651:
2831:
2237:
2410:
587:
156:
142:
2683:
2557:
1920:
93:
61:
9062:
7145:
9052:
54:
4215:: Counties are geographic entities whose origins reach back into the pre-Conquest period. They were derived either from Anglo-Saxon kingdoms whose size made them suitable administrative units when England was unified in the tenth century, or as artificial creations formed from larger kingdoms. The number of 'shires' (the Anglo-Saxon term) or 'counties' (Norman term) varied in the medieval period, particularly in the north of England.
1385:
2066:
9072:
650:
2568:
During the 1530s, Henry VIII overthrew the power of the
Catholic Church within the kingdom, replacing the pope as head of his own English Church and seizing the Catholic Church's lands, thereby facilitating the creation of a variation of Catholicism that became more Protestant over time. This had the
2842:
Richard proved to be ineffectual and was unable to maintain his rule. He resigned his title and retired into obscurity. The Rump
Parliament was recalled and there was a second period where the executive power lay with the Council of state. But this restoration of Commonwealth rule, similar to that
2763:
had deteriorated. Despite initial
English support during the Dutch War of Independence against the Spanish, tensions arose as the Dutch Republic emerged as England's principal commercial and naval rival. By the mid-17th century, it had become the foremost trading nation. In response the English,
2139:(25 September 1066) when the news reached him. He decided to set out without delay and confront the Norman army in Sussex so marched southwards at once, despite the army not being properly rested following the battle with the Norwegians. The armies of Harold and William faced each other at the
1615:
in 1284 put Wales under the control of the
English crown. Edward III (reigned 1327–1377) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government—in particular the evolution of the
2489:(whose symbol was the white rose), each led by different branches of the descendants of Edward III. The end of these wars found the throne held by the descendant of an initially illegitimate member of the House of Lancaster, married to the eldest daughter of the House of York:
2800:(an office to be held for the life of the incumbent) and there were to be triennial Parliaments, with each sitting for at least five months. Article 23 of the Instrument of Government stated that Oliver Cromwell was to be the first Lord Protector. The
3679:
Freely licensed version at
Gutenberg Project. Note: This electronic edition is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle. It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the Everyman
3237:" from each shire (the fixed sum paid by sheriffs for the privilege of administering and profiting from royal lands). Kings also made income from judicial fines and regulation of trade. People owed the king service in the form of the
3069:
that covered urban areas, the counties of medieval
England existed primarily as a means of enforcing central government power, enabling monarchs to exercise control over local areas through their chosen representatives – originally
3316:
After the Norman
Conquest, the king's household troops remained central to any royal army. The Anglo-Saxon fyrd also remained in use. But the Normans also introduced a new feudal element to the English military. The king's
2149:, was defeated, Harold and his two brothers were slain, and William emerged as victor. William was then able to conquer England with little further opposition. He was not, however, planning to absorb the Kingdom into the
1970:
of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the
English kingdoms, and native Anglo-Saxon life in general. The English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King Æthelstan in 927.
2343:, however, some Norman lords began to attack Wales. They conquered and ruled parts of it, acknowledging the overlordship of the Norman kings of England but with considerable local independence. Over many years these "
1711:
in 1649. The monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War had established the precedent that an
English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament. This concept became legally established as part of the
3097:
Although all of
England was divided into shires by the time of the Norman Conquest, some counties were formed considerably later, up to the 16th century. Because of their differing origins the counties
1724:, the parliaments, and therefore Kingdoms, of both England and Scotland were mutually abolished. Their assets and estates united 'for ever, into the Kingdom by the name of Great Britain', forming the
7981:
3929:
The act of Henry VIII., commonly called the act of annexation, proves and ascertains what the member's arguments would deny, the existence, properties, and prerogatives of the Irish crown.
2447:. Though the English won numerous victories, they were unable to overcome the numerical superiority of the French and their strategic use of gunpowder weapons. England was defeated at the
2085:, culminating after a quarter-century of warfare in the Danish conquest of England in 1013. But Sweyn died on 2 February 1014, and Æþelræd was restored to the throne. In 1015, Sweyn's son
3409:
English and Scot, James insisted, should "join and coalesce together in a sincere and perfect union, as two twins bred in one belly, to love one another as no more two but one estate".
3086:, collection of taxes and organisation of the military, and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation. Some outlying counties were from time to time accorded
2874:
in 1672. Despite attaining French support this time, Dutch naval successes made Parliament unwilling to support Charles' war effort any further, and he was again forced to make peace.
2569:
effect of aligning England with Scotland, which also gradually adopted a Protestant religion, whereas the most important continental powers, France and Spain, remained Roman Catholic.
2785:
who would not pass legislation to dissolve the Rump and to allow a new more representative parliament to be elected, stopped the Rump's session and declared the Rump dissolved.
2347:" conquered more and more of Wales, against considerable resistance led by various Welsh princes, who also often acknowledged the overlordship of the Norman kings of England.
2266:
gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land from the Irish, over which the Kingdom of England then claimed sovereignty, all allegedly sanctioned by the Papal bull
2866:. The treaty eliminated a number of long-standing issues, and in the long-term made it possible for the two countries to unite against the expansionist policies pursued by
2030:
During the following years Northumbria repeatedly changed hands between the English kings and the Norwegian invaders, but was definitively brought under English control by
4315:
2221:
of England which have remained largely unchanged since then (except for occasional and temporary changes). This area of land had previously been a part of the Anglian
2093:, to divide England between them, but Edmund's death on 30 November of that year left England united under Danish rule. This continued for 26 years until the death of
834:
562:
4159:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7598:
7593:
7588:
807:
9131:
839:
9146:
9136:
8515:
2577:
2622:. She also began to build up the kingdom's naval strength, on the foundations Henry VIII had laid down. By 1588, her new navy was strong enough to defeat the
8881:
3341:
was greater than any king would actually need in wartime. Its main purpose was for assessing how much scutage the king was owed. Scutage was used to pay for
2893:
were subsequently crowned by Parliament. William reoriented England's foreign policy to support the Dutch Republic in its wars against Louis XIV of France.
2019:
splendidly ... and made it habitable once more." Alfred's restoration entailed reoccupying and refurbishing the nearly deserted Roman walled city, building
2929:
allowing for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch, which could in turn lead to an independent foreign policy during a major European war.
2740:
on 19 May 1649. The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished, and so the House of Commons became a unitary legislative chamber with a new body, the
9141:
9017:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
3531:
2830:
2470:
subjects. This was a consequence of sustained hostility to the increasingly nationalist French, whose kings and other leaders (notably the charismatic
4183:
3506:...rivalry between City and government, between a commercial capital in the City and the political capital of quite a different empire in Westminster.
698:
827:
3229:
or property tax was first levied in response to Danish invasions but later became a regular tax. The majority of the king's income derived from the
9101:
2725:
3256:
After the Conquest of 1066, the Normans continued collecting the geld regularly. They also introduced new sources of revenue based on concepts of
4723:
Keynes, Simon (2014) . "Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c. 450–1066". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
3760:
1540:
Histories of the Kingdom of England from the Norman Conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties:
9111:
9096:
8530:
5505:
3800:
141:
2737:
817:
2952:
and provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Acts would "cease and become void".
2901:
In the Scottish case, the attractions were partly financial and partly to do with removing English trade sanctions put in place through the
2705:
The Stuart kings overestimated the power of the English monarchy, and were cast down by Parliament in 1645 and 1688. In the first instance,
2089:(commonly known as Canute) launched a new invasion. The ensuing war ended with an agreement in 1016 between Canute and Æþelræd's successor,
8607:
7181:
5617:
2792:), the Grandees in the Army, through the Council of State imposed a new constitutional arrangement under a written constitution called the
1413:
1982:
over the other kings. The decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful, absorbing the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825. The
5795:
5673:
3099:
2976:
2308:
1451:
6055:
5627:
2753:
1632:
in 1455, the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent, except for
3272:
before he could take possession of his inheritance. The king was also entitled to his vassals military service, but vassals could pay
883:
155:
7102:
5510:
2921:. Securing the same succession in Scotland became the primary object of English strategic thinking towards Scotland. By 1704, the
2744:
becoming the executive. However the Army remained the dominant institution in the new republic and the most prominent general was
8204:
7120:
5339:
3289:
2984:
1011:
1896:, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin)
4312:
4129:
2600:, with the aim of restoring such central authority as had been lost throughout the country during the previous two centuries.
92:
8485:
7255:
5637:
4995:
4973:
4924:
4837:
4732:
4713:
4518:
4349:
4288:
4242:
4205:
1716:
of 1688. From this time the kingdom of England, as well as its successor state the United Kingdom, functioned in effect as a
683:
4259:
3518:
3143:
was abolished and discharged and the lands covered by such tenures, including once-feudal baronies, were henceforth held by
9121:
8199:
5495:
4155:
3499:
3326:
1677:
259:
3264:
when his eldest son was knighted, his eldest daughter married, or if the king needed to pay his own ransom. The heir to a
2157:, whereas in the independent Kingdom of England he could rule without interference. He was crowned on 25 December 1066 in
8941:
8916:
8856:
3991:"March 1649: An Act for the abolishing the Kingly Office in England and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging",
3110:. Each shire was responsible for gathering taxes for the central government; for local defence; and for justice, through
2424:
1621:
1585:
3672:
9032:
8430:
5705:
5632:
4877:
4681:
4643:
4622:
3650:
3393:
3354:
3294:
In the Anglo-Saxon period, England had no standing army. The king and magnates retained professional household troops (
3059:
2236:
2127:, Duke of Normandy, immediately claimed the throne for himself. William launched an invasion of England and landed in
2101:(the widow of Æthelred the Unready) and had no heirs of his own; he was succeeded by his half-brother, Æþelræd's son,
9075:
9037:
8567:
8170:
7551:
6201:
4905:
4818:
4780:
4757:
4662:
4579:
4560:
4496:
3182:" as legally part of the lands of England, and established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The
2944:, the independence of the kingdoms of England and Scotland came to an end on 1 May 1707. The Acts of Union created a
1497:(reigned 924–939) to form the Kingdom of the English. In 927, Æthelstan conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom,
1199:
2409:
8450:
7174:
6163:
5364:
3852:
3597:
3187:
2963:, London. At this point England ceased to exist as a separate political entity, and since then has had no national
2564:(1588), depicted in the background. Elizabeth's international power is symbolised by the hand resting on the globe.
2546:
2259:
1665:
1649:
1518:
1406:
476:
450:
2656:, the kingdoms remained separate and independent states: a state of affairs which lasted for more than a century.
8535:
7509:
7250:
7125:
6333:
3996:
3090:
status with some military and central government functions vested in a local noble or bishop. The last such, the
3006:
2749:
2390:
2303:, Henry II's son and fourth-generation descendant of William I, lost the continental possessions of the Duchy to
2217:, in return for the King of Scotland's loyalty. This final cession established what would become the traditional
2170:
1545:
1541:
1231:
873:
822:
722:
705:
3335:(Latin: "service owed"), and historian Richard Huscroft estimates this number was around 5,000. In reality, the
1644:
and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper, achieving the full union of England and the
8901:
8841:
8813:
8572:
7556:
7211:
7115:
6383:
6188:
6048:
5938:
4954:
3209:
of England. After falling into disuse, it was re-established in 1537 and abolished in 1641. A very short-lived
2996:
2365:, in 1301. Edward I's conquest was brutal and the subsequent repression considerable, as the magnificent Welsh
1914:
1439:
1291:
903:
898:
868:
693:
3542:
1986:
increasingly dominated the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century. In 827, Northumbria submitted to
1525:
in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at
8987:
8818:
8365:
5710:
3423:
3171:
2797:
2296:
2184:
1321:
1036:
2764:
alarmed by their waning competitiveness, implemented stricter trading policies to curb Dutch dominance. The
2652:
ascended the throne of England and brought it into personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland. Despite the
8224:
7541:
7358:
6264:
5668:
4180:
3360:
3103:
3043:
3017:
2910:
1166:
1056:
893:
858:
362:
1501:, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. In 1016, the kingdom became part of the
9126:
8997:
8420:
8380:
8345:
8267:
7497:
7380:
7206:
7167:
7130:
6143:
5720:
5647:
5332:
5012:
3127:. Feudal baronies became perhaps obsolete (but not extinct) on the abolition of feudal tenure during the
2956:
2201:
kingdom in what is now southwest Scotland and Cumbria. In doing so, he annexed what is now the county of
2119:
The peace lasted until the death of the childless Edward in January 1066. His brother-in-law was crowned
1974:
During the Heptarchy, the most powerful king among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as
1729:
1399:
1096:
660:
630:
406:
2834:
Charles sailed from his exile in the Netherlands to his restoration in England in May 1660. Painting by
8992:
8982:
8946:
8788:
8690:
8425:
8244:
8229:
7603:
7536:
6296:
6291:
6003:
5747:
5642:
5622:
5359:
5105:
3132:
2913:
to the thrones of England and Scotland, but her only surviving child had died in 1700, and the English
2805:
2741:
2404:
2340:
2015:
submitted themselves to King Alfred." Asser added that "Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, restored the
1983:
1326:
1136:
1111:
1106:
1026:
966:
678:
1923:
Southern Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing England's division into multiple
715:
9106:
8715:
8478:
8234:
7492:
7148:
6328:
6235:
6228:
6206:
6041:
5500:
4704:
Keynes, Simon (1998). "Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, Mark A.S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.).
3107:
3091:
3083:
2593:
2524:
2136:
1186:
1176:
1101:
1071:
1031:
971:
1767:
9116:
8966:
8355:
8340:
8239:
7531:
7514:
7413:
6368:
6353:
6168:
6153:
5780:
5652:
5307:
4197:
3372:
3366:
3033:
2941:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2773:
2436:
2180:
1725:
1569:
1514:
1482:
1447:
1286:
1156:
1141:
1051:
1046:
926:
580:
331:
4863:. The Scholar's History of England: Volume IV. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. pp. 82–83.
3186:
were progressively tied to the English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England. The
2606:, the last remaining continental possession of the Kingdom, was lost in 1558, during the reign of
1931:
8670:
8640:
8415:
8403:
8332:
8259:
7319:
6483:
6373:
6363:
6358:
6178:
6158:
6115:
4946:
3397:
2698:
2331:
Up until the Norman Conquest of England, Wales had remained for the most part independent of the
2218:
1717:
1161:
1076:
951:
763:
80:
41:
4799:
4749:
4743:
3862:
2078:
9027:
8783:
8557:
8277:
7561:
7443:
6885:
6318:
6313:
6240:
6135:
5325:
4378:
William Searle Holdsworth, "A History of English Law", Little, Brown, and Company, 1912, p. 502
3917:
The Speeches of the Right Honourable Henry Grattan in the Irish, and in the Imperial Parliament
3234:
3000:
2914:
2906:
2886:
2863:
2855:
2729:
2222:
2194:
1939:
1708:
1341:
1211:
1171:
1116:
1016:
888:
727:
3912:
8846:
8738:
8695:
8392:
8370:
8360:
7546:
7487:
7314:
6183:
6073:
5928:
5773:
5469:
4856:
4365:
3642:
3155:
in 1670 ruled that barony by tenure had been discontinued for many years and any claims to a
3118:
3037:
2964:
2960:
2871:
2848:
2844:
2821:
2765:
2597:
2550:
2549:). Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England, and henceforth was represented in the
2538:
2428:
2420:
2400:
2300:
2190:
2124:
2059:
2050:
in Cumbria to recognise Æthelstan as king of the English. The title "King of the English" or
2003:
1991:
1844:
1829:
1645:
1625:
1557:
1336:
1316:
1296:
1276:
1251:
1236:
1206:
1126:
1086:
1066:
991:
376:
98:
7403:
4706:
Kings, currency, and alliances: history and coinage of southern England in the ninth century
4261:
The Story of the Shire, being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions
4228:
2967:. The laws of England were unaffected, with the legal jurisdiction continuing to be that of
9065:
9007:
8803:
8710:
8680:
8665:
8471:
8216:
7418:
7373:
7233:
6274:
6245:
6148:
5547:
5389:
5147:
5135:
5069:
4983:
3257:
3202:
3195:
3079:
2926:
2706:
2677:
2673:
2639:
2627:
2490:
2432:
2362:
2354:
2332:
2277:
2120:
2102:
1876:("King of England"). From John's reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of
1597:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1271:
1261:
1181:
1041:
956:
2881:
to reintroduce Roman Catholicism—a century after its suppression by the Tudors—led to the
2808:) under which the Lord Protector could nominate his successor. Cromwell nominated his son
53:
8:
8951:
8931:
8911:
8876:
8808:
8720:
8587:
8297:
8249:
8175:
8162:
7504:
7456:
7346:
7292:
7282:
7270:
7110:
6323:
6013:
5933:
5790:
5737:
5725:
5426:
5290:
5278:
5062:
Ireland in the age of the Tudors, 1447–1603: English expansion and the end of Gaelic rule
3325:) were obligated to provide mounted knights for service in the royal army or to garrison
3210:
3175:
3167:
3136:
2971:, while Scotland continued to have its own laws and law courts. This continued after the
2922:
2882:
2878:
2867:
2825:
2718:
2669:
2653:
2529:
Wales retained a separate legal and administrative system, which had been established by
2518:
2452:
2414:
2350:
2304:
2292:
2214:
2043:
1713:
1696:
1688:
1657:
1641:
1565:
1463:
1443:
1366:
1356:
1306:
1241:
1216:
1131:
981:
976:
944:
778:
746:
668:
502:
489:
292:
206:
2682:
9055:
8891:
8866:
8645:
8597:
8592:
8582:
8520:
8350:
8289:
7526:
7423:
7368:
7351:
7331:
7198:
6493:
6345:
6284:
6173:
6105:
6081:
5823:
5785:
5715:
5689:
5515:
5461:
5119:
Wales and the Tudor state: government, religious change and the social order, 1534–1603
4861:
The Dawn of the Constitution or The Reigns of Henry III and Edward I (A.D. 1216 – 1307)
4769:
4693:
4405:
3794:
3419:
3240:
2972:
2937:
2890:
2859:
2649:
2607:
2482:
2448:
2439:. Extensive naval raiding was carried out by all sides during the war, often involving
2312:
2284:
2206:
2154:
2140:
2082:
1721:
1700:
1617:
1573:
1351:
1281:
1226:
1221:
1146:
1121:
1091:
986:
961:
878:
773:
639:
515:
437:
2713:(1641–45), in which the king was defeated, and to the abolition of the monarchy under
2466:
began to develop in place of the previous division between the Norman lords and their
9051:
8793:
8763:
8753:
8743:
8660:
8650:
8635:
8502:
8302:
7408:
7307:
7260:
6269:
6120:
6095:
5993:
5884:
5742:
4991:
4969:
4950:
4920:
4901:
4873:
4833:
4814:
4786:
4776:
4753:
4728:
4709:
4677:
4658:
4639:
4618:
4575:
4556:
4536:
4514:
4492:
4345:
4284:
4238:
4201:
3128:
2968:
2710:
2665:
2619:
2611:
2494:
2478:
2396:
2378:
2316:
2158:
2150:
1959:
1704:
1629:
1608:
1498:
1301:
1266:
1151:
1081:
1006:
1001:
758:
688:
300:
267:
117:
4133:
2299:. The Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy remained in personal union until
1485:, until his death in 899. During the course of the early tenth century, the various
9012:
8961:
8956:
8896:
8861:
8773:
8730:
8700:
8622:
8540:
8510:
8398:
8312:
7482:
7341:
7324:
6692:
6064:
5988:
5854:
5846:
5831:
5763:
5730:
5440:
4934:
4600:
4528:
4397:
3318:
3206:
3021:
2980:
2918:
2835:
2809:
2463:
2098:
1998:
1987:
1967:
1955:
1502:
1490:
1470:
1311:
1256:
1246:
1021:
996:
812:
768:
230:
195:
4695:
The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485
1930:
The Kingdom of England emerged from the gradual unification of the early medieval
9022:
8936:
8906:
8630:
8547:
8408:
8388:
8307:
7438:
7398:
7275:
7228:
6301:
6279:
6223:
6193:
6077:
6008:
5897:
5859:
5601:
5542:
5418:
5204:
4843:
4633:
4319:
4232:
4187:
3676:
3654:
3601:
3179:
3121:
to control their landholding was considerably weakened in 1290 by the statute of
3087:
3075:
3066:
3029:
2933:
2782:
2745:
2733:
2714:
2690:
2589:
2585:
2510:
2474:) used a developing sense of French identity to help draw people to their cause.
2358:
2320:
2114:
2090:
2001:
retook London, which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign. The
1951:
1741:
1593:
1537:
quickly established itself as England's largest and principal commercial centre.
1522:
1431:
1371:
1061:
863:
741:
710:
126:
70:
2556:
8926:
8871:
8825:
8778:
8758:
8602:
8525:
8272:
8187:
7519:
7433:
7297:
7245:
6975:
6759:
6423:
6110:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5874:
5864:
5836:
5584:
5567:
5562:
5431:
5243:
5048:
4727:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 521–538.
4591:
4548:
3306:
3160:
3140:
2949:
2902:
2870:. In the short-term however, Charles' desire to avenge this setback led to the
2778:
2760:
2623:
2561:
2374:
2323:, remained in John's possession, together with most of the Duchy of Aquitaine.
2288:
2273:
2230:
2176:
2016:
1893:
1858:
1801:
1759:
1692:
1684:
1673:
1633:
1601:
1589:
1534:
1510:
1506:
1389:
931:
605:
533:
391:
285:
243:
5902:
5128:
The heart and stomach of a king: Elizabeth I and the politics of sex and power
4790:
3695:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources
2709:'s introduction of new forms of taxation in defiance of Parliament led to the
2481:(1455–1487), a series of civil wars over possession of the throne between the
2055:
9090:
8685:
8322:
7428:
7287:
6734:
6697:
6657:
6523:
6252:
6211:
5869:
5552:
5348:
5081:
4280:
4276:
3669:
3269:
3191:
3183:
3123:
3111:
3025:
2945:
2694:
2643:
2581:
2534:
2514:
2486:
2413:
Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the English victory over France at the
2344:
2263:
1924:
1637:
1577:
1553:
1435:
802:
797:
753:
673:
317:
6836:
3647:
1919:
1580:
are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from
8851:
8748:
8552:
8445:
8317:
8182:
7568:
7363:
7302:
7265:
6428:
6418:
6401:
6218:
6018:
5983:
5168:
5036:
4506:
4194:
Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I: Southern England
3322:
3285:
3230:
3214:
3071:
3055:
2506:
2370:
2268:
1813:
1560:
of 1649–1660). All English monarchs after 1066 ultimately descend from the
1549:
1486:
785:
736:
4847:
4540:
3058:. They ceased to be used for administration only with the creation of the
2444:
1840:
1494:
350:
60:
9002:
8705:
8612:
8494:
7477:
7461:
7336:
7238:
6910:
6868:
6791:
6704:
6572:
6562:
6473:
6257:
5998:
5579:
5479:
5192:
5093:
5024:
4511:
God's Empire: Religion and Colonialism in the British World, c. 1801–1908
4341:
3342:
3310:
3309:
were obligated to provide a certain number of men based on the number of
2905:. The English were more anxious about the royal succession. The death of
2843:
before the Protectorate, proved to be unstable, and the exiled claimant,
2648:
The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603.
2615:
2471:
2467:
2242:
1947:
1669:
1661:
1564:, and the distinction of the Plantagenets is conventional—beginning with
1530:
1459:
790:
463:
400:
385:
5907:
3940:
Mattingly p. 401: "the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive"
3592:
2077:
England has remained in political unity ever since. During the reign of
8577:
8463:
8435:
8194:
7087:
6875:
6858:
6806:
6796:
6781:
6749:
6739:
6617:
6567:
6443:
6438:
6406:
6125:
5978:
5912:
5180:
5041:
Thomas Cromwell: The Untold Story of Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant
4605:
4409:
3706:
3261:
3178:. It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title "
2756:
which were subdued and placed under Commonwealth military occupation.
2542:
2094:
1994:, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England.
1825:
1653:
1581:
1526:
172:
4674:
The Dutch Republic and the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688/89 in England
3301:), and all free men were obligated to perform military service in the
2812:
who became Lord Protector on the death of Oliver on 3 September 1658.
1857:, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". During the
19:
For the country that forms part of the modern-day United Kingdom, see
8886:
8655:
7216:
7159:
7082:
7077:
7067:
7000:
6905:
6801:
6764:
6754:
6714:
6667:
6662:
6612:
6552:
6478:
6468:
6448:
6411:
6396:
5892:
4832:. English Monarchs (Revised Second ed.). Yale University Press.
4811:
Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control since the Sixteenth Century
3298:
3163:, were not to be revived, nor any right of succession based on them.
2626:, which had sought to invade England to halt English support for the
2440:
2336:
2247:
2226:
1979:
1975:
1935:
1797:
4401:
4156:"The Irish War of Independence – A Brief Overview – The Irish Story"
3102:. The county boundaries were fairly static between the 16th century
2357:, and so effectively conquered Wales, in 1282. He created the title
8921:
8798:
8675:
7573:
7055:
7040:
7020:
7005:
6985:
6960:
6945:
6940:
6920:
6890:
6880:
6831:
6821:
6816:
6647:
6632:
6607:
6587:
6557:
6547:
6542:
6513:
6508:
6498:
6433:
6391:
6100:
6033:
5594:
5557:
5445:
5399:
4234:
Explaining Local Government: Local Government in Britain Since 1800
3375: – Body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England
3226:
2854:
In 1665 the unresolved commercial issues with the Dutch led to the
2530:
2039:
2034:
in 954, completing the unification of England. At about this time,
1612:
3658:
3447:
3198:
to govern the lands held under the Principality of Wales in 1472.
2768:
which followed, however, failed to resolve the commercial issues.
8562:
7390:
7072:
7060:
7050:
7025:
7015:
7010:
6990:
6980:
6955:
6895:
6853:
6826:
6744:
6677:
6672:
6652:
6642:
6597:
6592:
6582:
6577:
6518:
6503:
6453:
5574:
5435:
5384:
3919:. Vol. II. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. p. 114
3570:, Studies in Medieval History and Culture, Routledge, 2004, 139f.
3273:
3156:
3139:
which took away knight-service and other legal rights. Tenure by
3047:
2877:
Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, an attempt by
2210:
2202:
2065:
2035:
2012:
1561:
1478:
610:
280:
235:
20:
5394:
5317:
4676:. Greenwich: Trustees National Maritime Museum. pp. 31–44.
2917:
had given the succession to the English crown to the Protestant
2796:. Under the Instrument of Government executive power lay with a
1753:
1747:
7092:
7045:
7030:
6995:
6970:
6935:
6930:
6863:
6848:
6786:
6724:
6709:
6687:
6637:
6627:
6622:
6535:
6530:
6488:
6458:
5943:
5589:
5474:
5374:
5261:
4942:
4599:
4337:
4190:– Type details for ancient county. Retrieved 19 October 2006.;
3604:, éd. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883–1887, t. 1, col. 251c.
3144:
2975:
between the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, forming the
2603:
2456:
2366:
2128:
2081:(978–1016), a new wave of Danish invasions was orchestrated by
2047:
2031:
2024:
1963:
1943:
1776:
1474:
1455:
1454:. The Kingdom of England was among the most powerful states in
1438:
from the early tenth century, when it was unified from various
567:
308:
178:
3761:"The Irish Church, Its Reform and the English Invasion review"
2576:) of Ireland' took place under the Tudor dynasty. Following a
2560:
Portrait of Elizabeth I made to commemorate the defeat of the
2533:
in the late 13th century. The country was divided between the
7472:
6965:
6950:
6925:
6915:
6900:
6843:
6811:
6776:
6771:
6729:
6719:
6602:
6463:
6306:
5450:
5379:
4303:
The Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will 4 c 19)
3591:" Anglia " (par L. Favre, 1883–1887), dans du Cange, et al.,
3581:
A Concise Dictionary of Middle English From A.D. 1150 To 1580
3201:
At the same time the Council of Wales was created in 1472, a
3051:
2983:
seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being
2198:
2058:
in 928. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until
2020:
615:
214:
4038:
3624:
3622:
2545:
replaced the laws of Wales with those of England (under the
2225:. Lothian contained what later became the Scottish capital,
7578:
7035:
6682:
5369:
4590:
3302:
3265:
3250:
3246:
3094:, did not lose this special status until the 19th century.
2477:
The kingdom had little time to recover before entering the
2145:
2132:
2086:
2070:
1854:
1785:
4771:
Symbols of Defeat in the Construction of National Identity
4026:
3995:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911, pp.
3969:
3728:
2987:
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2955:
The English and Scottish Parliaments were merged into the
2630:
and to put a Catholic monarch on the throne in her place.
2335:, although some Welsh kings did sometimes acknowledge the
8440:
4416:
3619:
3483:
3481:
4098:
3958:
Vego p. 148: "the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada"
3828:
4898:
William III, The Stadholder-king: A Political Biography
4889:
The Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337–1453
4725:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4074:
4014:
4002:
3880:
3740:
2431:(1337–1453), which pitted five kings of England of the
2250:
in 1215, surrounded by his baronage. Illustration from
4464:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4237:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 2.
3868:
3607:
3478:
2909:
in 1702 had led to the accession of his sister-in-law
2815:
2229:. This arrangement was later finalized in 1237 by the
2135:
following their victory against the Norwegians at the
835:
Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
5017:
England under the Norman and Angevin kings: 1075–1225
4533:
William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
4388:
Youings, Joyce A. (1960). "The Council of the West".
4366:"The Complete Peerage, Edition 1, Volume 3, page 375"
4086:
3840:
3807:
2046:. On 12 July 927 the monarchs of Britain gathered at
5197:
Winter king: Henry VII and the dawn of Tudor England
4110:
4062:
4050:
3892:
3716:
2885:
of 1688, in which he was exiled by the Dutch prince
147:
Location of the Kingdom, 1558–1707 (green)
5225:Clayton, F. David Roberts; Bisson, Douglas (2016).
4900:. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Ashgate Publishing.
4708:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–46.
3949:
Parker & Martin p. 5: "an unmitigated disaster"
3693:, ch. 83, trans. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge,
3345:, which were an important part of any Norman army.
2618:, consolidated the new and increasingly Protestant
2537:, who gave feudal allegiance to the crown, and the
1636:. After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses, the
840:
Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
426:• Unification of the Angles, Saxons and Danes
5227:A History of England, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1714
4870:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689
4768:
4692:
3993:Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660.
3466:
3329:. The total number of knights owed was called the
2443:such as John Hawley of Dartmouth or the Castilian
2291:with the Kingdom of England upon the accession of
2131:on 28 September 1066. Harold and his army were in
2054:in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan in
4939:Renewal and reformation : Wales, c.1415–1642
4615:Restoration:Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685
2485:(whose heraldic symbol was the red rose) and the
2455:in 1453, retaining only a single town in France,
2143:(14 October 1066), in which the English army, or
2038:, a portion of the northern half of Northumbria (
9088:
5236:The Transformation of Medieval England 1370–1529
4322:– Census Geographies. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
2280:claiming lordship over most of the other kings.
4804:. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.
3363: – Territories ruled by Kingdom of England
3151:, in exchange for monetary rents). The English
2788:After an experiment with a Nominated Assembly (
1780:, the purported homeland of the Angles (called
1746:The Anglo-Saxons referred to themselves as the
1572:became "more English in nature"; the houses of
9132:States and territories established in the 880s
2936:was agreed on 22 July 1706, and following the
2262:took place during the late 12th century, when
9147:States and territories disestablished in 1707
9137:States and territories disestablished in 1649
8479:
7175:
6049:
5333:
5224:
4867:
4132:. UK Parliament website. 2007. Archived from
4044:
3967:
3711:Saxon London: An Archaeological Investigation
3159:on such basis, meaning a right to sit in the
2209:ceded what is now southeast Scotland (called
2153:. As a mere duke, William owed allegiance to
1489:kingdoms were united by Alfred's descendants
1407:
4868:Robison, William; Fritze, Ronald H. (1996).
4535:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4390:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
3568:Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature
2659:
114:
6080:origin primarily identified as speakers of
5796:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
4489:Bloody Preston: The Battle of Preston, 1648
3521:", UK Parliament, accessed 27 January 2011.
3336:
3330:
3238:
3046:were established for administration by the
2977:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2862:and forced the humiliated Charles in to an
2804:was replaced by a second constitution (the
2427:. His pursuit of the claim resulted in the
2097:in June 1042. He was the son of Canute and
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1848:
1568:(reigned 1154–1189) as from that time, the
9142:States and territories established in 1660
8486:
8472:
7182:
7168:
6056:
6042:
5506:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference
5340:
5326:
4553:Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558
4513:. Cambridge University Press. p. 41.
4372:
4331:
4325:
4306:
4130:"1 May 1707 – the Union comes into effect"
3799:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3713:, The Archaeology of London series (1990).
3579:A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat, (1888),
2738:act declaring England to be a Commonwealth
1868:remained standard, with occasional use of
1703:. Under the Stuarts, England plunged into
1414:
1400:
4827:
3834:
1481:and after this event he declared himself
884:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
16:Kingdom in northwestern Europe (927–1707)
8493:
5242:
5167:
5011:
4963:
4933:
4699:(4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black.
4690:
4631:
4486:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4257:
4251:
4226:
4008:
3886:
3874:
3594:Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis
3011:
2829:
2681:
2588:, in the 1530s, Henry VIII was declared
2555:
2408:
2276:was made up of several kingdoms, with a
2235:
2064:
1918:
1720:. On 1 May 1707, under the terms of the
1442:, until 1 May 1707, when it united with
9102:1707 disestablishments in Great Britain
7121:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
5233:
5203:
5104:
5080:
4982:
4671:
4655:Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740
4652:
4527:
4387:
4104:
4032:
3910:
3734:
3663:
3613:
3501:London, 800–1216: The Shaping of a City
3290:History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)
3082:. Counties were used initially for the
2633:
9089:
7189:
5215:
5146:
5140:Politics and nation: England 1450–1660
5134:
5035:
4914:
4895:
4886:
4854:
4808:
4722:
4703:
4612:
4598:. London: G. Bell and Sonson. p.
4491:. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing Ltd.
4191:
4092:
4080:
4068:
4020:
3846:
3813:
3746:
3628:
3487:
2896:
2007:says that "all of the English people (
1908:
1668:, meanwhile establishing England as a
9112:Former countries in the British Isles
9097:9th-century establishments in England
8467:
7163:
6037:
5321:
5179:
5158:
5125:
5116:
5092:
5086:Shaping the nation: England 1360–1461
5074:The Tudors: a very short introduction
5059:
5047:
5023:
4801:The Normans in South Wales, 1070–1171
4741:
4588:
4569:
4547:
4505:
4270:
4162:from the original on 1 September 2021
4116:
4056:
3970:"The Union of The Crowns 1603 – 2003"
3898:
3784:
3722:
3697:(Penguin Classics) (1984), pp. 97–98.
3472:
3260:. The king was entitled to collect a
2858:, which culminated in the disastrous
2781:, frustrated with the members of the
2771:In April 1653 Cromwell and the other
2423:was the first English king to have a
2027:, and laying a new city street plan.
1839:The standard title for monarchs from
1766:, meaning "land of the English", by
1624:were held in pretense, but after the
6063:
5511:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly
5248:The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603
5191:
4766:
4657:(E-book ed.). Clarendon Press.
4258:Hackwood, Frederick William (1920).
3990:
3858:
3758:
3268:was also required to pay the king a
2435:against five kings of France of the
2326:
210:(1066 – 14th century)
160:English overseas possessions in 1700
9071:
8516:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
5130:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
5068:
4968:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
3369: – English monarchs up to 1707
2816:Restoration and Glorious Revolution
2384:
2164:
1622:English claims to the French throne
13:
8608:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
5004:
4487:Bull, Stephen; Seed, Mike (1998).
3752:
3394:Constitution of the United Kingdom
3355:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
2108:
1672:and laying the foundations of the
894:History of the politics of England
456:May 1169 – May 1177
14:
9158:
9038:Historiography in the Middle Ages
5347:
5209:The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307
5173:The Fourteenth Century, 1307–1399
5029:The Reign of Elizabeth, 1558–1603
3065:Unlike the partly self-governing
3050:, in most cases based on earlier
2925:was in crisis, with the Scottish
2462:During the Hundred Years' War an
889:History of the economy of England
9070:
9061:
9060:
9050:
7144:
7143:
5496:Ireland–United Kingdom relations
5098:The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485
4872:. Greenwood Press. p. 147.
4267:. London: Heath Cranton Limited.
3188:Council of Wales and the Marches
2260:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
1695:ruling the kingdoms of England,
1666:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
1383:
649:
585:
560:
451:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
154:
140:
91:
59:
52:
8536:Christianity in the Middle Ages
8531:Decline of Hellenistic religion
7251:England in the late Middle Ages
7126:Christianization of Scandinavia
4966:The Life and Times of Henry VII
4917:King John: England's Evil King?
4381:
4358:
4297:
4220:
4192:Youngs, Frederic A Jr. (1979).
4174:
4148:
4122:
3984:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3904:
3819:
3778:
3700:
3683:
3634:
3585:
3412:
3403:
3253:building, and bridge building.
3225:In the Anglo-Saxon period, the
3194:, was initially established by
3007:History of the English monarchy
2500:
2391:England in the Late Middle Ages
2171:England in the High Middle Ages
1450:, which would later become the
874:History of education in England
8814:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
7116:Christianization of the Franks
6189:Continental Germanic mythology
5939:Northern Ireland Sign Language
5185:Queen Elizabeth I: a biography
4775:. Cambridge University Press.
4480:
4332:Winchester, Angus J L (1990).
4229:"Local government before 1832"
3573:
3560:
3532:"Making the Act of Union 1707"
3524:
3511:
3493:
3440:
3386:
2997:Government in medieval England
2759:Meanwhile, relations with the
1915:History of Anglo-Saxon England
1556:1603–1707 (interrupted by the
869:Government in medieval England
1:
8988:Disability in the Middle Ages
8661:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
8593:Rise of the Venetian Republic
4919:. Stroud, UK: History Press.
4334:Discovering Parish Boundaries
3433:
3424:War of the Spanish Succession
3357: – British royal regalia
2990:
2425:claim to the throne of France
2297:Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine
2185:Conquest of Wales by Edward I
320:semi-constitutional monarchy
5211:. Oxford History of England.
5175:. Oxford History of England.
5121:. University of Wales Press.
5100:. Oxford History of England.
4813:. Harvard University Press.
3785:Byrne, Francis John (1973).
3646:. Translations available at
3361:English overseas possessions
3018:Historic counties of England
2547:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
2541:. Under the Tudor monarchy,
2252:Cassell's History of England
1678:colonization of the Americas
1650:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
859:English overseas possessions
7:
9122:Former monarchies of Europe
7131:Christianization of Iceland
5234:Thomson, John A.F. (2014).
4857:"Henry III, A.D. 1237–1241"
4855:Ramsay, James Hill (1908).
4828:Prestwich, Michael (1997).
4797:
4691:Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961).
4638:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
4273:Local Government in Britain
3348:
3279:
3220:
3100:varied considerably in size
2957:Parliament of Great Britain
2451:in 1450 and finally at the
2315:in 1214. A few remnants of
2062:was "King of the English".
1730:Parliament of Great Britain
10:
9163:
8789:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
7256:Economy in the Middle Ages
5273:927 – 1649
5250:. Oxford University Press.
5216:Ridley, Jasper G. (1985).
5117:Jones, J. Gwynfor (1989).
5088:. Oxford University Press.
5076:. Oxford University Press.
5019:. Oxford University Press.
4964:Williams, Neville (1973).
4672:Israel, Jonathan (1989b).
4653:Israel, Jonathan (1989a).
4632:Huscroft, Richard (2016).
3787:Irish Kings and High Kings
3508:", accessed November 2013.
3305:. In addition, holders of
3283:
3133:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
3015:
3004:
2994:
2819:
2806:Humble Petition and Advice
2748:. The Commonwealth fought
2663:
2637:
2522:
2504:
2405:Great Slump (15th century)
2394:
2388:
2341:Norman Conquest of England
2174:
2168:
2112:
1912:
1903:
1758:, originally names of the
1739:
1707:, which culminated in the
1469:Beginning in the year 886
684:Economy in the Middle Ages
18:
9046:
8975:
8834:
8729:
8716:Mongol invasion of Europe
8621:
8501:
8379:
8331:
8288:
8258:
8215:
8161:
7452:
7389:
7197:
7139:
7101:
6382:
6344:
6134:
6088:
6071:
5956:
5921:
5883:
5845:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5756:
5698:
5682:
5667:
5610:
5535:
5528:
5488:
5460:
5417:
5410:
5355:
5304:
5297:
5287:
5275:
5268:
5258:
5060:Ellis, Steven G. (2014).
4990:, London: Jonathan Cape,
4915:Turner, Ralph V. (2009).
4635:Ruling England, 1042–1217
4593:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
4045:Robison & Fritze 1996
3789:. London. pp. 40–47.
3670:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3108:Local Government Act 1888
3092:County Palatine of Durham
3084:administration of justice
2864:unfavourable peace treaty
2697:by force and created the
2660:Civil War and Interregnum
2572:The "Tudor conquest" (or
2525:Tudor conquest of Ireland
2361:for his heir, the future
2311:and decisively after the
2137:Battle of Stamford Bridge
1853:("King of the English").
1762:. They called their land
601:
539:
529:
525:
512:
499:
486:
473:
460:
447:
434:
424:
420:
412:
397:
382:
372:
368:
356:
344:
340:
330:
291:
279:
252:
223:
188:
165:
153:
139:
115:
110:
48:
37:
30:
6369:North Germanic languages
6354:Germanic parent language
5781:Kingdom of Great Britain
5308:Kingdom of Great Britain
5053:England under the Tudors
4887:Seward, Desmond (1978).
4809:Palmer, M. A.J. (2007).
4798:Nelson, Lynn H. (1966).
4227:Chandler, J. A. (2007).
4198:Royal Historical Society
3913:"Regency: Feb. 11, 1789"
3825:Nelson (1966), chapter 8
3648:Berkeley Digital Library
3448:"The Royal Coat of Arms"
3379:
3373:Privy Council of England
3367:List of English monarchs
3078:– and their subordinate
3034:English county histories
2942:Kingdom of Great Britain
2802:Instrument of Government
2794:Instrument of Government
2693:united the whole of the
2437:Capetian House of Valois
2181:Norman invasion of Wales
1726:Kingdom of Great Britain
1687:in 1603 resulted in the
1664:(reigned 1558–1603) the
1628:and the outbreak of the
1483:King of the Anglo-Saxons
1448:Kingdom of Great Britain
1012:East Riding of Yorkshire
927:Kingdom of Great Britain
581:Kingdom of Great Britain
358:• 1702–1707 (last)
239:(until the 12th century)
8671:Investiture Controversy
8641:Second Bulgarian Empire
7320:Commonwealth of England
6374:West Germanic languages
6364:East Germanic languages
6359:Proto-Germanic language
6179:Proto-Germanic folklore
6116:Romano-Germanic culture
4947:Oxford University Press
4745:Scotland: A New History
4742:Lynch, Michael (1992).
3911:Grattan, Henry (1822).
3600:6 February 2020 at the
3217:between 1537 and 1540.
3060:administrative counties
2889:. William and his wife
2851:to the throne in 1660.
2699:Commonwealth of England
1754:
1748:
1735:
1718:constitutional monarchy
346:• 927–939 (first)
202:after the 13th century)
189:Official languages
134:(from the 15th century)
102:(from the 12th century)
83:(from the 12th century)
9028:Post-classical history
8784:Fall of Constantinople
8691:Capet–Plantagenet feud
8558:First Bulgarian Empire
5152:Power in Tudor England
5126:Levin, Carole (2013).
3337:
3331:
3239:
3131:, as confirmed by the
3001:Elizabethan government
2915:Act of Settlement 1701
2856:Second Anglo-Dutch War
2839:
2730:execution of Charles I
2702:
2565:
2417:
2255:
2223:Kingdom of Northumbria
2074:
1927:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1849:
1709:execution of Charles I
1607:The completion of the
1493:(reigned 899–924) and
728:Black Death in England
477:Incorporation of Wales
322:(1215–1649; 1660–1707)
271:(1534–1553; 1558–1707)
6184:Anglo-Saxon mythology
6074:Ethnolinguistic group
5929:British Sign Language
5774:Principality of Wales
5618:Bailiwick of Guernsey
5501:British–Irish Council
5489:Political cooperation
5470:Bailiwick of Guernsey
5148:Loades, David Michael
5136:Loades, David Michael
4988:King James VI & I
4984:Willson, David Harris
4896:Troost, Wout (2005).
4891:. New York: Atheneum.
4767:Mock, Steven (2011).
4570:Gaunt, Peter (1996).
4318:16 April 2017 at the
4200:. pp. xii–xiii.
4186:16 April 2017 at the
3653:25 March 2005 at the
3643:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3213:also existed for the
3170:in 1284 followed the
3080:justices of the peace
3038:English feudal barony
3016:Further information:
3012:Territorial divisions
3005:Further information:
2938:Acts of Union of 1707
2872:Third Anglo-Dutch War
2833:
2822:Restoration (England)
2790:Barebone's Parliament
2766:First Anglo-Dutch War
2732:in January 1649, the
2685:
2598:Parliament of Ireland
2580:against the crown by
2559:
2551:Parliament of England
2539:Principality of Wales
2412:
2395:Further information:
2239:
2205:to England. In 1124,
2175:Further information:
2125:William the Conqueror
2068:
2004:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1922:
1898:King of Great Britain
1646:Principality of Wales
1596:claimed descent from
263:(927–1534; 1553–1558)
9008:Medieval reenactment
8804:Renaissance Humanism
8711:Medieval Warm Period
8681:Republic of Florence
8495:European Middle Ages
8171:Anglo-Saxon military
7359:Overseas possessions
5548:Islands of the Clyde
5159:McCaffrey, Wallace.
5112:. Time Incorporated.
4748:. Pimlico. pp.
4613:Harris, Tim (2005).
4589:Giles, J.A. (1914).
4271:Byrne, Tony (1994).
4009:Bull & Seed 1998
3203:Council of the North
3196:Edward IV of England
3190:, administered from
2940:, which created the
2678:English Protectorate
2674:English Commonwealth
2640:Early modern Britain
2634:Early modern history
2433:House of Plantagenet
2355:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
2333:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
2103:Edward the Confessor
2079:Æthelred the Unready
2042:), was ceded to the
2013:subject to the Danes
1932:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
1440:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
311:hereditary monarchy
8721:Kingdom of Portugal
8588:Old Church Slavonic
8573:Anglo-Saxon England
7585:Acts of Parliament:
7352:Union with Scotland
7347:Glorious Revolution
7293:Union of the Crowns
7283:English Renaissance
7271:English Reformation
7212:Anglo-Saxon England
7111:Gothic Christianity
5934:Irish Sign Language
5791:Kingdom of Scotland
5628:Bailiwick of Jersey
5611:Lists of islands of
5299:Kingdom of England
5291:English Interregnum
5279:English Interregnum
5270:Kingdom of England
5110:Elizabeth the Great
4035:, pp. 207–213.
3968:John Daniel McVey.
3691:Life of King Alfred
3675:1 July 2018 at the
3539:Scottish Parliament
3211:Council of the West
3205:was set up for the
3176:Edward I of England
3168:Statute of Rhuddlan
3054:established by the
3044:counties of England
2923:Union of the Crowns
2897:Union with Scotland
2883:Glorious Revolution
2868:Louis XIV of France
2826:Glorious Revolution
2670:English Interregnum
2654:Union of the Crowns
2614:. Their successor,
2519:English Renaissance
2453:Battle of Castillon
2415:Battle of Agincourt
2305:Philip II of France
2215:Kingdom of Scotland
2193:led an invasion of
2056:one of his charters
2044:Kingdom of Scotland
1909:Anglo-Saxon England
1774:, from an original
1714:Glorious Revolution
1689:Union of the Crowns
1660:, and his daughter
1658:English Reformation
1642:English Renaissance
779:Glorious Revolution
747:English Renaissance
699:English unification
669:Prehistoric Britain
516:Union with Scotland
503:Glorious Revolution
490:Union of the Crowns
207:Anglo-Norman French
132:"God and my right"
9127:Kingdom of England
8902:In popular culture
8867:Crusading movement
8739:Hundred Years' War
8598:Civitas Schinesghe
8583:Carolingian Empire
8568:Kingdom of Croatia
8521:Barbarian kingdoms
7542:Secretary of State
7224:Kingdom of England
7191:Kingdom of England
6494:Germani cisrhenani
6202:Funerary practices
6106:Pre-Roman Iron Age
6082:Germanic languages
5786:Kingdom of Ireland
5769:Kingdom of England
5516:Common Travel Area
5462:Crown Dependencies
5142:. Wiley-Blackwell.
5106:Jenkins, Elizabeth
4549:Elton, Geoffrey R.
4342:Shire Publications
3972:. Uotc.scran.ac.uk
3737:, p. 204–205.
3631:, p. 534-536.
3519:Acts of Union 1707
3241:trinoda necessitas
3104:Laws in Wales acts
2860:Raid on the Medway
2840:
2703:
2687:Cromwell at Dunbar
2596:by statute of the
2566:
2483:House of Lancaster
2449:Battle of Formigny
2429:Hundred Years' War
2418:
2401:Hundred Years' War
2313:Battle of Bouvines
2295:, who had married
2285:Duchy of Aquitaine
2256:
2155:Philip I of France
2141:Battle of Hastings
2083:Sweyn I of Denmark
2075:
1928:
1722:Acts of Union 1707
1626:Hundred Years' War
1620:. From the 1340s,
1618:English Parliament
1428:Kingdom of England
1390:England portal
1037:Greater Manchester
922:Kingdom of England
879:History of English
694:Anglo-Saxon period
438:Battle of Hastings
224:Regional languages
32:Kingdom of England
9084:
9083:
8993:Basic topics list
8794:Swiss mercenaries
8744:Wars of the Roses
8651:Kingdom of Poland
8636:Holy Roman Empire
8503:Early Middle Ages
8461:
8460:
8303:Church of England
7261:Wars of the Roses
7157:
7156:
6329:Gothic and Vandal
6121:Germanic Iron Age
6096:Nordic Bronze Age
6078:Northern European
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
5952:
5951:
5804:
5803:
5663:
5662:
5524:
5523:
5316:
5315:
5305:Succeeded by
5276:Succeeded by
4997:978-0-2246-0572-4
4975:978-0-297-76517-2
4935:Williams, Glanmor
4926:978-0-7524-4850-3
4839:978-0-3000-7209-9
4734:978-0-4706-5632-7
4715:978-0-8511-5598-2
4555:. Edward Arnold.
4529:Douglas, David C.
4520:978-1-139-49409-0
4425:, pp. 29–30.
4351:978-0-7478-0060-6
4313:Vision of Britain
4290:978-0-14-017663-6
4244:978-0-7190-6706-8
4207:978-0-901050-67-0
4181:Vision of Britain
3659:Project Gutenberg
3640:Extract from the
3454:. 15 January 2016
3338:servitium debitum
3332:servitium debitum
3207:northern counties
3172:conquest of Wales
3135:passed under the
3117:The power of the
2969:England and Wales
2887:William of Orange
2711:English Civil War
2666:English Civil War
2620:Church of England
2495:Elizabeth of York
2479:Wars of the Roses
2397:Wars of the Roses
2339:. Soon after the
2327:Conquest of Wales
2159:Westminster Abbey
2151:Duchy of Normandy
2123:, but his cousin
2069:The dominions of
1683:The accession of
1640:ruled during the
1630:Wars of the Roses
1609:conquest of Wales
1513:between England,
1434:on the island of
1424:
1423:
759:English Civil War
689:Sub-Roman Britain
623:
622:
597:
596:
593:
592:
573:
572:
301:Elective monarchy
268:Church of England
118:Dieu et mon droit
75:the 16th century)
9154:
9107:Christian states
9074:
9073:
9064:
9063:
9054:
9013:Medieval studies
8857:Church and State
8731:Late Middle Ages
8623:High Middle Ages
8541:Christianization
8511:Migration Period
8488:
8481:
8474:
8465:
8464:
8421:Royal supporters
8268:English language
7515:Council of State
7505:King's Secretary
7498:House of Commons
7483:Magnum Concilium
7381:Maritime history
7342:Exclusion Crisis
7325:The Protectorate
7184:
7177:
7170:
7161:
7160:
7147:
7146:
7103:Christianization
6693:Ripuarian Franks
6065:Germanic peoples
6058:
6051:
6044:
6035:
6034:
5989:Irish Travellers
5820:
5819:
5816:Modern languages
5813:
5812:
5764:Irish Free State
5721:Northern Ireland
5680:
5679:
5533:
5532:
5441:Northern Ireland
5419:Sovereign states
5415:
5414:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5288:Preceded by
5259:Preceded by
5256:
5255:
5251:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5212:
5205:Powicke, Maurice
5200:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5155:
5143:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5077:
5065:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5020:
5013:Bartlett, Robert
5000:
4979:
4960:
4930:
4911:
4892:
4883:
4864:
4851:
4824:
4805:
4794:
4774:
4763:
4738:
4719:
4700:
4698:
4687:
4668:
4649:
4628:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4585:
4566:
4544:
4524:
4507:Carey, Hilary M.
4502:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4329:
4323:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4268:
4266:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4107:, p. 37-38.
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4083:, p. 59–60.
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4023:, p. 39–40.
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3759:Johnston, Elva.
3756:
3750:
3749:, p. 82–83.
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3681:
3667:
3661:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3566:Stephen Harris,
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3541:. Archived from
3536:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3497:
3491:
3490:, p. 23-24.
3485:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3452:The Royal Family
3444:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3390:
3340:
3334:
3319:tenants-in-chief
3244:
3233:and the annual "
3076:lord-lieutenants
3022:List of earldoms
2981:Irish Free State
2919:House of Hanover
2836:Lieve Verschuier
2742:Council of State
2578:failed rebellion
2464:English identity
2385:Late Middle Ages
2319:, including the
2240:King John signs
2165:High Middle Ages
2099:Emma of Normandy
1999:Alfred the Great
1988:Egbert of Wessex
1968:Viking invasions
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1852:
1757:
1751:
1503:North Sea Empire
1491:Edward the Elder
1477:from the Danish
1471:Alfred the Great
1416:
1409:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1097:Northamptonshire
818:Second World War
723:Late Middle Ages
706:High Middle Ages
653:
643:
625:
624:
589:
588:
577:
576:
564:
563:
557:
556:
541:
540:
508:11 December 1688
407:House of Commons
323:
314:
305:
272:
264:
240:
211:
203:
200:
158:
144:
135:
130:
122:
121:
103:
95:
76:
63:
56:
28:
27:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9117:Former kingdoms
9087:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9042:
9023:Neo-medievalism
8971:
8907:Itinerant court
8830:
8725:
8646:Georgian Empire
8631:Norman Conquest
8617:
8563:Frankish Empire
8497:
8492:
8462:
8457:
8451:St George's Day
8426:Royal standards
8409:College of Arms
8375:
8327:
8284:
8254:
8211:
8157:
7466:
7448:
7385:
7332:The Restoration
7276:Elizabethan era
7229:Norman Conquest
7193:
7188:
7158:
7153:
7135:
7097:
6378:
6340:
6302:Gothic alphabet
6194:Norse mythology
6130:
6084:
6067:
6062:
6032:
6023:
5979:English Gypsies
5948:
5917:
5879:
5860:Scottish Gaelic
5841:
5800:
5752:
5694:
5671:
5659:
5606:
5602:Isles of Scilly
5543:Channel Islands
5520:
5484:
5456:
5406:
5351:
5346:
5312:
5310:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5254:
5244:Williams, Penry
5007:
5005:Further reading
4998:
4976:
4957:
4927:
4908:
4880:
4840:
4821:
4783:
4760:
4735:
4716:
4684:
4665:
4646:
4625:
4582:
4572:Oliver Cromwell
4563:
4521:
4499:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4402:10.2307/3678773
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4330:
4326:
4320:Wayback Machine
4311:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4225:
4221:
4208:
4188:Wayback Machine
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
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4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4136:on 19 June 2009
4128:
4127:
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4115:
4111:
4103:
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3829:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3765:The Irish Times
3757:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3705:
3701:
3688:
3684:
3677:Wayback Machine
3668:
3664:
3655:Wayback Machine
3639:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3602:Wayback Machine
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
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3561:
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3479:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3420:Nine Years' War
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3351:
3292:
3284:Main articles:
3282:
3223:
3180:Prince of Wales
3153:Fitzwalter Case
3040:
3030:County palatine
3014:
3009:
3003:
2995:Main articles:
2993:
2934:Treaty of Union
2927:Act of Security
2899:
2828:
2820:Main articles:
2818:
2783:Rump Parliament
2750:wars in Ireland
2746:Oliver Cromwell
2734:Rump Parliament
2715:Oliver Cromwell
2691:Oliver Cromwell
2680:
2664:Main articles:
2662:
2646:
2638:Main articles:
2636:
2590:King of Ireland
2586:Earl of Kildare
2527:
2521:
2511:Elizabethan era
2505:Main articles:
2503:
2407:
2393:
2387:
2359:Prince of Wales
2329:
2321:Channel Islands
2272:. At the time,
2187:
2173:
2167:
2117:
2115:Norman Conquest
2111:
2109:Norman Conquest
2091:Edmund Ironside
1984:kings of Wessex
1917:
1911:
1906:
1744:
1742:Name of England
1738:
1594:House of Stuart
1523:Norman Conquest
1432:sovereign state
1420:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1202:
1200:By city or town
1192:
1191:
1137:South Yorkshire
1112:Nottinghamshire
1107:North Yorkshire
1027:Gloucestershire
967:Buckinghamshire
962:City of Bristol
947:
937:
936:
917:
909:
908:
864:English society
854:
846:
845:
844:
823:Postwar Britain
813:Interwar period
808:First World War
742:Elizabethan era
711:Norman Conquest
679:Medieval period
663:
641:
634:
586:
561:
518:
505:
492:
479:
466:
453:
443:14 October 1066
440:
427:
403:
388:
359:
347:
326:
321:
312:
303:
275:
270:
262:
260:Catholic Church
248:
238:
219:
209:
201:
198:
184:
161:
149:
148:
133:
131:
124:
106:
105:
104:
101:
96:
88:
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86:
74:
64:
57:
39:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9160:
9150:
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9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
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9099:
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9078:
9068:
9058:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9018:Misconceptions
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8979:
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8972:
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8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8838:
8836:
8832:
8831:
8829:
8828:
8826:Little Ice Age
8823:
8822:
8821:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8779:Western Schism
8776:
8771:
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8751:
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8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
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8543:
8533:
8528:
8526:Late antiquity
8523:
8518:
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8507:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8491:
8490:
8483:
8476:
8468:
8459:
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8438:
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8396:
8385:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8346:English Gothic
8343:
8337:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8294:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8273:English people
8270:
8264:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8221:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8188:New Model Army
8180:
8179:
8178:
8167:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
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8110:
8105:
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7953:
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7873:
7868:
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7843:
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7703:
7698:
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7648:
7643:
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7608:
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7596:
7591:
7586:
7582:
7581:
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7571:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7520:Lord Protector
7517:
7507:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7495:
7493:House of Lords
7485:
7480:
7475:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7441:
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7406:
7401:
7395:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7377:
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7366:
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7344:
7339:
7329:
7328:
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7322:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7298:Gunpowder Plot
7295:
7285:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7246:Angevin Empire
7243:
7242:
7241:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7209:
7203:
7201:
7195:
7194:
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7179:
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7164:
7155:
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6998:
6993:
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6888:
6883:
6878:
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6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6760:Thracian Goths
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6695:
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6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6388:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6341:
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6309:
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6288:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6267:
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6233:
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6199:
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6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6111:Roman Iron Age
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6004:Northern Irish
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5950:
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5872:
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5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
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5834:
5828:
5826:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5711:United Kingdom
5708:
5702:
5700:
5699:Current states
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5677:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5638:United Kingdom
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5585:Northern Isles
5582:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5530:
5526:
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5508:
5503:
5498:
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5486:
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5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:United Kingdom
5429:
5423:
5421:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
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5352:
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5274:
5267:
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5201:
5189:
5177:
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5156:
5144:
5132:
5123:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5066:
5057:
5045:
5033:
5021:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4980:
4974:
4961:
4955:
4931:
4925:
4912:
4906:
4893:
4884:
4879:978-0313283918
4878:
4865:
4852:
4838:
4825:
4819:
4806:
4795:
4781:
4764:
4758:
4739:
4733:
4720:
4714:
4701:
4688:
4683:978-0948065033
4682:
4669:
4663:
4650:
4645:978-1138786554
4644:
4629:
4624:978-0713991918
4623:
4617:. Allen Lane.
4610:
4586:
4580:
4567:
4561:
4545:
4525:
4519:
4503:
4497:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4415:
4380:
4371:
4357:
4350:
4324:
4305:
4296:
4289:
4250:
4243:
4219:
4213:Ancient County
4206:
4173:
4147:
4121:
4119:, p. 311.
4109:
4097:
4095:, p. 219.
4085:
4073:
4061:
4059:, p. 204.
4049:
4047:, p. 147.
4037:
4025:
4013:
4011:, p. 100.
4001:
3983:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3903:
3901:, p. 185.
3891:
3889:, p. 124.
3879:
3867:
3851:
3849:, p. 260.
3839:
3837:, p. 206.
3835:Prestwich 1997
3827:
3818:
3816:, p. 103.
3806:
3777:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3725:, p. 114.
3715:
3699:
3682:
3662:
3633:
3618:
3616:, p. 250.
3606:
3584:
3572:
3559:
3548:on 11 May 2011
3523:
3510:
3492:
3477:
3465:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3411:
3402:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3350:
3347:
3281:
3278:
3222:
3219:
3161:House of Lords
3141:knight-service
3074:and later the
3013:
3010:
2992:
2989:
2979:. In 1922 the
2950:monetary union
2903:Alien Act 1705
2898:
2895:
2817:
2814:
2798:Lord Protector
2779:New Model Army
2761:Dutch Republic
2721:of 1649–1660.
2661:
2658:
2635:
2632:
2624:Spanish Armada
2562:Spanish Armada
2502:
2499:
2389:Main article:
2386:
2383:
2328:
2325:
2289:personal union
2274:Gaelic Ireland
2231:Treaty of York
2177:Angevin Empire
2169:Main article:
2166:
2163:
2113:Main article:
2110:
2107:
2017:city of London
1925:petty kingdoms
1913:Main article:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1822:Anglorum terra
1802:Middle English
1740:Main article:
1737:
1734:
1693:Stuart dynasty
1685:James VI and I
1674:British Empire
1602:Margaret Tudor
1590:James VI and I
1552:1485–1603 and
1542:Norman/Angevin
1535:City of London
1511:personal union
1507:Cnut the Great
1452:United Kingdom
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
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1339:
1334:
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1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
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1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:Worcestershire
1184:
1179:
1177:West Yorkshire
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:Northumberland
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:City of London
1079:
1074:
1072:Leicestershire
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Greater London
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
972:Cambridgeshire
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
932:United Kingdom
929:
924:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
843:
842:
837:
832:
831:
830:
828:Social history
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
794:
793:
783:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
751:
750:
749:
744:
734:
733:
732:
731:
730:
720:
719:
718:
713:
703:
702:
701:
691:
686:
676:
671:
665:
664:
659:
658:
655:
654:
646:
645:
636:
635:
628:
621:
620:
619:
618:
613:
606:United Kingdom
603:
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
583:
574:
571:
570:
565:
553:
552:
547:
537:
536:
534:Pound sterling
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
513:
510:
509:
506:
500:
497:
496:
493:
487:
484:
483:
480:
474:
471:
470:
467:
461:
458:
457:
454:
448:
445:
444:
441:
435:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
404:
398:
395:
394:
392:House of Lords
389:
383:
380:
379:
374:
370:
369:
366:
365:
360:
357:
354:
353:
348:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
325:
324:
315:
306:
297:
295:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
274:
273:
265:
256:
254:
250:
249:
247:
246:
241:
233:
227:
225:
221:
220:
218:
217:
212:
204:
192:
190:
186:
185:
183:
182:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
146:
145:
137:
136:
108:
107:
97:
90:
89:
85:
84:
77:
66:
65:
58:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9159:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9077:
9069:
9067:
9059:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
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8840:
8839:
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8833:
8827:
8824:
8820:
8817:
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8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8686:Scholasticism
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8620:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
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8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8548:Rise of Islam
8546:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
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8506:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8489:
8484:
8482:
8477:
8475:
8470:
8469:
8466:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8390:
8389:National flag
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8323:Country dance
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8287:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8257:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8189:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
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8046:
8044:
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8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7605:Temp. incert.
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7532:Privy Council
7530:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7445:
7444:Orange-Nassau
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7288:Stuart period
7286:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7234:Anglo-Normans
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7180:
7178:
7173:
7171:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7150:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Crimean Goths
6733:
6732:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6699:
6698:Salian Franks
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6136:Early culture
6133:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6059:
6054:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:Former states
5755:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:Island groups
5681:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:Great Britain
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:Island groups
5534:
5531:
5527:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5349:British Isles
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5309:
5300:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5271:
5263:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:McKisack, May
5166:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5082:Harriss, G.L.
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5037:Borman, Tracy
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4907:0-7546-5071-5
4903:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4820:9780674041912
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4782:9781107013360
4778:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4759:0-7126-9893-0
4755:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4664:9780191591822
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4583:
4581:0-631-18356-6
4577:
4574:. Blackwell.
4573:
4568:
4564:
4562:0-7131-5952-9
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4498:1-85936-041-6
4494:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4473:, p. 97.
4472:
4471:Huscroft 2016
4467:
4461:, p. 31.
4460:
4459:Huscroft 2016
4455:
4449:, p. 90.
4448:
4447:Huscroft 2016
4443:
4437:, p. 52.
4436:
4435:Jolliffe 1961
4431:
4424:
4423:Huscroft 2016
4419:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4300:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4281:Penguin Books
4278:
4277:Harmondsworth
4274:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4071:, p. 47.
4070:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3930:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3888:
3887:Williams 1993
3883:
3877:, p. 25.
3876:
3875:Williams 1973
3871:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3569:
3563:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3475:, p. 41.
3474:
3469:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3328:
3327:royal castles
3324:
3323:feudal barons
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:feudal relief
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3231:royal demesne
3228:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:Ludlow Castle
3189:
3185:
3184:Marcher Lords
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3124:Quia Emptores
3120:
3119:feudal barons
3115:
3113:
3112:assize courts
3109:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:Domesday Book
3023:
3019:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:, located in
2958:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:customs union
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2695:British Isles
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2644:Stuart period
2641:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:Silken Thomas
2579:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:Marcher Lords
2532:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2515:Stuart period
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:House of York
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:Marcher Lords
2342:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:John Lackland
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:Anglo-Normans
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:known as the
1933:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:Regina Anglie
1883:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1859:Norman period
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:Tudor dynasty
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:John Beaufort
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:Angevin kings
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:Great Britain
1433:
1429:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Milton Keynes
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:West Midlands
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Tyne and Wear
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Staffordshire
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Isle of Wight
1055:
1053:
1052:Hertfordshire
1050:
1048:
1047:Herefordshire
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
941:
940:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
913:
912:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
850:
849:
841:
838:
836:
833:
829:
826:
825:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:Edwardian era
801:
799:
798:Victorian era
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:Stuart period
752:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
729:
726:
725:
724:
721:
717:
716:Norman period
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
674:Roman Britain
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
657:
656:
652:
648:
647:
644:
638:
637:
632:
627:
626:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
602:Today part of
600:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
569:
566:
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
511:
507:
504:
498:
495:24 March 1603
494:
491:
485:
481:
478:
472:
468:
465:
459:
455:
452:
446:
442:
439:
433:
429:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
405:
402:
396:
393:
390:
387:
381:
378:
375:
371:
367:
364:
361:
355:
352:
349:
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
319:
318:Parliamentary
316:
310:
307:
302:
299:
298:
296:
294:
290:
287:
284:
282:
278:
269:
266:
261:
258:
257:
255:
251:
245:
242:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
226:
222:
216:
213:
208:
205:
197:
194:
193:
191:
187:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
168:
164:
157:
152:
143:
138:
128:
119:
113:
109:
100:
94:
82:
78:
72:
68:
67:
62:
55:
47:
43:
36:
29:
26:
22:
8847:Architecture
8819:Great Famine
8809:Universities
8768:
8749:Hussite Wars
8666:Great Schism
8553:Papal States
8431:Crown Jewels
8416:Royal badges
8404:Coat of arms
8333:Architecture
8318:Morris dance
8260:Demographics
8183:English Army
7980:
7604:
7569:Star Chamber
7391:Royal Houses
7374:Protectorate
7303:Jacobean era
7266:Tudor period
7223:
7190:
6429:Anglo-Saxons
6419:Adrabaecampi
6402:Bucinobantes
6144:Architecture
6014:Ulster-Scots
5768:
5298:
5269:
5247:
5238:. Routledge.
5235:
5229:. Routledge.
5226:
5217:
5208:
5196:
5193:Penn, Thomas
5184:
5172:
5160:
5151:
5139:
5127:
5118:
5109:
5097:
5085:
5073:
5064:. Routledge.
5061:
5052:
5049:Elton, G. R.
5040:
5028:
5016:
4987:
4965:
4938:
4916:
4897:
4888:
4869:
4860:
4829:
4810:
4800:
4770:
4744:
4724:
4705:
4694:
4673:
4654:
4634:
4614:
4604:– via
4592:
4571:
4552:
4532:
4510:
4488:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4374:
4360:
4333:
4327:
4308:
4299:
4272:
4260:
4253:
4233:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4193:
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4134:the original
4124:
4112:
4105:Israel 1989b
4100:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4033:Israel 1989a
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3928:
3921:. Retrieved
3916:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3821:
3809:
3786:
3780:
3770:26 September
3768:. Retrieved
3764:
3754:
3742:
3735:Douglas 1964
3730:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3665:
3641:
3636:
3614:Willson 1963
3609:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3543:the original
3538:
3526:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3451:
3442:
3414:
3405:
3388:
3315:
3313:they owned.
3295:
3293:
3286:English Army
3255:
3224:
3215:West Country
3200:
3165:
3152:
3148:
3122:
3116:
3096:
3064:
3056:Anglo-Saxons
3041:
2954:
2931:
2900:
2876:
2853:
2841:
2787:
2772:
2770:
2758:
2723:
2704:
2686:
2647:
2628:Dutch rebels
2602:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2528:
2507:Tudor period
2501:Tudor period
2476:
2461:
2419:
2349:
2330:
2282:
2269:Laudabiliter
2267:
2257:
2251:
2241:
2188:
2144:
2118:
2076:
2052:Rex Anglorum
2051:
2029:
2009:all Angelcyn
2008:
2002:
1996:
1973:
1929:
1897:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1864:Rex Anglorum
1861:
1850:Rex Anglorum
1838:
1833:
1830:Anglo-Norman
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1788:). The name
1781:
1777:Anglia vetus
1775:
1771:
1763:
1745:
1682:
1656:oversaw the
1606:
1539:
1468:
1464:early modern
1446:to form the
1427:
1425:
1232:Christchurch
1162:Warwickshire
1077:Lincolnshire
952:Bedfordshire
921:
786:Georgian era
769:Protectorate
764:Commonwealth
737:Tudor period
550:Succeeded by
549:
544:
469:15 June 1215
199:(until 1066;
112:Motto:
111:
81:Royal Banner
42:Commonwealth
40:(1649–1660:
25:
9076:WikiProject
9003:Medievalism
8842:Agriculture
8706:Manorialism
8701:Communalism
8696:Monasticism
8613:Reconquista
8603:Kievan Rus'
8356:Elizabethan
8341:Anglo-Saxon
7562:Elizabethan
7552:Anglo-Saxon
7478:Curia regis
7419:Plantagenet
7369:Proprietary
7337:Popish Plot
7315:Interregnum
7239:The Anarchy
6869:Nahanarvali
6792:Hilleviones
6705:Frisiavones
6573:Cananefates
6563:Burgundians
6474:Banochaemae
6324:Anglo-Saxon
6275:Anglo-Saxon
6241:Anglo-Saxon
6224:Anglo-Saxon
6207:Anglo-Saxon
5903:Guernésiais
5748:Isle of Man
5633:Isle of Man
5580:Isle of Man
5480:Isle of Man
5365:Terminology
5181:Neale, J.E.
5161:Elizabeth I
5094:Jacob, E.F.
5025:Black, J.B.
4481:Cited works
4166:1 September
4093:Troost 2005
4081:Palmer 2007
4069:Harris 2005
4021:Palmer 2007
3923:22 February
3847:Seward 1978
3814:Turner 2009
3747:Ramsay 1908
3707:Vince, Alan
3629:Keynes 2014
3488:Keynes 1998
3458:19 November
3343:mercenaries
3137:Restoration
2961:Westminster
2907:William III
2719:Interregnum
2717:during the
2616:Elizabeth I
2472:Joan of Arc
2468:Anglo-Saxon
2243:Magna Carta
2195:Strathclyde
2121:King Harold
2073:(1014–1035)
1948:Northumbria
1940:East Anglia
1800:during the
1691:, with the
1670:great power
1662:Elizabeth I
1558:Interregnum
1548:1216–1485,
1546:Plantagenet
1544:1066–1216,
1531:Westminster
1487:Anglo-Saxon
1473:reoccupied
1458:during the
1342:Southampton
1212:Bournemouth
1172:West Sussex
1117:Oxfordshire
1017:East Sussex
791:Regency era
774:Restoration
640:History of
545:Preceded by
464:Magna Carta
401:Lower house
386:Upper house
373:Legislature
313:(1066–1215)
181:(1066–1707)
9091:Categories
8998:Land terms
8952:Technology
8932:Philosophy
8912:Literature
8877:Demography
8578:Viking Age
8436:Tudor rose
8366:Queen Anne
8195:Royal Navy
7547:Governance
7537:Ministries
7488:Parliament
7088:Vinoviloth
6876:Marcomanni
6859:Helveconae
6837:HeaĂ°obards
6807:Istvaeones
6797:Ingaevones
6782:Hermunduri
6750:Ostrogoths
6740:Greuthungi
6618:Chattuarii
6444:Angrivarii
6439:Ampsivarii
6407:Lentienses
6236:Literature
6126:Viking Age
5913:Sercquiais
5302:1660–1707
5265:c. 519–927
5218:Henry VIII
5055:. Methuen.
4956:0192852779
4791:1097164619
4606:Wikisource
4196:. London:
4140:5 February
4117:Lynch 1992
4057:Gaunt 1996
3976:25 October
3899:Elton 1977
3861:, p.
3723:Giles 1914
3552:27 January
3473:Carey 2011
3434:References
3398:uncodified
3262:feudal aid
2991:Government
2973:1801 union
2965:government
2845:Charles II
2736:passed an
2724:After the
2574:reconquest
2543:Henry VIII
2523:See also:
2441:privateers
2421:Edward III
2379:Caernarfon
2287:came into
2191:William II
2161:, London.
2095:Harthacnut
2023:along the
1892:. In 1604
1872:Rex Anglie
1834:Engleterre
1826:Old French
1806:Engle-land
1790:Engla land
1770:Latinized
1768:Æthelweard
1764:Engla land
1654:Henry VIII
1648:under the
1582:Edward III
1533:, and the
1527:Winchester
1466:periods.
1337:Shrewsbury
1317:Portsmouth
1297:Nottingham
1277:Manchester
1252:Folkestone
1237:Colchester
1207:Birmingham
1127:Shropshire
1087:Merseyside
1067:Lancashire
992:Derbyshire
521:1 May 1707
377:Parliament
304:(927–1066)
293:Government
281:Demonym(s)
175:(886–1066)
173:Winchester
99:Royal Arms
8983:Dark Ages
8892:Household
8887:Hastilude
8656:Feudalism
8446:St George
8217:Geography
7982:1642–1660
7631:1422–1460
7626:1413–1421
7621:1399–1411
7616:1377–1397
7611:1327–1376
7599:1308–1325
7594:1275–1307
7589:1225–1267
7424:Lancaster
7404:Knýtlinga
7308:Civil War
7217:Heptarchy
7083:Vidivarii
7078:Victohali
7068:Vangiones
7001:Thuringii
6906:Nuithones
6802:Irminones
6765:Visigoths
6755:Thervingi
6715:Gambrivii
6668:Dulgubnii
6663:Dauciones
6613:Chasuarii
6553:Brondings
6479:Bastarnae
6469:Baiuvarii
6449:Armalausi
6412:Raetovari
6346:Languages
6314:Symbology
6174:Folklore
6169:Festivals
5893:Auregnais
5529:Geography
5311:1707–1800
5294:1649–1660
5282:1649–1660
5070:Guy, John
4986:(1963) ,
4601:114
4509:(2011) .
4396:: 41–59.
3859:Mock 2011
3795:cite book
3299:housecarl
3276:instead.
3258:feudalism
3249:service,
3129:Civil War
3062:in 1889.
2707:Charles I
2491:Henry VII
2445:Pero Niño
2363:Edward II
2353:defeated
2337:Bretwalda
2278:High King
2248:Runnymede
2227:Edinburgh
2213:) to the
2189:In 1092,
1980:high king
1976:Bretwalda
1936:Heptarchy
1841:Æthelstan
1816:name was
1798:haplology
1755:Angelcynn
1705:civil war
1598:Henry VII
1574:Lancaster
1495:Æthelstan
1362:Worcester
1347:St Albans
1332:Sheffield
1327:Rochester
1292:Newcastle
1272:Maidstone
1262:Liverpool
1182:Wiltshire
1042:Hampshire
957:Berkshire
945:By county
482:1535–1542
351:Æthelstan
253:Religion
9066:Category
9033:Timeline
8922:Minstrel
8917:Medicine
8799:Chivalry
8754:Burgundy
8676:Crusades
8441:Oak tree
8399:Heraldry
8371:Georgian
8361:Jacobean
8313:Folklore
8298:Religion
8225:Counties
8163:Military
7557:Medieval
7510:Monarchy
7457:Politics
7409:Normandy
7207:Timeline
7149:Category
7056:Hasdingi
7041:Usipetes
7021:Tubantes
7006:Toxandri
6986:Tencteri
6961:Suarines
6946:Sicambri
6941:Semnones
6921:Reudigni
6891:Mattiaci
6881:Marsacii
6832:Lombards
6822:Lacringi
6817:Juthungi
6648:Corconti
6633:Cherusci
6608:Charudes
6588:Chaedini
6558:Bructeri
6543:Bateinoi
6514:Eburones
6509:Condrusi
6504:Caeroesi
6499:Atuatuci
6434:Ambrones
6397:Brisgavi
6392:Alemanni
6270:Paganism
6159:Clothing
6154:Calendar
6101:Germania
6009:Scottish
5908:Jèrriais
5824:Germanic
5738:Guernsey
5726:Scotland
5648:Scotland
5595:Shetland
5558:Hebrides
5446:Scotland
5411:Politics
5400:Hibernia
5246:(1995).
5207:(1962).
5195:(2012).
5183:(1957).
5171:(1959).
5150:(1997).
5138:(1999).
5108:(1964).
5096:(1961).
5084:(2005).
5072:(2013).
5051:(1955).
5039:(2015).
5027:(1936).
5015:(2002).
4937:(1993).
4830:Edward I
4551:(1977).
4531:(1964).
4316:Archived
4184:Archived
4160:Archived
3689:Asser's
3680:edition.
3673:Archived
3651:Archived
3598:Archived
3418:See the
3349:See also
3307:bookland
3280:Military
3221:Taxation
3106:and the
3088:palatine
3072:sheriffs
3067:boroughs
2879:James II
2849:restored
2774:Grandees
2754:Scotland
2531:Edward I
2381:attest.
2369:such as
2351:Edward I
2317:Normandy
2293:Henry II
2040:Bernicia
1997:In 886,
1810:Engelond
1804:period (
1728:and the
1697:Scotland
1613:Edward I
1566:Henry II
1460:medieval
1444:Scotland
1367:Worthing
1357:Wetherby
1307:Plymouth
1242:Coventry
1217:Brighton
1132:Somerset
982:Cornwall
977:Cheshire
916:Polities
661:Timeline
631:a series
629:Part of
530:Currency
79:Bottom:
38:927–1707
8976:Related
8962:Warfare
8957:Theatre
8947:Slavery
8942:Science
8897:Hunting
8862:Cuisine
8835:Culture
8774:Castile
8769:England
8381:Symbols
8308:Cuisine
8290:Culture
8250:Palaces
8245:Castles
8230:Islands
8205:History
8176:Warfare
7527:Peerage
7414:Angevin
7199:History
7073:Varisci
7061:Silingi
7051:Vandals
7026:Tulingi
7016:Triboci
7011:Treveri
6991:Teutons
6981:Taifals
6956:Sitones
6896:Nemetes
6854:Helisii
6827:Lemovii
6745:Gutones
6678:Firaesi
6673:Favonae
6653:Cugerni
6643:Cobandi
6598:Chamavi
6593:Chaemae
6583:Casuari
6578:Caritni
6548:Betasii
6519:Paemani
6454:Auiones
6319:Warfare
6297:Scripts
6265:Numbers
6089:History
5974:English
5969:Cornish
5964:British
5885:Romance
5855:Cornish
5832:English
5809:Society
5716:England
5706:Ireland
5690:Ireland
5674:outline
5669:History
5643:England
5623:Ireland
5575:Ireland
5436:England
5427:Ireland
5390:Britain
5385:Prydain
4848:704063M
4410:3678773
3274:scutage
3157:peerage
3048:Normans
2985:renamed
2810:Richard
2777:of the
2650:James I
2375:Harlech
2367:castles
2254:, 1902.
2219:borders
2211:Lothian
2207:Henry I
2203:Cumbria
2036:Lothian
1904:History
1894:James I
1812:). The
1794:England
1792:became
1782:Angulus
1752:or the
1701:Ireland
1592:of the
1562:Normans
1515:Denmark
1479:Vikings
1352:Torquay
1322:Reading
1282:Margate
1227:Chester
1222:Bristol
1147:Suffolk
1122:Rutland
1092:Norfolk
987:Cumbria
642:England
611:England
514:•
501:•
488:•
475:•
462:•
449:•
436:•
413:History
399:•
384:•
332:Monarch
286:English
236:Cumbric
231:Cornish
196:English
166:Capital
21:England
9056:Portal
8937:Poetry
8764:France
8235:Places
7579:Tories
7439:Stuart
7399:Wessex
7093:Warini
7046:Vagoth
7031:Tungri
6996:Thelir
6976:Swedes
6971:Sunici
6936:Saxons
6931:Rugini
6864:Manimi
6849:Diduni
6787:Heruli
6725:Gepids
6710:Frisii
6688:Franks
6638:Cimbri
6628:Chauci
6623:Chatti
6536:Nervii
6531:Morini
6489:Belgae
6484:Batavi
6459:Avarpi
6424:Angles
6384:Groups
6334:Viking
6280:Gothic
6258:Gothic
6164:Family
5957:People
5944:Shelta
5898:French
5847:Celtic
5743:Jersey
5590:Orkney
5475:Jersey
5375:Albion
5262:Wessex
4994:
4972:
4953:
4943:Oxford
4923:
4904:
4876:
4846:
4836:
4817:
4789:
4779:
4756:
4731:
4712:
4680:
4661:
4642:
4621:
4595:
4578:
4559:
4541:399137
4539:
4517:
4495:
4408:
4348:
4338:Oxford
4287:
4241:
4204:
3145:socage
3052:shires
3036:, and
2847:, was
2676:, and
2612:Mary I
2608:Philip
2604:Calais
2584:, the
2517:, and
2457:Calais
2403:, and
2377:, and
2199:Celtic
2183:, and
2129:Sussex
2048:Eamont
2032:Eadred
2025:Thames
2011:) not
1966:. The
1964:Wessex
1962:, and
1960:Sussex
1944:Mercia
1843:until
1824:, the
1818:Anglia
1772:Anglia
1760:Angles
1634:Calais
1554:Stuart
1521:. The
1519:Norway
1475:London
1456:Europe
1430:was a
1302:Oxford
1267:London
1152:Surrey
1007:Durham
1002:Dorset
853:Topics
633:on the
568:Wessex
416:
336:
309:Feudal
179:London
127:French
123:
73:(from
8967:Women
8927:Music
8882:Domes
8872:Dance
8759:Milan
8351:Tudor
8240:Towns
8200:Ships
7574:Whigs
7473:Witan
7434:Tudor
7364:Crown
6966:Suebi
6951:Sciri
6926:Rugii
6916:Quadi
6901:Njars
6886:Marsi
6844:Lugii
6812:Jutes
6777:Harii
6772:Gutes
6730:Goths
6720:Geats
6658:Danes
6603:Chali
6524:Segni
6464:Baemi
6307:Runes
6292:Rings
6285:Norse
6253:Names
6246:Norse
6229:Norse
6212:Norse
6019:Welsh
5984:Irish
5922:Other
5875:Welsh
5865:Irish
5837:Scots
5731:Wales
5653:Wales
5568:Outer
5563:Inner
5451:Wales
5380:Cymru
5360:Names
4406:JSTOR
4265:(PDF)
3997:18–20
3546:(PDF)
3535:(PDF)
3380:Notes
3321:(his
3311:hides
2726:trial
2371:Conwy
2021:quays
1956:Essex
1814:Latin
1749:Engle
1550:Tudor
1312:Poole
1257:Leeds
1247:Dover
1022:Essex
997:Devon
904:Riots
616:Wales
244:Welsh
215:Latin
69:Top:
8393:list
8278:list
8153:1706
8148:1705
8143:1704
8138:1703
8133:1702
8128:1701
8123:1700
8118:1698
8113:1697
8108:1696
8103:1695
8098:1694
8093:1693
8088:1692
8083:1691
8078:1690
8073:1689
8068:1688
8063:1685
8058:1680
8053:1679
8048:1678
8043:1677
8038:1675
8033:1672
8028:1670
8023:1667
8018:1666
8013:1665
8008:1664
8003:1663
7998:1662
7993:1661
7988:1660
7976:1640
7971:1627
7966:1625
7961:1623
7956:1620
7951:1609
7946:1606
7941:1605
7936:1603
7931:1601
7926:1597
7921:1592
7916:1588
7911:1586
7906:1584
7901:1580
7896:1575
7891:1572
7886:1571
7881:1566
7876:1562
7871:1558
7866:1557
7861:1555
7856:1554
7851:1553
7846:1551
7841:1549
7836:1548
7831:1547
7826:1546
7821:1545
7816:1543
7811:1542
7806:1541
7801:1540
7796:1539
7791:1536
7786:1535
7781:1534
7776:1533
7771:1532
7766:1531
7761:1530
7756:1529
7751:1523
7746:1515
7741:1514
7736:1513
7731:1512
7726:1511
7721:1509
7716:1503
7711:1496
7706:1495
7701:1491
7696:1488
7691:1487
7686:1485
7681:1483
7676:1482
7671:1477
7666:1474
7661:1472
7656:1468
7651:1467
7646:1464
7641:1463
7636:1461
7429:York
7036:Ubii
6683:Fosi
6568:Buri
5999:Manx
5994:Kale
5870:Manx
5395:Éire
5370:Alba
4992:ISBN
4970:ISBN
4951:ISBN
4921:ISBN
4902:ISBN
4874:ISBN
4834:ISBN
4815:ISBN
4787:OCLC
4777:ISBN
4754:ISBN
4729:ISBN
4710:ISBN
4678:ISBN
4659:ISBN
4640:ISBN
4619:ISBN
4576:ISBN
4557:ISBN
4537:OCLC
4515:ISBN
4493:ISBN
4346:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4202:ISBN
4168:2021
4142:2013
3978:2013
3925:2016
3801:link
3772:2021
3657:and
3554:2011
3460:2018
3422:and
3392:The
3303:fyrd
3288:and
3266:fief
3251:burh
3247:fyrd
3235:farm
3227:geld
3166:The
3149:i.e.
3042:The
2999:and
2948:and
2911:Anne
2891:Mary
2824:and
2752:and
2728:and
2642:and
2610:and
2594:1542
2493:and
2309:1204
2283:The
2258:The
2197:, a
2146:Fyrd
2133:York
2087:Cnut
2071:Cnut
2060:John
1992:Dore
1978:, a
1952:Kent
1855:Cnut
1847:was
1845:John
1832:one
1828:and
1786:Bede
1736:Name
1699:and
1676:via
1600:via
1588:and
1584:via
1578:York
1576:and
1517:and
1509:, a
1499:York
1462:and
1426:The
1372:York
1062:Kent
899:Wars
363:Anne
71:Flag
8852:Art
7462:Law
6911:Osi
6219:Law
6149:Art
6076:of
4750:311
4398:doi
3863:145
3504:, "
3396:is
3296:see
3174:by
2592:in
2307:in
2246:at
1990:at
1884:or
1880:Rex
1820:or
1796:by
1784:by
1611:by
1529:to
1505:of
430:927
9093::
4949:.
4945::
4941:.
4859:.
4844:OL
4842:.
4785:.
4752:.
4404:.
4394:10
4392:.
4344:.
4340::
4336:.
4283:.
4279::
4275:.
4269:;
4231:.
4210:.
4158:.
3927:.
3915:.
3797:}}
3793:{{
3763:.
3709:,
3621:^
3537:.
3480:^
3450:.
3114:.
3032:,
3028:,
3024:,
3020:,
2932:A
2689:.
2672:,
2668:,
2553:.
2513:,
2509:,
2497:.
2459:.
2399:,
2373:,
2233:.
2179:,
2105:.
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