634),
651:
648:
613:North Carolina
609:Roanoke Colony
605:Walter Raleigh
580:Main article:
577:
574:
388:
385:
349:decolonisation
329:Southeast Asia
280:Pax Britannica
262:Southeast Asia
195:colonial power
119:United Kingdom
97:comprised the
95:British Empire
89:
88:
81:
73:
72:
51:
43:
36:
35:
32:
31:
27:British Empire
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16723:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16694:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16681:Victorian era
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16663:
16661:
16649:
16648:
16647:Travel guides
16636:
16632:
16631:
16619:
16615:
16614:
16602:
16598:
16597:
16585:
16581:
16580:
16568:
16567:
16564:
16558:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16538:
16528:
16526:
16516:
16515:
16512:
16493:
16492:Black Britons
16490:
16489:
16487:
16483:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16469:
16468:
16466:
16462:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16375:
16374:
16371:
16370:
16368:
16366:sub-divisions
16362:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16337:
16335:
16329:
16321:
16320:Drum and bass
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16294:
16291:
16290:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16279:
16276:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16260:
16259:
16256:
16255:
16253:
16251:
16248:Black British
16245:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16231:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16217:
16215:
16211:
16210:
16209:
16208:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16188:
16186:
16184:
16181:Black British
16178:
16173:
16166:
16161:
16159:
16154:
16152:
16147:
16146:
16143:
16129:
16128:Soviet empire
16126:
16124:
16121:
16120:
16118:
16117:
16115:
16113:Miscellaneous
16111:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16078:
16075:
16074:
16073:
16070:
16069:
16067:
16063:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16031:
16028:
16027:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15965:
15964:
15961:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15950:
15948:
15946:
15942:
15934:
15931:
15929:
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15910:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15897:
15894:
15893:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15866:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15844:
15843:
15840:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15821:
15818:
15816:
15813:
15812:
15811:
15808:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15795:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15748:
15747:
15744:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15731:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15712:German Empire
15710:
15709:
15708:
15705:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15692:
15691:
15688:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15638:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15588:
15586:
15584:
15580:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15523:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15510:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15481:
15480:
15477:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15454:
15453:
15452:Turco-Persian
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15397:
15396:
15393:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15360:
15359:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15320:
15319:
15316:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15293:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15241:
15240:
15237:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15214:
15213:
15210:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15198:
15196:
15193:
15192:
15191:
15188:
15186:
15183:
15181:
15178:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15168:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15150:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15108:
15107:
15104:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15091:
15090:
15087:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15064:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15051:
15048:
15047:
15046:
15043:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15030:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14993:
14992:
14990:
14988:
14984:
14976:
14973:
14972:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14950:
14949:
14946:
14942:
14939:
14938:
14937:
14934:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14901:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14864:
14863:
14860:
14856:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14847:
14846:
14843:
14841:
14838:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14810:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14778:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14751:
14750:
14747:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14729:
14728:
14725:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14712:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14672:
14667:
14665:
14660:
14658:
14653:
14652:
14649:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14591:Art of Europe
14589:
14588:
14586:
14582:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14414:
14411:
14410:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14395:
14393:
14391:
14390:Modern period
14387:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14325:
14321:
14317:
14313:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14273:
14272:
14269:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14256:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14230:
14227:
14226:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14211:
14209:
14207:
14203:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14180:
14177:
14176:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14151:
14149:
14147:
14143:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14118:
14116:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14099:
14094:
14092:
14087:
14085:
14080:
14079:
14076:
14070:
14063:
14051:
14047:
14043:
14041:
14033:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14021:
14018:
14007:
14004:
14000:
13997:
13996:
13991:
13990:
13987:
13980:
13979:
13975:
13972:
13971:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13941:
13938:
13937:
13933:
13930:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13921:
13917:
13914:
13913:
13909:
13908:
13905:
13898:
13894:
13883:
13882:Falklands War
13879:
13877:
13873:
13869:
13868:
13865:
13858:
13857:
13853:
13850:
13849:
13845:
13842:
13839:
13836:
13833:
13830:
13827:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13817:
13813:South America
13810:
13806:
13796:
13792:
13788:
13786:
13782:
13780:
13776:
13775:
13772:
13760:
13757:
13754:
13751:
13748:
13744:
13741:
13737:
13734:
13731:
13728:
13725:
13724:
13722:
13716:
13712:
13709:
13706:
13703:
13702:Union Islands
13700:
13697:
13693:
13690:
13687:
13684:
13681:
13678:
13675:
13672:
13669:
13666:
13663:
13660:
13657:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13646:
13643:
13640:
13637:
13633:
13630:
13627:
13624:
13621:
13618:
13615:
13612:
13609:
13605:
13602:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13592:
13588:
13585:
13584:
13579:
13570:
13565:
13563:
13558:
13556:
13551:
13550:
13547:
13543:
13532:
13529:
13526:
13523:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13506:
13503:
13500:
13497:
13494:
13493:
13489:
13486:
13483:
13480:
13479:
13475:
13472:
13469:
13466:
13463:
13460:
13457:
13454:
13451:
13448:
13444:
13441:
13437:
13434:
13430:
13427:
13424:
13421:
13418:
13415:
13414:Rupert's Land
13412:
13409:
13406:
13403:
13399:
13396:
13393:
13390:
13387:
13384:
13381:
13378:
13375:
13374:Paulet affair
13372:
13369:
13366:
13363:
13360:
13357:
13354:
13351:
13348:
13345:
13342:
13339:
13336:
13333:
13330:
13327:
13324:
13321:
13320:New Hampshire
13318:
13315:
13312:
13309:
13308:New Brunswick
13306:
13303:
13300:
13297:
13294:
13291:
13288:
13285:
13284:
13280:
13277:
13274:
13269:
13266:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13257:
13254:
13251:
13247:
13244:
13241:
13238:
13235:
13232:
13229:
13226:
13223:
13220:
13216:
13213:
13210:
13209:
13205:
13202:
13199:
13194:
13191:
13188:
13185:
13182:
13179:
13176:
13173:
13172:
13171:
13167:
13164:
13160:
13157:
13154:
13151:
13148:
13145:
13142:
13138:
13135:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13126:
13123:
13120:
13119:
13115:
13112:
13108:
13105:
13102:
13099:
13096:
13093:
13089:
13086:
13082:
13079:
13075:
13072:
13071:
13067:
13066:
13063:
13059:North America
13056:
13052:
13042:
13038:
13036:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13023:
13019:
13015:
13014:
13011:
13004:
13001:
12998:
12995:
12992:
12989:
12986:
12983:
12980:
12979:South Vietnam
12977:
12974:
12971:
12966:
12963:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12954:
12951:
12948:
12945:
12942:
12939:
12936:
12933:
12928:
12925:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12916:
12913:
12910:
12907:
12904:
12901:
12898:
12895:
12890:
12887:
12884:
12881:
12878:
12875:
12872:
12869:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12860:
12857:
12854:
12851:
12848:
12845:
12842:
12839:
12836:
12833:
12830:
12827:
12824:
12821:
12818:
12815:
12812:
12809:
12806:
12802:
12798:
12797:
12793:
12790:
12787:
12784:
12781:
12778:
12775:
12772:
12768:
12765:
12762:
12759:
12754:
12751:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12742:
12739:
12738:
12735:
12728:
12724:
12714:
12710:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12688:
12685:
12681:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12668:
12667:
12664:
12657:
12654:
12651:
12648:
12645:
12642:
12639:
12638:
12634:
12631:
12628:
12625:
12622:
12619:
12616:
12613:
12610:
12607:
12604:
12601:
12598:
12595:
12592:
12589:
12586:
12583:
12580:
12577:
12574:
12571:
12568:
12565:
12564:
12560:
12557:
12554:
12551:
12548:
12545:
12542:
12539:
12536:
12533:
12530:
12527:
12524:
12521:
12518:
12515:
12512:
12509:
12506:
12503:
12500:
12497:
12494:
12491:
12487:
12484:
12481:
12478:
12475:
12472:
12469:
12466:
12463:
12460:
12457:
12454:
12451:
12448:
12445:
12442:
12439:
12435:
12432:
12429:
12425:
12422:
12419:
12418:
12414:
12413:
12410:
12403:
12399:
12388:
12385:
12380:
12377:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12363:
12360:
12359:
12354:
12351:
12348:
12345:
12342:
12339:
12336:
12335:
12331:
12328:
12325:
12322:
12319:
12316:
12312:
12311:
12307:
12306:
12303:
12296:
12292:
12286:
12282:
12280:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12268:
12263:
12262:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12243:
12238:
12236:
12231:
12229:
12224:
12223:
12220:
12214:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12183:
12180:
12179:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12141:
12137:
12122:
12063:
12059:
12053:
12049:
12048:
12042:
12030:
12026:
12020:
12016:
12015:
12009:
11997:
11993:
11987:
11983:
11982:
11976:
11964:
11960:
11954:
11950:
11949:
11943:
11939:
11935:
11931:
11925:
11921:
11917:
11913:
11909:
11903:
11900:. Owl Books.
11899:
11895:
11891:
11879:
11875:
11869:
11865:
11864:
11859:
11855:
11843:
11839:
11835:
11831:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11815:
11810:
11809:
11797:
11791:
11787:
11782:
11770:
11766:
11760:
11756:
11755:
11749:
11745:
11741:
11737:
11733:
11729:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11712:
11708:
11706:0-1950-7617-6
11702:
11698:
11694:
11689:
11685:
11679:
11675:
11670:
11666:
11660:
11656:
11651:
11647:
11641:
11637:
11636:
11630:
11626:
11620:
11617:. Routledge.
11616:
11611:
11607:
11601:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11571:
11567:
11563:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11541:
11537:
11533:
11529:
11517:
11513:
11509:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11493:
11492:
11487:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11469:
11464:
11463:
11456:
11452:
11448:
11444:
11442:1-8618-9202-0
11438:
11434:
11429:
11418:
11412:
11407:
11406:
11399:
11395:
11389:
11386:. Routledge.
11385:
11380:
11368:
11364:
11358:
11354:
11353:
11347:
11343:
11337:
11334:. JHU Press.
11333:
11328:
11324:
11318:
11315:. Routledge.
11314:
11309:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11293:
11289:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11271:
11266:
11262:
11256:
11252:
11247:
11235:
11231:
11225:
11221:
11220:
11214:
11210:
11204:
11200:
11195:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11169:
11165:
11160:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11117:
11112:
11100:
11096:
11090:
11086:
11085:
11079:
11067:
11063:
11057:
11053:
11052:
11046:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11020:
11019:
11013:
11001:
10997:
10991:
10987:
10986:
10981:
10977:
10965:
10961:
10955:
10952:. Routledge.
10951:
10950:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10926:
10922:
10917:
10913:
10907:
10904:. Routledge.
10903:
10902:
10896:
10892:
10886:
10883:. Routledge.
10882:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10863:
10858:
10846:
10842:
10836:
10832:
10831:
10825:
10813:
10809:
10803:
10799:
10798:
10792:
10788:
10782:
10778:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10755:
10751:
10746:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10728:
10724:
10719:
10707:
10703:
10697:
10693:
10692:
10687:
10683:
10671:
10667:
10661:
10657:
10656:
10650:
10635:
10631:
10625:
10618:
10617:
10611:
10599:
10595:
10589:
10585:
10584:
10578:
10567:
10561:
10556:
10555:
10548:
10536:
10532:
10526:
10522:
10521:
10515:
10511:
10505:
10501:
10496:
10492:
10486:
10482:
10481:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10429:
10417:
10413:
10407:
10403:
10402:
10396:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10370:
10369:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10345:
10341:
10336:
10324:
10320:
10314:
10310:
10309:
10303:
10299:
10293:
10290:. Routledge.
10289:
10284:
10280:
10274:
10271:. Routledge.
10270:
10265:
10253:
10249:
10243:
10239:
10238:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10210:(73): 29β52.
10209:
10205:
10200:
10196:
10190:
10186:
10181:
10169:
10165:
10159:
10155:
10154:
10148:
10144:
10138:
10134:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10107:
10103:
10098:
10086:
10082:
10076:
10072:
10071:
10065:
10061:
10055:
10052:. McFarland.
10051:
10046:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10020:
10019:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9976:
9972:
9966:
9962:
9961:
9955:
9952:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9934:
9933:
9927:
9923:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9908:
9903:
9899:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9873:
9872:
9866:
9854:
9850:
9844:
9840:
9839:
9833:
9821:
9817:
9811:
9807:
9806:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9763:
9759:
9757:0-6910-1027-7
9753:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9731:
9727:
9722:
9718:
9713:
9701:
9697:
9691:
9688:. Routledge.
9687:
9686:
9680:
9668:
9664:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9645:
9633:
9629:
9623:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9609:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9577:
9576:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9541:
9537:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9518:
9506:
9502:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9483:
9477:
9473:
9467:
9463:
9458:
9454:
9448:
9444:
9439:
9435:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9419:
9415:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9389:
9388:
9383:
9379:
9367:
9363:
9357:
9353:
9352:
9346:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9317:
9313:
9307:
9302:
9301:
9294:
9290:
9284:
9280:
9275:
9271:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9221:
9217:
9216:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9169:
9163:
9158:
9157:
9151:
9147:
9135:
9131:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9114:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9078:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9051:
9045:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9012:
9008:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8980:
8976:
8971:
8960:
8954:
8949:
8948:
8941:
8937:
8931:
8927:
8922:
8918:
8913:
8901:
8897:
8891:
8887:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8842:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8788:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8755:
8753:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8730:
8726:
8719:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8692:
8684:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8664:
8648:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8615:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8582:
8574:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8546:
8540:, p. 20.
8539:
8534:
8527:
8522:
8515:
8514:Ferguson 2002
8510:
8494:
8490:
8484:
8477:
8472:
8465:
8460:
8453:
8452:Marshall 1996
8448:
8441:
8436:
8429:
8424:
8417:
8416:Marshall 1996
8412:
8405:
8400:
8393:
8388:
8381:
8380:David Crystal
8377:
8373:
8368:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8335:
8331:
8328:
8323:
8316:
8311:
8295:
8291:
8285:
8269:
8265:
8259:
8252:
8247:
8240:
8235:
8228:
8223:
8216:
8212:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8188:
8183:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8140:
8133:
8128:
8126:
8118:
8113:
8106:
8101:
8094:
8089:
8083:, p. 35.
8082:
8081:McIntyre 2016
8077:
8070:
8065:
8058:
8053:
8046:
8041:
8034:
8029:
8022:
8017:
8010:
8005:
8003:
7995:
7990:
7983:
7978:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7939:Anderson 2005
7935:
7927:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7902:
7895:
7890:
7884:, p. 46.
7883:
7878:
7871:
7866:
7859:
7854:
7848:, p. 42.
7847:
7842:
7835:
7830:
7823:
7818:
7811:
7806:
7791:on 8 May 2016
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7777:The Economist
7774:
7768:
7761:
7756:
7749:
7744:
7742:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7721:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7690:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7659:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7622:
7617:
7610:
7605:
7598:
7597:Ferguson 2002
7593:
7586:
7585:Ferguson 2002
7581:
7574:
7569:
7562:
7557:
7550:
7545:
7538:
7533:
7526:
7521:
7514:
7509:
7507:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7473:
7468:
7461:
7456:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7415:
7407:
7406:McIntyre 1977
7402:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7375:
7368:
7363:
7357:, p. 67.
7356:
7351:
7344:
7339:
7332:
7327:
7320:
7315:
7308:
7304:
7303:Heinlein 2002
7299:
7292:
7287:
7280:
7275:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7244:HarperCollins
7241:
7237:
7231:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7084:
7079:
7072:
7067:
7060:
7055:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7032:
7027:
7020:
7015:
7008:
7003:
6996:
6991:
6983:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6964:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6941:
6936:
6929:
6924:
6917:
6916:Galligan 1995
6912:
6905:
6900:
6894:, p. 48.
6893:
6888:
6882:, p. 69.
6881:
6876:
6869:
6868:McIntyre 1977
6865:
6860:
6853:
6852:McIntyre 1977
6848:
6841:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6817:
6812:
6805:
6800:
6793:
6788:
6781:
6776:
6774:
6766:
6765:Ferguson 2002
6761:
6754:
6749:
6743:, p. 95.
6742:
6737:
6730:
6725:
6718:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6677:
6670:
6665:
6658:
6653:
6646:
6645:Ferguson 2002
6641:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6617:
6610:
6609:Marshall 1996
6605:
6598:
6593:
6591:
6583:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6559:
6554:
6548:, p. 92.
6547:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6520:
6515:
6507:
6501:
6497:
6490:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6432:, p. 30.
6431:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6407:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6383:
6378:
6371:
6366:
6359:
6354:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6308:Ferguson 2002
6304:
6297:
6292:
6285:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6249:
6244:
6238:, p. 85.
6237:
6232:
6226:, p. 47.
6225:
6220:
6213:
6212:Williams 1966
6208:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6172:
6167:
6160:
6155:
6148:
6147:Marshall 1996
6143:
6136:
6131:
6124:
6119:
6112:
6107:
6100:
6095:
6089:, p. 28.
6088:
6083:
6076:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6027:Sondhaus 2004
6024:
6020:
6015:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5993:
5988:
5982:, p. 71.
5981:
5978:, p. 1;
5977:
5972:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5939:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5906:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5877:
5872:
5866:, p. 14.
5865:
5860:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5810:
5803:
5798:
5791:
5786:
5780:, p. 64.
5779:
5775:
5770:
5764:, p. 28.
5763:
5759:
5754:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5716:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5697:
5695:
5686:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5667:
5659:
5653:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5634:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5500:, p. 18.
5499:
5495:
5490:
5483:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5436:, p. 20.
5435:
5430:
5423:
5422:Marshall 1998
5419:
5414:
5408:, p. 28.
5407:
5402:
5396:, p. 43.
5395:
5390:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5358:Marshall 1998
5355:
5350:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5328:, p. 92.
5327:
5322:
5315:
5314:Marshall 1996
5310:
5304:, p. 84.
5303:
5302:Ferguson 2002
5298:
5292:, p. 91.
5291:
5286:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5256:, p. 17.
5255:
5250:
5243:
5238:
5232:, p. 58.
5231:
5226:
5220:, p. 90.
5219:
5214:
5207:
5206:Macaulay 1848
5202:
5195:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5166:
5161:
5155:, p. 19.
5154:
5153:Ferguson 2002
5149:
5147:
5145:
5138:, p. 13.
5137:
5132:
5125:
5124:Marshall 1998
5120:
5114:, p. 30.
5113:
5108:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5029:
5023:, p. 23.
5022:
5017:
5011:, p. 62.
5010:
5009:Ferguson 2002
5005:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4971:, p. 37.
4970:
4965:
4959:, p. 25.
4958:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4930:, p. 32.
4929:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4894:, p. 24.
4893:
4889:
4884:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4851:
4844:, p. 17.
4843:
4838:
4831:
4830:Ferguson 2002
4826:
4820:, p. 40.
4819:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4745:, p. 71.
4744:
4739:
4733:, p. 34.
4732:
4727:
4721:, p. 70.
4720:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4697:, p. 63.
4696:
4692:
4687:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4631:, p. 7;
4630:
4625:
4618:
4613:
4607:, p. 62.
4606:
4601:
4594:
4593:Ferguson 2002
4589:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4559:, p. 35.
4558:
4553:
4546:
4545:Ferguson 2002
4541:
4535:, p. 45.
4534:
4529:
4522:
4521:Ferguson 2002
4517:
4515:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4464:Marshall 1996
4462:, p. 8;
4461:
4456:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4410:
4409:Maddison 2001
4406:
4405:Maddison 2001
4401:
4394:
4393:Ferguson 2002
4389:
4385:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4179:British Isles
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:Protestantism
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:The fourteen
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:in perpetuity
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3899:Falklands War
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:Falklands War
3866:End of empire
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3767:Mediterranean
3764:
3760:
3756:
3753:organisation
3752:
3751:Greek Cypriot
3748:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:Harold Wilson
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3536:British pound
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:British India
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:Islamic state
3335:
3331:
3330:Muslim League
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3131:North African
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:Chanak Crisis
3065:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:Punjab region
3007:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:Stanley Bruce
2951:
2947:
2946:Gordon Coates
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:guerrilla war
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:Western Samoa
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2650:Easter Rising
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:Durham Report
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:Cape to Cairo
2502:, to urge a "
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:Isma'il Pasha
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:opened under
2419:
2414:
2413:(1899β1902).
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:, during the
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:Cape to Cairo
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:Qajar dynasty
2206:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1976:decline. The
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:French Guiana
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:fleet at the
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1696:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:Fort St. John
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:Nootka Crisis
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:men into the
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:New Brunswick
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1365:United States
1362:
1361:protectionism
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:client states
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Mughal Empire
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1180:Latin America
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1154:Mediterranean
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:Darien scheme
1063:
1059:
1056:colonists of
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:In 1695, the
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
941:
937:
933:
928:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
863:Rupert's Land
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:βa series of
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
777:New Amsterdam
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
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532:
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524:
520:
516:
513:intensified,
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:to engage in
496:
495:Francis Drake
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
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310:United States
307:
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290:Latin America
287:
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275:
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267:
263:
259:
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247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
215:Mughal Bengal
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:North America
196:
193:the dominant
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
127:trading posts
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:protectorates
104:
100:
96:
85:
79:
74:
69:
65:
59:
55:
47:
40:
33:
28:
22:
19:
16645:
16628:
16611:
16594:
16582:from Commons
16577:
16556:
16232:
16213:
16206:
16201:Abolitionism
15962:
15879:Contemporary
15729:Indo-Persian
15717:Nazi Germany
15661:Contemporary
15563:Vijayanagara
15462:Great Seljuk
15373:Thessalonica
15301:Golden Horde
14941:Carthaginian
14720:Neo-Assyrian
14705:Neo-Sumerian
14550:World War II
14484:
14403:Early modern
14380:Kalmar Union
14251:Papal States
14169:Roman Empire
13993:
13976:
13968:
13934:
13926:
13918:
13912:Saint Helena
13910:
13854:
13846:
13696:Cook Islands
13647:
13620:New Hebrides
13589:20th century
13505:West Florida
13490:
13476:
13408:Rhode Island
13386:Pennsylvania
13344:Newfoundland
13281:
13206:
13156:East Florida
13127:16th c.β1880
13116:
13068:
12965:Crown Colony
12953:Pulo Condore
12927:Crown Colony
12921:North Borneo
12794:
12753:Protectorate
12702:unrecognised
12696:in 1965 (as
12635:
12588:South Africa
12576:Sierra Leone
12563:Saint Helena
12561:
12556:Orange River
12434:Bechuanaland
12415:
12373:Protectorate
12332:
12308:
12272:
12252:and Current
12249:
12162:Online books
12152:
12066:. Retrieved
12046:
12033:. Retrieved
12013:
12000:. Retrieved
11980:
11969:18 September
11967:. Retrieved
11947:
11919:
11897:
11882:. Retrieved
11862:
11846:. Retrieved
11821:
11817:
11785:
11773:. Retrieved
11753:
11719:
11715:
11696:
11673:
11654:
11634:
11614:
11595:
11565:
11562:Thomas, Hugh
11535:
11532:Taylor, Alan
11520:. Retrieved
11495:
11489:
11466:. Palgrave.
11461:
11432:
11420:. Retrieved
11404:
11383:
11371:. Retrieved
11351:
11331:
11312:
11296:j.ctv240ddz3
11269:
11250:
11238:. Retrieved
11218:
11198:
11163:
11138:
11134:
11115:
11103:. Retrieved
11083:
11070:. Retrieved
11050:
11037:. Retrieved
11017:
11004:. Retrieved
10984:
10968:. Retrieved
10948:
10920:
10900:
10880:
10861:
10849:. Retrieved
10829:
10816:. Retrieved
10796:
10776:
10749:
10722:
10710:. Retrieved
10690:
10674:. Retrieved
10654:
10641:. Retrieved
10615:
10602:. Retrieved
10582:
10569:. Retrieved
10553:
10539:. Retrieved
10519:
10499:
10479:
10440:
10436:
10420:. Retrieved
10400:
10387:. Retrieved
10367:
10339:
10327:. Retrieved
10307:
10287:
10268:
10256:. Retrieved
10236:
10232:Latimer, Jon
10207:
10203:
10184:
10172:. Retrieved
10152:
10132:
10123:
10101:
10089:. Retrieved
10069:
10049:
10037:. Retrieved
10017:
9994:
9979:. Retrieved
9959:
9931:
9906:
9890:. Retrieved
9870:
9857:. Retrieved
9837:
9824:. Retrieved
9804:
9770:
9766:
9747:
9725:
9716:
9704:. Retrieved
9684:
9671:. Retrieved
9652:
9636:. Retrieved
9616:
9600:. Retrieved
9574:
9548:
9544:
9525:
9509:. Retrieved
9481:
9461:
9442:
9422:
9406:. Retrieved
9386:
9382:Darwin, John
9370:. Retrieved
9350:
9337:. Retrieved
9328:
9324:
9299:
9278:
9259:
9237:
9214:
9186:
9171:. Retrieved
9155:
9138:. Retrieved
9118:
9105:. Retrieved
9085:
9069:. Retrieved
9049:
9036:. Retrieved
9016:
8996:
8974:
8962:. Retrieved
8946:
8925:
8916:
8904:. Retrieved
8884:
8860:. Retrieved
8852:The Guardian
8851:
8841:
8829:. Retrieved
8820:
8807:
8792:Sen, Amartya
8787:
8775:. Retrieved
8764:
8724:
8718:
8704:(2): 13β15.
8701:
8697:
8691:
8672:
8663:
8651:. Retrieved
8642:
8633:Rana, Mitter
8595:
8591:
8581:
8554:
8551:Winks, Robin
8545:
8533:
8521:
8509:
8497:. Retrieved
8483:
8471:
8466:, p. 1.
8464:Parsons 1999
8459:
8447:
8435:
8428:Dalziel 2006
8423:
8411:
8399:
8387:
8375:
8367:
8355:. Retrieved
8351:the original
8341:
8322:
8310:
8298:. Retrieved
8284:
8272:. Retrieved
8258:
8251:Brendon 2007
8246:
8239:Brendon 2007
8234:
8227:Brendon 2007
8222:
8206:
8199:Brendon 2007
8194:
8182:
8170:. Retrieved
8161:
8151:
8139:
8112:
8100:
8088:
8076:
8064:
8052:
8040:
8028:
8016:
7989:
7977:
7965:. Retrieved
7956:
7946:
7941:, p. 4.
7934:
7907:
7901:
7889:
7877:
7865:
7853:
7841:
7829:
7817:
7805:
7793:. Retrieved
7789:the original
7776:
7767:
7755:
7720:
7708:. Retrieved
7699:
7689:
7677:. Retrieved
7669:The Guardian
7668:
7658:
7646:. Retrieved
7637:
7628:
7616:
7604:
7592:
7580:
7568:
7556:
7544:
7532:
7520:
7493:. Retrieved
7479:
7467:
7455:
7430:
7426:
7401:
7381:
7374:
7362:
7350:
7338:
7326:
7314:
7298:
7286:
7274:
7262:
7239:
7230:
7218:. Retrieved
7209:
7200:
7175:
7171:
7161:
7149:
7122:
7116:
7104:. Retrieved
7100:the original
7090:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7042:
7026:
7014:
7007:Gilbert 2005
7002:
6990:
6970:
6963:
6947:
6940:Gilbert 2005
6935:
6923:
6911:
6899:
6887:
6875:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6760:
6748:
6736:
6724:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6676:
6671:, p. 4.
6664:
6652:
6640:
6628:
6616:
6604:
6577:
6565:
6560:, p. 1.
6558:O'Brien 2004
6553:
6541:
6514:
6495:
6489:
6477:. Retrieved
6465:
6452:
6425:
6413:
6401:
6389:
6377:
6365:
6353:
6341:. Retrieved
6337:the original
6327:
6315:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6231:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6166:
6159:Hopkirk 1992
6154:
6142:
6137:, p. 5.
6130:
6118:
6111:Parsons 1999
6106:
6094:
6082:
6070:
6058:
6051:Dalziel 2006
6046:
6034:
6029:, p. 9.
6014:
5994:, p. 3.
5992:Parsons 1999
5987:
5971:
5959:. Retrieved
5948:
5938:
5926:. Retrieved
5912:
5904:
5897:. Retrieved
5883:
5871:
5859:
5847:. Retrieved
5833:
5821:
5809:
5797:
5785:
5769:
5753:
5741:. Retrieved
5732:
5723:
5703:
5673:
5666:
5641:
5633:
5621:. Retrieved
5611:
5604:
5591:. Retrieved
5578:
5557:
5550:Cervero 1998
5545:
5533:
5521:
5514:McKenna 2002
5505:
5489:
5477:
5465:
5453:
5441:
5429:
5418:Latimer 2007
5413:
5401:
5389:
5377:
5370:Zolberg 2006
5365:
5349:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5213:
5201:
5189:
5182:Shennan 1995
5160:
5131:
5119:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5054:
5050:
5040:
5028:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4976:
4964:
4957:Buckner 2008
4935:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4883:
4871:. Retrieved
4862:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4808:, p. 8.
4801:
4794:Andrews 1984
4789:
4777:
4770:Andrews 1984
4765:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4691:Andrews 1984
4686:
4674:. Retrieved
4657:Andrews 1984
4652:
4640:
4635:, p. 5.
4624:
4612:
4600:
4595:, p. 7.
4588:
4576:
4569:Koebner 1953
4564:
4552:
4547:, p. 4.
4540:
4533:Andrews 1984
4528:
4523:, p. 3.
4501:. Retrieved
4497:the original
4487:
4476:Brendon 2007
4471:
4440:
4433:Jackson 2013
4428:
4416:
4400:
4388:
4364:
4272:
4242:Historians'
4241:
4222:
4203:
4175:
4148:missionaries
4121:
4030:
3967:
3945:
3938:
3903:
3883:
3830:
3783:
3744:
3716:Kenya Colony
3709:
3685:colonial war
3678:
3621:East of Suez
3613:Denis Healey
3574:
3541:
3528:Soviet Union
3516:Anthony Eden
3513:
3485:
3443:North Borneo
3431:Muslim Malay
3416:
3379:
3342:civil unrest
3303:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3196:
3175:military aid
3156:
3143:Nazi Germany
3140:
3100:
3092:British laws
3088:Newfoundland
3061:
3029:protectorate
3026:
3006:Rowlatt Acts
2995:
2942:Newfoundland
2865:
2845:
2754:
2721:
2709:German Samoa
2701:
2667:
2602:
2570:Act of Union
2559:
2496:Cecil Rhodes
2493:
2481:Mahdist Army
2458:
2434:Conservative
2430:Indian Ocean
2422:Napoleon III
2416:In 1869 the
2415:
2395:Zulu Kingdom
2391:Sotho people
2387:Voortrekkers
2344:
2339:Cecil Rhodes
2332:
2280:Turkmenistan
2263:
2233:
2213:Qing dynasty
2198:
2167:
2149:through the
2131:
2123:treaty ports
2103:
2079:
2054:All Red Line
2043:
2008:
2001:
1960:enacted the
1954:abolitionist
1939:
1843:Spanish Navy
1832:
1824:
1816:
1774:
1764:
1721:
1712:Maps of the
1663:Simon Fraser
1600:
1553:
1512:Joseph Banks
1481:Since 1718,
1480:
1472:
1416:
1408:Lower Canada
1400:Upper Canada
1369:
1357:mercantilist
1346:
1336:
1291:
1236:
1184:
1157:
1130:Newfoundland
1117:newly united
1114:
1101:Robert Clive
1039:
996:
948:Dutch Empire
945:
895:Bunce Island
887:James Island
875:
828:
785:
761:Rhode Island
690:
617:
585:
555:
491:John Hawkins
461:
457:Newfoundland
422:
406:
345:independence
318:
223:
160:
113:, and other
94:
92:
68:1801βpresent
26:
18:
16676:Imperialism
16293:Lovers rock
15467:Khwarezmian
15400:Carolingian
15205:Rashtrakuta
14909:Shaishunaga
14808:Hellenistic
14791:New Kingdom
14781:Old Kingdom
14535:World War I
14525:Nationalism
14413:Reformation
14398:Renaissance
14370:Black Death
14303:Kievan Rus'
14206:Middle Ages
14029:Anglosphere
13747:New Zealand
13656:New Zealand
13525:West Jersey
13440:Saint Lucia
13426:Saint Kitts
13420:Saint Croix
13400:1763β1791*
13368:Nova Scotia
13314:New England
13270:, 1691β1776
13237:East Jersey
13225:Connecticut
13104:Bay Islands
12991:Transjordan
12909:Mesopotamia
12747:Afghanistan
12741:Aden Colony
12526:Niger Coast
12492:) 1874β1957
12468:East Africa
12450:Cape Colony
12440:) 1884β1966
12430:) 1868β1966
12002:29 November
11922:. Penguin.
11866:. Penguin.
11858:David, Saul
11848:15 November
11538:. Penguin.
11522:28 December
11141:(1): 3β38.
10604:12 February
10483:. Penguin.
9602:21 November
9408:26 November
9390:. Penguin.
9354:. Penguin.
8919:. J Archer.
8875:Works cited
8499:16 December
8440:Walker 1993
8404:Pestan 2009
8211:Joseph 2010
7967:24 November
7846:Gurtov 1970
7710:19 December
7679:19 December
7291:Darwin 2012
7279:Darwin 2012
7267:Levine 2007
7220:20 November
7071:Darwin 2012
6418:Porter 1998
6358:Herbst 2000
6075:Martin 2007
6019:Porter 1998
6007:Porter 1998
5961:11 February
5899:24 November
5864:Porter 1998
5849:31 December
5762:Capper 1997
5758:Hunter 1907
5593:13 December
5566:Porter 1998
5510:Pascoe 2018
5498:Broome 2010
5470:Peters 2006
5338:Pagden 2003
5290:Pagden 2003
5218:Pagden 2003
5112:Nellis 2013
4916:Higman 2000
4904:Higman 2000
4888:Higman 2000
4863:BBC History
4645:Taylor 2001
4581:Thomas 1997
4460:Porter 1998
4287:Amartya Sen
4268:Afghanistan
4156:Anglicanism
4154:(including
4140:lawn tennis
4105:Saint Lucia
4081:The Bahamas
4073:New Zealand
3844:condominium
3544:Suez Crisis
3467:Suez Crisis
3312:and led by
3208:geopolitics
3150:throughout
3127:Eighth Army
3121:During the
3078:issued the
2950:New Zealand
2938:W.S. Monroe
2886:, at which
2776:, parts of
2770:Transjordan
2465:Congo River
2371:Cape Colony
2355:East Indies
2302:during the
2268:Baluchistan
2262:during the
2248:Crimean War
2225:Afghanistan
2155:British Raj
2093:(1819) and
2076:British Raj
1966:slave trade
1910:to France;
1888:Cape Colony
1740:Tipu Sultan
1647:John Finlay
1639:Bella Coola
1560:Abel Tasman
1556:New Zealand
1510:. In 1778,
1435:War of 1812
1384:Nova Scotia
1310:issued the
1288:War of 1812
1058:New Granada
988:East Indies
984:spice trade
960:spice trade
913:during the
849:. In 1670,
707:by Captain
588:Elizabeth I
503:West Africa
381:Charles III
353:Suez Crisis
294:Middle East
179:Netherlands
161:During the
115:territories
16660:Categories
16596:Quotations
16450:Zimbabwean
16238:Race riots
16037:Portuguese
15918:Revival Le
15908:Vietnamese
15551:Later Tran
15521:Vietnamese
15417:Singhasari
15405:Holy Roman
15029:Bulgarian
14965:Satavahana
14936:Phoenician
14872:Achaemenid
14833:Indo-Greek
14813:Macedonian
14727:Babylonian
14298:Viking Age
14113:Prehistory
13981:since 1908
13973:since 1908
13939:since 1833
13931:since 1816
13923:since 1815
13915:since 1658
13872:department
13859:since 1908
13851:since 1833
13652:since 1838
13632:Swan River
13626:Queensland
13513:1958β1962
13495:since 1666
13481:since 1799
13332:New Jersey
13302:New Albion
13286:since 1632
13283:Montserrat
13264:1629β1691
13211:since 1670
13133:1858β1866
13121:since 1619
13073:since 1650
13026:Bangladesh
12961:1841β1946
12923:1882β1963
12889:Federation
12867:1819β1826
12805:Seychelles
12749:1839β1842
12640:since 1816
12624:Tanganyika
12582:Somaliland
12570:Seychelles
12566:since 1658
12486:Gold Coast
12480:The Gambia
12424:Basutoland
12420:since 1815
12362:Free State
12355:1542β1800
12341:Heligoland
12337:since 1713
12136:Audio help
12127:2014-03-07
11775:27 January
11105:27 January
11072:17 January
10818:17 January
10541:17 January
10120:Keay, John
10091:8 November
10021:. Abacus.
9673:30 October
9511:8 February
9339:30 October
9173:22 January
9071:17 January
8538:Young 2020
8315:Gapes 2008
8187:Brown 1998
8144:Brown 1998
8132:Brown 1998
8105:James 2001
8093:James 2001
8057:Lloyd 1996
8045:James 2001
8033:Lloyd 1996
8021:Clegg 2005
7982:James 2001
7894:Lloyd 1996
7882:Louis 2006
7870:James 2001
7858:Lloyd 1996
7822:James 2001
7810:Smith 1998
7760:James 2001
7748:Brown 1998
7729:Smith 1998
7725:Brown 1998
7648:19 October
7621:Combs 2008
7609:James 2001
7573:James 2001
7561:James 2001
7549:Brown 1998
7537:Lloyd 1996
7525:Lloyd 1996
7513:Lloyd 1996
7472:Lloyd 1996
7460:Lloyd 1996
7367:Lloyd 1996
7355:Smith 1998
7343:Lloyd 1996
7331:Brown 1998
7305:, p.
7154:Brown 1998
7059:Lloyd 1996
7047:James 2001
7035:Brown 1998
7031:Louis 2006
6956:James 2001
6952:Lloyd 1996
6928:Lloyd 1996
6904:Lloyd 1996
6880:Brown 1998
6864:Brown 1998
6840:Louis 2006
6828:Smith 1998
6816:Brown 1998
6804:Smith 1998
6780:James 2001
6753:Magee 1974
6741:Smith 1998
6729:Brown 1998
6705:Louis 2006
6693:Louis 2006
6681:Louis 2006
6633:Lloyd 1996
6621:Lloyd 1996
6597:Brown 1998
6582:Lloyd 1996
6570:Brown 1998
6546:Smith 1998
6534:James 2001
6519:Lloyd 1996
6430:Smith 1998
6406:Smith 1998
6394:Lloyd 1996
6382:James 2001
6343:20 October
6333:"Treaties"
6320:James 2001
6296:Louis 1986
6284:Tilby 2009
6272:Lloyd 1996
6260:Lloyd 1996
6248:Smith 1998
6236:Smith 1998
6224:Hodge 2007
6202:, preface.
6200:Royle 2000
6188:James 2001
6171:James 2001
6135:Brown 1998
6123:Smith 1998
6087:Janin 1999
5980:Smith 1998
5876:Hinks 2007
5826:James 2001
5814:Lloyd 1996
5802:James 2001
5790:James 2001
5778:Nayar 2008
5562:Smith 1998
5526:Brock 2011
5482:James 2001
5446:Smith 1998
5434:Smith 1998
5406:Smith 1998
5382:Games 2002
5354:James 2001
5342:James 2001
5326:Canny 1998
5278:Smith 1998
5254:Smith 1998
5230:James 2001
5165:Canny 1998
5136:Lloyd 1996
5033:Canny 1998
4983:, p.
4969:Lloyd 1996
4940:Lloyd 1996
4928:Lloyd 1996
4842:James 2001
4818:Lloyd 1996
4806:James 2001
4782:Lloyd 1996
4758:Canny 1998
4743:Canny 1998
4731:Canny 1998
4719:Canny 1998
4707:Canny 1998
4695:Canny 1998
4676:8 February
4633:Kenny 2006
4629:Canny 1998
4617:Lloyd 1996
4605:Canny 1998
4557:Canny 1998
4480:Brown 1998
4445:Russo 2012
4380:References
4252:critically
4016:Common law
3926:patriating
3880:Patriation
3870:See also:
3814:Montserrat
3769:colony of
3693:Gold Coast
3639:, and the
3204:ANZUS Pact
3157:After the
3146:to remain
3137:campaigns.
2798:New Guinea
2786:Tanganyika
2742:war effort
2680:, Britain
2642:third bill
2615:after the
2607:for Irish
2485:at Fashoda
2418:Suez Canal
2383:Great Trek
2276:Kazakhstan
2256:global war
2227:, but the
2125:including
2106:Qing China
2070:See also:
1988:See also:
1958:Parliament
1956:movement,
1914:to Spain;
1900:Martinique
1896:Guadeloupe
1892:Heligoland
1868:Seychelles
1835:Royal Navy
1787:Bajirao II
1775:status quo
1681:westward.
1635:Rio Grande
1520:Botany Bay
1500:James Cook
1469:James Cook
1427:Royal Navy
1376:Saint John
1353:free trade
1343:Adam Smith
871:New France
851:Charles II
709:John Smith
642:after the
551:New France
488:privateers
468:Henry VIII
445:John Cabot
413:John Cabot
391:See also:
337:its allies
266:Great Game
248:, and the
205:after the
177:, and the
148:linguistic
16630:Resources
16464:Languages
16440:Tanzanian
16410:Congolese
16383:Barbadian
16305:UK garage
16288:Caribbean
16268:Afroswing
16263:Afrobeats
16030:Couronian
15668:Ethiopian
15656:Manchukuo
15611:Brazilian
15457:Ghaznavid
15427:Srivijaya
15378:Trebizond
15363:Byzantine
15345:North Sea
15340:Norwegian
15328:Almoravid
15311:Ilkhanate
15281:Majapahit
15254:Muromachi
15163:Solomonic
15148:Ethiopian
15062:Caliphate
14995:Aragonese
14823:Ptolemaic
14345:Feudalism
14316:Catalonia
13965:1841β1947
13952:1841β1933
13843:1831β1966
13837:1670β1688
13831:1651β1667
13825:1631β1641
13755:1914β1962
13749:1907β1947
13742:1901β1942
13740:Australia
13735:1900β1974
13729:1900β1970
13717:1893β1978
13710:1892β1979
13704:1889β1948
13698:1888β1901
13692:Rarotonga
13688:1884β1902
13682:1877β1976
13676:1874β1970
13670:1851β1901
13664:1846β1847
13658:1841β1907
13644:1836β1901
13638:1829β1901
13628:1824β1901
13622:1824β1980
13616:1807β1863
13610:1803β1901
13600:1788β1901
13533:1833β1960
13527:1674β1702
13519:1967β1983
13507:1763β1783
13501:1607β1776
13487:1849β1866
13473:1889β1962
13467:1862β1863
13461:1712β1776
13455:1635β1644
13449:1627β1979
13442:1605β1979
13435:1882β1983
13428:1623β1983
13422:1625β1650
13416:1670β1870
13410:1636β1776
13404:1853β1863
13394:1620β1691
13388:1681β1776
13382:1763β1873
13370:1713β1867
13364:1859β1870
13358:1712β1776
13352:1583β1907
13346:1907β1949
13340:1664β1776
13328:1637β1662
13326:New Haven
13322:1680β1776
13316:1686β1689
13310:1784β1867
13298:1628β1983
13292:1655β1860
13278:1632β1776
13252:1655β1962
13245:1733β1776
13239:1674β1702
13233:1701β1776
13227:1636β1776
13221:1818β1846
13203:1663β1712
13195:1867β1931
13189:1841β1867
13183:1791β1841
13177:1791β1841
13165:1762β1974
13158:1763β1783
13152:1763β1978
13146:1754β1820
13137:1866β1871
13113:1871β1981
13106:1643β1860
13100:1624β1966
13094:1670β1973
13087:1860β1981
13080:1632β1860
13005:1898β1930
12999:1892β1971
12993:1921β1946
12987:1826β1946
12981:1945β1946
12975:1946β1963
12973:Singapore
12967:1946β1963
12955:1702β1705
12949:1786β1946
12943:1923β1948
12941:Palestine
12929:1946β1963
12917:1891β1971
12911:1920β1932
12905:1762β1764
12899:1796β1965
12891:1948β1957
12885:1946β1948
12879:1885β1946
12873:1895β1946
12861:1848β1946
12855:1918β1961
12849:1811β1816
12843:1858β1947
12837:1841β1997
12835:Hong Kong
12831:1878β1960
12825:1795β1948
12819:1888β1984
12813:1824β1948
12801:Mauritius
12791:1874β1963
12779:1757β1947
12773:1812β1824
12763:1685β1824
12761:Bencoolen
12755:1879β1919
12743:1839β1967
12658:1887β1897
12652:1890β1963
12646:1890β1962
12632:1900β1910
12630:Transvaal
12626:1922β1961
12620:1899β1956
12614:1893β1968
12612:Swaziland
12608:1900β1914
12596:1915β1931
12590:1910β1931
12584:1884β1960
12578:1792β1961
12572:1903β1976
12558:1900β1910
12552:1891β1964
12550:Nyasaland
12546:1924β1964
12540:1900β1914
12534:1914β1960
12528:1884β1900
12522:1856β1910
12516:1810β1968
12514:Mauritius
12510:1807β1808
12504:1862β1906
12498:1920β1963
12482:1816β1965
12476:1882β1922
12470:1895β1920
12464:1891β1907
12458:1806β1910
12452:1795β1803
12446:1919β1961
12444:Cameroons
12381:1813β1964
12375:1800β1813
12364:1921β1931
12349:1809β1864
12343:1807β1890
12334:Gibraltar
12329:1878β1960
12323:1794β1796
12277:*Current
12211:from the
12202:from the
12193:from the
12092:hour and
11938:17123297M
11744:162474899
11584:18114975M
11304:244676008
11190:26886628M
11182:879306121
11147:0043-5597
10467:162717788
10422:24 August
10329:19 August
10224:1468-2281
9951:464656679
9787:0013-0117
9655:. Brill.
9038:26 August
8614:0013-8266
8372:Hogg 2008
8357:9 October
7834:Pham 2010
7785:0013-0613
7733:Burk 2008
7447:0031-2290
7184:0002-8282
7141:870098208
6479:13 August
6099:Keay 1991
6063:Mori 2014
5976:Hyam 2002
5087:154280545
5071:0013-0117
4065:Australia
3954:and 1860
3732:civil war
3681:Cape Town
3643:in 1971.
3561:satellite
3503:that had
3451:Singapore
3399:civil war
3387:Holocaust
3367:Sri Lanka
3268:Palestine
2958:Australia
2872:Sinn FΓ©in
2766:Palestine
2734:Anzac Day
2725:Dominions
2670:metropole
2609:home rule
2528:Dominions
2428:with the
2359:Afrikaner
2272:Kirghizia
2193:Balaclava
2091:Singapore
2050:telegraph
2046:steamship
1860:Mauritius
1738:and then
1736:Hyder Ali
1730:with the
1549:Melbourne
1514:, Cook's
1488:Australia
1372:Loyalists
1334:in 1783.
1252:Louisiana
1138:Gibraltar
903:Liverpool
859:fur trade
792:St. Kitts
705:Jamestown
618:In 1603,
596:Caribbean
586:In 1578,
523:New World
521:from the
417:New World
325:East Asia
302:Dominions
238:Caribbean
221:in 1757.
99:dominions
58:1707β1801
16549:Monarchy
16430:Nigerian
16415:Ghanaian
16393:Guyanese
16388:Jamaican
16273:Britfunk
16214:Windrush
16010:Japanese
15973:Scottish
15953:American
15945:Colonial
15874:Imperial
15842:Moroccan
15778:Japanese
15756:Afsharid
15615:Burmese
15601:Austrian
15556:Later Le
15531:Early Le
15516:Venetian
15442:Tiwanaku
15355:Hellenic
15318:Moroccan
15249:Kamakura
15239:Japanese
15222:Saffarid
15175:Georgian
15089:Chalukya
15067:Rashidun
15057:Calakmul
15025:Bruneian
14904:Haryanka
14882:Sasanian
14877:Parthian
14828:Bactrian
14818:Seleucid
14798:Goguryeo
14776:Egyptian
14710:Assyrian
14700:Akkadian
14691:Colonies
14584:See also
14555:Cold War
14350:Crusades
14320:Valencia
14040:Category
13876:Colombia
13791:Kiribati
13668:Victoria
13608:Tasmania
13499:Virginia
13465:Stickeen
13453:Saybrook
13392:Plymouth
13338:New York
13276:Maryland
13268:Province
13231:Delaware
13201:Carolina
13193:Dominion
13187:Province
13150:Dominica
13098:Barbados
13070:Anguilla
13041:disputed
13022:Pakistan
12897:Maldives
12771:Billiton
12698:Rhodesia
12684:Tanzania
12680:Cameroon
12656:Zululand
12650:Zanzibar
12438:Botswana
12138: Β·
12062:Archived
12029:Archived
11996:Archived
11963:Archived
11918:(2004).
11896:(2005).
11878:Archived
11860:(2003).
11842:Archived
11769:Archived
11594:(2009).
11564:(1997).
11554:2443937W
11534:(2001).
11516:Archived
11451:8631395M
11367:Archived
11234:Archived
11099:Archived
11066:Archived
11033:Archived
11000:Archived
10982:(2003).
10964:Archived
10845:Archived
10812:Archived
10768:7403654M
10741:7712614M
10706:Archived
10688:(2003).
10670:Archived
10634:Archived
10598:Archived
10535:Archived
10477:(1848).
10416:Archived
10383:Archived
10323:Archived
10252:Archived
10234:(2007).
10168:Archived
10122:(1991).
10085:Archived
10033:Archived
10015:(2001).
9993:(2013).
9975:Archived
9904:(1992).
9892:13 April
9886:Archived
9853:Archived
9826:1 August
9820:Archived
9746:(2000).
9700:Archived
9667:Archived
9632:Archived
9614:(2005).
9593:Archived
9524:(eds.).
9505:Archived
9420:(2002).
9402:Archived
9384:(2012).
9366:Archived
9333:Archived
9258:(1950).
9236:(1998).
9205:7403653M
9152:(2008).
9134:Archived
9101:Archived
9083:(1998).
9065:Archived
9032:Archived
8995:(2007).
8900:Archived
8856:Archived
8825:Archived
8771:Archived
8671:(2022).
8647:Archived
8493:Archived
8330:Archived
8300:18 March
8294:Archived
8274:18 March
8268:Archived
8166:Archived
7961:Archived
7957:BBC News
7704:Archived
7700:BBC News
7673:Archived
7642:Archived
7638:BBC News
7489:Archived
7238:(2003).
7214:Archived
7210:BBC News
6792:Low 1966
6717:Lee 1996
6657:Fox 2008
6470:Archived
6039:Lee 1994
5955:Archived
5922:Archived
5893:Archived
5843:Archived
5737:Archived
5617:Archived
5587:Archived
5091:Archived
5079:40057514
4867:Archived
4670:Archived
4302:See also
4132:football
3800:and the
3798:Anguilla
3673:Rhodesia
3625:Maldives
3557:Waterloo
3447:Malaysia
3354:Pakistan
3332:(led by
3324:(led by
3244:Cold War
3235:dominion
3179:Congress
2930:George V
2782:Togoland
2778:Cameroon
2516:Rhodesia
2393:and the
2127:Shanghai
2101:(1826).
2089:(1786),
2048:and the
1924:Suriname
1886:and the
1876:Trinidad
1864:St Lucia
1813:Napoleon
1754:and the
1566:and the
1537:Tasmania
1528:convicts
1516:botanist
1410:(mainly
1402:(mainly
1328:Yorktown
1216:enclaves
810:fleeing
796:Barbados
781:New York
753:Maryland
741:Pilgrims
733:Plymouth
727:, while
725:flagship
697:St Lucia
531:John Dee
484:Catholic
470:'s 1533
441:Portugal
429:Scotland
308:and the
211:conquest
183:Americas
167:Portugal
152:cultural
111:mandates
103:colonies
16537:History
16511:Portals
16445:Ugandan
16420:Ivorian
16310:Dubstep
16250:culture
16216:scandal
16183:history
16077:largest
16072:Empires
16052:Swedish
16047:Spanish
16042:Russian
16005:Italian
15980:Chinese
15968:English
15963:British
15958:Belgian
15933:Vietnam
15923:Tay son
15869:Tsarist
15864:Russian
15859:Ottoman
15825:Dzungar
15820:Khoshut
15793:Mexican
15788:Maratha
15771:Pahlavi
15751:Safavid
15746:Iranian
15673:Haitian
15636:Chinese
15596:Ashanti
15568:Wagadou
15494:Eastern
15489:Western
15472:Timurid
15432:Tibetan
15422:Songhai
15412:Serbian
15333:Almohad
15323:Idrisid
15227:Samanid
15217:Tahirid
15212:Iranian
15190:Kannauj
15170:Genoese
15106:Chinese
15099:Eastern
15094:Western
15082:Fatimid
15077:Abbasid
15072:Umayyad
15045:Burmese
15005:Ayyubid
15000:Angevin
14970:Xianbei
14958:Eastern
14953:Western
14899:Magadha
14862:Iranian
14855:Xiongnu
14840:Hittite
14749:Chinese
14737:Kassite
14686:Ancient
14678:Empires
14425:Baroque
14324:Majorca
14236:Francia
14031:culture
13785:Vanuatu
13575:Oceania
13250:Jamaica
13243:Georgia
13163:Grenada
13118:Bermuda
13092:Bahamas
13078:Antigua
12959:Sarawak
12671:Namibia
12532:Nigeria
12508:Madeira
12428:Lesotho
12387:Minorca
12353:Ireland
12321:Corsica
12248:Former
12125: (
12096:minutes
12068:22 July
11884:22 July
11838:2644439
11736:2637986
11512:2600793
11422:22 July
11373:22 July
11240:22 July
11155:4491595
11039:22 July
11006:22 July
10970:22 July
10851:22 July
10712:22 July
10676:22 July
10643:22 July
10571:22 July
10459:2051326
10389:22 July
10358:285566M
10258:22 July
10174:22 July
10039:22 July
9997:. OUP.
9981:22 July
9859:22 July
9795:2598696
9706:22 July
9638:22 July
9372:22 July
9140:22 July
9107:22 July
8964:22 July
8906:22 July
8862:29 June
8831:29 June
8777:28 June
8653:29 June
8476:Go 2007
8172:15 July
7795:25 June
7495:25 June
7192:1802868
7106:29 July
5743:23 June
4166:Cricket
4136:cricket
4093:Jamaica
4089:Grenada
3858:became
3840:Vanuatu
3794:Bahamas
3689:Algeria
3633:Bahrain
3486:In the
3300:, 1947.
3152:the war
3135:Italian
3101:Ireland
2794:Namibia
2674:Germany
2584:by the
2461:Belgian
2349:on the
2298:at the
2294:by the
2195:in 1854
2095:Malacca
1912:Menorca
1908:RΓ©union
1673:to the
1629:of the
1613:led by
1596:English
1496:in 1606
1423:impress
1388:Halifax
1190:on the
1159:asiento
1152:to the
1142:Menorca
1078:England
1062:malaria
1054:Spanish
986:of the
899:Bristol
847:Bahamas
843:Jamaica
831:decreed
737:Puritan
721:Bermuda
701:Grenada
562:Ireland
480:England
478:turned
425:England
419:in 1497
408:Matthew
319:In the
306:Germany
274:hegemon
268:" and "
264:. The "
250:Pacific
240:in the
217:at the
191:Britain
131:England
62:Right:
16425:Kenyan
16333:groups
16315:Jungle
16174:topics
16015:Mongol
16000:German
15995:French
15985:Danish
15928:Dainam
15903:Tongan
15891:Somali
15886:Sokoto
15852:'Alawi
15830:Kalmyk
15810:Mongol
15803:Second
15783:Korean
15734:Mughal
15724:Indian
15707:German
15700:Second
15690:French
15683:Second
15619:Second
15591:Afghan
15583:Modern
15509:Kyrgyz
15504:Uighur
15499:Second
15479:Turkic
15447:Toltec
15383:Epirus
15368:Nicaea
15291:Mongol
15244:Yamato
15180:Huetar
15038:Second
14975:Rouran
14924:Shunga
14919:Maurya
14894:Kushan
14867:Median
14845:Hunnic
14803:Harsha
14312:Aragon
14291:Amalfi
14276:Venice
14264:Second
14050:Portal
13870:Now a
13841:Guiana
13795:Tuvalu
13398:Quebec
13170:Canada
13111:Belize
13003:Weihai
12947:Penang
12935:Padang
12865:Malaya
12859:Labuan
12853:Kuwait
12829:Cyprus
12823:Ceylon
12817:Brunei
12789:Borneo
12783:Bhutan
12777:Bengal
12713:Zambia
12644:Uganda
12406:Africa
12379:Colony
12369:Malta
12327:Cyprus
12315:Cyprus
12299:Europe
12265:Legend
12150:about
12054:
12035:11 May
12021:
11988:
11955:
11936:
11926:
11904:
11870:
11836:
11792:
11761:
11742:
11734:
11703:
11680:
11661:
11642:
11621:
11602:
11582:
11572:
11552:
11542:
11510:
11470:
11449:
11439:
11413:
11390:
11359:
11338:
11319:
11302:
11294:
11284:
11257:
11226:
11205:
11188:
11180:
11170:
11153:
11145:
11122:
11091:
11058:
11025:
10992:
10956:
10937:
10927:
10908:
10887:
10868:
10837:
10804:
10783:
10766:
10756:
10739:
10729:
10698:
10662:
10626:
10590:
10562:
10527:
10506:
10487:
10465:
10457:
10408:
10375:
10356:
10346:
10315:
10294:
10275:
10244:
10222:
10191:
10160:
10139:
10108:
10077:
10056:
10025:
10001:
9967:
9949:
9918:
9878:
9845:
9812:
9793:
9785:
9754:
9732:
9692:
9659:
9624:
9585:
9565:137699
9563:
9532:
9497:
9468:
9449:
9430:
9394:
9358:
9308:
9285:
9266:
9244:
9222:
9203:
9193:
9164:
9126:
9093:
9057:
9024:
9003:
8981:
8955:
8932:
8892:
8798:
8741:
8731:
8679:
8612:
8569:
7922:
7783:
7445:
7389:
7250:
7190:
7182:
7139:
7129:
6978:
6502:
5928:3 June
5711:
5681:
5654:
5623:5 June
5097:8 June
5085:
5077:
5069:
4873:5 June
4503:4 July
4142:, and
4117:Tuvalu
4085:Belize
4069:Canada
4014:, and
3994:Legacy
3986:. The
3941:Sultan
3878:, and
3856:Tuvalu
3822:Belize
3808:, The
3747:Cyprus
3593:Kuwait
3591:) and
3585:Jordan
3490:, the
3455:Brunei
3403:Israel
3356:. The
3306:Labour
3286:, and
3260:Malaya
3125:, the
2990:Canada
2890:. The
2884:Dublin
2832:, and
2784:, and
2686:France
2621:famine
2542:, and
2322:, and
2278:, and
2221:Turkey
2217:Persia
2111:Canton
1996:, and
1906:, and
1884:Ceylon
1880:Guiana
1872:Tobago
1870:, and
1866:, the
1779:Second
1777:. The
1769:. The
1756:Fourth
1748:Second
1734:under
1504:voyage
1490:. The
1429:. The
1406:) and
1320:French
1301:. The
1286:, and
1228:sepoys
1212:Bengal
1202:. The
1134:Acadia
940:Madras
907:London
693:Guiana
670:, and
600:piracy
539:Brazil
535:Africa
246:Africa
234:Canada
175:France
150:, and
52:Left:
16613:Texts
16579:Media
16485:Lists
16300:Grime
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