25:
433:
based on Latin roots were introduced, and some scholars modified the spelling of French words to bring them into conformity with their Latin roots, sometimes erroneously. That often produced a radical difference between a word's spelling and pronunciation. Nevertheless, Middle French spelling was
434:
overall fairly close to the pronunciation; unlike Modern French, word-final consonants were still pronounced though they were optionally lost when they preceded another consonant that started the next word.
612:
At the beginning of the 17th century, French would see the continued unification of French, the suppression of certain forms, and the prescription of rules, leading to
Classical French.
1419:
1241:
1266:, was a worthy language for literary expression and promulgated a program of linguistic production and purification, including the imitation of Latin genres.
1412:
4008:
3970:
2040:
1405:
602:, who developed a phonetic spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550), but his attempt at spelling reform was not followed.
2081:
3998:
2532:
1292:
394:
Among the elites, Latin was still the language of education, administration, and bureaucracy. That changed in 1539, with the
2464:
2267:
2262:
2206:
2094:
2367:
2257:
2482:
3321:
395:
3381:
2669:
2274:
2074:
285:
that covers the period from the mid-14th to the early 17th centuries. It is a period of transition during which:
594:
Spelling and punctuation were extremely variable. The introduction of printing in 1470 highlighted the need for
3469:
3370:
3340:
3277:
2955:
1646:
595:
228:
1864:
3404:
2807:
1956:
1817:
1571:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1001:
996:
991:
968:
963:
958:
947:
942:
937:
914:
909:
904:
893:
888:
883:
860:
855:
850:
839:
834:
829:
806:
801:
796:
785:
780:
775:
752:
744:
733:
728:
723:
700:
695:
690:
679:
674:
669:
415:
4003:
3845:
3283:
2252:
2181:
1616:
1566:
1626:
1204:
3566:
3138:
2573:
2131:
2067:
1710:
1695:
3153:
3065:
2674:
2515:
2230:
2159:
2141:
2124:
2119:
2109:
133:
118:
1858:
3858:
3762:
2635:
2583:
2362:
2310:
599:
605:
The period saw the publication of the first French grammars and of the French-Latin dictionary of
3226:
2817:
2771:
2652:
2625:
2564:
2501:
2447:
2154:
2114:
1658:
1476:
1471:
1428:
138:
128:
108:
2822:
3944:
3160:
2578:
2524:
2176:
1847:
340:
1922:
387:
of Modern but with a continued reliance on the verb in the second position of a sentence, or "
3976:
3921:
3727:
3722:
3375:
3353:
3244:
3172:
2995:
2657:
2420:
2046:
1933:
1822:
1729:
585:
573:
3640:
2608:
3926:
3700:
3316:
3289:
3215:
3075:
2874:
2802:
2754:
2748:
2711:
2694:
1943:
1812:
1553:
438:
355:
The most important change found in Middle French is the complete disappearance of the noun
3710:
3123:
2191:
2013:
1916:
1365:
8:
3411:
3303:
3271:
3265:
2886:
2846:
2812:
2640:
2404:
1832:
1690:
1652:
1481:
406:
the sole language for legal acts. Regional differences were still extreme throughout the
399:
359:
system, which had been underway for centuries. There was no longer a distinction between
3674:
3107:
2782:
2716:
2002:
1454:
584:
origin in
England. Some words of Romance origin now found their way back into French as
143:
38:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3916:
3645:
3501:
3459:
3425:
3419:
3309:
3252:
3209:
3192:
2930:
2923:
2759:
2547:
2488:
2344:
2332:
2211:
2149:
1975:
1631:
1593:
1524:
1491:
1397:
39:
3694:
2186:
1641:
1208:
261:
3873:
3852:
3772:
3732:
3591:
3519:
3513:
3437:
3329:
3239:
3180:
3092:
3050:
2851:
2797:
2603:
2588:
2559:
2542:
2452:
2415:
2384:
2372:
2291:
2279:
2196:
2171:
2165:
2090:
2059:
1967:
1802:
1670:
1621:
1504:
1288:
1251:
1224:
407:
311:
307:
193:
123:
16:
Historical variety of French used from the mid-14th century to the early 17th century
3715:
2684:
2662:
1514:
3826:
3816:
3801:
3789:
3705:
3654:
3618:
3596:
3583:
3577:
3506:
3495:
3399:
3364:
3348:
3197:
3185:
3118:
3082:
3070:
3038:
2963:
2935:
2908:
2738:
2733:
2721:
2701:
2689:
2630:
2537:
2494:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2389:
2320:
2304:
2201:
2008:
1962:
1938:
1887:
1882:
1870:
1747:
1675:
1519:
1509:
1463:
577:
532:
525:
411:
326:
319:
113:
3601:
3551:
1212:
290:
3910:
3896:
3777:
3679:
3669:
3613:
3464:
3452:
3392:
3387:
3202:
3131:
3113:
3087:
3060:
2990:
2947:
2859:
2840:
2792:
2679:
2645:
2598:
2593:
2315:
2247:
2219:
1996:
1928:
1898:
1797:
1720:
1700:
1680:
1534:
1443:
1263:
606:
581:
542:
418:
languages were predominant; and in the north of France, Oïl languages other than
403:
282:
274:
183:
100:
90:
2913:
1588:
1238:
The affirmation and glorification of French finds its greatest manifestation in
524:) practices were borrowed from Italian. Those tendencies would continue through
3961:
3868:
3863:
3784:
3664:
3626:
3358:
2918:
2864:
2834:
2726:
2410:
2338:
2284:
2033:
1852:
1842:
1685:
1636:
1583:
1560:
1543:
1499:
1255:
426:
425:
The fascination with classical texts led to numerous borrowings from Latin and
325:
the literary development of French prepared the vocabulary and grammar for the
3007:
1757:
3992:
3903:
3806:
3794:
3526:
3234:
2891:
2829:
2325:
1837:
1598:
1578:
388:
1230:
3685:
3545:
2985:
2940:
1827:
1705:
364:
188:
289:
the French language became clearly distinguished from the other competing
245:
3747:
3740:
3477:
3043:
1950:
1752:
1373:
Notions de style, de versificiation et d'histoire de la langue française.
3012:
1762:
3055:
3025:
3017:
2973:
2968:
2618:
2377:
1910:
1781:
1775:
1768:
591:
Also, the meaning and usage of many words from Old French transformed.
430:
380:
360:
356:
344:
294:
198:
3821:
3659:
3001:
2296:
1741:
1220:
254:
238:
220:
178:
3447:
3606:
3442:
3258:
2706:
2554:
1259:
1216:
564:
558:
552:
546:
536:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
449:
442:
419:
67:
3811:
3430:
3295:
3033:
2457:
2442:
1735:
372:
24:
3632:
2978:
2901:
2881:
2613:
1904:
1892:
1875:
1609:
1167:
1113:
1059:
1005:
951:
897:
843:
789:
737:
683:
384:
79:
2896:
2869:
1807:
1604:
1548:
446:
368:
315:
1308:
379:. The transformations necessitated an increased reliance on
1392:
445:
in the French court brought the French into contact with
1427:
1203:
Middle French is the language found in the writings of
2089:
293:, which are sometimes subsumed within the concept of
2781:
1330:
Larousse, vi, xiii–xiv, xvii; Bonnard, pp. 113–114.
1248:
The
Defense and Illustration of the French Language
1311:. ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine. 2015.
339:It is the first version of French that is largely
1242:La Défense et illustration de la langue française
3990:
383:in the sentence, which becomes more or less the
1380:Évolution et structure de la langue française.
2075:
1413:
414:languages dominated; in east-central France,
1309:"Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500)"
1239:
1228:
1188:
1134:
1080:
1026:
972:
918:
864:
810:
756:
704:
330:
298:
3971:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2041:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
1282:
1143:
1089:
1035:
981:
927:
873:
819:
765:
713:
659:
3554:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
2082:
2068:
1420:
1406:
494:) and artistic (especially architectural:
1254:, which maintained that French, like the
4009:Languages attested from the 14th century
1382:Berne (Switzerland): Francke A.G., 1946.
1362:Larousse dictionnaire du moyen français.
452:. Many words dealing with the military (
335:) spoken in the 17th and 18th centuries.
1283:Ducos, Joëlle; Soutet, Olivier (2012).
615:
306:the French language was imposed as the
3991:
2063:
1401:
531:There were also some borrowings from
36:about the phonology of Middle French.
18:
13:
3975:Languages between parentheses are
2045:Languages between parentheses are
1339:Wartburg, p. 160; Bonnard, p. 114.
281:) is a historical division of the
14:
4020:
3855:(unknown further classification)
1386:
598:. One proposed reform came from
23:
3999:History of the French language
3979:of the language on their left.
3849:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
2049:of the language on their left.
1393:Dictionnaire du Moyen Français
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1301:
1276:
396:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
375:became indicated by simply an
343:to Modern French, contrary to
1:
1355:
1285:L'ancien et le moyen français
1198:
580:had left words of French and
7:
3846:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
391:", until the 16th century.
10:
4025:
3548:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
2574:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2368:Central−Southern Calabrian
410:: in the south of France,
350:
3953:
3937:
3888:
3837:
3761:
3565:
3538:
3487:
3339:
3225:
3171:
3152:
3103:
2770:
2523:
2514:
2475:
2355:
2240:
2229:
2140:
2102:
2024:
1989:
1790:
1719:
1533:
1490:
1462:
1453:
1436:
1229:
636:
628:
625:
622:
551:) and from the Americas (
252:
236:
218:
213:
171:
97:
93:by the early 17th century
85:
75:
66:
61:
2856:North American dialects
2363:Extreme Southern Italian
1269:
1205:Charles, Duke of Orléans
600:Jacques Peletier du Mans
422:continued to be spoken.
2275:Central−Northern Latian
1429:Gallo-Romance languages
1168:
1114:
1060:
1006:
952:
898:
844:
790:
738:
684:
588:through war and trade.
565:
559:
553:
547:
537:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
68:
2579:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1240:
1189:
1144:
1135:
1090:
1081:
1036:
1027:
982:
973:
928:
919:
874:
865:
820:
811:
766:
757:
714:
705:
660:
331:
299:
278:
34:is missing information
3066:Poitevin–Saintongeais
2039:A star (*) indicates
1934:Poitevin-Saintongeais
1865:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
1250:) (1549) by the poet
574:Anglo-Norman language
572:The influence of the
389:verb-second structure
332:le français classique
2875:St. Marys Bay French
2399:Neapolitan–Calabrese
616:Phonological history
441:and the presence of
439:French wars in Italy
3227:Galician–Portuguese
2253:Central Marchigiano
1492:Bourbonnais Creoles
1375:Paris: SUDEL, 1953.
1227:, and the poets of
1221:Michel de Montaigne
4004:Medieval languages
3641:Catalan Ribagorçan
3488:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
2760:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2670:Bustocco–Legnanese
2465:Northern Calabrian
1287:. PUF. p. 4.
596:reform in spelling
318:and other Oïl and
69:françois, franceis
3986:
3985:
3962:extinct languages
3884:
3883:
3561:
3560:
3520:Navarro-Aragonese
3405:Peruvian Ribereño
3330:Judaeo-Portuguese
3245:Galician–Asturian
3148:
3147:
3139:Old Gallo-Romance
3093:Wisconsin Walloon
2510:
2509:
2483:Dalmatian Romance
2091:Romance languages
2057:
2056:
2034:extinct languages
1990:Francoprovencalic
1985:
1984:
1968:Wisconsin Walloon
1378:W. von Wartburg.
1294:978-2-13-061687-0
1252:Joachim du Bellay
1225:Pierre de Ronsard
1217:François Rabelais
1196:
1195:
518:; also literary:
408:Kingdom of France
312:Kingdom of France
308:official language
300:l'ancien français
268:
267:
194:Old Gallo-Romance
57:
56:
4016:
3507:Judaeo-Aragonese
3496:Andalusi Romance
3349:Amazonic Spanish
3186:Western Asturian
3169:
3168:
3108:Franco-Provençal
2779:
2778:
2675:Comasco–Lecchese
2533:Emilian–Romagnol
2521:
2520:
2321:Regional Italian
2311:Italo-Australian
2238:
2237:
2160:Megleno-Romanian
2084:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2003:Franco-Provençal
1999:/Faetar-Cigliàje
1888:Louisiana French
1883:Louisiana Creole
1696:Saint-Barthélemy
1464:Antillean Creole
1460:
1459:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1349:
1348:Bonnard, p. 114.
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1280:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
998:
993:
985:
976:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
944:
939:
931:
922:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
890:
885:
877:
868:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
836:
831:
823:
814:
808:
803:
798:
793:
787:
782:
777:
769:
760:
754:
746:
741:
735:
730:
725:
717:
708:
702:
697:
692:
687:
681:
676:
671:
663:
620:
619:
568:
562:
556:
550:
540:
526:Classical French
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
416:Franco-Provençal
334:
327:Classical French
302:
264:
248:
241:
232:
231:
223:
103:
71:
59:
58:
52:
49:
43:
27:
19:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4013:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3949:
3933:
3911:Pannonian Latin
3897:African Romance
3880:
3833:
3764:
3757:
3695:Judeo-Provençal
3568:
3557:
3534:
3483:
3393:Chilean Chilote
3335:
3221:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3144:
3132:Moselle Romance
3099:
2948:Missouri French
2909:Franco-Ontarian
2784:
2773:
2766:
2506:
2471:
2448:Southern Latian
2351:
2316:Maltese Italian
2248:Central Italian
2232:
2225:
2220:Common Romanian
2136:
2120:Italo-Dalmatian
2098:
2088:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2020:
1981:
1899:Moselle Romance
1859:Karipúna Creole
1786:
1715:
1627:Franco-Ontarian
1529:
1486:
1449:
1444:Canadian French
1432:
1426:
1389:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:Larousse, xxvi.
1320:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1264:Dante Alighieri
1209:François Villon
1201:
1187:
1166:
1148:
1133:
1112:
1094:
1079:
1058:
1040:
1025:
1004:
986:
971:
950:
932:
917:
896:
878:
863:
842:
824:
809:
788:
770:
755:
736:
718:
703:
682:
664:
633:
618:
607:Robert Estienne
353:
283:French language
260:
244:
237:
227:
226:
219:
209:
184:Classical Latin
174:
167:
119:Latino-Faliscan
104:
101:Language family
99:
53:
47:
44:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3850:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3769:
3767:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3627:Judaeo-Catalan
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3586:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3382:Latin American
3378:
3373:
3361:
3359:Judaeo-Spanish
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3005:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2854:
2849:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2502:Judaeo-Italian
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2162:
2157:
2155:Istro-Romanian
2152:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2103:Major branches
2100:
2099:
2095:classification
2087:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1853:Haitian Creole
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Burundi Pidgin
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1387:External links
1385:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1300:
1293:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1015:
1010:
999:
994:
988:
978:
977:
966:
961:
956:
945:
940:
934:
924:
923:
912:
907:
902:
891:
886:
880:
870:
869:
858:
853:
848:
837:
832:
826:
816:
815:
804:
799:
794:
783:
778:
772:
762:
761:
750:
747:
742:
731:
726:
720:
710:
709:
698:
693:
688:
677:
672:
666:
656:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
639:
638:
637:Modern French
635:
630:
627:
626:Proto-Romance
624:
617:
614:
352:
349:
337:
336:
323:
304:
279:moyen français
266:
265:
258:
250:
249:
242:
234:
233:
224:
216:
215:
214:Language codes
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
177:
175:
172:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4021:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3945:Proto-Romance
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:Reconstructed
3936:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3904:British Latin
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:Vivaro-Alpine
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3527:Old Navarrese
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:Equatoguinean
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Frainc-Comtou
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Judeo-Italian
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Castelmezzano
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:Swiss Italian
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Transylvanian
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:Daco-Romanian
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2115:Italo-Western
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Frainc-Comtou
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:Middle French
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:St. Marys Bay
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Langues d'oïl
1452:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:Clément Marot
1210:
1206:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1000:
995:
989:
984:
980:
979:
975:
967:
962:
957:
954:
946:
941:
935:
930:
926:
925:
921:
913:
908:
903:
900:
892:
887:
881:
876:
872:
871:
867:
859:
854:
849:
846:
838:
833:
827:
822:
818:
817:
813:
805:
800:
795:
792:
784:
779:
773:
768:
764:
763:
759:
751:
748:
743:
740:
732:
727:
721:
716:
712:
711:
707:
699:
694:
689:
686:
678:
673:
667:
662:
658:
657:
654:21st century
653:
650:
647:
645:12th century
644:
641:
640:
631:
621:
613:
610:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
561:
555:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
527:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
451:
448:
444:
440:
435:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
348:
346:
342:
333:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
291:Oïl languages
288:
287:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Middle French
263:
259:
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
240:
235:
230:
225:
222:
217:
212:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
180:
176:
170:
150:
149:Middle French
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:Gallo-Romance
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:Italo-Western
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:Indo-European
106:
102:
96:
92:
91:Modern French
89:Evolved into
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
65:
62:Middle French
60:
51:
41:
35:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3966:
3957:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3844:
3746:
3739:
3701:Languedocien
3693:
3686:Judeo-Gascon
3684:
3625:
3576:
3546:Barranquenho
3525:
3518:
3494:
3476:
3418:
3380:
3363:
3354:Extremaduran
3328:
3302:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3257:
3214:
3173:Asturleonese
3137:
3130:
3088:West Walloon
3076:Saintongeais
3024:
3000:
2996:Anglo-Norman
2954:
2887:Newfoundland
2847:Jersey Legal
2839:
2747:
2712:Southwestern
2695:Vallassinese
2584:Gallo-Picene
2525:Gallo-Italic
2487:
2403:
2398:
2337:
2303:
2218:
2164:
2029:
1974:
1955:
1944:Saintongeais
1921:
1909:
1897:
1863:
1828:Camfranglais
1774:
1767:
1740:
1730:Anglo-Norman
1728:
1691:Newfoundland
1676:Metropolitan
1664:
1663:
1653:Jersey Legal
1651:
1642:Houma French
1482:Saint Lucian
1437:Areal groups
1431:and dialects
1379:
1372:
1371:H. Bonnard.
1361:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1303:
1284:
1278:
1247:
1237:
1202:
1154:/kolːoˈkare/
651:18th century
648:15th century
611:
604:
593:
590:
571:
530:
436:
424:
393:
376:
354:
341:intelligible
338:
314:in place of
270:
269:
253:
189:Vulgar Latin
148:
45:
33:
3922:Campidanese
3748:Old Catalan
3741:Old Occitan
3478:Old Spanish
3412:Rioplatense
3216:Old Leonese
3044:Cotentinais
3008:Guernésiais
2931:Frenchville
2924:New England
2803:Bourbonnais
2755:Piedmontese
2749:Old Lombard
2641:Bergamasque
2565:Sammarinese
2036:or dialects
1923:Petit nègre
1813:Bourbonnais
1758:Guernésiais
1753:Cotentinais
1632:Frenchville
1594:New England
1525:Seychellois
1175:/kuˈʃje(r)/
1159:/koɫˈtʃjer/
1105:/dʒyˈdʒjeð/
1100:/judiˈkatu/
987:'beautiful'
776:/(ɪ)sˈkutu/
642:9th century
629:Old French
429:. Numerous
398:, in which
173:Early forms
3993:Categories
3969:indicates
3927:Logudorese
3460:Philippine
3426:Andalusian
3420:Peninsular
3310:Estremenho
3266:Portuguese
3193:Cantabrian
3026:Law French
3018:Sercquiais
2852:Meridional
2813:Champenois
2808:Burgundian
2619:Tabarchino
2609:Monégasque
2548:Parmigiano
2405:Neapolitan
2378:Manduriano
2345:Florentine
2212:Wallachian
2182:Bukovinian
1911:Old French
1833:Champenois
1818:Burgundian
1782:Sercquiais
1776:Old Norman
1769:Law French
1711:Vietnamese
1671:Meridional
1505:Chagossian
1356:References
1231:La Pléiade
1199:Literature
1164:/kuˈtʃjer/
1149:'to place'
1067:/aˈvwɛ(r)/
503:architrave
473:infanterie
431:neologisms
381:word order
361:nominative
357:declension
345:Old French
295:Old French
199:Old French
48:April 2020
3977:varieties
3960:indicate
3917:Sardinian
3874:Triestine
3822:Sursilvan
3733:Mentonasc
3711:Provençal
3660:Auvergnat
3646:Valencian
3602:Mallorcan
3592:Algherese
3567:Occitano-
3514:Navarrese
3502:Aragonese
3438:Castilian
3341:Castilian
3317:Uruguayan
3290:Brazilian
3253:Minderico
3247:/Eonavian
3210:Mirandese
3124:Valdôtain
3110:/Arpitan
3051:Orléanais
3002:Auregnais
2986:Mayennais
2936:Louisiana
2818:Ardennais
2798:Berrichon
2604:Intemelio
2560:Forlivese
2543:Bolognese
2489:Dalmatian
2453:Tarantino
2416:Benevento
2373:Salentino
2333:Sassarese
2297:Gallurese
2280:Romanesco
2233:Dalmatian
2197:Moldavian
2192:Maramureș
2150:Aromanian
2047:varieties
2032:indicate
2014:Valdôtain
2005:/Arpitan
1976:Zarphatic
1917:Orléanais
1803:Berrichon
1742:Auregnais
1617:Cambodian
1599:Québécois
1520:Rodriguan
1510:Mauritian
1477:Grenadian
1472:Dominican
1145:COLLŌCĀRE
1091:IŪDICĀTUM
1041:'to have'
992:/ˈbɛlːʊs/
910:/ˈfam(ə)/
884:/ˈfemɪna/
724:/maˈturu/
400:Francis I
367:forms of
322:languages
255:Glottolog
239:ISO 639-3
221:ISO 639-2
179:Old Latin
40:talk page
3853:Venetian
3827:Vallader
3817:Surmiran
3790:Cadorino
3773:Friulian
3706:Limousin
3675:Béarnese
3637:Western
3619:Northern
3607:Menorcan
3597:Balearic
3588:Eastern
3584:dialects
3443:Castrapo
3400:Peruvian
3371:dialects
3304:European
3272:dialects
3259:Portugis
3240:Galician
3181:Asturian
3119:Savoyard
3071:Poitevin
3039:Cauchois
3013:Jèrriais
2860:Canadian
2739:Varesino
2734:Ticinese
2722:Novarese
2717:Cremunés
2707:Ossolano
2702:Milanese
2690:Lecchese
2658:Brianzöö
2589:Ligurian
2555:Romagnol
2436:Arianese
2431:Irpinian
2426:Cilentan
2390:Pantesco
2385:Sicilian
2356:Southern
2292:Corsican
2268:Macerata
2263:Fabriano
2202:Oltenian
2172:dialects
2132:Southern
2009:Savoyard
1939:Poitevin
1848:Guianese
1763:Jèrriais
1748:Cauchois
1701:Standard
1681:Missouri
1622:Francien
1572:Kinshasa
1366:Larousse
1260:Petrarch
1169:couchier
1110:/ʒyˈʒje/
1095:'judged'
1077:/aˈvwaʁ/
1072:/aˈvwɛʁ/
1056:/aˈvɔjr/
1051:/aˈvejr/
1046:/aˈβere/
1002:/be̯aws/
964:/ˈɔm(ə)/
938:/ˈɔmɪne/
894:/ˈfemːə/
889:/ˈfemnə/
856:/ˈswɛ.ə/
851:/ˈsoj.ə/
840:/ˈsej.ə/
835:/ˈsejðə/
781:/esˈkyð/
771:'shield'
729:/maˈðyr/
719:'mature'
609:(1539).
586:doublets
515:corridor
461:cavalier
450:humanism
443:Italians
420:Francien
262:midd1316
3958:Italics
3859:Chipilo
3802:Romansh
3765:Romance
3763:Rhaeto-
3728:Gardiol
3680:Landese
3670:Aranese
3655:Occitan
3614:Central
3578:Catalan
3569:Romance
3470:Creoles
3465:Saharan
3453:Murcian
3431:Llanito
3388:Chilean
3365:Spanish
3322:Creoles
3296:Mineiro
3278:African
3203:Riberan
3198:Leonese
3163:Iberian
3156:Romance
3083:Walloon
3056:Paydret
3034:Augeron
2974:Vosgien
2969:Gaumais
2964:Lorrain
2956:Creoles
2919:Muskrat
2865:Acadian
2793:Angevin
2783:Langues
2774:Romance
2680:Comasco
2653:Western
2646:Cremish
2636:Eastern
2631:Lombard
2599:Genoese
2594:Brigasc
2538:Emilian
2516:Western
2495:Istriot
2458:Vastese
2443:Molisan
2305:Italian
2241:Central
2187:Crișana
2142:Eastern
2125:Western
2110:Eastern
2030:Italics
1963:Walloon
1957:Tây Bồi
1871:Lorrain
1798:Angevin
1736:Augeron
1686:Muskrat
1659:Laotian
1637:Haitian
1584:Belgian
1567:Abidjan
1561:African
1544:Acadian
1515:Réunion
1500:Agalega
1368:, 1992.
1364:Paris:
1190:coucher
1185:/kuˈʃe/
1180:/kuˈʃe/
1131:/ʒyˈʒe/
1126:/ʒyˈʒe/
1121:/ʒyˈʒe/
959:/ˈɔ̃mə/
948:/ˈɔmːə/
943:/ˈɔmnə/
929:HOMINEM
905:/ˈfãmə/
879:'woman'
875:FĒMINAM
830:/ˈseta/
786:/esˈky/
745:/my(r)/
734:/məˈyr/
715:MĀTŪRUM
670:/ˈpɛde/
634:French
578:English
533:Spanish
447:Italian
412:Occitan
373:plurals
365:oblique
351:History
320:Occitan
310:of the
134:Western
124:Romance
3889:Others
3869:Talian
3864:Fiuman
3838:Others
3778:Fornes
3716:Niçard
3665:Gascon
3633:Patuet
3539:Others
3448:Castúo
3154:Ibero-
3114:Faetar
3061:Picard
2991:Norman
2979:Welche
2902:Magoua
2892:Quebec
2882:Brayon
2841:French
2823:Rémois
2772:Gallo-
2727:Pavese
2685:Laghée
2663:Canzés
2614:Royasc
2476:Others
2411:Barese
2339:Tuscan
2285:Sabino
2258:Ancona
2231:Italo-
1997:Faetar
1929:Picard
1905:Nouchi
1893:Michif
1876:Welche
1791:Others
1721:Norman
1647:Indian
1610:Magoua
1579:Aostan
1535:French
1291:
1256:Tuscan
1037:HABĒRE
1013:/be̯o/
997:/bɛɫs/
983:BELLUS
825:'silk'
821:SAETAM
807:/eˈky/
802:/eˈky/
797:/eˈky/
767:SCŪTUM
680:/pjeθ/
675:/pjeð/
665:'foot'
632:Middle
623:Latin
582:Norman
548:reître
543:German
541:) and
538:casque
521:sonnet
509:balcon
497:arcade
491:soldat
467:espion
455:alarme
404:French
385:syntax
371:, and
275:French
114:Italic
80:France
76:Region
3812:Putèr
3807:Jauer
3795:Nones
3785:Ladin
3284:Asian
2941:Houma
2914:Métis
2897:Joual
2870:Chiac
2835:Gallo
2785:d'oïl
2177:Banat
1843:Gallo
1808:Bolze
1706:Swiss
1605:Joual
1589:Métis
1549:Chiac
1270:Notes
1115:jugié
1082:avoir
1061:avoir
1018:/bjo/
1007:beaus
974:homme
953:homme
933:'man'
920:femme
915:/fam/
899:femme
861:/swa/
753:/myʁ/
749:/myʁ/
701:/pje/
696:/pje/
691:/pje/
661:PEDEM
560:hamac
554:cacao
485:canon
427:Greek
402:made
369:nouns
316:Latin
3967:Bold
3552:Caló
3235:Fala
3161:West
1951:Tayo
1289:ISBN
1262:and
1136:jugé
1028:beau
1023:/bo/
969:/ɔm/
866:soie
845:seie
791:escu
739:meür
706:pied
685:pied
566:maïs
479:camp
437:The
363:and
1258:of
812:écu
758:mûr
576:on
569:).
246:frm
229:frm
144:Oïl
86:Era
3995::
1601:*
1563:*
1235:.
1223:,
1219:,
1215:,
1211:,
1207:,
563:,
557:,
528:.
512:,
506:,
500:,
488:,
482:,
476:,
470:,
464:,
458:,
347:.
277::
3165:)
3159:(
2097:)
2093:(
2083:e
2076:t
2069:v
1855:*
1537:*
1446:*
1421:e
1414:t
1407:v
1297:.
1246:(
1152:*
1098:*
1044:*
990:*
936:*
882:*
828:*
774:*
722:*
668:*
545:(
535:(
377:s
329:(
303:)
297:(
273:(
50:)
46:(
42:.
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