Anglo-Norman language

49: 1945: 418:

schools, and universities and, in due course, in at least some sections of the gentry and the growing bourgeoisie. Private and commercial correspondence was carried out in Anglo-Norman or Anglo-French from the 13th to the 15th century though its spelling forms were often displaced by continental French spellings. Social classes other than the nobility became keen to learn French: manuscripts containing materials for instructing non-native speakers still exist, dating mostly from the late 14th century onwards.

1038: 1016:, who represented the population, had to know French in order to understand the plea of the lawyer. French was used by the merchant middle class as a language of business communication, especially when it traded with the continent, and several churches used French to communicate with lay people. A small but important number of documents survive associated with the Jews of medieval England, some featuring Anglo-French written in 2825: 621:) to a level of language which approximates to and is sometimes indistinguishable from varieties of continental French. Typically, therefore, local records are rather different from continental French, with diplomatic and international trade documents closest to the emerging continental norm. English remained the vernacular of the common people throughout this period. The resulting virtual 2783:"Les roys de Engeltere" (Five rectangles of red linen, formerly used as curtains for the miniatures.ff. 3–6: Eight miniatures of the kings of England from Edward the Confessor (r. 1042–1066) to Edward I (r. 1272–1307); each one except the last is accompanied by a short account of their reign in Anglo-Norman prose." "Roy Phylippe de Fraunce" "en englerere: le Roy Jon regna."), (1272–1307). 710:

for writing, French as the main oral language during trials, and English in less formal exchanges between the judge, the lawyer, the complainant or the witnesses. The judge gave his sentence orally in Norman, which was then written in Latin. Only in the lowest level of the manorial courts were trials entirely in English.

2879:. A–S, U, W, Y and Z second edition (2005–); T, V and X reproduce the first (printed edition). The site also provides a searchable textbase of more than 70 Anglo-Norman texts, selected publications by the editorial team, a general introduction to Anglo-Norman and a bibliography of all Anglo-Norman primary sources. 3138:

Pfister, Max (1993), 'Scripta' et 'koinè' en ancien français aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles?, in: Knecht, Pierre/Marzys, Zygmunt (edd.), Écriture, langues communes et normes. Formation spontanée de koinès et standardisation dans la Galloromania et son voisinage, Genève/Neuchâtel, Droz/Faculté des lettres,

3419:

Trotter, David (2011f), 'Bytes, words, texts: the Anglo-Norman Dictionary and its text-base', in Christine McWebb/Helen Swift (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the "Third International Margot Conference, The Digital Middle Ages: Teaching and Research, special issue of Digital Medievalist, summer 2011,

3074:

Lusignan, Serge (2011), Le français médiéval: perspectives historiques sur une langue plurielle, in: Lusignan, Serge/ Martineau, France/Morin, Yves Charles/Cohen, Paul, L'introuvable unité du français. Contacts et variations linguistiques en Europe et en Amérique (XIIe-XVIIIe siècle), Laval, Presses

409:

The term "Anglo-Norman" harks back to the time when the language was regarded as being primarily the regional dialect of the Norman settlers. Today the generic term "Anglo-French" is used instead to reflect not only the broader origin of the settlers who came with William the Conqueror, but also the

3415:

Trotter, David (2011e), 'Italian merchants in London and Paris: evidence of language contact in the Gallerani accounts, 1305–08', in D. Lagorgette/T. Pooley (eds.), On linguistic change in French: socio-historical approaches. Le changement linguistique en français: aspects socio-historiques Studies

2675:

Five rectangles of red linen, formerly used as curtains for the miniatures.ff. 3–6: Eight miniatures of the kings of England from Edward the Confessor (r. 1042–1066) to Edward I (r. 1272–1307); each one except the last is accompanied by a short account of their reign in Anglo-Norman prose. "del Roy

709:

During the 11th century, development of the administrative and judicial institutions took place. Because the king and the lawyers at the time normally used French, it also became the language of these institutions. From the 11th century until the 14th century, the courts used three languages: Latin

1988:

In general, the Norman and French borrowings concerned the fields of culture, aristocratic life, politics and religion, and war whereas the English words were used to describe everyday experience. When the Normans arrived in England, their copyists wrote English as they heard it, without realising

1147:

Anglo-Norman continued to evolve significantly during the Middle Ages by reflecting some of the changes undergone by the northern dialects of mainland French. For example, early Anglo-Norman legal documents used the phrase "del roy" (of the king), whereas by about 1330 it had become "du roi" as in

507:

Though in regular use at the royal court, Anglo-French was not the main administrative language of England: Latin was the major language of record in legal and other official documents for most of the medieval period. However, from the late 12th century to the early 15th century, Anglo-French was

3333:

Tiddeman, Megan (2012). "Mercantile multilingualism: two examples of Anglo-Norman and Italian contact in the fourteenth century." In Present and future research in Anglo-Norman: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth Colloquium, 21–22 July 2011, ed. David Trotter, 91–99. Aberystwyth: Anglo-Norman Online

535:

remained (in at least some respects and at least at some social levels) part of the dialect continuum of modern French, often with distinctive spellings. Over time, the use of Anglo-French expanded into the fields of law, administration, commerce, and science, in all of which a rich documentary

417:

Though it is difficult to know much about what was actually spoken, as what is known about the dialect is restricted to what was written, it is clear that Anglo-Norman was, to a large extent, the spoken language of the higher social strata in medieval England. It was spoken in the law courts,

2923:

De Jong, Thera (1988), 'L'anglo normand du 13e siècle', in Van Reenen, P. & Van Reenen Stein, K. (eds.), Distributions spatiales et temporelles, constellations des manuscrits. Etudes de variation linguistique offertes à Anthonij Dees à l'occasion de son 60ème anniversaire, Amsterdam, 103

3117:

NCA = Stein, Achim / Kunstmann, Pierre / Gleßgen, Martin-D. (ed.) (2010): Nouveau Corpus d'Amsterdam. Corpus informatique de textes littéraires d'ancien français (ca 1150–1350), établi par Anthonij Dees (Amsterdam 1987), Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik, version 2-2, disponible en ligne à

713:

During the late 14th century, English became the main spoken language, but Latin and French continued to be exclusively used in official legal documents until the beginning of the 18th century. Nevertheless, the French language used in England changed from the end of the 15th century into

718:, that was used since the 13th century. This variety of French was a technical language, with a specific vocabulary, where English words were used to describe everyday experience, and French grammatical rules and morphology gradually declined, with confusion of genders and the adding of 2951:

Durkin, Philip. 2012. "Etymological research on English words as a source of information about Anglo-French." In Present and future research in Anglo-Norman: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth Colloquium, 21–22 July 2011, ed. David Trotter, 101–107. Aberystwyth: Anglo-Norman Online

3399:

Trotter, David (2011a), 'Il sount aliens: marchands étrangers et contact linguistique en Angleterre au Moyen Âge', in W. Schweickard/A. Overbeck/H. Völker (eds.), Lexikon, Varietät, Philologie: Romanistische Studien Günter Holtus zum 65. Geburtstag (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011),

3378:

Trotter, David (2003e), 'Oceano vox: you never know where a ship comes from. On multilingualism and language-mixing in medieval Britain', in Kurt Braunmüller & Gisella Ferraresi (eds.), Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language History (Amsterdam: John Benjamins),

1011:

Though the great mass of ordinary people spoke forms of English, French spread as a second language due to its prestige, encouraged by its long-standing use in the school system as a medium of instruction through which Latin was taught. In the courts, the members of the

612:

Around the same time, as a shift took place in France towards using French as a language of record in the mid-13th century, Anglo-Norman also became a language of record in England, although Latin retained its pre-eminence for matters of permanent record (as in written

3431:

Trotter, David (2012b): L'anglo-normand dans le Middle English Dictionary. In: Stephen Dörr/Thomas Städtler (eds.), Ki bien voldreit raisun entendre: Mélanges en l'honneur du 70e anniversaire de Frankwalt Möhren, Strasbourg: Éditions de Linguistique et de Philologie,

1136:

seem to ignore the contribution of that language in English and because Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French can explain the transmission of words from French into English and fill the void left by the absence of documentary records of English (in the main) between 1066 and

3427:

Trotter, David (2012a): Saunz desbriser de hay ou de clos: clos(e) in Anglo-French and in English. In: Claudia Lange/Beatrix Weber/Göran Wolf (eds.), Communicative Spaces: Variation, Contact, and Change: Papers in Honour of Ursula Schaefer, Frankfurt: Peter Lang,

1930:. The authors of that period were influenced by the works of contemporary French writers whose language was prestigious. Chaucer - himself of Norman origin - is considered to be the father of the English language and the creator of English as a literary language. 1989:

the peculiarities of the relationship between Anglo-Saxon pronunciation and spelling and so the spelling changed. There appeared different regional Modern-English written dialects, the one that the king chose in the 15th century becoming the standard variety.

637:(1066) until the end of the 14th century, French was the language of the king and his court. During this period, marriages with French princesses reinforced the royal family's ties to French culture. Nevertheless, during the 13th century, intermarriages with 3442:

Trotter, David (à paraître a) 'Trové l'avum mis en tiste: comment réduire notre ignorance du lexique de l'anglo-normand', in Oreste Floquet/Gabriele Giannini (eds.), Anglo-Français: linguistique et philologie/Anglo-francese: filologia e linguistica (Paris:

3467:

Völker, Harald (2000), Chartes luxembourgeoises du XIIIe siècle: Scripta régionale, locale ou «individuelle»?, in: Actes du XXIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philo¬logie Romanes, Bruxelles, 23–29 juillet 1998, Tübingen, Niemeyer, 2000, 5,

3127:

O'Donnell, Thomas (2017). "The Gloss to Philippe de Thaon's Comput and the French of England's Beginnings." In The French of Medieval England. Essays in Honour of Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, edd. Thelma Fenster and Carolyn P. Collette, 13–37. Cambridge: D. S.

3403:

Trotter, David (2011b), 'L'anglo-normand et le français, et les emprunts en anglais', Actes du colloque international 'Les emprunts lexicaux au français dans les langues européennes', Craiova, 10–12 novembre 2011 (Craiova: Editura Universitaria, 2011),

3353:

Trotter, David (1998d), 'Translations and loanwords: some Anglo-Norman evidence', In Ellis, R., Tixier, R. and Weitmeier, B. (eds), The Medieval Translator 6: Proceedings of the International Conference of Göttingen (22–25 July 1996), Louvain-la-Neuve,

3289:

Selig, Maria (2008), Koineisierung im Altfranzösischen? Dialektmischung, Verschriftlichung und Überdachung im französischen Mittelalter, in: Heinemann, Sabine/Videsott, Paul (edd.), Sprachwandel und (Dis-)Kontinuität in der Romania, Tübingen, Niemeyer,

3386:

Trotter, David (2006b) 'Si le français n'y peut aller: Villers Cotterêts and mixed language documents from the Pyrenees', in: COWLING, D.J. (ed.), Conceptions of Europe in Renaissance France: a Festschrift for Keith Cameron (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006),

3411:

Trotter, David (2011d), 'Intra-textual multilingualism and diaphasic/diastratic variation in Anglo-Norman', in Elizabeth Tyler (ed.), Conceptualizing Multilingualism in England, 800–1250, University of York, July 2006 (Amsterdam: Brepols, 2011),

1632:

Since many words established in Anglo-Norman from French via the intermediary of Norman were not subject to the processes of sound change that continued in parts of the continent, English sometimes preserves earlier pronunciations. For example,

3091:

Möhren, Frankwalt (1974), 'Apport des textes techniques à la lexicologie: terminologie anglo-normande de l'agriculture', XIV Congresso Internazionale Di Linguistica e Filologia Romanza, Atti, t. 4, Napoli (Gaetano Macchiaroli, ed), Amsterdam,

688:

of 1215. The first official document written in Anglo-Norman was a statute promulgated by the king in 1275. With effect from the 13th century, Anglo-Norman therefore became used in official documents, such as those that were marked by the

3435:

Trotter, David (2013a): Une rencontre germano-romane dans la Romania Britannica. In: Emili Casanova Herrero/Cesáro Calvo Rigual (edd.), Actas del XXVI Congreso Internacional de Lingüística y de Filología Románicas, Berlin: De Gruyter, I,

3293:

Sharpe, Richard (2012), Peoples and languages in eleventh- and twelfth-century Britain and Ireland: reading the charter evidence, in: Broun, David (ed.), The Reality behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain, disponible en ligne:

1837:

The influence of Anglo-Norman was very asymmetrical: very little influence from English was carried over into the continental possessions of the Anglo-Norman kings. Some administrative terms survived in some parts of mainland Normandy:

2967:

Goebl, Hans (1970), Die normandische Urkundensprache. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der nordfranzösischen Urkundensprachen des Mittelalter (Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist.Klasse, 269), Vienne,

1964:

came into the language, and about three-quarters of them are still used today. Very often, the Norman or French word supplanted the original English term, or both words would co-exist but with slightly different nuances: for example,

3030:

Koch, Peter (2010), Sprachgeschichte zwischen Nähe und Distanz: Latein – Französisch– Deutsch, in: Ágel, Vilmos/Hennig, Mathilde (edd.), Nähe und Distanz im Kontenxt variationslinguistischer Forschung, Berlin/ New York, De Gruyter,

3022:

Jefferson, Lisa and Rothwell, William (1997), 'Society and lexis: a study of the Anglo-French vocabulary in the fifteenth-century accounts of the Merchants Taylors Company'. Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 107,

3382:

Trotter, David (2006a) 'Language Contact, Multilingualism, and the Evidence Problem', in: Schaefer, U. (ed.), The Beginnings of Standardization: Language and Culture in Fourteenth-Century England (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2006),

3131:

Pépin, Guilhem. 2009. "Petitions from Gascony. Testimonies of a Special Relationship." In Medieval Petitions. Grace and Grievance, edd. W. Mark Ormrod, Gwilym Dodd, et Anthony Musson, 120–134. York: York Medieval Press/Boydell

2891:

Burgess, Glyn S. (1995), 'Französische Skriptaformen IV. England. Les scriptae françaises IV. Angleterre'. In Holtus, Günter/Metzeltin, Michael/Schmidt, Christian (eds.), Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik II, 2. Tübingen,

1776:

settlement. The same word had been established in Normandy by the Normans (Norsemen) and was then brought over after the Conquest and established firstly in southern English dialects. It is, therefore, argued that the word

3164:

Roques, Gilles. 1997. "Des Interférences picardes dans l'Anglo-Norman Dictionary." In De mot en mot: Essays in honour of William Rothwell, edd. Stewart Gregory and D.A. Trotter, 191–198. Cardiff: MHRA/University of Wales

3101:

Möhren, Frankwalt (1997), 'Unité et diversité du champ sémasiologique – l'exemple de l'Anglo-Norman Dictionary', in Gregory, Stewart and Trotter, David (eds), De mot en mot: Essays in honour of William Rothwell, Cardiff,

3037:

Kristol, Andres (1989), Le début du rayonnement parisien et l'unité du français au Moyen Âge: le témoignage des manuels d'enseignement du français publiés en Angleterre entre le XIIIe et le début du XVe siècle, RLiR 53,

2971:

Goebl, Hans (1998), Zu einer dialektometrischen Analyse der Daten des Dees-Atlasses von 1980, in: Werner, Edeltraudet al. (edd.), Et multum et multa. Festschrift für Peter Wunderli zum 60. Geburtstag, Tübingen, Narr,

3504:, also provides a searchable textbase of more than 70 Anglo-Norman texts, selected publications by the editorial team, a general introduction to Anglo-Norman and a bibliography off all Anglo-Norman primary sources. 3474:

Woledge, Brian (1970), Un scribe champenois devant un texte normand: Guiot copiste de Wace, in: Mélanges de langue et de littérature du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance offerts à Jean Frappier, Genève, Droz, 2,

3407:

Trotter, David (2011c), 'Death, taxes and property: some code-switching evidence from Dover, Southampton, and York', in H. Schendl/L. Wright (eds.), Code-Switching in Early English (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2011),

3343:

Trotter, David (1997), 'Mossenhor, fet metre aquesta letra en bon francés: Anglo-French in Gascony', in Gregory, Stewart and Trotter, David (eds), De mot en mot: Essays in honour of William Rothwell, Cardiff,

3026:

Kabatek, Johannes (2013), Koinés and scriptae, in: MAIDEN, Martin/ SMITH, John Charles/ Ledgeway, Adam (edd.), Cambridge History of the Romance Languages, 2: Contexts, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,

508:

much used in law reports, charters, ordinances, official correspondence, and trade at all levels; it was the language of the King, his court and the upper class. There is evidence, too, that foreign words (

406:). This amalgam developed into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, which was commonly used for literary and eventually administrative purposes from the 11th until the 14th century. 3098:

Möhren, Frankwalt (1986), Wort- und sachgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an französischen landwirtschaftlichen Texten, 13., 14. und 18. Jahrhundert (Seneschaucie, Menagier, Encyclopédie), Tübingen (Niemeyer).

3084:

McClure, Peter. 2010. "Middle English occupational bynames as lexical evidence: a study of names in the Nottingham borough court rolls 1303–1455." Transactions of the Philological Society 108:164–177 et

3168:

Roques, Gilles. 2007. "Les régionalismes dans quelques textes anglo-normands." In Actes du XXIVe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes, ed. David Trotter, 4, 279–292. Tübingen:

3142:

Pfister, Max (1999), L'area galloromanza, in: Boitani, Piero/Mancini, Mario/Varvaro, Alberto (edd.), Lo Spazio letterario del Medioevo: 2. Il medioevo volgare: I La produzione del testo, Rome, Salerno,

3184:

Rothwell, William (1978), 'A quelle époque a-t-on cessé de parler français en Angleterre?' in Mélanges de philologie romane offerts d Charles Camproux (Montpellier, Centre d'estudis occitans), 1075–89.

374:

based on English and Norman. According to some, such a mixed language never existed. Other sources, however, indicate that such a language did exist, and that it was the language descended from the

3124:

Nielsen, Hans-Frede and Schǿsler, Lene (eds) (1996), The Origins and Development of Emigrant Languages. Proceedings from the Second Rasmus Rask Colloquium, Odense University, November 1994, Odense.

3286:

Schwan, Eduard/Behrens, Dietrich (1932), Grammaire de l'ancien français, Troisième partie: Matériaux pour servir d'introduction à l'étude des dialectes de l'ancien français, Leipzig, Reisland .

3078:

Maitland F.W. (1903), Year Books of Edward II, Vol. I: 1 & 2 Edward II, London, Selden Society XVII, Introduction, III, 'Of The Anglo-French Language in the Early Year Books', xxxiii–lxxxi.

3390:

Trotter, David (2008), L'Anglo-normand en France: les traces documentaires, Académie des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres: Comptes rendus des séances de l'année 2008, avril-juin, II, 893–904.

3158:

Richter, Michael (1979), Sprache und Gesellschaft im Mittelalter: Untersunchungen zur mündlichen Kommunikation in England von der Mitte des 11. bis zum Beginn des 14. Jahrhunderts. Stuttgart.

3004:

Hunt, Tony. 2003. "Anglo-Norman: Past and Future." In The Dawn of the Written Vernacular in Western Europe, edd. Michèle Goyens and Werner Verbele, 379–389. Leuven: Leuven University Press.

3095:

Möhren, Frankwalt (1981), 'Agn. AFRE / AVER. Eine wortgeschichtliche und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchung', Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 218,129–136.

3393:

Trotter, David (2009), 'English in Contact: Middle English creolization', in A. Bergs/L. Brinton (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012), 2, 1781–1793.

3256:

Rothwell, William (2005b) 'The Problem of the English Dribble, Drivel, Drizzle and Trickle: The Role of Semantics in Etymology', Anglia: Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie 123, 191–203.

3369:

Trotter, David (2003b), 'The Anglo-French lexis of the Ancrene Wisse: a re-evaluation', in A Companion to 'Ancrene Wisse', ed. Yoko Wada (Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2003), 83–101

3111:

Molinelli, Piera/ Guerini, Federica (2013) (edd.), Plurilinguismo e diglossia nella Tarda Antichità et nel Medio Evo (Traditio et Renovatio, 7), Firenze, Sismel: Edizioni del Galluzzo

2975:

Goebl, Hans (2008), Sur le changement macrolinguistique survenu entre 1300 et 1900 dans le domaine d'oïl. Une étude diachronique d'inspiration dialectométrique, Dialectologia 1, 3–43

3280:

Schauweker, Yela (2007), Die Diätetik nach dem Secretum secretorum in der Version von Jofroi de Waterford. Teiledition und lexikalische Analyse, Würzburg, Königshausen & Neumann.

3372:

Trotter, David (2003c), 'Langues en contact en Gascogne médiévale', in Actas del XXIII Congreso Internacional de Lingüística y Filología Románica, Salamanca, 2001, III. Tübingen.

3268:

Rothwell, William (2008) 'Anglo-French in Rural England in the Later Thirteenth Century: Walter of Bibbesworth's Tretiz and the Agricultural Treatises', Vox Romanica 67, 100–132.

4048: 3013:

Ingham, Richard, 'Syntactic change in Anglo-Norman and Continental French Chronicles: was there a 'Middle' Anglo-Norman?', Journal of French Language Studies 16 (2006), 26–49.

3044:

Kristol, Andres (2000), 'L'intellectuel 'anglo-normand' face à la pluralité des langues: le témoignage implicite du Ms Oxford, Magdalen Lat. 188', in Trotter (2000a), 37- 52.

3360:

Trotter, David (2000b), 'L'avenir de la lexicographie anglo-normande: vers une refonte de l'Anglo-Norman Dictionary?', Revue de linguistique romane, 64 (2000), 391–407.

3250:

Rothwell, William (2002), 'The semantic field of Old French Astele: the pitfalls of the medieval gloss in lexicography', Journal of French Language Studies 12, 203–220.

3062:

Lodge, Anthony R. (2011), Standardisation et Koinéisation: Deux approaches contraires à l'historiographie d'une langue, in: Dessì Schmid/Hafner/Heinemann (2011), 65–79.

3487:

Wüest, Jakob (2003), Le rapport entre la langue parlée et la langue écrite: les scriptae dans le domaine d'oïl et le domaine d'oc, in: Goyens/Verbeke (2003), 51–70.**

1952:

comes from French, including Anglo-French (green). Such percentages vary greatly depending on what amount of rare and technical words are included in the calculation.

3253:

Rothwell, William (2004) 'Henry of Lancaster and Geoffrey Chaucer: Anglo-French and Middle English in Fourteenth-Century England', Modern Language Review 99, 313–27.

3161:

Robson, Charles Alan (1955), Literary language, spoken dialect, and the phonological problem of Old French, Transactions of the Philological Society (1955), 117–180.

601:, it was also used for records. In medieval England, Latin also remained in use by the Church, the royal government, and much local administration in parallel with 3019:

Jefferson, Lisa (2000), 'The Language and vocabulary of the fourteenth-and early fifteenth-century records of the Goldsmiths' Company, in Trotter (2000a), 175–211.

2930:

Dean, Ruth J.. 1999. Anglo-Norman literature. A guide to texts and manuscripts, with the collaboration of Maureen B.M. Boulton. London: Anglo-Norman Text Society.

2958:

Georgo, David. 2008. Language Made Visible: The Invention of French in England after the Norman Conquest. PhD diss., New York State University, UMI No. 3307998.

1756:. Because of this, some of the words introduced to England as part of Anglo-Norman were of Germanic origin. Indeed, sometimes one can identify cognates such as 3229:

Rothwell, William (1999), 'Sugar and Spice and All Things Nice: From Oriental Bazar to English Cloister in Anglo-French', Modern Language Review 94, 647–659.

2885:

Brand, Paul. 2010. 'The Language of the English Legal Profession: The Emergence of a Distinctive Legal Lexicon in Insular French'. In Ingham (2010), 94–101.

2597: 3513: 3235:

Rothwell, William (2000), 'The Trial Scene in Lanval and the Development of the Legal Register in Anglo-Norman', Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 101, 17–36.

3181:

Rothwell, William (1976b), 'The role of French in thirteenth-century England', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 58, 445–66.

3178:

Rothwell, William (1976a), 'Medical and botanical terminology from Anglo-Nonnan sources', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 86, 221–60.

1818:, referring to the time in the evening when all fires had to be covered to prevent the spread of fire within communities with timber buildings. The word 3211:

Rothwell, William (1993b), 'The 'Faus franceis d'Angleterre': later Anglo-Norman', In Short, Ian (ed.) Anglo-Norman Anniversary Essays, London, 309–326.

4041: 3750: 3712: 3699: 3691: 2284: 3461:

Videsott, Paul (2013), Les débuts du français à la Chancellerie royale: analyse scriptologique des chartes de Philippe III (1270–1285), RLiR 77, 3–50.

1918:. However, with the arrival of the Normans, Anglo-Saxon literature came to an end and literature written in Britain was in Latin or Anglo-Norman. The 531:

The language of later documents adopted some of the changes ongoing in continental French and lost many of its original dialectal characteristics, so

4748: 4733: 3707: 3196:

Rothwell, William (1985a), 'From Latin to Modern French: fifty years on', Bulletin of the John RyIands University Library of Manchester, 68, 179–209.

2945:

DMLBS = Latham, Ronald e., David Howlettt, and Richard Ashdowne, Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources. Oxford: British Academy. (1975–).

3214:

Rothwell, William (1993c), 'From Latin to Anglo-French and Middle English: the role of the multi-lingual gloss', Modern Language Review, 88, 581–99.

3727: 2939:

Dees, Anthonij (1987), Atlas des formes linguistiques des textes littéraires de l'ancien français (Beihefte zur ZrP, vol. 212), Tübingen, Niemeyer.

2933:

Dees, Anthonij (1980), Atlas des formes et des constructions des chartes françaises du 13e siècle (Beihefte zur ZrP, vol. 178), Tübingen, Niemeyer.

495:(who spoke Anglo-Norman, but cannot be proved to have been able to speak English) in 1198 and adopted as the royal motto of England in the time of 3247:

Rothwell, William (2001d), 'OED, MED, AND: the making of a new dictionary of English', Anglia, Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie 119, 527–553.

2983:

Gossen, Charles Théodore (1968b), L'interprétation des graphèmes et la phonétique historique de la langue française, TraLiLi 6/i (1968), 149–168.

2961:

Gervers, Michael/ Merrilees, Brian (1979), A twelfth-century Hospitaller charter in Anglo-Norman, Journal of the Society of Archivists 6, 131–35.

3449:

Trotter, David (à paraître c): Noms de lieux, lieux des noms: l'influence Anglo-normande dans la toponymie anglaise. Dans un volume de mélanges.

605:, as it had been before 1066. The early adoption of Anglo-Norman as a written and literary language probably owes something to this history of 543:. It continued to be known as "Norman French" until the end of the 19th century even though, philologically, there was nothing Norman about it. 4743: 4738: 4669: 3226:

Rothwell, William (1996c), 'The Anglo-French element in the vulgar register of Late Middle English', Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 97, 423–36.

3190:

Rothwell, William (1980), 'Lexical borrowing in a medieval context', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 63, 118–43.

2948:

Dodd, Gwilym. 2007. Justice and Grace: Private Petitioning and the English Parliament in the Late Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

3277:

Ruelle, Pierre (1999), Recueil général des isopets. Tome quatrième: Les Fables d'Eude de Cheriton, Paris, Société des Anciens Textes Français.

445:

grammar, as opposed to vocabulary, although it is still evident in official and legal terms where the ordinary sequence of noun and adjective

4034: 3317: 1992:

In some remote areas, agricultural terms used by the rural workers may have been derived from Norman French. An example is the Cumbrian term

3416:

in Honour of R. Anthony Lodge. Etudes en hommage au Professeur R. Anthony Lodge (Chambéry: Presses Universitaires de Savoie, 2011), 209–226.

3396:

Trotter, David (2010): Bridging the Gap: The (Socio-)linguistic Evidence of Some Medieval English Bridge Accounts. In: Ingham (2010), 52–62.

3208:

Rothwell, William (1993a), 'The Legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English', Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 109: 16–46.

617:). From around this point onwards, considerable variation begins to be apparent in Anglo-Norman, which ranges from the very local (and most 3567: 3265:

Rothwell, William (2007) 'Synonymity and Semantic Variability in Medieval French and Middle English', Modern Language Review 102:2, 363–80.

3439:

Trotter, David (2013b): L'anglo-normand à la campagne. In: Comptes-rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions 2012, II (avril-juin), 1113–1131.

3244:

Rothwell, William (2001c), 'Arrivals and departures: the adoption of French terminology into Middle English', in English Studies, 144–165.

3016:

Ingham, Richard, 'The status of French in medieval England: evidence from the use of object pronoun syntax', Vox Romanica 65 (2006), 1–22.

2942:

Dessì Schmid, Sarah/Hafner, Jochen/Heinemann, Sabine (2011) (edd.), Koineisierung und Standardisierung in der Romania, Heidelberg, Winter.

684:

was the language of all official written documents. Nevertheless, some important documents had their official Norman translation, such as

3068:

Lusignan, Serge (2004), La langue des rois au Moyen Âge: le français en France et en Angleterre, Paris, Presses universitaires de France.

672:(1413–1422), was the first to write in English. By the end of the 15th century, French became the second language of a cultivated elite. 3193:

Rothwell, William (1983), 'Language and government in medieval England', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 93, 258–70.

2927:

De Jong, Thera (1996), 'Anglo-French in the 13th and 14th Centuries: Continental or Insular Dialect', in Nielsen/Schǿsler (1996), 55–70.

3742: 3717: 3375:

Trotter, David (2003d), 'Not as eccentric as it looks: Anglo-Norman and French French', Forum for Modern Language Studies, 39, 427–438.

3272: 3041:

Kristol, Andres (1990), 'L'enseignement du français en Angleterre (XIIIe-XVe siècles): les sources manuscrites', Romania, 111, 298–330.

3232:

Rothwell, William (1999b), 'Aspects of lexical and morphosyntactical mixing in the languages of medieval England'. In Trotter (2000a).

2980:

Gossen, Charles Théodore (1968a), Graphème et phonème: le problème central de l'étude des langues écrites au Moyen Age, RLiR 32, 1–16.

2895:

Butterfield, Ardis. 2009. The Familiar Enemy. Chaucer, Language and Nation in the Hundred Years' War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1884:

settlements between the 4th and the 10th centuries in Normandy. Otherwise the direct influence of English in mainland Norman (such as

701:

and of legislation in the 15th century, half a century after it had become the language of the king and most of the English nobility.

3858: 3205:

Rothwell, William (1992), 'Chaucer and Stratford atte Bowe', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 74, 3–28.

2989:

Goyens, Michèle/Verbeke, Werner (2003) (edd.), The Dawn of the Written Vernacular in Western Europe, Leuven, Leuven University Press.

2916:

Da Rold, Orietta. 2006. "English Manuscripts 1060 to 1220 and the Making of a Resource." In Literature Compass 3, 750–766, en ligne:

4703: 3175:

Rothwell, William (1973), 'Où en sont les études d'anglo-normand', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 83, 195–204.

2833: 460: 3421: 3220:

Rothwell, William (1996a), 'Adding insult to injury: the English who curse in borrowed French', in Nielsen/Schǿsler (1996), 41–54.

3135:

Pfister, Max (1973), Die sprachliche Bedeutung von Paris und der île-de-France vor dem 13. Jahrhundert, Vox Romanica 32, 217–253.

2288: 749:

to endorse them during their progress to becoming law, or spoken aloud by the Clerk of the Parliaments during a gathering of the

3337:

Trotter, David (1994), 'L'anglo-français au Pays de Galles: une enquête préliminaire', Revue de linguistique romane, 58: 461–88.

3065:

Lusignan, Serge (1986), Parler vulgairement. Les intellectuels et la langue française aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Paris/Montréal.

1159:

can be deduced from its heritage in English. Mostly, it is done in comparison with continental Central French. English has many

3676: 3155:

Richardson, Helen (1940), A Twelfth-Century Anglo-Norman Charter, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, 24, 168–172.

1055: 3452:

Trotter, David (à paraître d), Trop fidèle pour être belle: l'édition historique en Anglo-normand, dans un volume de mélanges.

3363:

Trotter, David (2000c), 'Anglo-Norman', in Glanville Price (ed.), Languages of the British Isles (Oxford: Blackwell), 197–206.

3223:

Rothwell, William (1996b), 'Playing follow my leader in Anglo-Norman studies', Journal of French Language Studies, 6, 177–210.

3108:

Möhren, Frankwalt (2007), Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français: Complément bibliographique 2007, Tübingen, Niemeyer.

1598:. The former words were originally pronounced something like 'profoond', 'soon', 'roond' respectively (compare the similarly 590: 3815: 3796: 3776: 3357:

Trotter, David (2000a), Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain: Proceedings of the 1997 Aberystwyth Colloquium, Cambridge.

3350:

Trotter, David (1998c), 'Some Lexical Gleanings from Anglo-French Gascony', Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 114, 53–72.

2519: 2509: 2348: 2309: 3684: 1834:

meant first "book learning" and then the most glamorous form of book learning, "magic" or "magic spell" in Medieval times.

1768:

demonstrates that in instances, Anglo-Norman may have reinforced certain Scandinavian elements already present in English.

3149:(1952), From Latin to Modern French, with especial consideration of Anglo-Norman, Manchester, Manchester University Press. 3007:

Ingham, Richard (2012), The transmission of Anglo-Norman: Language History and Language Acquisition, Amsterdam, Benjamins.

3307:

Short, Ian (1995), 'Tam Angli quam Franci: Self-definition in Anglo-Norman England', Anglo-Norman Studies xviii, 153–175.

3304:

Short, Ian (1992), Patrons and Polyglots: French Literature in Twelfth-Century England, Anglo-Norman Studies 14, 327–349.

307: 17: 3340:

Trotter, David (1996), 'Language contact and lexicography: the case of Anglo Norman', in Nielsen/Schǿsler (1996), 21–39.

2913:

Collas, J.P. (1964) (ed.), Year Books of Edward II, vol. xxv, London, 'Problems of Language and Interpretation', 14–127.

4728: 4713: 3517: 3310:

Short, Ian (2007), Manual of Anglo-Norman (ANTS, Occasional Publications Series, 7; London: Anglo-Norman Text Society).

3034:

Kowaleski, Maryanne. 2007. "Alien" encounters in the maritime world of medieval England. Medieval Encounters 13:96–121.

2699: 3152:

Postles, Dave (1995), 'Noms de personnes en langue française dans l'Angleterre du moyen âge', Le Moyen Age, 101, 7–21.

2861: 1077: 1118: 3560: 3056:

Lodge, Anthony R. (2010a), The Sources of Standardisation in French – Written or Spoken?, in: INGHAM (2010), 26–43.

2658: 2571: 2542: 2200: 734: 2781: 4005: 3664: 3217:

Rothwell, William (1994), 'The trilingual England of Geoffrey Chaucer', Studies in the Age of Chaucer, 16, 45–67.

2964:

Glessgen, Martin-Dietrich (2012), Trajectoires et perspectives en scriptologie romane, Medioevo Romanzo 36, 5–23.

2622: 2163: 2016:, and led to Anglo-Norman control of much of the island. Norman-speaking administrators arrived to rule over the 726:

in 1731, almost three centuries after the king ceased speaking primarily French. French was used on moots in the

297: 3471:

Weiner, Edmund S.C. (2000), 'Medieval multilingualism and the revision of the OED'. In TROTTER (2000a), 169–174.

2992:

Grübl, Klaus (2013), La standardisation du français au Moyen Âge: point de vue scriptologique, RLiR 77, 344–383.

641:

became more frequent. French became progressively a second language among the upper classes. Moreover, with the

2735: 2190: 1973:(describing the meat). In other cases, the Norman or French word was adopted to signify a new reality, such as 1957: 1939: 1059: 464: 442: 3283:

Schendl, Herbert (1999), 'Linguistic aspects of code-switching in medieval English texts'. In Trotter (2000a).

3114:

Monfrin, Jacques (1968), La mode de tradition des actes écrits et les études de dialectologie, RLiR 32, 17–47.

3053:

Lodge, Anthony R. (2004), A Sociolinguistic History of Parisian French, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

425:, they had been used widely enough to influence English vocabulary permanently. This means that many original 4718: 4275: 3851: 3484:

Wüest, Jakob (2001), Sind Schreibdialekte phonologisch interpretierbar? in: Holtus/Rapp/Völker (2001), 37–51.

1244: 746: 3458:

Van Acker, Marieke (2010), La transition Latin / langues romanes et la notion de «diglossie», ZrP 126, 1–38.

2791: 2245: 271: 4493: 3587: 3187:

Rothwell, William (1979), 'Anglo-French lexical contacts, old and new', Modern Language Review, 74, 287–96.

557:

are sometimes referred to as Anglo-Norman, but that usage is derived from the French name for the islands:

4585: 4446: 4200: 3701: 3693: 3347:

Trotter, David (1998b), 'Les néologismes de l'anglo-français et le FEW', Le Moyen Français 39–41, 577–636.

3202:

Rothwell, William (1991), 'The missing link in English etymology: Anglo-French', Medium Aevum, 60, 173–96.

3172:

Rothwell, William (1968), 'The teaching of French in medieval England', Modern Language Review, 63, 37–46.

2565: 2536: 1662: 1658: 1642: 1638: 1619: 1607: 1272: 1128:

was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman and, later, Anglo-French. W. Rothwell has called Anglo-French 'the

4723: 4708: 4245: 4195: 3553: 3446:

Trotter, David (à paraître b): Tout feu tout flamme: le FEW et l'anglais few. Dans un volume de mélanges.

3324:

The study of Anglo-Norman: Inaugural lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 6 February 1920

3059:

Lodge, Anthony R. (2010b), Standardisation, koinéisation et l'historiographie du français, RLiR 74, 5–26.

4255: 1926:. Nevertheless, from the beginning of the 14th century, some authors chose to write in English, such as 733:

Anglo-Norman has survived in the political system in the use of certain Anglo-French set phrases in the

441:, have been lost or, as is more often the case, exist alongside synonyms of Anglo-Norman French origin. 4339: 3105:

Möhren, Frankwalt (2000), 'One-fold lexicography for a manifold problem?', In Trotter (2000a), 157–168.

2995:

Henry, Albert (1986), Un texte œnologique de Jofroi de Waterford et Servais Copale, Romania 107, 1–37 .

2009: 1960:

can still be seen in today's vocabulary. An enormous number of Norman-French and other medieval French

1129: 634: 391: 4324: 3366:

Trotter, David (2003a), L'Anglo-normand: variété insulaire, ou variété isolée?, Médiévales, 45, 43–54.

539:

By the late 15th century, however, what remained of insular French had become heavily anglicised: see

2843: 2452: 2185: 1122:

in 1539, French was not standardised as an administrative language throughout the kingdom of France.

481: 131: 111: 4487: 4698: 3844: 3622: 3481:

Wüest, Jakob (1979), La dialectalisation de la Gallo-Romania. Études phonologiques, Berne, Francke.

3313:

Stanovaïa, Lydia (2003), La standardisation en ancien français, in: Goyens/Verbeke (2003), 241–272.

1661:

sound, which it still has in English and some dialects of modern Norman, but it has developed into

1152: 742: 430: 3241:

Rothwell, William (2001b) 'English and French in England after 1362', English Studies 82, 539–559.

4287: 4105: 4100: 4057: 4015: 3602: 3597: 3592: 2180: 1923: 1897: 1784:

Many expressions used in English today have their origin in Anglo-Norman (such as the expression

1752:

Although it is a Romance language, Norman contains a significant amount of lexical material from

1048: 139: 126: 101: 1888:"to smuggle") is from direct contact with English in later centuries, rather than Anglo-Norman. 4476: 3422:

https://web.archive.org/web/20140311153723/http://www.digitalmedievalist.org/journal/7/trotter/

2998:

Howlett, David (1996), The English Origins of Old French Literature, Dublin, Four Courts Press.

2898:

Cerquiglini, Bernard (1991), La naissance du français, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

1907: 446: 216: 4551: 4010: 3199:

Rothwell, William (1985b), 'Stratford atte Bowe and Paris', Modern Language Review, 80, 39–54.

2955:

Duval, Frédéric (2009), Le français médiéval (L'Atelier du médiéviste, 11), Turnhout, Brepols.

2936:

Dees, Anthonij (1985), Dialectes et scriptae à l'époque de l'ancien français, RLiR 49, 87–117.

1602:

vowels of modern Norman), but later developed their modern pronunciation in English. The word

4675: 4562: 4451: 3537: 2882:

Brand, Paul (1999), 'The languages of the law in later medieval England'. In Trotter (2000a).

2511:

A Study in Legal History Volume II; The Last of England: Lord Denning's Englishry and the Law

2225: 1160: 657: 642: 387: 370:

might be more suitable, because "Anglo-Norman" is constantly associated with the notion of a

48: 3301:

Short, Ian (1980), 'On Bilingualism in Anglo Norman England', Romance Philology, 33, 467 79.

2074: 4572: 4441: 4182: 3783: 3644: 3498:

The Revised Anglo-Norman Dictionary (A-S), with the entries from the first edition, for T-Z

2168: 645:

and the growing spirit of English and French nationalism, the status of French diminished.

625:

in spoken and written language was one of medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman and Middle English.

492: 411: 54: 4642: 4545: 8: 4461: 4319: 4281: 4110: 3978: 3612: 3259:

Rothwell, William (2006) 'Anglo-French and English Society in Chaucer's 'The Reeve's Tale

3010:

Ingham, Richard, 'Mixing languages on the Manor', Medium Aevum 78 (2009), 80–97 (=2009a).

2109: 750: 661: 594: 496: 476: 4631: 4083: 2910:

Clanchy, M.T. (1993), From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307. 2nd edn. Oxford.

2032: 1749:(words having similar form but different meanings) in Modern English and Modern French. 399: 156: 151: 147: 4604: 4260: 4222: 4153: 4120: 4026: 3956: 3732: 3627: 3576: 3238:

Rothwell, William (2001a), 'Stratford atte Bowe Revisited', Chaucer Review 36, 184–207.

3119: 2605: 2490: 2354: 2273:

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).

1881: 1855: 1753: 1673: 1021: 697:

were written in Latin until the end of the Middle Ages. English became the language of

669: 426: 356: 4270: 2274: 1275:

that affected the development of French did not occur in Norman dialects north of the

1092: 287: 4596: 4431: 4299: 4250: 4133: 3722: 3508:

The Anglo-Norman Text Society publishes a wide range of works written in Anglo-Norman

2731: 2695: 2515: 2494: 2482: 2371:

Geneviève Hasenohr, Le Jeu d'Adam, édition critique et traduction, Genève, Droz, 2017

2344: 2062: 947:

Le Roy/La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence et ainsi le veult.

470: 121: 4143: 3478:

Wright, Laura (1996), Sources of London English: Medieval Thames Vocabulary. Oxford.

3295: 951:

The King/Queen thanks his/her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so.

303: 4637: 4591: 4567: 4516: 4511: 4499: 4376: 4304: 4148: 4138: 4092: 3942: 3788: 2747: 2614: 2567:

Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords

2538:

Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords

2472: 2464: 2358: 2338: 2313: 2157: 2125: 2119: 2068: 2026: 1927: 1873: 1703: 778: 638: 525: 517: 422: 106: 81: 4625: 4557: 4527: 4426: 4349: 4329: 4309: 4163: 4072: 3867: 3617: 2904: 2689: 2593: 2138: 2104: 2086: 1944: 1707: 1248: 928: 694: 690: 622: 562: 554: 547: 434: 336: 328: 161: 93: 4217: 3455:

Ureland, P. Sture (ed.) (1991), Language Contact in the British Isles, Tübingen.

1880:

in the 19th century, but these words are probably linguistic traces of Saxon or

451:

Blood Royal, attorney general, heir apparent, court martial, envoy extraordinary

4662: 4481: 4471: 4314: 4265: 4212: 4189: 4172: 4128: 3936: 3768: 3649: 3639: 3047: 2803: 2044: 2038: 2021: 2017: 1125: 774: 665: 602: 598: 586: 513: 438: 371: 4386: 3891: 2986:

Gossen, Charles Théodore (1979), Méditations scriptologiques, CCM 22, 263–283.

2205: 2080: 359:

and, to a lesser extent, other places in Great Britain and Ireland during the

4692: 4466: 4293: 4227: 4207: 2901:

Cerquiglini, Bernard (2007), Une langue orpheline, Paris: Éditions de Minuit.

2486: 2439:

La langue des rois au Moyen Âge : Le français en France et en Angleterre

1794: 1745: 1109: 375: 360: 264: 74: 2644:

Rothwell, W. (1991), "The missing link in English etymology: Anglo-French",

1781:

in English shows some of the complicated Germanic heritage of Anglo-Norman.

1724: 983:

The exact spelling of these phrases has varied over the years; for example,

536:

legacy survives, indicative of the vitality and importance of the language.

4456: 4334: 3946: 3261:, English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature 87, 511–38. 3146: 2477: 2468: 1251:

before the front vowel produced different results in Norman to the central

754: 727: 653: 606: 211: 3001:

Hunt, Tony. (2000), 'Code-switching in medical texts'. In Trotter (2000a).

2618: 2050: 911:

Supply bill returned to Commons agreed pending Royal Assent by Commission

421:

Although Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French were eventually eclipsed by modern

255: 4579: 4381: 3952: 3808: 3803: 3607: 2382: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1877: 1743:

Distinctions in meaning between Anglo-Norman and French have led to many

1255:

dialects that developed into French. English therefore, for example, has

941: 685: 4391: 3901: 2210: 2154:

Only a handful of Hiberno-Norman-French texts survive, most notably the

4539: 4410: 4404: 4397: 3989: 3984: 3911: 3760: 3322: 2220: 2195: 2013: 1949: 1810: 1599: 1276: 1133: 1113: 1097: 1062: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 738: 723: 715: 698: 649: 582: 574: 561:. The variety of French spoken in the islands is related to the modern 540: 403: 352: 226: 221: 3514:"The Anglo-Norman Correspondence Corpus at Birmingham City University" 3050:(1965), La précocité de la littérature Anglo-normande, CCM 8, 327–349. 1718: 1713:, which is halfway between a hissing sibilant and a hushing sibilant. 4370: 3881: 3545: 3507: 2759: 2328:, "Language and Literature", Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2007. (p. 193) 2279: 2215: 2094: 1961: 1284: 1156: 618: 614: 546:

Among important writers of the Anglo-Norman cultural commonwealth is

280: 248: 206: 2787: 1037: 722:

to form all plurals. Law French was banished from the courts of the

398:, but also those from northern and western France, spoke a range of 3895: 3885: 3755: 3464:

Vising, Johan (1923), Anglo Norman Language and Literature, London.

3081:

Matsumura, Takeshi (2004), c.r. de Ruelle (1999), RLiR 68, 284–285.

3071:

Lusignan, Serge (2005) La Langue des rois au Moyen Âge. Paris: PUF.

2907:. 1975–1982. English Medieval Diplomatic Practice. London: H.M.S.O. 2134: 2130: 395: 315: 57:, accompanied by a short account of his reign in Anglo-Norman prose 3836: 3532: 2920:: (DOI:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00344.x), consulté le 14 mai 2013. 2917: 2308:

For a wide-ranging introduction to the language and its uses, see

4364: 3932: 2249: 1903: 1850: 1280: 1105: 675: 348: 311: 2453:"Losing touch with the common tongues – the story of law French" 1560: 1554: 1543:

Some loans were palatalised later in English, as in the case of

499:. The motto appears below the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms. 4533: 4521: 4504: 4238: 3905: 2876: 2272: 1859: 1804: 1773: 1566: 1017: 578: 568: 521: 3497: 2888:

Brun, Laurent (2004), c.r. de Ruelle (1999), ZrP 120, 190–194.

1271:). In contrast, the palatalization of velar consonants before 4436: 4233: 4177: 1914:

monasteries both wrote chronicles and guarded other works in

1101: 681: 509: 116: 1910:

had reached a very high level of development. The important

1740:

is the French equivalent imported with a different meaning.

1279:. English has therefore inherited words that retain a velar 3915: 1864: 1645:, but English has preserved the older sound (in words like 1013: 827:

Commons amendments to Lords bill agreed to with amendments

565:, and distinct from the Anglo-Norman of medieval England. 314:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

1792:), as do many modern words with interesting etymologies. 1760:(Germanic in English existing prior to the Conquest) and 704: 664:(1399–1413). Henry IV was the first to take the oath in ( 4056: 3500:

is freely available online. The site, formerly known as

3088:

Menger, L.E. (1904), The Anglo Norman Dialect, New York.

1574:

There were also vowel differences: Compare Anglo-Norman

822:

To this bill with amendment the Commons have assented.

394:

in 1066, he, his nobles, and many of his followers from

860:

Ceste Bille est remise aux Communes avecque des Raisons

1996:

for diseased sheep that walk in circles, derived from

1772:

had been introduced into northern English dialects by

906:

To this bill with amendment the Lords have assented.

378:

originally established in England after the Conquest.

2137:). Others exist with English or Irish roots, such as 1096:, Anglo-Norman developed collaterally to the central 628: 410:

continued influence of continental French during the

3120:

http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/lingrom/stein/corpus/#nc

443:

Anglo-Norman had little lasting influence on English

27:

Extinct dialect of Old Norman French used in England

3533:"Psalterium (Psalter of Queen Isabella of England)" 3321: 872:This bill is returned to the Commons with reason. 2397:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 2285:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 2146: 2098: 2072:, "garden"); and terms relating to justice (Irish 2055: 1839: 1548: 793:Lords bill agreed to by Commons without amendment 38: 3296:http://paradox.poms.ac.uk/redist/pdf/chapter1.pdf 4690: 3271:Rothwell, William , 'Anglo-French and the AND', 2760:"Medieval and early modern French Texts at CELT" 2441:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2004. 1702:. It is possible that the original sound was an 806:Lords bill agreed to by Commons with amendments 693:of the king whereas the documents sealed by the 463:still features in French the mottos of both the 2798:Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language 429:words, cognates of which can still be found in 2810:, 2nd edition: Cambridge 1898, pp. 80–87. 2780:British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius A XIII/1 2598:"Modern Royal Assent Procedure at Westminster" 2383:"Anglo-French and the Anglo-Norman Dictionary" 2020:'s new territory. Several Norman words became 676:Language of the royal charters and legislation 4042: 3852: 3561: 2687: 1948:According to one study, about 28% of English 2691:Textbook on Legal Language and Legal Writing 2155: 2093:Place-names in Norman are few, but there is 1690:. Conversely, the pronunciation of the word 1677: 1641:in Medieval French, where Modern French has 1234: 1222: 1192: 569:Trilingualism in Medieval and modern England 468: 4670:varieties with more than 5 million speakers 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2268: 2266: 2226:Blazon § French vocabulary and grammar 1764:(Germanic in Norman). The case of the word 4049: 4035: 3859: 3845: 3568: 3554: 2535:"Appendix F: Royal Assent by Commission". 2340:The Anglo-Norman Language and its Contexts 915:A ceste Bille les Seigneurs sont assentus. 528:) often entered English via Anglo-Norman. 53:Manuscript miniature of the coronation of 47: 2875:Anglo-Norman Dictionary, online version: 2862:Learn how and when to remove this message 2694:. Universal Law Publishers. p. 260. 2476: 1698:even if the spelling is closer to French 1078:Learn how and when to remove this message 1006: 956:Royal Assent is given for a private bill 797:A ceste Bille les Communes sont assentus. 4749:14th-century disestablishments in Europe 4734:Languages attested from the 11th century 3663: 2629: 2507: 2457:International Journal of Legal Discourse 2420: 2380: 2263: 2113:, "boarding, planking") and the element 1943: 1736:demonstrates a Norman development while 924:Royal Assent is given for a public bill 801:To this bill the Commons have assented. 485:("Shamed be he who thinks evil of it"). 461:royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom 2728:Life and Tradition in the Lake District 2592: 2003: 1933: 1100:dialects which would eventually become 851:To amendment the Lords have assented. 308:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 4691: 3575: 3316: 2103:, "Push to the Fore"), the village of 2012:began in 1169, on the first of May in 1826:, the same word which gives us modern 1618:) that in French has been replaced by 919:To this bill the Lords have assented. 890:Commons bill returned with amendments 705:Language of administration and justice 502: 366:According to some linguists, the name 4744:Languages extinct in the 14th century 4739:11th-century establishments in Europe 4030: 3840: 3662: 3549: 2564:"Appendix H: Endorsements to Bills". 2450: 2326:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World 2097:(from the motto of the Barry family: 2818: 2395:Amended version of: Crystal, David. 1060:adding citations to reliable sources 1031: 894:A ceste Bille avecque des Amendemens 810:A ceste Bille avecque des Amendemens 737:, where they are written by hand on 553:The languages and literature of the 3866: 2408:Pollock and Maitland, p. 87 note 3. 2399:. Cambridge University Press, 1995. 680:Until the end of the 13th century, 581:, it was not usual to write in the 24: 4674:Languages between parentheses are 2417:See Lusignan, 2005; Trotter, 2009. 2024:words, including household terms: 1958:Norman-French influence on English 1788:, which derives from Anglo-Norman 1027: 629:Language of the king and his court 577:are found in England. In medieval 573:Many of the earliest documents in 25: 4760: 3491: 2601:(Microsoft Word 97-2003 document) 2514:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 1020:script, typically in the form of 977:The King/Queen will consider it. 964:Let it be done as it is desired. 652:) was the mother tongue of every 2823: 2572:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2543:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2508:Stephens, Charles (2009-10-02). 2201:Middle English creole hypothesis 1862:, and a general use of the word 1728:are both derived from Low Latin 1036: 735:Parliament of the United Kingdom 4704:England in the High Middle Ages 4006:List of Norman language writers 3981:(highly influenced by Jèrriais) 2918:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ 2814: 2786:De Wilde, Geert et al. (eds.), 2752: 2741: 2720: 2708: 2681: 2651: 2638: 2586: 2557: 2528: 2501: 2444: 2411: 2291:from the original on 2023-11-11 2164:The Song of Dermot and the Earl 1798:, for example, literally meant 1163:as a result of this contrast: 1047:needs additional citations for 788:Let it be sent to the Commons. 4678:of the language on their left. 2659:"Cotton MS Vitellius A XIII/1" 2451:Laske, Caroline (2016-04-01). 2402: 2389: 2374: 2365: 2343:. Boydell & Brewer. 2010. 2331: 2318: 2302: 2238: 2191:Influence of French on English 1940:Influence of French on English 1119:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 1116:. Before the signature of the 960:Soit fait comme il est désiré. 856:Disagreement with the Commons 753:, to indicate the granting of 475:("God and my right"), and the 13: 1: 3075:de l'Université Laval, 5–107. 2846:and help improve the section. 2774: 2167:(early 13th century) and the 2141:, which combines the English 1891: 1822:is derived from Anglo-Norman 1138: 885:Let it be sent to the Lords. 747:Clerk of the House of Commons 449:, as seen in phrases such as 2129:, "boundary fence": compare 1969:(describing the animal) and 1267:(both developing from Latin 1263:as opposed to Modern French 1132:' because many etymological 940:Royal Assent is given for a 902:les Seigneurs sont assentus. 847:les Seigneurs sont assentus. 7: 2877:http://www.anglo-norman.net 2726:Rollinson, William (1987). 2174: 1289: 877:Commons bill sent to Lords 818:les Communes sont assentus. 10: 4765: 3329:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2381:Rothwell, William (2006). 2010:Norman invasion of Ireland 1937: 1895: 1610:(as does modern Norman in 1024:to the Hebrew scriptures. 973:Le Roy/La Reyne s'avisera. 881:Soit baillé aux Seigneurs. 392:Norman conquest of England 4729:Medieval history of Wales 4714:Extinct Romance languages 4653: 4618: 4419: 4348: 4162: 4119: 4091: 4082: 4065: 3998: 3966: 3925: 3874: 3741: 3675: 3671: 3658: 3583: 2788:"Anglo-Norman Dictionary" 2186:Anglo-Norman Text Society 969:Royal Assent is withheld 935:The King/Queen wills it. 784:Soit baillé aux Communes. 482:Honi soit qui mal y pense 381: 294: 278: 262: 246: 241: 199: 90: 80: 70: 66:Great Britain and Ireland 62: 46: 37: 32: 3700:Changes before historic 3692:Changes before historic 2310:Anglo-French and the AND 2231: 929:Le Roy/La Reyne le veult 743:Clerk of the Parliaments 668:) English, and his son, 589:was the language of the 559:les îles anglo-normandes 4058:Gallo-Romance languages 4016:Anglo-Norman literature 3892:Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais 3603:Anglo-Frisian languages 2977:(consulté le 02.02.14)] 2181:Anglo-Norman literature 2147: 2124: 2108: 2099: 2067: 2056: 2043: 2031: 1924:Anglo-Norman literature 1898:Anglo-Norman literature 1840: 1676:not recorded in French 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 402:(northern varieties of 332: 39: 2808:History of English Law 2800:(1779) (very outdated) 2717:, fifth edition, 1731. 2688:Bhatia, K. L. (2010). 2469:10.1515/ijld-2016-0002 2156: 2118: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2037: 2025: 1953: 1922:kings encouraged this 1908:Anglo-Saxon literature 1678: 1235: 1223: 1193: 1007:Language of the people 839:avecque une Amendement 814:avecque une Amendement 469: 340: 296:This article contains 4668:A star (*) indicates 4563:Poitevin-Saintongeais 4494:Labrador Inuit Pidgin 3635:Anglo-Norman language 3538:World Digital Library 3118:l'addresse suivante: 2748:'Pallas' | Logainm.ie 2663:Les roys de Engeltere 2275:"Glottolog 4.8 - Oil" 1947: 1647:chamber, chain, chase 1578:with Parisian French 1239:(French, from Norman) 658:William the Conqueror 648:French (specifically 633:From the time of the 388:William the Conqueror 4719:Languages of England 3912:Sercquiais/Sèrtchais 3665:Phonological history 3645:Early Modern English 3502:The Anglo-Norman hub 2804:Pollock and Maitland 2676:Phylippe de Fraunce" 2169:Statutes of Kilkenny 2004:Influence in Ireland 1934:Influence on English 1207:(French, Old French 1168:warranty – guarantee 1056:improve this article 987:has been spelled as 769:English translation 766:Anglo-Norman phrase 4121:Bourbonnais Creoles 4011:Jèrriais literature 3979:Jersey Legal French 3598:Proto-West-Germanic 3588:Proto-Indo-European 2730:. Dalesman. p. 82. 2715:Bailey's Dictionary 2619:10.1093/slr/2.3.133 2359:10.7722/j.ctt9qdjzn 1906:conquered England, 1868:(instead of French 1706:sibilant, like the 1568:challenge, chalonge 1283:where French has a 1217:(from Anglo-Norman 1104:French in terms of 751:Lords Commissioners 503:Use and development 477:Order of the Garter 345:Anglo-Norman French 18:Anglo-Norman French 4724:Languages of Wales 4709:Medieval languages 3967:Historic and legal 3926:Continental Europe 3733:Trisyllabic laxing 3713:Close front vowels 3577:History of English 2606:Statute Law Review 2596:(1 October 1981). 1954: 1882:Anglo-Scandinavian 1876:in Normandy until 1856:Cotentin Peninsula 1665:in Modern French. 831:A ceste Amendement 660:(1066–1087) until 643:Hundred Years' War 491:was first used by 412:Plantagenet period 4686: 4685: 4663:extinct languages 4619:Francoprovencalic 4614: 4613: 4597:Wisconsin Walloon 4024: 4023: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3723:Great Vowel Shift 3708:Close back vowels 2872: 2871: 2864: 2625:on 16 March 2007. 2521:978-1-4438-1560-4 2437:Lusignan, Serge. 2350:978-1-903153-30-7 2107:(from the Norman 1802:in Anglo-Norman. 1694:resembles Norman 1672:preserves a hush 1553:, Middle English 1547:(< Old Norman 1541: 1540: 1269:factio, factiōnem 1233:(Anglo-Norman) – 1191:(Anglo-Norman) – 1173:warden – guardian 1088: 1087: 1080: 981: 980: 489:Dieu et mon droit 471:Dieu et mon droit 355:that was used in 343:), also known as 322: 321: 304:rendering support 300:phonetic symbols. 16:(Redirected from 4756: 4632:Franco-Provençal 4628:/Faetar-Cigliàje 4517:Louisiana French 4512:Louisiana Creole 4325:Saint-Barthélemy 4093:Antillean Creole 4089: 4088: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4028: 4027: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3728:Open back vowels 3703: 3695: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3659: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3516:. Archived from 3330: 3328: 3147:POPE, Mildred K. 2905:Chaplais, Pierre 2867: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2842:Please read the 2838:may need cleanup 2827: 2826: 2819: 2768: 2767: 2756: 2750: 2745: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2621:. Archived from 2602: 2594:Bennion, Francis 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2480: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2314:William Rothwell 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2248:. Archived from 2242: 2161: 2158:chanson de geste 2151:, meaning rock. 2150: 2102: 2059: 1928:Geoffrey Chaucer 1874:land measurement 1843: 1681: 1664: 1660: 1644: 1640: 1621: 1609: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1556:kalange, kalenge 1552: 1517:planche, planque 1290: 1274: 1249:velar consonants 1238: 1226: 1196: 1143: 1140: 1083: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1040: 1032: 779:House of Commons 760: 759: 757:to legislation. 639:English nobility 474: 290: 274: 258: 251: 96: 51: 42: 30: 29: 21: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4699:Norman language 4689: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4649: 4610: 4528:Moselle Romance 4488:Karipúna Creole 4415: 4344: 4256:Franco-Ontarian 4158: 4115: 4078: 4073:Canadian French 4061: 4055: 4025: 4020: 3994: 3962: 3921: 3875:Channel Islands 3870: 3868:Norman language 3865: 3835: 3822: 3792:-glottalization 3737: 3667: 3654: 3579: 3574: 3531: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3494: 3048:Legge, Dominica 2868: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2841: 2834:Further reading 2828: 2824: 2817: 2790:(= AND), on lin 2777: 2772: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2742: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2686: 2682: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2506: 2502: 2478:1854/LU-7239351 2449: 2445: 2436: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2351: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2292: 2271: 2264: 2255: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2177: 2145:and the Norman 2139:Castletownroche 2100:Boutez en avant 2084:(corporation), 2006: 2000:meaning dizzy. 1942: 1936: 1900: 1894: 1184:Compare also: 1148:modern French. 1141: 1084: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1053: 1041: 1030: 1028:Characteristics 1009: 707: 695:Lord Chancellor 678: 635:Norman Conquest 631: 571: 563:Norman language 555:Channel Islands 548:Marie de France 505: 465:British Monarch 384: 302:Without proper 286: 270: 267: 254: 247: 237: 202: 195: 144:Gallo-Rhaetian? 132:Western Romance 112:Latino-Faliscan 97: 94:Language family 92: 86:14th century AD 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4762: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4629: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4482:Haitian Creole 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4452:Burundi Pidgin 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4169: 4167: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3950: 3940: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3899: 3889: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3794: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3697: 3689: 3681: 3679: 3669: 3668: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3650:Modern English 3647: 3642: 3640:Middle English 3637: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3593:Proto-Germanic 3590: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3529: 3510: 3505: 3493: 3492:External links 3490: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2870: 2869: 2831: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2801: 2794: 2784: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2751: 2740: 2719: 2707: 2701:978-8175348943 2700: 2680: 2650: 2637: 2628: 2613:(3): 133–147. 2585: 2556: 2527: 2520: 2500: 2463:(1): 169–192. 2443: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2388: 2373: 2364: 2349: 2330: 2317: 2301: 2262: 2252:on 11 May 2021 2236: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2173: 2123:, from Norman 2018:Angevin Empire 2005: 2002: 1938:Main article: 1935: 1932: 1893: 1890: 1653:). Similarly, 1539: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1476:(Vulgar Latin 1470: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1245:palatalization 1241: 1240: 1228: 1212: 1198: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1170: 1126:Middle English 1086: 1085: 1044: 1042: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1008: 1005: 979: 978: 975: 970: 966: 965: 962: 957: 953: 952: 949: 944: 937: 936: 933: 925: 921: 920: 917: 912: 908: 907: 904: 898:une Amendement 891: 887: 886: 883: 878: 874: 873: 870: 857: 853: 852: 849: 843:des Amendemens 835:ces Amendemens 828: 824: 823: 820: 807: 803: 802: 799: 794: 790: 789: 786: 781: 775:House of Lords 771: 770: 767: 764: 706: 703: 677: 674: 630: 627: 603:Middle English 599:historiography 570: 567: 504: 501: 383: 380: 372:mixed language 368:Insular French 333:Anglo-Normaund 320: 319: 306:, you may see 292: 291: 284: 276: 275: 268: 263: 260: 259: 252: 244: 243: 242:Language codes 239: 238: 236: 235: 234: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 205: 203: 200: 197: 196: 194: 193: 192: 191: 190: 189: 188: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 182: 181: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 171: 170: 169: 136:Gallo-Iberian? 100: 98: 91: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 40:Anglo-Normaund 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4761: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4677: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467:Frainc-Comtou 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4294:Middle French 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4183:St. Marys Bay 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4084:Langues d'oïl 4081: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3772:-vocalization 3771: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3520:on 2012-12-22 3519: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2855: 2845: 2844:editing guide 2839: 2835: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2648:, 60, 173–96. 2647: 2641: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2531: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2414: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2384: 2377: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2251: 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1656: 1652: 1648: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1565:; Old French 1563: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317:chou, caboche 1314: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1178:catch – chase 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151:Anglo-Norman 1149: 1145: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1110:pronunciation 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1082: 1079: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1045:This section 1043: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 976: 974: 971: 968: 967: 963: 961: 958: 955: 954: 950: 948: 945: 943: 939: 938: 934: 932: 930: 926: 923: 922: 918: 916: 913: 910: 909: 905: 903: 899: 895: 892: 889: 888: 884: 882: 879: 876: 875: 871: 869: 865: 861: 858: 855: 854: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 829: 826: 825: 821: 819: 815: 811: 808: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 792: 791: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777:bill sent to 776: 773: 772: 768: 765: 762: 761: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 711: 702: 700: 696: 692: 687: 683: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 626: 624: 623:trilingualism 620: 616: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 566: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 544: 542: 537: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 484: 483: 478: 473: 472: 466: 462: 457: 456: 455:body politic. 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 415: 413: 407: 405: 401: 400:langues d'oïl 397: 393: 389: 379: 377: 376:Norman French 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341:Anglo-normand 338: 334: 330: 326: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 299: 293: 289: 285: 283: 282: 277: 273: 269: 266: 265:Linguist List 261: 257: 253: 250: 245: 240: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217:Proto-Romance 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 208: 204: 198: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 154: 153: 149: 146: 145: 143: 142: 141: 140:Gallo-Romance 138: 137: 135: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127:Italo-Western 125: 124: 123: 120: 119: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 103: 102:Indo-European 99: 95: 89: 85: 83: 79: 76: 75:Anglo-Normans 73: 69: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 4658: 4603: 4584: 4573:Saintongeais 4550: 4538: 4526: 4492: 4457:Camfranglais 4403: 4396: 4369: 4359:Anglo-Norman 4358: 4357: 4320:Newfoundland 4305:Metropolitan 4292: 4282:Jersey Legal 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Retrieved 3518:the original 3501: 3323: 3318:Studer, Paul 3260: 2858: 2849: 2837: 2815:Bibliography 2807: 2797: 2763: 2754: 2743: 2727: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2690: 2683: 2674: 2667:. Retrieved 2662: 2653: 2646:Medium Aevum 2645: 2640: 2631: 2623:the original 2610: 2604: 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2566: 2559: 2547:. Retrieved 2537: 2530: 2510: 2503: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2438: 2413: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2376: 2367: 2339: 2333: 2325: 2320: 2304: 2293:. Retrieved 2278: 2254:. Retrieved 2250:the original 2240: 2162: 2153: 2142: 2114: 2092: 2048:, "cloak"); 2007: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1955: 1901: 1885: 1869: 1863: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1669: 1667: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1611: 1606:retains the 1603: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1544: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1415: 1414:(Old French 1411: 1405: 1399: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259:from Norman 1256: 1253:langue d'oïl 1252: 1242: 1230: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1150: 1146: 1134:dictionaries 1130:missing link 1124: 1117: 1093:langue d'oïl 1091: 1089: 1074: 1065: 1054:Please help 1049:verification 1046: 1010: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 982: 972: 959: 946: 927: 914: 901: 897: 893: 880: 867: 863: 859: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 817: 813: 809: 796: 783: 755:Royal Assent 732: 730:until 1779. 728:Inner Temple 719: 712: 708: 691:private seal 679: 654:English king 647: 632: 611: 609:in writing. 607:bilingualism 572: 558: 552: 545: 538: 533:Anglo-French 532: 530: 506: 488: 487: 480: 458: 454: 450: 420: 416: 408: 385: 367: 365: 361:Anglo-Norman 344: 325:Anglo-Norman 324: 323: 295: 279: 212:Vulgar Latin 167:Anglo-Norman 166: 33:Anglo-Norman 4665:or dialects 4552:Petit nègre 4442:Bourbonnais 4387:Guernésiais 4382:Cotentinais 4261:Frenchville 4223:New England 4154:Seychellois 3953:Cotentinais 3937:Pays d'Auge 3608:Old English 2665:. 1280–1300 2324:Ian Short, 2206:Guernésiais 2090:(court)). 1920:Plantagenet 1916:Old English 1912:Benedictine 1878:metrication 1790:avaunt-main 1786:before-hand 1637:used to be 1600:denasalised 1586:sound with 1296:< Norman 1180:(see below) 1142: 1380 1068:August 2024 942:supply bill 686:Magna Carta 447:is reversed 310:instead of 201:Early forms 4693:Categories 4540:Old French 4462:Champenois 4447:Burgundian 4411:Sercquiais 4405:Old Norman 4398:Law French 4340:Vietnamese 4300:Meridional 4134:Chagossian 3999:Literature 3990:Old Norman 3985:Law French 3743:Consonants 3718:Diphthongs 3628:West Saxon 3524:2012-03-21 3475:1139–1154. 2836:" section 2775:References 2736:0852068859 2295:2023-11-11 2256:2024-04-05 2221:Sercquiais 2196:Law French 2143:Castletown 2060:, "hat"); 2036:, "boy"); 2014:Bannow Bay 1956:The major 1950:vocabulary 1896:See also: 1892:Literature 1848:, compare 1816:cover-fire 1811:couvre-feu 1800:death-wage 1682:, as does 1277:Joret line 1153:morphology 1114:vocabulary 1098:Old French 993:s'advisera 864:une Raison 724:common law 716:Law French 699:Parliament 650:Old French 619:anglicised 615:chronicles 585:: Because 583:vernacular 575:Old French 541:Law French 404:Old French 353:Old Norman 227:Old Norman 222:Old French 4676:varieties 4661:indicate 4643:Valdôtain 4634:/Arpitan 4605:Zarphatic 4546:Orléanais 4432:Berrichon 4371:Auregnais 4246:Cambodian 4228:Québécois 4149:Rodriguan 4139:Mauritian 4106:Grenadian 4101:Dominican 3882:Auregnais 3784:Rhoticity 3764:-dropping 3443:Garnier). 3169:Niemeyer. 2495:159795576 2487:2364-883X 2280:Glottolog 2216:Auregnais 2110:bretesche 2095:Buttevant 1962:loanwords 1902:When the 1854:) in the 1824:grammeire 1754:Old Norse 1746:faux amis 1730:*captiare 1679:mousseron 1668:The word 1651:exchequer 1545:challenge 1530:pouquette 1406:*cate(-l) 1330:caste(-l) 1299:= French 1285:fricative 1157:phonology 989:s'uvisera 985:s'avisera 595:education 493:Richard I 281:Glottolog 249:ISO 639-3 207:Old Latin 71:Ethnicity 55:Henry III 4638:Savoyard 4568:Poitevin 4477:Guianese 4392:Jèrriais 4377:Cauchois 4330:Standard 4310:Missouri 4251:Francien 4201:Kinshasa 3957:Cotentin 3943:Cauchois 3902:Jèrriais 3896:Guernsey 3886:Alderney 3809:stopping 3804:fronting 3756:Flapping 3751:Clusters 3468:159–166. 3436:441–456. 3432:323–337. 3428:197–214. 3412:357–368. 3408:155–189. 3404:299–309. 3400:307–315. 3344:199–222. 3320:(1920). 3102:127–146. 3092:143–157. 3085:213–231. 3038:335–367. 3031:155–205. 3027:143–186. 3023:273–301. 2972:293–309. 2892:337–346. 2852:May 2023 2796:Kelham, 2635:Fuderman 2578:18 April 2549:18 April 2289:Archived 2211:Jèrriais 2175:See also 2171:(1366). 2135:The Pale 2131:palisade 2075:giúistís 1983:warranty 1814:) meant 1795:Mortgage 1674:sibilant 1670:mushroom 1576:profound 1562:chalange 1559:, later 1430:fouorque 1374:chaussée 1362:causeway 1355:chaudron 1343:cauldron 1227:(French) 1209:guaitier 1197:(French) 1161:doublets 1102:Parisian 662:Henry IV 497:Henry VI 427:Germanic 396:Normandy 390:led the 363:period. 347:, was a 316:Help:IPA 288:angl1258 4659:Italics 4592:Walloon 4586:Tây Bồi 4500:Lorrain 4427:Angevin 4365:Augeron 4315:Muskrat 4288:Laotian 4266:Haitian 4213:Belgian 4196:Abidjan 4190:African 4173:Acadian 4144:Réunion 4129:Agalega 3933:Augeron 3618:Mercian 3613:Kentish 3541:. 1300. 3128:Brewer. 2968:Bohlau. 2117:(Irish 2105:Brittas 2063:gairdín 1998:étourdi 1904:Normans 1886:smogler 1851:furlong 1841:forlenc 1832:glamour 1828:grammar 1820:glamour 1762:floquet 1688:coussin 1684:cushion 1580:profond 1550:calonge 1511:planque 1498:guichet 1478:*canile 1436:fourche 1412:cheptel 1393:chasser 1368:cauchie 1349:caudron 1336:château 1311:caboche 1305:cabbage 1293:English 1281:plosive 1261:féchoun 1257:fashion 1236:guichet 1205:guetter 1106:grammar 1022:glosses 741:by the 670:Henry V 526:Spanish 518:Italian 423:English 357:England 349:dialect 312:Unicode 148:Arpitan 122:Romance 82:Extinct 4626:Faetar 4558:Picard 4534:Nouchi 4522:Michif 4505:Welche 4420:Others 4350:Norman 4276:Indian 4239:Magoua 4208:Aostan 4164:French 3906:Jersey 3677:Vowels 3387:77–97. 3383:73–90. 3379:18–33. 3354:20–39. 3326: 3290:71–85. 3165:Press. 3143:18–96. 3139:17–41. 3132:Press. 2832:This " 2764:ucc.ie 2734: 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