528:
2128:. Around a hundred verse romances survive from the period 1150–1220. From around 1200 on, the tendency was increasingly to write the romances in prose (many of the earlier verse romances were adapted into prose versions), although new verse romances continued to be written to the end of the 14th century.
2202:
By the late 13th century, the poetic tradition in France had begun to develop in ways that differed significantly from the troubadour poets, both in content and in the use of certain fixed forms. The new poetic (as well as musical: some of the earliest medieval music has lyrics composed in Old French
904:
as well as exhibiting lexical differences; however, they were mutually intelligible until the 7th century when
Classical Latin 'died' as a daily spoken language, and had to be learned as a second language (though it was long thought of as the formal version of the spoken language). Vulgar Latin was
2394:
Old French was constantly changing and evolving; however, the form in the late 12th century, as attested in a great deal of mostly poetic writings, can be considered standard. The writing system at this time was more phonetic than that used in most subsequent centuries. In particular, all written
10847:
Le déclin du
Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période
928:
with improving the standards of Latin writing in France, not being a native
Romance speaker himself, he prescribed a pronunciation based on a fairly literal interpretation of Latin spelling. For example, in a radical break from the traditional system, a word such as ⟨viridiarium⟩
4447:). There are some cases with significant differences between nominative and oblique forms (derived from Latin nouns with a stress shift between the nominative and other cases) in which either it is the nominative form that survives or both forms survive with different meanings:
2261:
were eventually transferred from the monastery church to the chapter house or refectory hall and finally to the open air, and the vernacular was substituted for Latin. In the 12th century one finds the earliest extant passages in French appearing as refrains inserted into
1384:
This
Germanic language shaped the popular Latin spoken here and gave it a very distinctive identity compared to the other future Romance languages. The first noticeable influence is the substitution of the Latin melodic accent with a Germanic stress and its result was
5996:
Verbs in Old French show the same extreme phonological deformations as other Old French words; however, morphologically, Old French verbs are extremely conservative in preserving intact most of the Latin alternations and irregularities that had been inherited in
1317:, the word for "yes"), sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence, and influences in conjugation and word order. A computational study from 2003 suggests that early gender shifts may have been motivated by the gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish.
1293:). This means that both /pt/ and /kt/ must have first merged into /kt/ in the history of Old French, after which this /kt/ shifted to /xt/. In parallel, /ps/ and /ks/ merged into /ks/ before shifting to /xs/, apparently under Gaulish influence.
962:
As there was now no unambiguous way to indicate whether a given text was to be read aloud as Latin or
Romance, various attempts were made in France to devise a new orthography for the latter; among the earliest examples are parts of the
5987:
In later Old French, Classes II and III tended to be moved across to Class I, which was complete by Middle French. Modern French thus has only a single adjective declension, unlike most other
Romance languages, which have two or more.
1354:
The Old
Frankish language had a definitive influence on the development of Old French, which partly explains why the earliest attested Old French documents are older than the earliest attestations in other Romance languages (e.g.
6340:"we think", the second syllable was stressed. In many Romance languages, vowels diphthongized in stressed syllables under certain circumstances but not in unstressed syllables, resulting in alternations in verb paradigms:
7464:
Some verbs had a more irregular alternation between different-length stems, with a longer, stressed stem alternating with a shorter, unstressed stem. That was a regular development stemming from the loss of unstressed
1833:(For the love of God and for the Christian people, and our common salvation, from this day forward, as God will give me the knowledge and the power, I will defend my brother Karlo with my help in everything ...)
1142:, various phonological changes have been posited as caused by a Gaulish substrate, although there is some debate. One of these is considered certain, because this fact is clearly attested in the Gaulish-language
1381:(Occitan), being that various parts of Northern France remained bilingual between Latin and Germanic for some time, and these areas correspond precisely to where the first documents in Old French were written.
11605:(Electronic Dictionary of Chretien de Troyes): complete lexicon and transcriptions of the five romances of this Old French author. University of Ottawa, Le Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS).
5428:, gender and case with the noun that they are qualifying. Thus, a feminine plural noun in the nominative case requires any qualifying adjectives to be feminine, plural and nominative. For example, in
3870:
between adjacent vowels because of the loss of an intervening consonant. Manuscripts generally do not distinguish hiatus from true diphthongs, but modern scholarly transcription indicates it with a
1829:
Pro Deo amur et pro
Christian poblo et nostro commun salvament, d'ist di en avant, in quant Deus savir et podir me dunat, si salvarai eo cist meon fradre Karlo, et in aiudha et in cadhuna cosa ...
2250:)—both drama and farce—in the Middle Ages remain controversial, but the idea of a continuous popular tradition stemming from Latin comedy and tragedy to the 9th century seems unlikely.
1960:
The earliest extant French literary texts date from the ninth century, but very few texts before the 11th century have survived. The first literary works written in Old French were
750:
reflect its influence, which became a conduit for the introduction into the Anglo-Norman realm, as did Anglo-Norman control of Anjou and
Gascony and other continental possessions.
6324:(length) of the syllables. That resulted in certain automatic stress shifts between related forms in a paradigm, depending on the nature of the suffixes added. For example, in
11641:
5477:. They can be further subdivided into two subclasses, based on the masculine nominative singular form. Class Ia adjectives have a masculine nominative singular ending in
1697:). These examples show a clear consequence of bilingualism, that sometimes even changed the first syllable of the Latin words. One example of a Latin word influencing an
10848:
gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.
1303:
is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable cultural
Romanization. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the
11634:
10504:
1795:
estimated that perhaps still 15% of the vocabulary of Modern French derives from Germanic sources. This proportion was larger in Old French, because
390:) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century. Rather than a unified
14230:
6001:. Old French has much less analogical reformation than Modern French has and significantly less than the oldest stages of other languages (such as
4714:
As in Spanish and Italian, the neuter gender was eliminated, and most old neuter nouns became masculine. Some Latin neuter plurals, which ended in
831:
Some modern languages are derived from Old French dialects other than Classical French, which is based on the Île-de-France dialect. They include
2289:) written in octosyllabic rhymed couplets with Latin stage directions (implying that it was written by Latin-speaking clerics for a lay public).
6165:
in the subjunctive is a regular result of the simplification of the final clusters /fs/ and /ft/, resulting from loss of /e/ in final syllables.
14192:
12262:
11488:
10994:
5303:
10621:
11627:
7433:
verbs have become obsolete, and many of the remaining verbs have been levelled; however, a few alternations remain in what are now known as
6181:
in both indicative and subjunctive, reflecting significant analogical developments: analogical borrowing of unstressed vowel /a/, analogical
1913:-speaking territories in the south. It was only in the 17th to 18th centuries – with the development especially of popular literature of the
1363:). It is the result of an earlier gap created between Classical Latin and its evolved forms, which slowly reduced and eventually severed the
11008:
Polinsky, Maria; Van Everbroeck, Ezra (2003). "Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French".
12303:
6111:. The following paradigm is typical in showing the phonologically regular but morphologically irregular alternations of most paradigms:
10668:
5862:
Class III adjectives have a stem alternation, resulting from stress shift in the Latin third declension and a distinct neuter form:
10467:
nominative sendre, inherited from Latin senior, appears only in the Oaths of Strasbourg, spelled sendra, before it became obsolete.
5458:
10700:
10508:
1326:
11330:
First and Otherwise Notable Editions of Old French Texts Printed from 1742 to 1874: A Bibliographical Catalogue of My Collection
1677:
In contrast, the Italian, Portuguese and Spanish words of Germanic origin borrowed from French or directly from Germanic retain
987:
10725:
10530:
2231:
to distinguish the new musical practice from the music of the immediately preceding age). The best-known poet and composer of
12754:
11559:
11540:
11454:
11388:
11365:
11346:
11161:
10840:
10815:
10540:
12686:
12489:
12484:
5446:
646:
group developed in Upper Burgundy, sharing features with both French and Provençal; it may have begun to diverge from the
12428:
12316:
2633:
344:
12589:
12479:
11239:
Per Hall (1946), converted from Americanist notation to IPA and with corrected word order at the beginning of line four.
12704:
2640:
1875:, the forerunner of modern standard French, did not begin to become the common speech of all of France until after the
920:
rules while speaking and reading Latin. When the most prominent scholar of Western Europe at the time, English deacon
13543:
11505:
11131:
10978:
10678:
10605:
2296:
survive in Old French; these include (mostly anonymous) literature dealing with the recurring trickster character of
949:
completely unintelligible to the general Romance-speaking public, which prompted officials a few years later, at the
13603:
2566:
12891:
12496:
12296:
11473:
Milis, L. (1978). "La frontière linguistique dans le comté de Guînes: un problème historique et méthodologique".
10374:
Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections are generally invariable. Pronouns are usually declinable.
3057:
2589:
1946:
1938:
1347:
who settled in Gaul from the 5th century and conquered the future Old French-speaking area by the 530s. The name
1236:). This phonetic evolution is common in its later stages with the shift of the Latin cluster /kt/ in Old French (
334:
13691:
13592:
10393:
5452:
5256:
Class III nouns show a separate stem in the nominative singular that does not occur in any of the other forms:
3102:
2389:
1909:, French was established as the official language of the Kingdom of France throughout the realm, including the
1842:, which is important for linguistic reconstruction of Old French pronunciation due to its consistent spelling.
13562:
6374:. Combined with other stress-dependent developments, that yielded 15 or so types of alternations in so-called
6251:
also shows extensive analogical reformation and simplification in Modern French, as compared with Old French.
1389:, differentiation between long and short vowels, the fall of the unaccented syllable and of the final vowels:
13499:
13177:
11868:
11591:
7760:
2571:
1954:
5329:
IIId nouns represent various other third-declension Latin nouns with stress shift or a change of consonant (
291:
12086:
3282:). In any case, traces of such a change were erased in later stages of French, when the close nasal vowels
2601:
2594:
2554:
2362:
13626:
13029:
12178:
12039:
11793:
8028:
7962:
7952:
7937:
7919:
7898:
7883:
7862:
7847:
7837:
7816:
7798:
7780:
7770:
7749:
7734:
7724:
7709:
7699:
7678:
7668:
7426:
7422:
7414:
7410:
7346:
7340:
7335:
7308:
7302:
7297:
7249:
7243:
7238:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7152:
7146:
7141:
7115:
7109:
7104:
7093:
7087:
7082:
7054:
7048:
7043:
7011:
7005:
7000:
6972:
6966:
6961:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6865:
6859:
6854:
6807:
6801:
6796:
6768:
6762:
6757:
6709:
6703:
6698:
6654:
6648:
6643:
6616:
6610:
6605:
6557:
6551:
6546:
6498:
6492:
6487:
6383:
6379:
6147:
6143:
4413:
In later Old French, the distinctions had become moribund. As in most other Romance languages, it was the
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4115:
4077:
4047:
4017:
3987:
3957:
3926:
3895:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3762:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3716:
3688:
3684:
3666:
3647:
3607:
3589:
3571:
3547:
3543:
3524:
3506:
3478:
3460:
3436:
3432:
3413:
3409:
3390:
3371:
3352:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2865:
2845:
2835:
2824:
2814:
2788:
2768:
2720:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
840:
663:
643:
14235:
14067:
13505:
12474:
12403:
11838:
11788:
11095:
3112:
2999:
2617:
2121:
1996:
11848:
13788:
13360:
12795:
12353:
12289:
11932:
7466:
5208:
and from third-declension masculine nouns; in both cases, the Latin nominative singular did not end in
3131:
2517:
2505:
2078:
1932:
1494:
Additionally, two phonemes that had long since died out in Vulgar Latin were reintroduced: and (>
996:
words influenced Vulgar Latin and, through this, other Romance languages. For example, classical Latin
428:
11917:
10646:
7385:. Generally, the "weak" (unstressed) form predominates, but there are some exceptions (such as modern
6009:
in Gallo-Romance and Proto-French led to complex alternations in the majority of commonly-used verbs.
5605:, like the feminine. There are descendants of Latin second- and third-declension adjectives ending in
638:, at the time also called "Provençal", adjacent to the Old French area in the southwest, and with the
13375:
13287:
12896:
12737:
12452:
12381:
12363:
12346:
12341:
12331:
11215:
6292:), alternating with past-tense forms from the Latin perfect (continued as the modern "simple past").
6267:
5235:
3005:
2606:
2559:
2416:
1966:
1360:
969:
704:
as some of the more prominent cities. It was said that the Picard language began at the east door of
180:
160:
85:
12080:
11022:
10962:
14225:
14080:
13984:
12857:
12805:
12584:
12532:
10939:
10625:
6006:
3015:
2055:
901:
10919:
Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies
3741:
In Early Old French, the diphthongs described above as "rising" may have been falling diphthongs (
1807:
The earliest documents said to be written in the Gallo-Romance that prefigures French – after the
13448:
13039:
12993:
12874:
12847:
12786:
12723:
12669:
12376:
12336:
11880:
11698:
11693:
11650:
11358:
Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise : Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental
11123:
From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman: Phonology and Morphology
10443:
10388:
4316:
2531:
2522:
2510:
933:' now had to be read aloud precisely as it was spelled rather than */verdʒjær/ (later spelled as
913:
623:
608:
522:
188:
175:
150:
113:
13044:
11517:
From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman Phonology and Morphology
14166:
13382:
12800:
12746:
12398:
12069:
11017:
4703:
in the word is still pronounced today; but this has to do with later developments — namely the
2349:
1970:, written in the second half of the 9th century, is generally accepted as the first such text.
1364:
950:
639:
451:
406:
258:
12144:
2221:
and other new secular forms of poetry and music (mostly anonymous, but with several pieces by
14198:
14143:
13949:
13944:
13597:
13575:
13466:
13394:
13217:
12879:
12642:
12268:
12155:
12044:
11951:
10926:
3871:
2660:
2480:
2473:
1949:", resulting in a profusion of creative works in a variety of genres. Old French gave way to
1942:
1340:
848:
767:
751:
588:
536:
477:
The region where Old French was spoken natively roughly extended to the northern half of the
455:
97:
13862:
12830:
10954:
2906:). At the end of words, it was also devoiced to . In some texts it was sometimes written as
2168:); in their turn, the Provençal poets were greatly influenced by poetic traditions from the
2120:'s other two categories—the "Matter of Rome" and the "Matter of Britain"—concern the French
1915:
14148:
13922:
13538:
13511:
13437:
13297:
13096:
13024:
12976:
12970:
12933:
12916:
12165:
12034:
11775:
11156:
Edited and Translated into Modern French by Ian Short. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1990. p. 12.
6320:
In Latin, stress was determined automatically by the number of syllables in a word and the
3867:
3776:
is debated. In the first records of Early Old French, they represented and were written as
2853:
2684:
2536:
2487:
2240:
2098:
893:
612:
109:
13932:
13345:
12413:
12235:
12138:
10955:
8:
14220:
13633:
13525:
13493:
13487:
13108:
13068:
13034:
12862:
12626:
12054:
11912:
11874:
11703:
11060:
10799:
6309:
6060:
4143:
2583:
2546:
2133:
2094:
2042:
have survived in around three hundred manuscripts. The oldest and most celebrated of the
1906:
1816:
964:
705:
13896:
13329:
13004:
12938:
12224:
11676:
11576:
4072:
1107:
518:
416:
205:
200:
196:
14138:
13867:
13723:
13681:
13647:
13641:
13531:
13474:
13431:
13414:
13152:
13145:
12981:
12769:
12710:
12566:
12554:
12433:
12371:
12197:
11853:
11815:
11746:
11713:
11619:
11482:
11409:
11377:
11270:
11043:
11035:
10988:
10493:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).
6209:
verb paradigm. Even modern "irregular" verbs are not immune from analogy: For example,
6044:
5425:
5299:
4289:
2931:
of the oral vowels before a nasal consonant. The nasal consonant was fully pronounced;
2083:
2048:
1979:
832:
443:
13916:
12408:
11863:
10494:
3951:
3761:
did not assonate with any pure vowels, which suggests that it cannot have simply been
1871:
324:
14095:
14074:
13994:
13954:
13813:
13741:
13735:
13659:
13551:
13461:
13402:
13314:
13272:
13073:
13019:
12825:
12810:
12781:
12764:
12674:
12637:
12606:
12594:
12513:
12501:
12418:
12393:
12387:
12312:
12281:
12189:
12024:
11892:
11843:
11726:
11555:
11536:
11501:
11450:
11384:
11361:
11342:
11262:
11157:
11127:
10974:
10905:
Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania
10836:
10811:
10674:
10601:
10536:
10383:
5867:
5296:
5201:
3357:
3064:
2625:
2460:
2450:
2418:
2373:
2222:
2214:
2004:
2000:
1876:
1808:
1119:). An estimated 200 words of Gaulish etymology survive in Modern French, for example
906:
856:
824:
814:
667:
604:
584:
572:
564:
560:
552:
544:
478:
410:
399:
391:
263:
170:
121:
13937:
12906:
12884:
11736:
5473:
Class I adjectives have a feminine singular form (nominative and oblique) ending in
3982:
3921:
1893:
In the Late Middle Ages, the Old French dialects diverged into a number of distinct
708:, so far-reaching was its influence. It would also spread northwards in the area of
340:
14048:
14038:
14023:
14011:
13927:
13876:
13840:
13818:
13805:
13799:
13728:
13717:
13621:
13586:
13570:
13419:
13407:
13340:
13304:
13292:
13260:
13185:
13157:
13130:
12960:
12955:
12943:
12923:
12911:
12852:
12759:
12716:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12611:
12542:
12526:
12423:
12230:
12184:
12160:
12109:
12104:
12092:
11969:
11897:
11741:
11731:
11685:
11047:
11027:
10966:
10729:
10398:
6341:
6301:
6297:
5885:
5197:
5193:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4042:
2861:
2445:
2440:
2377:
2277:
2263:
2165:
2137:, which breaks considerably from the conventions of the chivalric adventure story.
2069:
2060:
2013:
1984:
1920:
1866:
1857:, which slowly but firmly asserted its ascendency over the more southerly areas of
1839:
1820:
1386:
1376:
1300:
1297:
1139:
993:
820:
792:
747:
709:
689:
471:
155:
117:
13823:
13773:
11195:"Tome 1: Des origines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle", Paris: Larousse, 1967, p. 36–37.
10704:
3890:
3511:
2209:
in 1310 and 1314, a satire on abuses in the medieval church, filled with medieval
1902:
1854:
447:
14132:
14118:
13999:
13901:
13891:
13835:
13686:
13674:
13614:
13609:
13424:
13353:
13335:
13309:
13282:
13212:
13169:
13081:
13062:
13014:
12901:
12867:
12820:
12815:
12537:
12469:
12441:
12218:
12150:
12120:
12019:
11942:
11922:
11902:
11756:
11665:
11121:
10435:
9271:
8858:
8445:
7434:
6321:
6258:
was preserved in very early Old French as a past tense with a value similar to a
5855:
An important subgroup of Class II adjectives is the present participial forms in
5731:
5434:
4304:
Evolution of the nominal masculine inflection from Classical Latin to Old French
4273:
4012:
3652:
3529:
3483:
3465:
3441:
3418:
3046:
2839:
2818:
2652:
2467:
2455:
2218:
2205:
2145:
2089:
1509:
1356:
1147:
1028:
885:
852:
771:
755:
739:
681:
568:
506:
467:
463:
395:
383:
142:
13135:
11810:
11296:
Moignet (1988, p. 26–31), Zink (1992, p. 39–48), de La Chaussée (1977, p. 39–44)
7380:
5740:
5630:
14183:
14090:
14085:
14006:
13886:
13848:
13580:
13140:
13086:
13056:
12948:
12632:
12560:
12506:
12255:
12074:
12064:
11907:
11858:
11805:
11782:
11765:
11721:
11179:"Tome 1: Des origines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle", Paris: Larousse, 1967, p. 16.
6375:
5412:
4110:
4102:
3693:
3671:
3594:
3576:
3552:
3395:
3376:
3217:
3183:
3096:
2499:
2400:
2369:
2267:
2192:
1992:
1846:
1812:
1336:
1019:
810:
596:
592:
580:
576:
548:
540:
502:
490:
486:
482:
459:
105:
101:
13229:
11979:
6370:
In the development of French, at least five vowels diphthongized in stressed,
5876:
4677:
In a few cases in which the only distinction between forms was the nominative
779:
563:
of Old French in contemporary terms corresponded to the northern parts of the
14214:
14125:
14028:
14016:
13748:
13456:
13113:
13051:
12547:
12059:
11886:
11820:
11800:
11404:
Hall, Robert Anderson (October 1946). "Old French phonemes and orthography".
11266:
10970:
6371:
6139:
5998:
5749:
5486:
4704:
4575:
3781:
2976:
2940:
2714:
2271:
2236:
2111:
2106:
1983:, divided medieval French narrative literature into three subject areas: the
1950:
1898:
1888:
1853:
in 987, inaugurated the development of northern French culture in and around
1796:
1371:
influence is also believed to be responsible for the differences between the
743:
439:
132:
5621:
5495:
5397:
5215:
The classes show various analogical developments: Class I nominative plural
4608:
4602:
1007:
13907:
13767:
13207:
13162:
12049:
11927:
10953:
Adams, J. N. (2007). "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul".
10892:
Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii
10439:
5722:
For Class II adjectives, the feminine singular is not marked by the ending
4414:
4277:
2258:
2169:
2141:
2022:
1792:
1304:
1122:
889:
860:
717:
253:
11031:
5391:
4584:
2848:
was found only in Germanic loanwords or words influenced by Germanic (cf.
2177:
1746:'strawberry', which explains the replacement > and in turn the final
1307:
dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and
1130:
1101:
1086:
1070:
308:
13969:
13962:
13699:
13265:
12172:
11974:
6293:
6248:
6002:
5504:
5326:
IIIc nouns are an Old French creation and have no clear Latin antecedent.
4531:
3720:
3566:
3455:
3306:, which is known to have happened no later than the Middle French period.
3145:
3088:
3081:
3035:
3029:
2988:
2971:
2857:
2188:
1988:
1961:
925:
763:
656:
and is attested as a distinct Gallo-Romance variety by the 12th century.
653:
13234:
11984:
11586:
by Brigitte L. M. Bauer and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
11583:
6063:, in both cases regular phonological developments from Latin indicative
5406:
2203:
by the earliest composers known by name) tendencies are apparent in the
1331:
The pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax of the Vulgar Latin spoken in
1078:
1062:
1042:
775:
501:), but the influence of Old French was much wider, as it was carried to
13277:
13247:
13239:
13195:
13190:
12840:
12599:
12003:
11997:
11990:
11413:
11274:
11250:
11039:
10579:
La langue des rois au Moyen Âge: Le français en France et en Angleterre
7688:
6387:
6255:
5261:
4740:
4729:, which was taken for a singular in Vulgar Latin and ultimately led to
3642:
3501:
3347:
3321:
3120:
2981:
2183:
2117:
2008:
1974:
1850:
1332:
1112:
844:
783:
759:
723:
11596:
10583:
The language of kings in the Middle Ages: French in France and England
10343:
9723:
9716:
6390:
in stressed, open syllables but not in unstressed syllables, yielding
6193:) and wholesale replacement of the subjunctive with forms modelled on
4652:
3612:
3190:
closed in certain positions (such as when it was followed by original
2794:
2093:
or the "rebel vassal cycle", the most famous characters of which were
1166:. The consonant clusters /ps/ and /pt/ shifted to /xs/ and /xt/, e.g.
999:
14043:
13881:
13223:
12518:
11963:
11587:
11477:. Paris. Section d'histoire moderne et contemporaine (pages 249–262).
10499:
6263:
6259:
6124:
3754:
3711:
In Early Old French (up to about the mid-12th century), the spelling
3317:
2928:
2827:
appeared not only in the middle of a word but also at the end, as in
2710:
2691:
2680:
2314:) series of fables in verse. Related to the fable was the more bawdy
2157:
2025:
2018:
1858:
1368:
1143:
897:
836:
787:
713:
532:
527:
454:. Other dialects of Old French evolved themselves into modern forms (
432:
317:
301:
283:
248:
13669:
10600:. Translated by Wright, Roger. Pennsylvania State University Press.
4687:
4661:
4540:
2927:
In Old French, the nasal vowels were not separate phonemes but only
2320:, which covered topics such as cuckolding and corrupt clergy. These
754:
was a language that reflected a shared culture on both sides of the
13828:
13664:
13480:
12928:
12776:
11610:
11431:
Medieval Boundaries: Rethinking Difference in Old French Literature
11067:, Presses Universitaires de France, 2nd edn., chap. 3, 1993, p. 53.
5601:
For Class Ib adjectives, the masculine nominative singular ends in
5204:. Class IIa generally stems from second-declension nouns ending in
3298:
may have existed in the unstressed third-person plural verb ending
2899:
2354:
2340:
2227:
2153:
2149:
1862:
1622:'morello' with analogous fruits, when they are not ripe; ≠ Occitan
1116:
917:
800:
727:
616:
600:
498:
352:
93:
73:
67:
61:
14033:
5381:
Regular feminine forms of masculine nouns are formed by adding an
4638:
1094:
916:
began, native speakers of Romance idioms continued to use Romance
13652:
13517:
13255:
12679:
12664:
11957:
2325:
2316:
2297:
930:
877:
804:
685:
402:
348:
89:
5385:
to the masculine stem unless the masculine stem already ends in
4632:
746:. Most of the older Norman (sometimes called "French") words in
13854:
13200:
13123:
13103:
12835:
12126:
12114:
12097:
11831:
10492:
8046:
4135:
2306:
2304:. Marie de France was also active in this genre, producing the
2034:
1344:
1308:
1205:
953:, to instruct priests to read sermons aloud in the old way, in
946:
937:
921:
697:
647:
633:
627:
494:
422:
414:
377:
371:
365:
48:
42:
36:
10917:
Matasovic, Ranko (2007). "Insular Celtic as a Language Area".
8884:
8471:
6205:
verbs. All serve to eliminate the various alternations in the
2395:
consonants (including final ones) were pronounced, except for
770:; however, Norman varieties still survive in Normandy and the
13118:
13091:
12029:
11826:
11770:
11191:
Antoine Adam, Georges Lerminier, and Édouard Morot-Sir, eds.
11175:
Antoine Adam, Georges Lerminier, and Édouard Morot-Sir, eds.
10894:, eds., Anna Bochnakowa & Stanislan Widlak, Krakow, 1995.
5253:) in Class IIa nominative plural, modelled on Class II, etc.
4708:
4417:
form that usually survived to become the Modern French form:
2344:
2311:
2293:
2210:
2029:
871:
796:
735:
701:
693:
675:
671:
165:
11213:
10890:
Henri Guiter, "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania", in
3866:
In addition to diphthongs, Old French had many instances of
11602:
11339:
Initiation à la morphologie historique de l'ancien français
10585:] (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
5441:
Adjectives can be divided into three declensional classes:
4521:
3216:, in at least in some dialects, since it was borrowed into
731:
10596:
Jozsef, Herman (1997). "The end of the history of Latin".
10529:
Battye, Adrian; Hintze, Marie-Anne; Rowlett, Paul (2000).
6138:
is a regular result of the diphthongization of a stressed
1923:
spread throughout France alongside the regional dialects.
351:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5227:
after a consonant cluster) in Class I nominative plural (
5196:. Class Ia mostly comes from Latin feminine nouns in the
4421:"the child" represents the old oblique (Latin accusative
2943:
before nasals where Modern French has oral vowels, as in
2301:
1161:
1054:
1048:
1013:
742:
of England brought many Norman-speaking aristocrats into
11649:
2423:. The phonological system can be summarised as follows:
2246:
Discussions about the origins of non-religious theater (
945:
Such a radical change had the effect of rendering Latin
539:
are in light blue, vassals to the French king in green,
474:, etc.), each with its linguistic features and history.
10861:
Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles
2380:
used in literary works in the 13th and 14th centuries.
758:. Ultimately, the language declined and fell, becoming
12311:
11355:
11007:
3173:
across most of what is now France and northern Italy.
2783:"twelve", and occurred only in the middle of the word.
2683:(plosives, fricatives and affricates) were subject to
2144:
was indebted to the poetic and cultural traditions in
2131:
The most important romance of the 13th century is the
2052:(earliest version composed in the late 11th century).
413:. These dialects came to be collectively known as the
11475:
Actes du 101e Congrès nationale des sociétés savantes
11217:
Tables synoptiques de phonologie de l'ancien français
10957:
The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600
10670:
Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture – Google Boeken
10549:
7393:). The only remaining alternations are in verbs like
547:
to the east, the western fringes of which, including
13003:
10522:
7970:
Both stems have become full verbs in Modern French:
6312:(in its original value as a pluperfect indicative).
2017:("songs of exploits" or "songs of (heroic) deeds"),
11424:. New York: Modern Language Association of America.
10875:
10528:
6332:"I think", the first syllable was stressed, but in
2902:to in the early period (cf. contemporary Spanish:
2852:). It was later lost as a consonant, though it was
2257:in the church's liturgical dialogues and "tropes".
1155:
493:to the east (corresponding to modern north-eastern
11612:La Défense, et illustration de la langue française
11376:
10505:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
8039:is an initial rather than intertonic so the vowel
5457:Class III containing primarily the descendants of
4288:did. Case distinctions, at least in the masculine
4280:, for longer than some other Romance languages as
4250:King Marsilie is its master, he who loves not God,
3788:, but the transitional pronunciations are unclear.
3738:in Late Old French (except when it was nasalized).
2104:A fourth grouping, not listed by Bertrand, is the
1953:in the mid-14th century, paving the way for early
4248:Other than Saragossa, which lies atop a mountain.
2687:, which was usually indicated in the orthography.
2347:to appear in Old French were the translations of
2011:). The first of these is the subject area of the
14212:
10916:
7381:
4272:Old French maintained a two-case system, with a
2270:(patron saint of the student clercs) play and a
1838:The second-oldest document in Old French is the
1282:
1256:
1225:
1076:
896:. Vulgar Latin differed from Classical Latin in
512:
509:as the language of a feudal elite and commerce.
438:The mid-14th century witnessed the emergence of
11597:Historical French Reader : medieval period
1351:itself is derived from the name of the Franks.
11336:
11312:A History of the French Language Through Texts
10830:
9297:
7640:is particularly complicated; it appears that:
5295:although several IIIb nouns actually continue
4296:and the noun itself. Thus, the masculine noun
4242:He has conquered the lofty land up to the sea.
1882:
1802:
1092:
762:, a jargon spoken by lawyers that was used in
575:, which in the 12th century were ruled by the
12297:
11635:
11309:
10835:. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7.
10434:Phonetic evolution approximately as follows:
4508:) survive in the vocabulary of later French (
4186:Li reis Marsilies la tient, ki Deu nen aimet,
3310:
2253:Most historians place the origin of medieval
1288:
1276:
1262:
1250:
1231:
1219:
1188:
1084:
1068:
1060:
10952:
10666:
4222:liˈre͜ismarˈsiʎəslaˈti͜ɛnt,kiˈdɛ͜unənˈa͜iməθ
4190:Ne·s poet guarder que mals ne l'i ataignet!
4178:Tres qu'en la mer conquist la tere altaigne,
3791:Early Old French had additional triphthongs
2275:
2235:secular music and chansons of the incipient
1312:
1128:
1120:
1040:
1031:
884:), one can see phonological changes between
659:Dialects or variants of Old French include:
531:Map of France in 1180, at the height of the
27:
14193:languages with more than 5 million speakers
12263:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
10871:
10869:
10786:Delamarre (2003, pp. 389–90) lists 167
6127:triggered by loss of final /o/ but not /a/.
3624:
1558:
1502:
1240:
1170:
1138:Within historical phonology and studies of
1022:
1005:
997:
954:
13776:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
12304:
12290:
11642:
11628:
11519:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
11487:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11447:Morphologie historique des verbes français
11204:Rickard 1989: 47–8, Laborderie 1994: § 2.2
10993:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10794:
10792:
10667:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997).
7469:, which remained when they were stressed:
4254:he cannot prevent harm from reaching him.
4202:ˈsɛtˈant͡sˈtot͡sˈple͜insˈaðesˈtæθenesˈpaɲə
1004:was uniformly replaced in Vulgar Latin by
872:Evolution and separation from Vulgar Latin
543:possessions in red. Shown in white is the
450:region; this dialect was a predecessor to
11608:
11428:
11383:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11021:
10555:
5283:IIIb nouns also had a stress shift, from
4718:, were reanalysed as feminine singulars:
4620:) survives only in the Paris street name
4520:) as different ways to refer to a feudal
4300:'the neighbour' was declined as follows:
4198:ˈt͡ʃarləsliˈre͜is,ˈnɔstr‿empəˈræðrəˈmaɲəs
4174:Charles li reis, nostre emperedre magnes,
1799:borrowed heavily from Latin and Italian.
11318:
10866:
10576:
10369:
5447:Latin 1st- and 2nd-declension adjectives
5234:, although there is evidence to suggest
4725:was more widely used in the plural form
4176:Set anz toz pleins at estét en Espaigne.
3768:The pronunciation of the vowels written
3161:had formerly existed but then closed to
1937:The material and cultural conditions in
1713:
1698:
1655:
1644:
1616:
1584:
1532:'high' (influenced by Old Low Frankish
1012:'nag, work horse', derived from Gaulish
555:, were also part of the Old French area.
526:
481:and its vassals (including parts of the
14231:Languages attested from the 8th century
11495:
11374:
11214:Berthon, H. E.; Starkey, V. G. (1908).
10810:]. Paris: Errance. pp. 46–47.
10798:
10789:
10570:
10535:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 12.
6426:Vowel alternations in Old French verbs
6185:in the first singular (from verbs like
5438:has to be in the feminine plural form.
5280:in Latin and preserve the stress shift.
5236:this analogy had already occurred in VL
4252:He serves Mohammed and worships Apollo:
4240:Has been in Spain for seven full years:
4230:nə‿sˈpu͜ɛtgwarˈdærkəˈmalsnəl‿iaˈta͜iɲəθ
4214:ˈmyrsnət͡siˈtæθn‿iˈɛstrəˈmæsaˈfra͜indrə
4184:Fors Sarragoce qu'est en une montaigne;
4182:Murs ne citét n'i est remés a fraindre,
4180:Chastel n'i at ki devant lui remaignet.
4146:reflecting reconstructed pronunciation
2274:play. An early French dramatic play is
1819:(treaties and charters into which King
1327:List of French words of Germanic origin
976:
345:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14213:
11599:by Paul Studer and E.G.R Waters (1924)
11419:
10767:
10595:
6270:(878 AD) has past-tense forms such as
6169:Modern French, on the other hand, has
4636:"one" continues Old French nominative
4244:No castle remains standing before him;
4210:t͡ʃasˈtɛlniˈaθkidəˈvantˈly͜irəˈma͜iɲəθ
4206:ˈtræsk‿enlaˈmɛrkonˈkistlaˈtɛralˈta͜iɲə
3799:(equivalent to diphthongs followed by
2181:– etymologically the same word as the
1973:At the beginning of the 13th century,
1111:(both via different forms of French:
988:List of French words of Gaulish origin
72:
66:
60:
12285:
11623:
11472:
11463:
11444:
11356:Delamarre, X.; P.-Y. Lambert (2003).
11251:"Old French Phonemes and Orthography"
10946:
10910:
10824:
10728:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
10703:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
10624:. Iedo.brillonline.nl. Archived from
10451:
5881:
5745:
5626:
5500:
5402:
5200:. Class II is derived from the Latin
4942:
4748:
4739:Nouns were declined in the following
4730:
4627:
4571:
4527:
4119:
4081:
4051:
4021:
3991:
3961:
3930:
3899:
3851:
3830:
2948:
2939:). Nasal vowels were present even in
2936:
2918:). By 1100 it disappeared altogether.
2372:, a mixed language of Old French and
2368:In northern Italy, authors developed
2328:and for the Renaissance short story (
2175:Lyric poets in Old French are called
1037:
11549:
11530:
11514:
11500:(2nd ed.). Paris: Klincksieck.
11327:
11248:
11119:
10404:
7417:and in (largely-learned) verbs like
6422:The different types are as follows:
6315:
5302:with a similar inflection: Frankish
5212:, which is preserved in Old French.
4238:Charles the king, our great emperor,
4218:ˈfɔrssaraˈgot͡sək‿ˈɛstenˈynəmonˈtaɲə
3908:
3302:, but it may have already passed to
3212:may have similarly become closed to
1941:around the year 1100 triggered what
1519:
1457:
1429:
1154:1st century). There, the Greek word
892:, the common spoken language of the
603:, Old French was also spoken in the
11433:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
10880:. Paris: La Différence. p. 26.
7375:In Modern French, the verbs in the
3636:stress always falls on middle vowel
13:
14197:Languages between parentheses are
12267:Languages between parentheses are
11303:
10907:(Leuven, Belgium: Acco, 2006), 83.
10776:] (in French). Paris: Errance.
10770:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise
10464:
10447:
9302:
8018:
7995:
6296:also preserved this tense, with a
6210:
6206:
6013:
5451:Class II corresponding roughly to
5313:
5192:Class I is derived from the Latin
4707:and Early Modern French system of
4657:
4656:"man" continues the oblique form (
4597:
4580:
4553:
4536:
4452:
4430:
4246:No wall or city is left to destroy
4097:
4090:
4067:
4060:
4037:
4007:
3977:
3946:
3916:
3885:
3844:
3837:
3823:
3272:
3254:
3236:
3169:having previously been fronted to
2743:at the end of a word – as seen in
1815:(8th and 9th centuries) – are the
1755:
1740:
1706:
1633:
1565:
1526:
1495:
1464:
1436:
1404:
1202:
934:
912:By the late 8th century, when the
14:
14247:
14077:(unknown further classification)
11580:by François Frédéric Roget (1887)
11569:
11533:Phonétique historique du français
11337:de la Chaussée, François (1977).
10774:Dictionary of the Gallic language
6228:"to live") has yielded to modern
6123:is a regular result of the final
5459:Latin synthetic comparative forms
5445:Class I corresponding roughly to
4579:"priest" is the nominative form (
4535:"sister" is the nominative form (
4226:mahoˈmɛtˈsɛrteðapoˈlinrəˈkla͜iməθ
4188:Mahomet sert ed Apolin reclaimet:
3144:
3130:
3111:
3101:
3087:
3080:
3063:
3056:
3034:
3028:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2659:
2639:
2632:
2616:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2535:
2530:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2324:would be an important source for
1939:France and associated territories
11552:Morphologie du français médiéval
11525:A history of the French language
11466:French: From Dialect to Standard
11397:Grandgent, Charles Hall (1907).
11360:(2nd ed.). Paris: Errance.
11120:Pope, Mildred Katherine (1934).
9749:
8001:, based on the alternative form
7990:, with total loss of unstressed
6308:imperfect subjunctive), as does
6304:still preserves this tense (the
6240:, eliminating the unpredictable
2225:, who would coin the expression
1999:in an ancient setting); and the
11439:Précis de Phonétique Historique
11399:An introduction to Vulgar Latin
11332:. Sitges: Cole & Contreras.
11290:
11281:
11242:
11233:
11224:
11207:
11198:
11182:
11166:
11147:
11126:. Manchester University Press.
11113:
11088:
11079:
11070:
11054:
11001:
10897:
10884:
10853:
10833:Histoire de la langue française
10780:
10761:
10752:
10743:
10718:
10693:
10511:from the original on 2022-10-08
10457:
10428:
10411:
7379:class have been systematically
5453:Latin 3rd-declension adjectives
5219:from the accusative instead of
3753:). In earlier works with vowel
3165:; the original Western Romance
2957:
1947:Renaissance of the 12th century
16:Gallo-Romance dialect continuum
14201:of the language on their left.
14071:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
12271:of the language on their left.
11498:Grammaire de l'ancien français
11401:. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.
11379:Old French: A Concise Handbook
10660:
10639:
10614:
10589:
10561:
10486:
7982:does not derive directly from
7854:Diphthongization (→ fronting)
6244:in the first-person singular.
4129:
3179:would later appear again when
2916:aiudha, cadhuna, Ludher, vithe
2868:had been lost early on, as in
2834:"fist". At the end of a word,
2390:Phonological history of French
2076:centering on Charlemagne, the
1901:proper was the dialect of the
1536: ; ≠ Italian, Portuguese
1184:
1160:(written in Latin) appears as
730:, whose principal cities were
712:that had a strong presence of
1:
11592:University of Texas at Austin
11577:An Introduction to Old French
11468:. London/New York: Routledge.
11422:An Introduction to Old French
11314:. London/New York: Routledge.
11310:Ayres-Bennett, Wendy (1995).
10878:Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois
10474:
6409:
6395:
6286:
6275:
6021:
5872:
5736:
5617:
5491:
5424:Adjectives agree in terms of
5419:
5247:
5228:
4736:, "joy" (feminine singular).
4719:
4691:"son" (< Latin nominative
4685:was preserved. An example is
4490:
4463:
4438:
4147:
4134:Presented below is the first
4030:
4000:
3970:
3939:
3878:
3818:was rare and had merged into
3265:
3247:
3229:
2877:
2426:
2283:
2114:and its immediate aftermath.
2082:(whose central character was
1955:French Renaissance literature
1926:
1605:
1551:
1393:
1237:
1167:
1099:, and, by extension, English
513:Areal and dialectal divisions
11554:(2nd ed.). Paris: PUF.
11535:(6th ed.). Paris: PUF.
11321:Du latin aux langues romanes
10876:Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004).
10479:
6444:Example (other conjugation)
6378:in Old French. For example,
5609:in the nominative singular:
4699:). It is irregular that the
2813:("advice, to work"), became
2383:
2339:Among the earliest works of
1583:, all 'wasp' (influenced by
642:group to the southeast. The
577:Plantagenet kings of England
7:
14068:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
11615:. Paris: Arnoul L'Angelier.
11609:Du Bellay, Joachim (1549).
11588:Linguistics Research Center
11437:Laborderie, Noëlle (2009).
11408:. Vol. 43, No. 4. 575–585.
10622:"Brill Online Dictionaries"
10377:
9298:Examples of auxiliary verbs
6849:"to sit; suit, be fitting"
6005:) despite that the various
2765:("a hundred, song, price").
1883:Transition to Middle French
1803:Earliest written Old French
1615:'mistletoe' (influenced by
1320:
1156:
435:, now the south of France.
10:
14252:
13770:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
12796:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
12590:Central−Southern Calabrian
11464:Lodge, R. Anthony (1993).
11429:Kinoshita, Sharon (2006).
10768:Xavier, Delamarre (2003).
10394:Arabic–Old French glossary
7994:). Instead, it comes from
7425:alternating with stressed
7413:alternating with stressed
4292:, were marked on both the
4262:
3803:); these soon merged into
3784:, they had both merged as
3730:represented the diphthong
3311:Diphthongs and triphthongs
2838:was later lost, leaving a
2387:
2079:Geste de Garin de Monglane
2064:set out a grouping of the
1933:Medieval French literature
1930:
1886:
1324:
985:
981:
866:
516:
429:Occitano-Romance languages
14175:
14159:
14110:
14059:
13983:
13787:
13760:
13709:
13561:
13447:
13393:
13374:
13325:
12992:
12745:
12736:
12697:
12577:
12462:
12451:
12362:
12324:
12246:
12211:
12012:
11941:
11755:
11712:
11684:
11675:
11658:
11515:Pope, Mildred K. (1934).
11319:Banniard, Michel (1997).
11220:. Oxford Clarendon Press.
10758:Wright (1982), pp. 118–20
10649:. Encyclopædia Britannica
10532:The French Language Today
10454:counterpart is ⟨voisin⟩ .
9767:
9764:
9759:
9320:
9317:
9312:
8907:
8904:
8899:
8494:
8491:
8486:
8069:
8066:
8061:
7944:Compensatory lengthening
7928:
7910:
7902:
7874:
7866:
7825:
7820:
7802:
7786:
7753:
7684:
7659:
7652:
7647:
7645:
7369:
7330:
7233:
7136:
7099:
7097:
7077:
7038:
6995:
6870:
6791:
6789:"to torment, make suffer"
6638:
6443:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6268:Sequence of Saint Eulalia
6007:phonological developments
5948:
5902:
5899:
5816:
5766:
5763:
5693:
5688:
5678:
5647:
5644:
5567:
5562:
5521:
5518:
5121:
5098:
5001:
4972:
4965:
4945:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4812:
4804:
4781:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4751:
4368:
4325:
4308:
3861:
3641:
3632:
3565:
3500:
3495:
3454:
3346:
3341:
3143:
3129:
3119:
3095:
3062:
3045:
3010:
2987:
2967:
2922:
2864:. In native Latin words,
1967:Canticle of Saint Eulalie
1361:Sequence of Saint Eulalia
970:Sequence of Saint Eulalia
959:or 'plain Roman speech'.
632:were contrasted with the
331:
315:
299:
281:
276:
241:
139:
127:
80:
56:
35:
26:
21:
13078:North American dialects
12585:Extreme Southern Italian
11496:Moignet, Gérard (1988).
11420:Kibler, William (1984).
11249:Hall, Robert A. (1946).
11065:La naissance du français
10971:10.1017/CBO9780511482977
10749:Wright (1982), pp. 104–7
10673:. Taylor & Francis.
10577:Lusignan, Serge (2004).
10421:'raspberry' and Spanish
7978:"to dine". Furthermore,
7908:Allophonic nasalization
7716:Loss of phonemic length
5991:
4267:
3757:, the diphthong written
3715:represented a diphthong
2739:before other vowels, or
2056:Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube
2038:. More than one hundred
1719:'blackberry' (cf. Dutch
1685:, e.g. Italian, Spanish
1146:on the pottery found at
956:rusticam romanam linguam
909:, including Old French.
622:As part of the emerging
12497:Central−Northern Latian
11651:Gallo-Romance languages
11523:Rickard, Peter (1989).
10831:Laurence Hélix (2011).
10726:"Definition of Romance"
10389:Anglo-Norman literature
8013:, likely influenced by
4560:(< Latin accusative
4109:
4101:
4071:
4041:
4011:
3981:
3950:
3920:
3889:
3874:, as in Modern French:
2359:De topicis differentiis
2199:"to find, to invent").
1206:
1162:
1014:
938:
914:Carolingian Renaissance
774:as regional languages:
648:
634:
628:
626:dialect continuum, the
609:Principality of Antioch
523:Gallo-Romance languages
423:
421:, contrasting with the
415:
378:
372:
366:
135:by the mid-14th century
114:Principality of Antioch
49:
43:
37:
12801:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
11527:. London: Unwin Hyman.
11441:. Paris: Armand Colin.
11341:. Paris: Klincksieck.
11328:Cole, William (2005).
11193:Littérature française.
11177:Littérature française.
10961:. Cambridge. pp.
10701:"Definition of Italic"
7759:Change in quality and
4544:< Latin nominative
3286:were opened to become
2723:had three spellings –
2432:Old French consonants
2350:Rhetorica ad Herennium
2276:
2021:typically composed in
1919:– that a standardized
1836:
1414:'tithe' (> English
1365:mutual intelligibility
1313:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1189:
1171:
1129:
1121:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1006:
998:
955:
951:Third Council of Tours
841:Bourguignon-Morvandiau
670:, then an independent
556:
485:), and the duchies of
442:, the language of the
387:
333:This article contains
28:
13288:Poitevin–Saintongeais
12261:A star (*) indicates
12156:Poitevin-Saintongeais
12087:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
11550:Zink, Gaston (1992).
11531:Zink, Gaston (1999).
11445:Lanly, André (2002).
11154:La Chanson de Roland.
11032:10.1353/lan.2003.0131
10863:, Maynooth, 1997, 15.
10370:Other parts of speech
8043:does not disappear).
7172:"to invent, discover"
4755:Class II (masculine)
4568:) no longer survives.
3719:instead of the later
3202:, which later became
1957:of the 15th century.
1943:Charles Homer Haskins
1887:Further information:
1825:
1654:'fox' (influenced by
1367:between the two. The
1341:Old Frankish language
1339:were modified by the
1325:Further information:
1218:'servant'; ≠ Italian
986:Further information:
768:Charles II of England
674:whose capital was at
537:crown lands of France
530:
517:Further information:
456:Poitevin-Saintongeais
407:mutually intelligible
68:[fɾãnˈt͡sɔjs]
62:[fɾãnˈt͡sɛjs]
13097:St. Marys Bay French
12621:Neapolitan–Calabrese
11406:Studies in Philology
11375:Einhorn, E. (1974).
11255:Studies in Philology
10800:Lambert, Pierre-Yves
10707:on February 23, 2011
10350:Present participle:
9730:Present participle:
9278:Present participle:
8865:Present participle:
8452:Present participle:
8009:, with loss of only
7974:"to have lunch" and
7829:Further syncopation
7808:Further syncopation
3734:, which merged with
2685:word-final devoicing
2266:in Latin, such as a
2241:Guillaume de Machaut
2099:Girart de Roussillon
977:Non-Latin influences
905:the ancestor of the
894:Western Roman Empire
613:Kingdom of Jerusalem
110:Kingdom of Jerusalem
13449:Galician–Portuguese
12475:Central Marchigiano
11714:Bourbonnais Creoles
11449:. Paris: Champion.
11230:Zink (1999), p. 132
11061:Bernard Cerquiglini
10808:The Gallic language
10647:"Romance languages"
8885:Example of regular
8472:Example of regular
8047:Example of regular
7632:The alternation of
7345:intertonic blocked
7307:intertonic blocked
6427:
6266:. For example, the
6142:/a/ into /ae/ >
6061:present subjunctive
5735:"big, great" (<
5395:(shepherd) becomes
4752:Class I (feminine)
4630:indefinite pronoun
4305:
4157:
4144:broad transcription
4116:/aˈad͡ʒə/~/əˈad͡ʒə/
3324:
2964:
2433:
2134:Romance of the Rose
2110:, dealing with the
2095:Renaud de Montauban
1907:Early Modern period
1905:region. During the
1817:Oaths of Strasbourg
965:Oaths of Strasbourg
888:and what is called
766:until the reign of
706:Notre-Dame de Paris
591:was also spread to
394:, Old French was a
74:[ruˈmãnt͡s]
14236:Medieval languages
13863:Catalan Ribagorçan
13710:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
12982:Judaeo-Piedmontese
12892:Bustocco–Legnanese
12687:Northern Calabrian
10934:Unknown parameter
10804:La Langue gauloise
10338:Non-finite forms:
9711:Non-finite forms:
9266:Non-finite forms:
8853:Non-finite forms:
8440:Non-finite forms:
7429:. Many of the non-
7421:, with unstressed
7409:, with unstressed
6956:"to exit, go out"
6708:palatal + blocked
6425:
6045:present indicative
4622:Rue des Prouvaires
4393:(Latin accusative)
4350:(Latin accusative)
4303:
4156:
4140:The Song of Roland
4080:'booklet, quire' (
3822:by Middle French (
3820:⟨ui⟩
3816:⟨iu⟩
3774:⟨eu⟩
3770:⟨ue⟩
3759:⟨ie⟩
3728:⟨ei⟩
3713:⟨ai⟩
3315:
2963:Old French vowels
2962:
2431:
2170:Hispano-Arab world
2049:The Song of Roland
2005:Arthurian romances
1980:Chanson de Saisnes
1916:Bibliothèque bleue
1735:) blended with LL
1705:'raspberry', from
1661:'wolf'; ≠ Occitan
1639:'fox kit' (from L
1369:Old Low Franconian
1127:, 'oak tree', and
851:, Gallo, Lorrain,
557:
444:French Renaissance
14208:
14207:
14184:extinct languages
14106:
14105:
13783:
13782:
13742:Navarro-Aragonese
13627:Peruvian Ribereño
13552:Judaeo-Portuguese
13467:Galician–Asturian
13370:
13369:
13361:Old Gallo-Romance
13315:Wisconsin Walloon
12732:
12731:
12705:Dalmatian Romance
12313:Romance languages
12279:
12278:
12256:extinct languages
12212:Francoprovencalic
12207:
12206:
12190:Wisconsin Walloon
11584:Old French Online
11561:978-2-13-044766-5
11542:978-2-13-046471-6
11456:978-2-7453-0822-1
11390:978-0-521-20343-2
11367:978-2-87772-237-7
11348:978-2-252-01922-1
11162:978-2-253-05341-5
10903:Eugeen Roegiest,
10859:Peter Schrijver,
10842:978-2-7298-6470-5
10817:978-2-87772-224-7
10732:on April 26, 2011
10542:978-1-136-90328-1
10442:> early Proto-
10425:are French loans.
10405:Explanatory notes
10384:History of French
10356:Past participle:
10336:
10335:
9736:Past participle:
9709:
9708:
9284:Past participle:
9264:
9263:
8871:Past participle:
8851:
8850:
8458:Past Participle:
8438:
8437:
7968:
7967:
7669:/disjeːjuːˈnaːre/
7467:intertonic vowels
7373:
7372:
6431:Vowel alternation
6382:diphthongized to
6316:Verb alternations
6189:, with a regular
6012:For example, the
5983:
5982:
5851:
5850:
5718:
5717:
5597:
5596:
5202:second declension
5190:
5189:
5151:
5104:
5054:
5007:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4946:Class III (both)
4938:
4937:
4919:
4882:
4847:
4810:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4411:
4410:
4394:
4351:
4260:
4259:
3705:
3704:
3637:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3127:
3077:
3053:
3025:
2995:
2935:was pronounced (
2856:as the so-called
2854:transphonologized
2673:
2672:
2264:liturgical dramas
2223:Philippe de Vitry
2084:William of Orange
2066:chansons de geste
2044:chansons de geste
2040:chansons de geste
2014:chansons de geste
2001:Matter of Britain
1877:French Revolution
1823:entered in 842):
1727:; akin to German
1689:'war', alongside
907:Romance languages
825:Duchy of Lorraine
815:Duchy of Brittany
605:Kingdom of Sicily
599:, and during the
585:Duchy of Lorraine
565:Kingdom of France
545:Holy Roman Empire
479:Kingdom of France
359:
358:
341:rendering support
337:phonetic symbols.
264:Old Gallo-Romance
122:Kingdom of Cyprus
14243:
13729:Judaeo-Aragonese
13718:Andalusi Romance
13571:Amazonic Spanish
13408:Western Asturian
13391:
13390:
13330:Franco-Provençal
13001:
13000:
12897:Comasco–Lecchese
12755:Emilian–Romagnol
12743:
12742:
12543:Regional Italian
12533:Italo-Australian
12460:
12459:
12382:Megleno-Romanian
12306:
12299:
12292:
12283:
12282:
12225:Franco-Provençal
12221:/Faetar-Cigliàje
12110:Louisiana French
12105:Louisiana Creole
11918:Saint-Barthélemy
11686:Antillean Creole
11682:
11681:
11644:
11637:
11630:
11621:
11620:
11616:
11565:
11546:
11520:
11511:
11492:
11486:
11478:
11469:
11460:
11434:
11425:
11394:
11382:
11371:
11352:
11333:
11324:
11323:. Paris: Nathan.
11315:
11297:
11294:
11288:
11287:Pope 1934: § 294
11285:
11279:
11278:
11246:
11240:
11237:
11231:
11228:
11222:
11221:
11211:
11205:
11202:
11196:
11190:
11186:
11180:
11174:
11170:
11164:
11151:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11140:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11092:
11086:
11083:
11077:
11074:
11068:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11025:
11005:
10999:
10998:
10992:
10984:
10960:
10950:
10944:
10943:
10937:
10932:
10930:
10922:
10914:
10908:
10901:
10895:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10873:
10864:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10828:
10822:
10821:
10796:
10787:
10784:
10778:
10777:
10765:
10759:
10756:
10750:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10737:
10722:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10712:
10697:
10691:
10690:
10688:
10687:
10664:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10654:
10643:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10633:
10618:
10612:
10611:
10593:
10587:
10586:
10574:
10568:
10565:
10559:
10553:
10547:
10546:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10516:
10490:
10468:
10466:
10461:
10455:
10453:
10450:⟨veisins⟩ . The
10449:
10438:⟨vicinus⟩ >
10432:
10426:
10415:
10363:Auxiliary verb:
9757:
9756:
9743:Auxiliary verb:
9310:
9309:
9291:Auxiliary verb:
8897:
8896:
8878:Auxiliary verb:
8484:
8483:
8465:Auxiliary verb:
8059:
8058:
8030:
8020:
7997:
7964:
7954:
7939:
7921:
7900:
7885:
7864:
7849:
7839:
7818:
7800:
7782:
7772:
7751:
7736:
7726:
7711:
7701:
7685:Western Romance
7680:
7670:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7642:
7505:"speak to" <
7428:
7424:
7419:adhérer/j'adhère
7416:
7412:
7383:
7348:
7342:
7337:
7310:
7304:
7299:
7251:
7245:
7240:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7154:
7148:
7143:
7134:"to cart around"
7117:
7111:
7106:
7095:
7089:
7084:
7056:
7050:
7045:
7013:
7007:
7002:
6974:
6968:
6963:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6867:
6861:
6856:
6809:
6803:
6798:
6770:
6764:
6759:
6711:
6705:
6700:
6693:"to lie (down)"
6656:
6650:
6645:
6618:
6612:
6607:
6559:
6553:
6548:
6541:"to give birth"
6500:
6494:
6489:
6428:
6424:
6411:
6397:
6385:
6381:
6355:"to think"), or
6288:
6277:
6212:
6208:
6153:The alternation
6149:
6145:
6130:The alternation
6115:The alternation
6087:and subjunctive
6031:) is conjugated
6023:
6015:
5895:
5894:
5883:
5874:
5759:
5758:
5747:
5738:
5640:
5639:
5628:
5619:
5514:
5513:
5502:
5493:
5404:
5315:
5249:
5230:
5198:third declension
5194:first declension
5149:
5102:
5052:
5005:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4940:
4939:
4917:
4880:
4845:
4808:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4746:
4745:
4732:
4721:
4711:pronunciations.
4659:
4629:
4599:
4582:
4573:
4555:
4538:
4529:
4492:
4465:
4454:
4440:
4432:
4392:
4349:
4306:
4302:
4294:definite article
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4121:
4117:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4062:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3910:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3880:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3714:
3690:
3686:
3668:
3649:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3609:
3591:
3573:
3549:
3545:
3526:
3508:
3480:
3462:
3438:
3434:
3415:
3411:
3392:
3373:
3354:
3325:
3316:Late Old French
3314:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3274:
3267:
3256:
3249:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2965:
2961:
2950:
2938:
2897:
2893:
2890:from both Latin
2889:
2879:
2867:
2847:
2837:
2826:
2816:
2790:
2770:
2722:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2663:
2643:
2636:
2620:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2292:A large body of
2288:
2285:
2281:
2166:Occitan language
2140:Medieval French
2061:Girart de Vienne
1985:Matter of France
1921:Classical French
1865:); however, the
1840:Eulalia sequence
1821:Charles the Bald
1757:
1742:
1731:, English dial.
1715:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1657:
1646:
1635:
1618:
1607:
1586:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1528:
1521:
1504:
1497:
1466:
1459:
1438:
1431:
1406:
1395:
1387:diphthongization
1357:Strasbourg Oaths
1343:, spoken by the
1316:
1301:Gaulish language
1292:
1286:
1280:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1209:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1140:language contact
1134:
1126:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1011:
1003:
958:
941:
936:
924:, was tasked by
883:
880:' time (254–184
710:Boulogne-sur-Mer
690:Romance Flanders
652:as early as the
651:
644:Franco-Provençal
637:
631:
426:
420:
381:
375:
369:
327:
311:
304:
295:
294:
286:
145:
118:County of Edessa
76:
70:
64:
52:
46:
40:
31:
19:
18:
14251:
14250:
14246:
14245:
14244:
14242:
14241:
14240:
14226:French language
14211:
14210:
14209:
14204:
14171:
14155:
14133:Pannonian Latin
14119:African Romance
14102:
14055:
13986:
13979:
13917:Judeo-Provençal
13790:
13779:
13756:
13705:
13615:Chilean Chilote
13557:
13443:
13384:
13380:
13377:
13366:
13354:Moselle Romance
13321:
13170:Missouri French
13131:Franco-Ontarian
13006:
12995:
12988:
12728:
12693:
12670:Southern Latian
12573:
12538:Maltese Italian
12470:Central Italian
12454:
12447:
12442:Common Romanian
12358:
12342:Italo-Dalmatian
12320:
12310:
12280:
12275:
12274:
12242:
12203:
12121:Moselle Romance
12081:Karipúna Creole
12008:
11937:
11849:Franco-Ontarian
11751:
11708:
11671:
11666:Canadian French
11654:
11648:
11572:
11562:
11543:
11508:
11480:
11479:
11457:
11391:
11368:
11349:
11306:
11304:General sources
11301:
11300:
11295:
11291:
11286:
11282:
11247:
11243:
11238:
11234:
11229:
11225:
11212:
11208:
11203:
11199:
11188:
11187:
11183:
11172:
11171:
11167:
11152:
11148:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11118:
11114:
11105:
11103:
11102:. Buscon.rae.es
11094:
11093:
11089:
11085:Cerquiglini 26.
11084:
11080:
11075:
11071:
11059:
11055:
11023:10.1.1.134.9933
11006:
11002:
10986:
10985:
10981:
10951:
10947:
10935:
10933:
10924:
10923:
10915:
10911:
10902:
10898:
10889:
10885:
10874:
10867:
10858:
10854:
10843:
10829:
10825:
10818:
10797:
10790:
10785:
10781:
10766:
10762:
10757:
10753:
10748:
10744:
10735:
10733:
10724:
10723:
10719:
10710:
10708:
10699:
10698:
10694:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10665:
10661:
10652:
10650:
10645:
10644:
10640:
10631:
10629:
10620:
10619:
10615:
10608:
10594:
10590:
10575:
10571:
10566:
10562:
10554:
10550:
10543:
10527:
10523:
10514:
10512:
10491:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10471:
10462:
10458:
10433:
10429:
10416:
10412:
10407:
10380:
10372:
10322:
10295:
10291:
10278:
10241:
10210:
10206:
10199:
10150:
10111:
10107:
10094:
10051:
10024:
10020:
10007:
9964:
9937:
9933:
9920:
9885:
9858:
9854:
9841:
9755:
9490:
9435:
9308:
9300:
8895:
8482:
8057:
8017:"to fast" <
7700:/disiːuːˈnaːre/
7679:/disjeːˈjuːnoː/
7653:
7648:
7435:irregular verbs
7276:
7179:
7092:palatal + free
7020:
6877:
6736:
6615:palatal + free
6525:
6478:
6473:
6459:
6318:
5994:
5871:"better" (<
5422:
5389:. For example,
5260:IIIa nouns are
4771:Class II normal
4433:nominative was
4391:
4348:
4274:nominative case
4270:
4265:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4150:
4132:
3864:
3819:
3815:
3773:
3769:
3758:
3727:
3712:
3634:
3622:
3313:
3184:monophthongized
2960:
2925:
2840:nasalized vowel
2771:was written as
2429:
2415:was pronounced
2401:stop consonants
2392:
2386:
2363:John of Antioch
2286:
2248:théâtre profane
2206:Roman de Fauvel
2195:(from the verb
2146:Southern France
2090:Doon de Mayence
1935:
1929:
1891:
1885:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1805:
1789:'strawberry').
1329:
1323:
1151:
1148:la Graufesenque
990:
984:
979:
886:Classical Latin
881:
876:Beginning with
874:
869:
863:, and Walloon.
772:Channel Islands
756:English Channel
740:Norman Conquest
525:
515:
507:Crusader states
427:, the emerging
388:ancien français
339:Without proper
323:
307:
300:
290:
289:
282:
272:
244:
237:
193:Gallo-Rhaetian?
181:Western Romance
161:Latino-Faliscan
146:
143:Language family
141:
29:Ancien Français
17:
12:
11:
5:
14249:
14239:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14206:
14205:
14203:
14202:
14195:
14186:
14176:
14173:
14172:
14170:
14169:
14163:
14161:
14157:
14156:
14154:
14153:
14152:
14151:
14146:
14136:
14129:
14122:
14114:
14112:
14108:
14107:
14104:
14103:
14101:
14100:
14099:
14098:
14093:
14088:
14083:
14072:
14063:
14061:
14057:
14056:
14054:
14053:
14052:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14021:
14020:
14019:
14014:
14004:
14003:
14002:
13991:
13989:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13977:
13976:
13975:
13974:
13973:
13959:
13958:
13957:
13952:
13942:
13941:
13940:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13913:
13912:
13911:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13884:
13874:
13873:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13865:
13857:
13852:
13849:Judaeo-Catalan
13845:
13844:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13832:
13831:
13826:
13816:
13808:
13795:
13793:
13785:
13784:
13781:
13780:
13778:
13777:
13771:
13764:
13762:
13758:
13757:
13755:
13754:
13753:
13752:
13738:
13733:
13732:
13731:
13721:
13713:
13711:
13707:
13706:
13704:
13703:
13696:
13695:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13678:
13677:
13672:
13667:
13662:
13657:
13656:
13655:
13638:
13637:
13636:
13631:
13630:
13629:
13619:
13618:
13617:
13604:Latin American
13600:
13595:
13583:
13581:Judaeo-Spanish
13578:
13573:
13567:
13565:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13555:
13548:
13547:
13546:
13541:
13536:
13535:
13534:
13522:
13521:
13520:
13508:
13503:
13496:
13484:
13477:
13472:
13471:
13470:
13459:
13453:
13451:
13445:
13444:
13442:
13441:
13434:
13429:
13428:
13427:
13417:
13412:
13411:
13410:
13399:
13397:
13388:
13372:
13371:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13364:
13357:
13350:
13349:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13326:
13323:
13322:
13320:
13319:
13318:
13317:
13312:
13302:
13301:
13300:
13295:
13285:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13269:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13252:
13251:
13244:
13243:
13242:
13232:
13227:
13210:
13205:
13204:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13183:
13182:
13181:
13174:
13173:
13172:
13167:
13166:
13165:
13155:
13150:
13149:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13127:
13126:
13121:
13111:
13106:
13101:
13100:
13099:
13094:
13076:
13071:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13048:
13047:
13042:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13011:
13009:
12998:
12990:
12989:
12987:
12986:
12985:
12984:
12974:
12967:
12966:
12965:
12964:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12952:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12894:
12889:
12888:
12887:
12872:
12871:
12870:
12865:
12850:
12845:
12844:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12792:
12791:
12790:
12789:
12784:
12774:
12773:
12772:
12767:
12751:
12749:
12740:
12734:
12733:
12730:
12729:
12727:
12726:
12724:Judaeo-Italian
12721:
12720:
12719:
12714:
12701:
12699:
12695:
12694:
12692:
12691:
12690:
12689:
12684:
12683:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12661:
12660:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12618:
12617:
12616:
12615:
12614:
12604:
12603:
12602:
12592:
12581:
12579:
12575:
12574:
12572:
12571:
12570:
12569:
12557:
12552:
12551:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12523:
12522:
12521:
12511:
12510:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12493:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12466:
12464:
12457:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12445:
12438:
12437:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12384:
12379:
12377:Istro-Romanian
12374:
12368:
12366:
12360:
12359:
12357:
12356:
12351:
12350:
12349:
12344:
12334:
12328:
12326:
12325:Major branches
12322:
12321:
12317:classification
12309:
12308:
12301:
12294:
12286:
12277:
12276:
12273:
12272:
12265:
12259:
12248:
12247:
12244:
12243:
12241:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12233:
12222:
12215:
12213:
12209:
12208:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12201:
12194:
12193:
12192:
12182:
12175:
12170:
12169:
12168:
12163:
12153:
12148:
12141:
12136:
12129:
12124:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12101:
12100:
12090:
12083:
12078:
12075:Haitian Creole
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12045:Burundi Pidgin
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12016:
12014:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12006:
12001:
11994:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11960:
11955:
11947:
11945:
11939:
11938:
11936:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11883:
11878:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11835:
11834:
11829:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11797:
11796:
11791:
11780:
11779:
11778:
11773:
11762:
11760:
11753:
11752:
11750:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11718:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11690:
11688:
11679:
11673:
11672:
11670:
11669:
11662:
11660:
11656:
11655:
11647:
11646:
11639:
11632:
11624:
11618:
11617:
11606:
11600:
11594:
11581:
11571:
11570:External links
11568:
11567:
11566:
11560:
11547:
11541:
11528:
11521:
11512:
11506:
11493:
11470:
11461:
11455:
11442:
11435:
11426:
11417:
11402:
11395:
11389:
11372:
11366:
11353:
11347:
11334:
11325:
11316:
11305:
11302:
11299:
11298:
11289:
11280:
11261:(4): 575–585.
11241:
11232:
11223:
11206:
11197:
11181:
11165:
11146:
11132:
11112:
11096:"Etymology of
11087:
11078:
11076:Cerquiglini 53
11069:
11053:
11016:(2): 356–390.
11000:
10979:
10945:
10909:
10896:
10883:
10865:
10852:
10841:
10823:
10816:
10788:
10779:
10760:
10751:
10742:
10717:
10692:
10679:
10659:
10638:
10613:
10606:
10588:
10569:
10560:
10556:Kinoshita 2006
10548:
10541:
10521:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10470:
10469:
10456:
10427:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10379:
10376:
10371:
10368:
10361:
10360:
10354:
10348:
10334:
10333:
10330:
10313:
10308:
10299:
10286:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10255:
10254:
10245:
10236:
10223:
10214:
10203:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10176:
10175:
10158:
10141:
10132:
10115:
10102:
10085:
10080:
10071:
10063:
10062:
10059:
10042:
10037:
10028:
10015:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9982:
9981:
9972:
9955:
9950:
9941:
9928:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9897:
9896:
9893:
9876:
9871:
9862:
9849:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9776:
9775:
9772:
9769:
9766:
9762:
9761:
9754:
9748:
9741:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9707:
9706:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9645:
9632:
9627:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9595:
9594:
9589:
9580:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9534:
9533:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9496:
9485:
9477:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9430:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9384:
9379:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9325:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9314:
9307:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9289:
9288:
9282:
9276:
9262:
9261:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9191:
9186:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9154:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9101:
9100:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9005:
9004:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8906:
8902:
8901:
8894:
8883:
8876:
8875:
8869:
8863:
8849:
8848:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8802:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8778:
8773:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8489:
8488:
8481:
8470:
8463:
8462:
8456:
8450:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8374:
8361:
8356:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8309:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8056:
8045:
8031:"I fast" <
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7788:
7787:Gallo-Romance
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7630:
7629:
7596:
7571:
7546:
7521:
7496:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:"to challenge"
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:"to get angry"
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7270:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7208:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7173:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7149:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7119:
7112:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7090:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7014:
7008:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6975:+ double cons.
6969:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6886:
6881:
6871:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6765:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6730:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6651:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6554:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6495:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6435:
6432:
6372:open syllables
6347:"I think" vs.
6317:
6314:
6167:
6166:
6151:
6128:
5993:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5891:
5890:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5755:
5754:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5636:
5635:
5616:"harsh" (<
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5510:
5509:
5471:
5470:
5455:
5449:
5421:
5418:
5379:
5378:
5327:
5324:
5281:
5264:that ended in
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Class I normal
4757:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4675:
4674:
4625:
4569:
4525:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4236:
4234:
4195:
4193:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:Transcription
4162:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4088:
4058:
4028:
3998:
3968:
3937:
3906:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3814:The diphthong
3812:
3789:
3766:
3739:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3218:Middle English
3207:
3186:and also when
3150:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2941:open syllables
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2884:
2843:
2822:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2766:
2688:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2528:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2425:
2399:preceding non-
2385:
2382:
2370:Franco-Italian
2268:Saint Nicholas
2028:(occasionally
1993:Matter of Rome
1931:Main article:
1928:
1925:
1897:, among which
1884:
1881:
1847:House of Capet
1826:
1813:Kassel glosses
1804:
1801:
1675:
1674:
1665:, Old Italian
1631:
1603:
1549:
1544:, Old Occitan
1492:
1491:
1470:(> English
1455:
1442:(> English
1427:
1337:late antiquity
1322:
1319:
983:
980:
978:
975:
873:
870:
868:
865:
829:
828:
818:
808:
790:
721:
679:
589:Norman dialect
581:Upper Burgundy
549:Upper Burgundy
514:
511:
491:Lower Lorraine
483:Angevin Empire
357:
356:
343:, you may see
329:
328:
321:
313:
312:
305:
297:
296:
287:
279:
278:
277:Language codes
274:
273:
271:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
247:
245:
242:
239:
238:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
149:
147:
140:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
82:
78:
77:
58:
54:
53:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14248:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14216:
14200:
14196:
14194:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14181:
14178:
14177:
14174:
14168:
14167:Proto-Romance
14165:
14164:
14162:
14160:Reconstructed
14158:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14141:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14134:
14130:
14128:
14127:
14126:British Latin
14123:
14121:
14120:
14116:
14115:
14113:
14109:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14070:
14069:
14065:
14064:
14062:
14058:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14026:
14025:
14022:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14009:
14008:
14005:
14001:
13998:
13997:
13996:
13993:
13992:
13990:
13988:
13982:
13972:
13971:
13967:
13966:
13965:
13964:
13960:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13947:
13946:
13945:Vivaro-Alpine
13943:
13939:
13936:
13935:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13918:
13914:
13910:
13909:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13889:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13879:
13878:
13875:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13860:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13850:
13846:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13821:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13811:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13803:
13802:
13801:
13797:
13796:
13794:
13792:
13786:
13775:
13772:
13769:
13766:
13765:
13763:
13759:
13751:
13750:
13749:Old Navarrese
13746:
13745:
13744:
13743:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13730:
13727:
13726:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13719:
13715:
13714:
13712:
13708:
13702:
13701:
13697:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13649:
13646:
13645:
13644:
13643:
13639:
13635:
13632:
13628:
13625:
13624:
13623:
13620:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13611:
13608:
13607:
13606:
13605:
13601:
13599:
13598:Equatoguinean
13596:
13594:
13591:
13590:
13589:
13588:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13568:
13566:
13564:
13560:
13554:
13553:
13549:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13533:
13530:
13529:
13528:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13516:
13515:
13514:
13513:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13501:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13491:
13490:
13489:
13485:
13483:
13482:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13468:
13465:
13464:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13454:
13452:
13450:
13446:
13440:
13439:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13426:
13423:
13422:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13404:
13401:
13400:
13398:
13396:
13392:
13389:
13386:
13379:
13373:
13363:
13362:
13358:
13356:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13327:
13324:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13307:
13306:
13303:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13290:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13250:
13249:
13245:
13241:
13238:
13237:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13225:
13221:
13220:
13219:
13216:
13215:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13188:
13187:
13184:
13180:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13168:
13164:
13161:
13160:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13116:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13083:
13080:
13079:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13066:
13065:
13064:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13052:Frainc-Comtou
13050:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13037:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13012:
13010:
13008:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12991:
12983:
12980:
12979:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12972:
12968:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12886:
12883:
12882:
12881:
12878:
12877:
12876:
12873:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12860:
12859:
12856:
12855:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12848:Judeo-Italian
12846:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12813:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12779:
12778:
12775:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12762:
12761:
12758:
12757:
12756:
12753:
12752:
12750:
12748:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12735:
12725:
12722:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12712:
12708:
12707:
12706:
12703:
12702:
12700:
12696:
12688:
12685:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12659:
12656:
12655:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12643:Castelmezzano
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12624:
12623:
12622:
12619:
12613:
12610:
12609:
12608:
12605:
12601:
12598:
12597:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12587:
12586:
12583:
12582:
12580:
12576:
12568:
12565:
12564:
12563:
12562:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12549:
12548:Swiss Italian
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12530:
12529:
12528:
12524:
12520:
12517:
12516:
12515:
12512:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12477:
12476:
12473:
12472:
12471:
12468:
12467:
12465:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12439:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12429:Transylvanian
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12391:
12390:
12389:
12388:Daco-Romanian
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12369:
12367:
12365:
12361:
12355:
12352:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12339:
12338:
12337:Italo-Western
12335:
12333:
12330:
12329:
12327:
12323:
12318:
12314:
12307:
12302:
12300:
12295:
12293:
12288:
12287:
12284:
12270:
12266:
12264:
12260:
12257:
12253:
12250:
12249:
12245:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12220:
12217:
12216:
12214:
12210:
12200:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12188:
12187:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12180:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12158:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12146:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12134:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12122:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12060:Frainc-Comtou
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12017:
12015:
12011:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11999:
11995:
11993:
11992:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11965:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11953:
11949:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11940:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11888:
11887:Middle French
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11876:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11777:
11776:St. Marys Bay
11774:
11772:
11769:
11768:
11767:
11764:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11754:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11715:
11711:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11687:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11677:Langues d'oïl
11674:
11667:
11664:
11663:
11661:
11657:
11652:
11645:
11640:
11638:
11633:
11631:
11626:
11625:
11622:
11614:
11613:
11607:
11604:
11601:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11582:
11579:
11578:
11574:
11573:
11563:
11557:
11553:
11548:
11544:
11538:
11534:
11529:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11513:
11509:
11507:9782252015094
11503:
11499:
11494:
11490:
11484:
11476:
11471:
11467:
11462:
11458:
11452:
11448:
11443:
11440:
11436:
11432:
11427:
11423:
11418:
11415:
11411:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11386:
11381:
11380:
11373:
11369:
11363:
11359:
11354:
11350:
11344:
11340:
11335:
11331:
11326:
11322:
11317:
11313:
11308:
11307:
11293:
11284:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11252:
11245:
11236:
11227:
11219:
11218:
11210:
11201:
11194:
11185:
11178:
11169:
11163:
11159:
11155:
11150:
11135:
11133:9780719001765
11129:
11125:
11124:
11116:
11101:
11099:
11091:
11082:
11073:
11066:
11062:
11057:
11049:
11045:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11004:
10996:
10990:
10982:
10980:9780511482977
10976:
10972:
10968:
10964:
10959:
10958:
10949:
10941:
10936:|agency=
10928:
10920:
10913:
10906:
10900:
10893:
10887:
10879:
10872:
10870:
10862:
10856:
10849:
10844:
10838:
10834:
10827:
10819:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10795:
10793:
10783:
10775:
10771:
10764:
10755:
10746:
10731:
10727:
10721:
10706:
10702:
10696:
10682:
10680:9781884964985
10676:
10672:
10671:
10663:
10648:
10642:
10628:on 2013-06-17
10627:
10623:
10617:
10609:
10607:0-271-02000-8
10603:
10599:
10592:
10584:
10580:
10573:
10564:
10557:
10552:
10544:
10538:
10534:
10533:
10525:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10501:
10496:
10489:
10485:
10460:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10431:
10424:
10420:
10414:
10410:
10400:
10399:Bartsch's law
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10375:
10367:
10366:
10359:
10355:
10353:
10349:
10347:
10346:
10341:
10340:
10339:
10331:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10261:
10257:
10256:
10253:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10204:
10202:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10178:
10177:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10069:
10065:
10064:
10060:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9899:
9898:
9894:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9824:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9770:
9763:
9758:
9752:
9747:
9746:
9739:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9662:
9661:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9540:
9536:
9535:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9497:
9494:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9483:
9479:
9478:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9439:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9424:
9423:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9377:
9373:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9326:
9323:
9316:
9311:
9305:
9295:
9294:
9287:
9283:
9281:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9217:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9156:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9056:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9007:
9006:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8903:
8898:
8892:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8874:
8870:
8868:
8864:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8804:
8803:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8551:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8497:
8490:
8485:
8479:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8461:
8457:
8455:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8065:
8060:
8054:
8050:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8027:
8023:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7710:/disiːˈuːnoː/
7708:
7706:
7703:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7658:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7618:
7612:
7610:
7605:"speak" <
7604:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7537:
7535:
7530:"argue" <
7529:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7512:
7510:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7420:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7139:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7018:
7015:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6998:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6875:
6872:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6407:
6403:
6401:
6393:
6389:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6359:"I tell" vs.
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6323:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6141:
6140:open syllable
6137:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5999:Proto-Romance
5989:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5624:
5623:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5498:
5497:
5490:"good" (<
5489:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5355:sbyter, presb
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5175:les prevoires
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:les chanteors
5153:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4759:
4758:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4737:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4705:Middle French
4702:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4600:oblique form
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4556:oblique form
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:illōs vīcīnōs
4396:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:illum vīcīnum
4353:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4255:
4235:
4232:
4194:
4191:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4145:
4142:along with a
4141:
4137:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3914:
3907:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3813:
3811:respectively.
3790:
3783:
3782:Middle French
3767:
3756:
3740:
3722:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3301:
3294:
3281:
3278:> English
3277:
3270:
3263:
3260:> English
3259:
3252:
3245:
3242:> English
3241:
3234:
3219:
3208:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2886:Intervocalic
2885:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2823:
2820:
2819:Modern French
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:Middle French
2712:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2278:Le Jeu d'Adam
2273:
2272:Saint Stephen
2269:
2265:
2260:
2259:Mystery plays
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:Middle French
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:region—where
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:First Crusade
2109:
2108:
2107:Crusade cycle
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:or Matter of
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:saints' lives
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:Middle French
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:Île-de-France
1900:
1899:Middle French
1896:
1895:langues d'oïl
1890:
1889:Middle French
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:Île-de-France
1852:
1849:, founded by
1848:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1797:Middle French
1794:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1489:
1486:, Portuguese
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:'tenth' >
1402:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1281:, Portuguese
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1255:, Portuguese
1253:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1224:, Portuguese
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1075:, Portuguese
1073:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
995:
989:
974:
972:
971:
966:
960:
957:
952:
948:
943:
940:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Franc-Comtois
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
661:
660:
657:
655:
650:
645:
641:
636:
630:
629:langues d'oïl
625:
624:Gallo-Romance
620:
618:
614:
610:
607:, and in the
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:feudal system
529:
524:
520:
519:Langues d'oïl
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Modern French
449:
448:Île-de-France
445:
441:
440:Middle French
436:
434:
430:
425:
419:
418:
417:langues d'oïl
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
374:
368:
363:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
336:
330:
326:
322:
320:
319:
314:
310:
306:
303:
298:
293:
288:
285:
280:
275:
265:
262:
261:
260:
259:Proto-Romance
257:
256:
255:
252:
251:
250:
246:
240:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
189:Gallo-Romance
187:
186:
185:Gallo-Iberian
184:
183:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:Italo-Western
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:Indo-European
148:
144:
138:
134:
133:Middle French
131:Evolved into
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
63:
59:
57:Pronunciation
55:
51:
45:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
14188:
14179:
14131:
14124:
14117:
14066:
13968:
13961:
13923:Languedocien
13915:
13908:Judeo-Gascon
13906:
13847:
13798:
13768:Barranquenho
13747:
13740:
13716:
13698:
13640:
13602:
13585:
13576:Extremaduran
13550:
13524:
13510:
13498:
13486:
13479:
13436:
13395:Asturleonese
13359:
13352:
13310:West Walloon
13298:Saintongeais
13246:
13222:
13218:Anglo-Norman
13176:
13109:Newfoundland
13069:Jersey Legal
13061:
12969:
12934:Southwestern
12917:Vallassinese
12806:Gallo-Picene
12747:Gallo-Italic
12709:
12625:
12620:
12559:
12525:
12440:
12386:
12251:
12196:
12177:
12166:Saintongeais
12143:
12132:
12131:
12119:
12085:
12050:Camfranglais
11996:
11989:
11962:
11952:Anglo-Norman
11950:
11913:Newfoundland
11898:Metropolitan
11885:
11875:Jersey Legal
11873:
11864:Houma French
11704:Saint Lucian
11659:Areal groups
11653:and dialects
11611:
11575:
11551:
11532:
11524:
11516:
11497:
11474:
11465:
11446:
11438:
11430:
11421:
11405:
11398:
11378:
11357:
11338:
11329:
11320:
11311:
11292:
11283:
11258:
11254:
11244:
11235:
11226:
11216:
11209:
11200:
11192:
11184:
11176:
11168:
11153:
11149:
11137:. Retrieved
11122:
11115:
11104:. Retrieved
11097:
11090:
11081:
11072:
11064:
11056:
11013:
11009:
11003:
10956:
10948:
10927:cite journal
10918:
10912:
10904:
10899:
10891:
10886:
10877:
10860:
10855:
10846:
10832:
10826:
10807:
10803:
10782:
10773:
10769:
10763:
10754:
10745:
10734:. Retrieved
10730:the original
10720:
10709:. Retrieved
10705:the original
10695:
10684:. Retrieved
10669:
10662:
10651:. Retrieved
10641:
10630:. Retrieved
10626:the original
10616:
10598:Vulgar Latin
10597:
10591:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10567:Milis (1978)
10563:
10558:, p. 3.
10551:
10531:
10524:
10513:. Retrieved
10498:
10488:
10459:
10430:
10422:
10418:
10413:
10373:
10364:
10362:
10357:
10351:
10344:
10342:Infinitive:
10337:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10301:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10259:
10258:
10251:
10247:
10242:
10238:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10220:
10216:
10211:
10207:
10200:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10180:
10179:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10138:
10134:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10099:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10073:
10067:
10066:
10056:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10030:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9978:
9974:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9943:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9901:
9900:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9864:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9771:Conditional
9768:Subjunctive
9750:
9744:
9742:
9737:
9731:
9722:
9717:
9715:Infinitive:
9710:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9664:
9663:
9656:
9651:
9647:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9599:
9598:
9591:
9586:
9582:
9577:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9487:
9481:
9480:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9437:
9432:
9426:
9425:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9386:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9324:Conditional
9321:Subjunctive
9303:
9292:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9272:
9270:Infinitive:
9265:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9219:
9218:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9058:
9057:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9009:
9008:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8911:Conditional
8908:Subjunctive
8890:
8886:
8879:
8877:
8872:
8866:
8859:
8857:Infinitive:
8852:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8745:
8744:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8596:
8595:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8498:Conditional
8495:Subjunctive
8477:
8473:
8466:
8464:
8459:
8453:
8446:
8444:Infinitive:
8439:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8385:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8320:
8315:
8311:
8306:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8073:Conditional
8070:Subjunctive
8052:
8048:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8025:
8021:
8014:
8010:
8007:*disiē(i)ūnō
8006:
8002:
7998:
7991:
7988:*disi(ēi)ūnō
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7969:
7957:
7947:
7932:
7914:
7893:
7878:
7857:
7842:
7832:
7811:
7793:
7775:
7765:
7750:/disiˈnaːre/
7744:
7741:Syncopation
7729:
7725:/disjuˈnare/
7719:
7704:
7694:
7673:
7663:
7654:1sg.ind.pres
7637:
7633:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7616:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7591:
7589:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7566:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7555:"dine" <
7552:
7548:
7541:
7539:
7533:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7491:
7489:
7483:
7481:
7480:"help" <
7477:
7473:
7463:
7459:nous mourons
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7430:
7418:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7376:
7374:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7323:
7318:
7314:*corruptiāre
7313:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7129:
7124:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6636:"to achieve"
6631:
6626:
6621:
6600:"to remain"
6595:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6479:/ Other form
6472:3rd singular
6469:Latin etymon
6458:3rd singular
6455:Latin etymon
6441:conjugation)
6438:
6421:
6414:
6412:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6391:
6376:strong verbs
6369:
6367:"to tell").
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6351:"we think" (
6348:
6344:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6305:
6289:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6253:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6135:
6131:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6090:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6017:
6011:
5995:
5986:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5723:
5721:
5709:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5629:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5588:
5583:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5503:
5494:
5485:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5440:
5433:
5430:femes riches
5429:
5423:
5411:
5405:
5396:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5320:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5275:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4681:ending, the
4678:
4676:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4642:"man" (<
4637:
4631:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4574:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4530:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4415:oblique case
4412:
4405:
4397:
4383:
4375:
4362:
4354:
4340:
4333:ille vīcīnus
4332:
4315:Early Proto-
4297:
4278:oblique case
4271:
4237:
4196:
4173:
4167:Translation
4139:
4133:
4122:
4108:
4100:
4093:
4084:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4040:
4033:
4024:
4010:
4003:
3994:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3949:
3942:
3933:
3919:
3912:
3902:
3888:
3881:
3865:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3706:
3695:
3673:
3654:
3614:
3596:
3578:
3554:
3531:
3513:
3485:
3467:
3443:
3420:
3397:
3378:
3359:
3299:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3153:
2958:Monophthongs
2951:
2944:
2932:
2926:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2860:that blocks
2850:haut, hurler
2849:
2830:
2828:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2713:(, , , ) in
2674:
2412:
2411:, and final
2408:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2367:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2305:
2291:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2164:was spoken (
2161:
2142:lyric poetry
2139:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2116:
2105:
2103:
2087:
2077:
2074:Geste du roi
2073:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2023:ten-syllable
2012:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1945:termed the "
1936:
1914:
1910:
1894:
1892:
1872:langue d'oïl
1870:
1861:and Tolosa (
1844:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1806:
1793:Mildred Pope
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1643:'fox') >
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1611:> French
1608:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:; ≠ Occitan
1587:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:> French
1407:
1400:
1396:
1383:
1377:
1373:langue d'oïl
1372:
1353:
1348:
1330:
1305:Vulgar Latin
1295:
1275:, ≠ Italian
1272:
1268:
1249:, ≠ Italian
1246:
1215:
1214:; cf. Irish
1211:
1198:
1194:
1180:
1176:
1137:
1135:, 'plough'.
1106:
1100:
1036:), yielding
991:
968:
961:
944:
911:
890:Vulgar Latin
875:
861:Saintongeais
830:
752:Anglo-Norman
718:Middle Dutch
658:
649:langue d'oïl
640:Gallo-Italic
635:langues d'oc
621:
558:
497:and Belgian
476:
437:
424:langues d'oc
361:
360:
332:
316:
254:Vulgar Latin
210:
14144:Campidanese
13970:Old Catalan
13963:Old Occitan
13700:Old Spanish
13634:Rioplatense
13438:Old Leonese
13266:Cotentinais
13230:Guernésiais
13153:Frenchville
13146:New England
13025:Bourbonnais
12977:Piedmontese
12971:Old Lombard
12863:Bergamasque
12787:Sammarinese
12258:or dialects
12145:Petit nègre
12035:Bourbonnais
11980:Guernésiais
11975:Cotentinais
11854:Frenchville
11816:New England
11747:Seychellois
11189:(in French)
11173:(in French)
10417:Portuguese
9785:Simple past
9774:Imperative
9765:Indicative
9338:Simple past
9327:Imperative
9318:Indicative
8925:Simple past
8914:Imperative
8905:Indicative
8823:fenissoient
8709:fenissiiens
8512:Simple past
8501:Imperative
8492:Indicative
8087:Simple past
8076:Imperative
8067:Indicative
7826:Old French
7799:/diziˈnare/
7771:/disiˈnare/
7664:disiēiūnāre
7580:"eat" <
7524:je deraison
7451:nous devons
7443:nous tenons
7391:nous aimons
7114:intertonic
6971:intertonic
6785:traveillier
6775:*tripaliāre
6767:intertonic
6715:*accapitāre
6434:Environment
6408:"we love" (
6388:nasal stops
6363:"we tell" (
6298:conditional
6294:Old Occitan
6249:simple past
6020:"to wash" (
6003:Old Spanish
5931:Nominative
5795:Nominative
5676:Nominative
5550:Nominative
5262:agent nouns
5251:illi patres
5242:instead of
5165:les nonains
5133:li prevoire
5108:li chanteor
5083:le prevoire
5058:le chanteor
5011:li chantere
4928:les sergenz
4923:les veisins
4741:declensions
4406:les veisins
4376:illī vīcīnī
4372:nominative
4329:nominative
4321:Old French
4151: 1050
4130:Sample text
3990:'country' (
3721:monophthong
3633:triphthongs
3322:triphthongs
3198:but not by
2858:aspirated h
2287: 1150
2239:period was
2193:langue d'oc
2184:troubadours
2162:langue d'oc
2152:—including
2086:), and the
2068:into three
2009:Breton lais
1989:Charlemagne
1911:langue d'oc
1777:, Romanian
1450:, Romanian
1378:langue d'oc
1311:(including
1157:paropsid-es
1091:, Romanian
1059:), Catalan
926:Charlemagne
780:Guernésiais
764:English law
654:9th century
567:(including
347:instead of
243:Early forms
88:, parts of
14221:Old French
14215:Categories
14191:indicates
14149:Logudorese
13682:Philippine
13648:Andalusian
13642:Peninsular
13532:Estremenho
13488:Portuguese
13415:Cantabrian
13248:Law French
13240:Sercquiais
13074:Meridional
13035:Champenois
13030:Burgundian
12841:Tabarchino
12831:Monégasque
12770:Parmigiano
12627:Neapolitan
12600:Manduriano
12567:Florentine
12434:Wallachian
12404:Bukovinian
12133:Old French
12055:Champenois
12040:Burgundian
12004:Sercquiais
11998:Old Norman
11991:Law French
11933:Vietnamese
11893:Meridional
11727:Chagossian
11106:2013-06-16
11100:(Spanish)"
10736:2013-06-16
10711:2013-06-16
10686:2013-06-16
10653:2013-06-16
10632:2013-06-16
10515:2022-10-07
10475:References
8843:feniroient
8762:fenissiiez
8733:feniriiens
8672:fenisse(t)
8613:fenissoies
8430:dureroient
8312:dureriions
8029:/d͡ʒe.ˈyn/
8003:je desjeün
7963:/deːˈdʒỹn/
7938:/desˈdʒỹn/
7920:/desˈdʒũn/
7890:Devoicing
7884:/desˈdʒun/
7872:Fortition
7817:/dizˈnare/
7781:/desˈjuno/
7735:/disˈjuno/
7691:reduction
7689:Triphthong
7627:parabolāre
7528:deraisnier
7437:, such as
7363:chalengier
7353:calumniārī
7265:demo(u)rer
7217:*appodiāre
7036:"to touch"
6938:"to value"
6902:"to fear"
6827:"to raise"
6771:+ palatal?
6752:"to fall"
6675:"to expel"
6661:*concacāre
6653:palatal +
6477:Infinitive
6474:pres. ind.
6463:Infinitive
6460:pres. ind.
6452:Unstressed
6394:"I love" (
6310:Portuguese
6256:pluperfect
6254:The Latin
5935:mieudre(s)
5900:Masculine
5764:Masculine
5645:Masculine
5519:Masculine
5420:Adjectives
5363:iior, seii
5347:nfāns, īnf
5300:weak nouns
5185:les contes
5180:les sieurs
5170:les enfanz
5160:les barons
5123:les serors
5103:nominative
5036:li prestre
5006:nominative
4967:Class IIId
4962:Class IIIc
4957:Class IIIb
4952:Class IIIa
4906:li sergent
4881:nominative
4866:le sergent
4834:li sergenz
4829:li veisins
4809:nominative
4794:"neighbor"
4483:le seignor
4341:li veisins
4298:li veisins
4020:'August' (
3857:'follow').
3843:> Late
3661:beautiful
3404:blow, hit
3318:diphthongs
2929:allophones
2711:fricatives
2692:affricates
2681:obstruents
2427:Consonants
2388:See also:
2118:Jean Bodel
2026:assonanced
2019:epic poems
1975:Jean Bodel
1927:Literature
1851:Hugh Capet
1845:The royal
1781:, Italian
1773:, Occitan
1769:(≠ Wallon
1725:braambezie
1693:in French
1669:, Spanish
1626:, Italian
1598:, Spanish
1594:, Italian
1540:, Catalan
1482:, Occitan
1478:, Spanish
1474:; Italian
1446:; Italian
1422:, Spanish
1418:; Italian
1333:Roman Gaul
1287:, Spanish
1261:, Spanish
1230:, Spanish
1221:cattiv-ità
1163:paraxsid-i
1113:Old Norman
1083:, Italian
1067:, Spanish
1047:, Occitan
902:morphology
855:, Picard,
845:Champenois
784:Sercquiais
760:Law French
724:Old Norman
664:Burgundian
362:Old French
211:Old French
22:Old French
14199:varieties
14182:indicate
14139:Sardinian
14096:Triestine
14044:Sursilvan
13955:Mentonasc
13933:Provençal
13882:Auvergnat
13868:Valencian
13824:Mallorcan
13814:Algherese
13789:Occitano-
13736:Navarrese
13724:Aragonese
13660:Castilian
13563:Castilian
13539:Uruguayan
13512:Brazilian
13475:Minderico
13469:/Eonavian
13432:Mirandese
13346:Valdôtain
13332:/Arpitan
13273:Orléanais
13224:Auregnais
13208:Mayennais
13158:Louisiana
13040:Ardennais
13020:Berrichon
12826:Intemelio
12782:Forlivese
12765:Bolognese
12711:Dalmatian
12675:Tarantino
12638:Benevento
12595:Salentino
12555:Sassarese
12519:Gallurese
12502:Romanesco
12455:Dalmatian
12419:Moldavian
12414:Maramureș
12372:Aromanian
12269:varieties
12254:indicate
12236:Valdôtain
12227:/Arpitan
12198:Zarphatic
12139:Orléanais
12025:Berrichon
11964:Auregnais
11839:Cambodian
11821:Québécois
11742:Rodriguan
11732:Mauritian
11699:Grenadian
11694:Dominican
11483:cite book
11267:0039-3738
11098:frambuesa
11018:CiteSeerX
10989:cite book
10938:ignored (
10500:Glottolog
10480:Citations
10423:frambuesa
10419:framboesa
10328:estroient
10324:estreient
10212:estre(i)z
10152:estriiens
10001:(i)ere(t)
9805:Imperfect
9790:Imperfect
9721:(earlier
9358:Imperfect
9343:Imperfect
9306:(to have)
9256:corroient
9251:corussent
9194:corussoiz
9146:corriiens
9137:corussons
8945:Imperfect
8930:Imperfect
8867:fenissant
8838:fenissent
8833:fenissent
8813:fenissent
8794:feniriiez
8781:fenissoiz
8738:fenissons
8724:fenissons
8719:fenissons
8699:fenissons
8662:fenissoit
8566:fenissoie
8532:Imperfect
8517:Imperfect
8425:durassent
8377:dureriiez
8364:durissoiz
8303:durissons
8107:Imperfect
8092:Imperfect
8055:(to last)
7999:desjeüner
7984:je desjun
7953:/diːˈnɛr/
7926:Fronting
7899:/disˈnɛr/
7863:/disˈnɛr/
7848:/desˈjun/
7838:/dizˈnar/
7790:Lenition
7761:metaphony
7720:disjunare
7695:disīūnāre
7674:disiēiūnō
7634:je desjun
7549:je desjun
7503:araisnier
7499:j'araison
7324:courecier
7292:"to sew"
7288:co(u)sdre
7269:"to stay"
7231:"to lean"
7213:+ palatal
7195:"to die"
7118:+ palatal
7075:"to lead"
7017:adhaerāre
6993:"to call"
6979:appellāre
6920:+ palatal
6780:travaille
6657:+ palatal
6622:*accapāre
6578:"to love"
6518:"to wash"
6437:Example (
6264:imperfect
6260:preterite
6125:devoicing
5926:Singular
5903:Feminine
5790:Singular
5767:Feminine
5671:Singular
5648:Feminine
5545:Singular
5522:Feminine
5244:*li peres
5128:li enfant
5118:les nones
5068:la nonain
4933:les peres
4901:li veisin
4896:les citez
4891:les riens
4886:les fames
4861:le veisin
4800:"father"
4797:"servant"
4776:Class IIa
4384:li veisin
4363:le veisin
4094:aetāticum
4078:/kwaˈjer/
4064:quaternum
4018:/aˈu(s)t/
3960:'queen' (
3872:diaeresis
3780:, and by
3778:/uo/,/ou/
3755:assonance
3269:bonitātem
3233:computāre
3047:Close-mid
2798:), as in
2584:Fricative
2547:Affricate
2384:Phonology
2365:in 1282.
2189:Provençal
2178:trouvères
2158:Aquitaine
2088:Geste de
1977:, in his
1867:Capetians
1859:Aquitaine
1809:Reichenau
1765:, modern
1754:added to
1752:framboise
1733:bramberry
1729:Brombeere
1717:*brāmbesi
1710:frambeise
1703:framboise
1667:volpiglio
1650:, Picard
1637:vulpiculu
1579:, Wallon
1575:, Picard
1571:, French
1452:demnitate
1433:dignitate
1199:*kaxtivus
1144:epigraphy
939:'vergier'
898:phonology
837:Berrichon
799:, now in
795:, around
788:Auregnais
714:Old Dutch
433:Occitania
318:Glottolog
302:ISO 639-3
284:ISO 639-2
249:Old Latin
84:Northern
14075:Venetian
14049:Vallader
14039:Surmiran
14012:Cadorino
13995:Friulian
13928:Limousin
13897:Béarnese
13859:Western
13841:Northern
13829:Menorcan
13819:Balearic
13810:Eastern
13806:dialects
13665:Castrapo
13622:Peruvian
13593:dialects
13526:European
13494:dialects
13481:Portugis
13462:Galician
13403:Asturian
13341:Savoyard
13293:Poitevin
13261:Cauchois
13235:Jèrriais
13082:Canadian
12961:Varesino
12956:Ticinese
12944:Novarese
12939:Cremunés
12929:Ossolano
12924:Milanese
12912:Lecchese
12880:Brianzöö
12811:Ligurian
12777:Romagnol
12658:Arianese
12653:Irpinian
12648:Cilentan
12612:Pantesco
12607:Sicilian
12578:Southern
12514:Corsican
12490:Macerata
12485:Fabriano
12424:Oltenian
12394:dialects
12354:Southern
12231:Savoyard
12161:Poitevin
12070:Guianese
11985:Jèrriais
11970:Cauchois
11923:Standard
11903:Missouri
11844:Francien
11794:Kinshasa
11139:15 March
11010:Language
10802:(1994).
10509:Archived
10378:See also
10320:seroient
10316:sereient
10289:(i)erent
10284:estoient
10280:esteient
10276:(i)erent
10243:estriiez
10208:sere(i)z
10156:estrions
10144:seriiens
10105:(i)ermes
10096:estiiens
10026:estra(t)
9970:estroies
9966:estreies
9701:auroient
9583:auravons
9578:-issiens
9236:coroient
9231:corurent
9207:corriiez
9170:corustes
9122:coriiens
9046:corroies
9041:corusses
8893:(to run)
8828:feniront
8818:fenirent
8799:fenissez
8776:fenissez
8767:feniroiz
8757:fenistes
8752:fenissez
8714:fenirons
8682:feniroit
8633:fenirois
8628:fenisses
8623:fenisses
8586:feniroie
8480:(to end)
8415:dureront
8410:duroient
8405:durerent
8350:dureroiz
8340:durastes
8307:-issiens
8293:durerons
8284:duriiens
8257:dureroit
8208:durerois
8203:durasses
8161:dureroie
8033:iē(i)ūnō
7980:déjeuner
7972:déjeuner
7794:dizinare
7766:disinare
7745:disinare
7623:parabolō
7599:je parol
7574:je manju
7565:disiēiūn
7540:dēratiōn
7515:adratiōn
7455:je meurs
7439:je tiens
7407:je jette
7399:j'achète
7382:levelled
7358:chalonge
7319:courouce
7273:cōnsuere
7255:dēmōrārī
7158:*tropāre
7130:charrier
7125:charroie
7022:*adēsāre
6924:pretiāre
6889:creindre
6879:*cremere
6729:"to buy"
6671:concheer
6482:meaning
6449:Stressed
6361:contamos
6349:pensamos
6290:voluerat
6279:habuerat
6175:tu laves
6136:tu leves
6121:tu leves
6037:tu leves
5970:meillors
5961:Oblique
5950:meillors
5920:Singular
5914:Singular
5886:meilleur
5829:Oblique
5784:Singular
5778:Singular
5706:Oblique
5665:Singular
5659:Singular
5580:Oblique
5539:Singular
5533:Singular
5398:bergiere
5359:terem; s
5351:ntem; pr
5312:becomes
5297:Frankish
5143:li conte
5138:li sieur
5113:li baron
5093:le conte
5088:le sieur
5078:l'enfant
5073:la seror
5063:le baron
5046:li cuens
5031:li enfes
4997:"count"
4991:"priest"
4985:"sister"
4976:"singer"
4973:meaning
4943:Numbers
4824:la citez
4819:la riens
4782:meaning
4766:Class Ia
4609:provoire
4606:, later
4603:prevoire
4518:seigneur
4460:le sieur
4435:li enfes
4419:l'enfant
4326:Singular
4048:/paˈɛlə/
4034:patellam
4004:augustum
3974:pāgēnsem
3958:/rəˈinə/
3929:'seen' (
3927:/vəˈy.ə/
3898:'hear' (
3836:'tile';
3625:nom. sg.
3427:heavens
3342:falling
3337:Meaning
3288:/ɛ̃œ̃ɔ̃/
3251:rotundum
3097:Open-mid
2775:, as in
2374:Venetian
2355:Boethius
2341:rhetoric
2334:nouvelle
2322:fabliaux
2310:(Little
2233:ars nova
2228:ars nova
2219:rondeaux
2156:and the
2154:Toulouse
2150:Provence
1997:romances
1863:Toulouse
1761:to make
1721:braambes
1701:loan is
1673:'vixen')
1620:*wīhsila
1375:and the
1349:français
1321:Frankish
1195:captīvus
1187:Italian
1117:Francien
1108:chivalry
1015:caballos
1008:caballus
967:and the
918:orthoepy
857:Poitevin
801:Wallonia
776:Jèrriais
728:Normandy
668:Burgundy
611:and the
601:Crusades
583:and the
573:Normandy
553:Lorraine
505:and the
499:Wallonia
403:dialects
392:language
373:françois
367:franceis
353:Help:IPA
325:oldf1239
98:Scotland
94:Wallonia
44:François
38:Franceis
14180:Italics
14081:Chipilo
14024:Romansh
13987:Romance
13985:Rhaeto-
13950:Gardiol
13902:Landese
13892:Aranese
13877:Occitan
13836:Central
13800:Catalan
13791:Romance
13692:Creoles
13687:Saharan
13675:Murcian
13653:Llanito
13610:Chilean
13587:Spanish
13544:Creoles
13518:Mineiro
13500:African
13425:Riberan
13420:Leonese
13385:Iberian
13378:Romance
13305:Walloon
13278:Paydret
13256:Augeron
13196:Vosgien
13191:Gaumais
13186:Lorrain
13178:Creoles
13141:Muskrat
13087:Acadian
13015:Angevin
13005:Langues
12996:Romance
12902:Comasco
12875:Western
12868:Cremish
12858:Eastern
12853:Lombard
12821:Genoese
12816:Brigasc
12760:Emilian
12738:Western
12717:Istriot
12680:Vastese
12665:Molisan
12527:Italian
12463:Central
12409:Crișana
12364:Eastern
12347:Western
12332:Eastern
12252:Italics
12185:Walloon
12179:Tây Bồi
12093:Lorrain
12020:Angevin
11958:Augeron
11908:Muskrat
11881:Laotian
11859:Haitian
11806:Belgian
11789:Abidjan
11783:African
11766:Acadian
11737:Réunion
11722:Agalega
11590:at the
11414:4172774
11275:4172774
11048:6797972
11040:4489422
10446:* >
10358:esté(t)
10311:fussent
10297:estront
10239:seriiez
10226:fusseiz
10201:estiiez
10165:soiiens
10161:seiiens
10148:serions
10135:fussons
10126:soiiens
10118:seiiens
10113:estrons
10100:estions
10088:eriiens
10057:estroit
10053:estreit
10022:sera(t)
9962:seroies
9958:sereies
9926:estoies
9922:esteies
9918:(i)eres
9891:estroie
9887:estreie
9815:Present
9810:Present
9800:Present
9780:Present
9760:
9753:(to be)
9696:eüssent
9681:avoient
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9643:-issiez
9635:eüssoiz
9574:eüssons
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9491:(later
9436:(later
9368:Present
9363:Present
9353:Present
9333:Present
9313:
9286:coru(t)
9241:corront
9180:corroiz
9175:coriiez
9127:corrons
9117:corumes
9095:corroit
9085:core(t)
9070:coru(t)
9026:coroies
8999:corroie
8994:corusse
8955:Present
8950:Present
8940:Present
8920:Present
8900:
8873:feni(t)
8704:fenimes
8657:feni(t)
8618:feniras
8581:fenisse
8576:fenisse
8571:fenirai
8542:Present
8537:Present
8527:Present
8507:Present
8487:
8372:-issiez
8345:duriiez
8279:durames
8193:dureras
8156:durasse
8146:durerai
8117:Present
8112:Present
8102:Present
8082:Present
8062:
8026:je jeün
7812:diznare
7776:desjuno
7730:disjuno
7705:disīūnō
7615:*paraul
7578:mangier
7447:je dois
7395:acheter
7349:+ nasal
7278:*cōsere
7260:demeure
7227:apoiier
7181:*morīre
7057:+ nasal
6934:preiser
6874:tremere
6868:+ nasal
6738:*cadēre
6725:acheter
6666:conchie
6632:achever
6627:achieve
6560:+ nasal
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6342:Spanish
6302:Spanish
6300:value;
6283:voldret
6187:j'entre
6179:il lave
6171:je lave
6059:in the
6043:in the
6041:il leve
5975:meillor
5965:meillor
5945:mieudre
5940:meillor
5906:Neuter
5880:, >
5868:mieudre
5770:Neuter
5744:, >
5741:grandis
5651:Neuter
5625:, >
5525:Neuter
5499:, >
5413:bergère
5392:bergier
5240:li pere
5150:oblique
5053:oblique
5041:li sire
5026:la suer
5021:la none
4988:"child"
4979:"baron"
4918:oblique
4911:li pere
4871:le pere
4856:la cité
4851:la rien
4846:oblique
4839:li pere
4814:la fame
4788:"thing"
4785:"woman"
4749:Number
4734:la joie
4723:gaudium
4596:); the
4585:prestre
4552:); the
4456:li sire
4429:); the
4390:oblique
4347:oblique
4286:Italian
4282:Spanish
4276:and an
4263:Grammar
4118:'age' (
4050:'pan' (
3988:/paˈis/
3943:rēgīnam
3707:Notes:
3496:rising
3334:Example
3284:/ĩỹõ~ũ/
3154:Notes:
3070:
3041:
3033:
3003:
2977:Central
2900:lenited
2876:, from
2862:liaison
2795:mouillé
2727:before
2709:became
2675:Notes:
2626:Lateral
2500:Plosive
2461:Glottal
2451:Palatal
2378:Lombard
2326:Chaucer
2317:fabliau
2298:Reynard
2122:romance
2058:in his
2035:laisses
1787:fravola
1783:fragola
1712:, from
1671:vulpeja
1663:volpìlh
1648:golpilz
1628:vischio
1468:chaeine
1448:dignità
1440:deintié
1397:decimus
1309:calques
1271:* >
1233:cautivo
1207:chaitif
1131:charrue
1102:cavalry
1087:cavallo
1071:caballo
994:Gaulish
982:Gaulish
947:sermons
931:orchard
878:Plautus
867:History
833:Angevin
823:of the
821:Lorrain
813:of the
805:Belgium
793:Walloon
748:English
744:Britain
692:, with
686:Picardy
615:in the
597:Ireland
593:England
541:Angevin
503:England
472:Walloon
446:in the
411:diverse
400:Romance
349:Unicode
197:Arpitan
171:Romance
106:Ireland
102:England
90:Belgium
14111:Others
14091:Talian
14086:Fiuman
14060:Others
14000:Fornes
13938:Niçard
13887:Gascon
13855:Patuet
13761:Others
13670:Castúo
13376:Ibero-
13336:Faetar
13283:Picard
13213:Norman
13201:Welche
13124:Magoua
13114:Quebec
13104:Brayon
13063:French
13045:Rémois
12994:Gallo-
12949:Pavese
12907:Laghée
12885:Canzés
12836:Royasc
12698:Others
12633:Barese
12561:Tuscan
12507:Sabino
12480:Ancona
12453:Italo-
12219:Faetar
12151:Picard
12127:Nouchi
12115:Michif
12098:Welche
12013:Others
11943:Norman
11869:Indian
11832:Magoua
11801:Aostan
11757:French
11558:
11539:
11504:
11453:
11412:
11387:
11364:
11345:
11273:
11265:
11160:
11130:
11046:
11038:
11020:
10977:
10965:–289.
10921:: 106.
10839:
10814:
10677:
10604:
10539:
10352:estant
10306:soient
10302:seient
10293:seront
10271:furent
10252:soiiez
10248:seiiez
10221:soiiez
10217:seiiez
10197:eriiez
10192:fustes
10173:soions
10169:seions
10130:soions
10122:seions
10109:serons
10092:erions
10049:seroit
10045:sereit
10018:(i)ert
10013:estoit
10009:esteit
10005:(i)ert
9953:fusses
9939:estras
9931:(i)ers
9883:seroie
9879:sereie
9860:estrai
9847:estoie
9843:esteie
9839:(i)ere
9795:Future
9686:auront
9676:eürent
9639:-issez
9621:auroiz
9616:aviiez
9611:eüstes
9564:aurons
9528:auroit
9469:aurois
9464:eüsses
9416:auroie
9348:Future
9280:corant
9246:corent
9226:corent
9151:corons
9132:corons
9112:corons
9090:corust
9075:coroit
9031:corras
8984:corrai
8979:coroie
8935:Future
8889:verb:
8677:fenist
8667:fenira
8652:fenist
8522:Future
8476:verb:
8454:durant
8420:durent
8400:durent
8368:-issez
8321:durons
8298:durons
8274:durons
8252:durast
8242:durera
8237:duroit
8188:durois
8141:duroie
8097:Future
8051:verb:
8022:jeüner
8015:jeûner
8005:(<
7986:(<
7958:desjun
7948:disner
7933:desjun
7915:desjun
7894:disner
7879:desjun
7858:disner
7843:desjun
7833:disnar
7660:Latin
7638:disner
7603:parler
7590:mandūc
7557:disiēi
7553:disner
7532:dērati
7507:adrati
7478:aidier
7283:queust
7191:mourir
7168:truver
7163:trueve
7061:mināre
7032:adeser
7027:adoise
6989:apeler
6952:eissir
6893:cremir
6891:(var.
6884:crient
6831:sedēre
6813:levāre
6748:cheoir
6733:cadere
6720:achate
6679:iacēre
6596:manoir
6592:maneir
6582:manēre
6522:parere
6504:lavāre
6404:) but
6365:contar
6357:cuento
6353:pensar
6345:pienso
6322:weight
6285:(<
6274:(<
6238:il vit
6234:tu vis
6230:je vis
6222:il vit
6218:tu vis
6214:je vif
6163:il let
6159:tu les
6155:je lef
6117:je lef
6057:il let
6053:tu les
6049:je lef
6033:je lef
5923:Plural
5917:Plural
5877:melior
5787:Plural
5781:Plural
5710:aspres
5695:aspres
5668:Plural
5662:Plural
5542:Plural
5536:Plural
5467:-iōrem
5426:number
5407:berger
5371:mes, c
5367:rem; c
5309:*baran
5016:li ber
4994:"lord"
4791:"city"
4727:gaudia
4709:pausal
4612:(<
4594:sbyter
4576:prêtre
4487:sendre
4485:(nom.
4481:) and
4369:Plural
4309:Number
4290:gender
4136:laisse
4085:cahier
4073:quaïer
4043:paelle
3913:vidūta
3896:/uˈir/
3882:audīre
3868:hiatus
3862:Hiatus
3855:suivre
3726:, and
3648:/e̯aw/
3621:count
3561:heart
3538:fruit
3366:horse
3280:bounty
3240:conter
3108:
3011:
2923:Vowels
2446:Dental
2441:Labial
2307:Ysopet
2294:fables
2211:motets
2197:trobar
2072:: the
2070:cycles
2030:rhymed
1991:; the
1964:. The
1767:fraise
1763:freise
1695:guerre
1687:guerra
1652:woupil
1641:vulpes
1609:viscus
1600:avispa
1588:*wapsa
1569:guespe
1510:Picard
1488:cadeia
1484:cadena
1480:cadena
1476:catena
1461:catena
1444:dainty
1424:diezmo
1420:decimo
1345:Franks
1298:Celtic
1269:lactem
1242:factum
1227:cativo
1212:chétif
1210:(mod.
1181:caisse
1177:*kaxsa
1079:cavalo
1063:cavall
1056:chaval
1043:cheval
1029:Breton
1024:ceffyl
922:Alcuin
853:Norman
786:, and
738:. The
698:Amiens
682:Picard
617:Levant
587:. The
535:. The
495:France
468:Picard
464:Norman
384:French
379:romanz
156:Italic
86:France
81:Region
50:Romanz
14034:Putèr
14029:Jauer
14017:Nones
14007:Ladin
13506:Asian
13163:Houma
13136:Métis
13119:Joual
13092:Chiac
13057:Gallo
13007:d'oïl
12399:Banat
12065:Gallo
12030:Bolze
11928:Swiss
11827:Joual
11811:Métis
11771:Chiac
11410:JSTOR
11271:JSTOR
11044:S2CID
11036:JSTOR
10806:[
10772:[
10581:[
10495:"Oil"
10365:avoir
10345:estre
10326:>
10318:>
10304:>
10282:>
10250:>
10219:>
10187:estes
10171:>
10163:>
10139:-iens
10124:>
10083:fumes
10078:esmes
10074:somes
10055:>
10047:>
10033:>
10011:>
9996:fu(t)
9979:soies
9977:>
9975:seies
9968:>
9960:>
9948:soies
9946:>
9944:seies
9935:seras
9924:>
9908:(i)es
9889:>
9881:>
9874:fusse
9867:>
9856:serai
9852:(i)er
9845:>
9751:estre
9745:avoir
9738:eü(t)
9732:aiant
9724:aveir
9718:avoir
9592:avons
9587:-ïons
9569:aions
9559:-ïons
9550:eümes
9545:avons
9508:avoit
9499:eü(t)
9454:auras
9449:avois
9411:eüsse
9401:aurai
9396:avoie
9304:avoir
9293:estre
9273:corre
9212:corez
9189:corez
9165:corez
9141:-iens
9080:corra
9036:cores
9021:corus
8974:corui
8891:corre
8880:avoir
8860:fenir
8728:-iens
8638:fenis
8608:fenis
8603:fenis
8556:fenis
8478:fenir
8467:avoir
8447:durer
8386:durez
8359:durez
8335:durez
8316:-ïons
8288:-ïons
8183:duras
8178:dures
8136:durai
8053:durer
8024:<
7976:dîner
7621:<
7490:adiūt
7474:j'aiu
7403:jeter
7387:aimer
7248:free
7222:apuie
7186:muert
7151:free
7071:mener
7066:meine
7053:free
7044:/ẽj̃/
7010:free
6984:apele
6973:/ɛ,e/
6942:exīre
6929:prise
6864:free
6845:seoir
6841:seeir
6823:lever
6818:lieve
6806:free
6743:chiet
6689:gesir
6587:maint
6564:amāre
6556:free
6547:/ãj̃/
6537:parir
6514:laver
6497:free
6406:amons
6272:avret
6226:vivre
6146:>
6132:laver
6018:laver
6016:verb
5992:Verbs
5955:mieuz
5843:grant
5838:granz
5833:grant
5823:grant
5818:granz
5813:grant
5809:granz
5804:grant
5799:granz
5750:grand
5732:granz
5700:aspre
5690:aspre
5685:aspre
5680:aspre
5622:asper
5614:aspre
5569:bones
5496:bonus
5435:riche
5375:mitem
5343:rem;
5321:baron
5305:*barō
4982:"nun"
4671:minem
4665:<
4653:homme
4618:terem
4614:presb
4588:<
4558:seror
4514:sieur
4451:Both
4445:nfāns
4312:Latin
4268:Nouns
4161:Text
4096:>
4066:>
4055:poêle
4036:>
4013:aoust
4006:>
3976:>
3965:reine
3952:reïne
3945:>
3915:>
3884:>
3850:>
3848:suire
3841:siure
3834:tuile
3829:>
3827:tiule
3797:/uoj/
3793:/iej/
3786:/ø~œ/
3751:/ue̯/
3743:/ie̯/
3689:/wøw/
3685:/wew/
3667:/jew/
3602:June
3584:well
3567:Nasal
3519:foot
3473:full
3456:Nasal
3450:tile
3385:roof
3328:Type
3276:bonté
3271:>
3262:round
3253:>
3244:count
3235:>
3226:/aʊn/
3224:>
3222:/uːn/
3140:nasal
3076:nasal
3024:nasal
2989:Close
2972:Front
2968:Type
2952:bonne
2904:amado
2807:trava
2800:conse
2653:Trill
2468:Nasal
2456:Velar
2437:Type
2421:]
2417:[
2345:logic
2330:conte
2312:Aesop
2255:drama
2126:roman
1779:fragă
1775:fraga
1771:frève
1759:fraie
1744:fraie
1737:fraga
1659:*wulf
1596:vespa
1592:vèspa
1581:wèsse
1573:guêpe
1562:wespe
1557:>
1555:vespa
1525:>
1499:g(u)-
1472:chain
1463:>
1435:>
1408:disme
1290:leche
1284:leite
1278:latte
1267:; or
1264:hecho
1258:feito
1252:fatto
1245:>
1216:cacht
1201:>
1197:>
1193:) or
1190:cassa
1179:>
1175:>
1172:capsa
1123:chêne
1050:caval
1033:kefel
1020:Welsh
1018:(cf.
1000:equus
992:Some
811:Gallo
797:Namur
736:Rouen
726:, in
702:Arras
694:Lille
676:Dijon
672:duchy
569:Anjou
487:Upper
460:Gallo
396:group
166:Latin
14189:Bold
13774:Caló
13457:Fala
13383:West
12173:Tayo
11603:DÉCT
11556:ISBN
11537:ISBN
11502:ISBN
11489:link
11451:ISBN
11385:ISBN
11362:ISBN
11343:ISBN
11263:ISSN
11158:ISBN
11141:2023
11128:ISBN
10995:link
10975:ISBN
10940:help
10837:ISBN
10812:ISBN
10675:ISBN
10602:ISBN
10537:ISBN
10463:The
10452:ModF
10266:sont
10234:-iez
10040:fust
10035:soit
10031:seit
9869:soie
9865:seie
9829:suis
9657:avez
9652:-ïez
9630:aiez
9606:avez
9523:eüst
9513:aura
9202:-iez
9065:cort
9016:cors
8989:core
8789:-iez
8561:feni
8460:duré
8381:-ïez
8247:durt
8232:dura
8227:dure
8213:dure
8198:durs
7992:-ēi-
7607:*par
7582:mand
7453:and
7401:and
7275:>
7239:/ew/
7206:/oj/
7201:/uj/
7178:>
7176:morī
7142:/we/
7105:/oj/
7019:>
7001:/oj/
6913:/ej/
6876:>
6855:/jẽ/
6836:siet
6797:/je/
6735:>
6684:gist
6606:/je/
6574:amer
6569:aime
6532:pert
6524:>
6509:leve
6384:/ai/
6334:pens
6247:The
6199:-oir
6047:and
5911:Case
5882:ModF
5857:-ant
5775:Case
5746:ModF
5656:Case
5631:âpre
5627:ModF
5589:bons
5564:bone
5554:bons
5530:Case
5501:ModF
5463:-ior
5410:and
5403:ModF
5099:pl.
5002:sg.
4877:pl.
4805:sg.
4731:ModF
4697:lius
4688:fils
4662:home
4628:ModF
4572:ModF
4541:suer
4532:sœur
4528:ModF
4522:lord
4510:sire
4502:seni
4498:nior
4475:seii
4471:iior
4427:ntem
4284:and
4120:ModF
4111:eage
4103:aage
4082:ModF
4052:ModF
4025:août
4022:ModF
3995:pays
3992:ModF
3983:païs
3962:ModF
3931:ModF
3922:veüe
3903:ouïr
3900:ModF
3852:ModF
3831:ModF
3809:/ɥi/
3807:and
3795:and
3772:and
3763:/je/
3747:/yj/
3736:/oj/
3732:/ej/
3717:/aj/
3701:Jew
3679:God
3643:Oral
3608:/wẽ/
3590:/ɥĩ/
3572:/jẽ/
3548:/wø/
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