939:
1684:
1143:
3586:
1112:, the main teaching language is Hebrew, English is taught as a second language, and most students learn a third language, usually Arabic but not necessarily. Other public schools have Arabic as their main teaching language, and they teach Hebrew as a second language and English as a third one. There are also bilingual schools which aim to teach both Hebrew and Arabic equally.
786:, but Amharic is the de facto sole official language which is used by the government for issuing driving licenses, business licenses, passport, and foreign diplomacy with the addition that Court documents are in Amharic, and the constitution is written in Amharic, making Amharic a higher official language in the country.
1775:
Opponents of an official language policy in the United States argue that it would hamper "the government's ability to reach out, communicate, and warn people in the event of a natural or man-made disaster such as a hurricane, pandemic, or...another terrorist attack". Professor of politics Alan Patten
440:
are examples of official multilingualism. This has been described as controversial and, in some other areas where it has been proposed, the idea has been rejected. It has also been described as necessary for the recognition of different groups or as an advantage for the country in presenting itself
1564:
the mainland
Chinese-run government made Mandarin the official language, and it was used in the schools and government. Under the Development of National Languages Act, political participation can be conducted in any national language, which is defined as a "natural language used by an original
2051:
Pueblo v. Tribunal
Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), p. 588-589. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Español: Idioma del proceso judicial", 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and
1127:
enjoy a somewhat special status but are not official languages. For instance, at least 5% of the broadcasting time of privately owned TV channels must be translated into
Russian (a similar privilege is granted to Arabic), warnings must be translated to several languages, and signs are mostly
1776:
argues that disengagement (officially ignoring the issue) works well in religious issues but that it is not possible with language issues because it must offer public services in some language. Even if it makes a conscious effort not to establish an official language, a
1709:
have designated
English as one, or the only, official language, while courts have found that residents in the 50 states do not have a right to government services in their preferred language. Public debate in the last few decades has focused on whether
1630:
1095:"All Ordinances, official notices and official forms of the Government and all official notices of local authorities and municipalities in areas to be prescribed by order of the High Commissioner, shall be published in English, Arabic, and Hebrew."
984:
written in the
Devanagari script. Although the original intentions of the constitution were to phase out English as an official language, provisions were provided so that "Parliament may by law provide for the use ... of ... the English language".
2469:
The use of
English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official
992:
lists has 22 languages, which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the
Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to
806:
of the republic, giving their speakers the right to communicate with, and receive official documents from, government authorities in either of the two languages in any part of the country – making those languages de facto
60:. Some countries use the official language designation to empower indigenous groups by giving them access to the government in their native languages. In countries that do not formally designate an official language, a
241:) in three or more sovereign states. In some cases, a language may be defined as different languages in different countries. Examples are Hindi and Urdu, Malay and Indonesian, Serbian and Croatian, Persian and Tajik.
2266:
318:
1099:
This law, like most other laws of the
British Mandate, was adopted in the State of Israel, subject to certain amendments published by the provisional legislative branch on 19 May 1948. The amendment states that:
101:
which has three endoglossic official languages. By this, the country aims to protect the indigenous languages although at the same time recognising the
English language as its lingua franca. In spatial terms,
1859:, Croatian, and Serbian. From the linguistic point of view, the different names refer to national varieties of the same language, which is known under the appellation of Serbo-Croatian. The language used in
3216:
348:
270:
1687:
Map of US official language status by state before 2016. Blue: English declared the official language; light-blue: English declared a co-official language; gray: no official language specified.
1486:, are allowed to adopt additional official languages alongside Russian in their constitutions. Republics are often based around particular native ethnic groups and are often areas where ethnic
336:
312:
306:
282:
264:
246:
276:
258:
252:
1069:
as "the State's language" and Arabic as a language with "a special status in the State" (article 4). The law further says that it should not be interpreted as compromising the status of the
1084:
342:
294:
1507:
has twelve official languages that are mostly indigenous. Due to limited funding, however, the government rarely produces documents in most languages. Accusations of mismanagement and
3015:
2267:
https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language#:~:text=The%20Committee%20noted%20that%20the,Board%20Act%2059%20of%201995
2507:
Rahman, Mohammad Mosiur; Islam, Md
Shaiful; Karim, Abdul; Chowdhury, Takad Ahmed; Rahman, Muhammad Mushfiqur; Seraj, Prodhan Mahbub Ibna; Singh, Manjet Kaur Mehar (December 2019).
206:
in the northeast. Texts were dictated in the native dialects and written down in Aramaic, and then read out again in the native language at the places they were received.
1515:, established to promote multilingualism, develop the 11 official languages, and protect language rights in the country. In practice, government is conducted in English.
3291:
1062:
2063:"Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999"
1724:
in the following 32 languages: Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Chinese, Croatian, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hmong, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian,
3611:
1549:. At the federal level German, French and Italian are official languages, the official languages of individual cantons depend on the languages spoken in them.
2979:
3272:
2882:
3220:
1073:
language in practice before the enactment of the basic law, namely, it preserves the status quo and changes the status of Hebrew and Arabic only nominally.
3563:
2365:
1985:
1302:
450:
190:
or Imperial Aramaic) as the vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages.
110:, while mainly non-indigenous (exoglossic) imperial (European) languages fulfill this function in most of the "Rest of the World" (that is, in parts of
2593:
412:", where a government recognizes multiple official languages. Under this system, all government services are available in all official languages. Each
1802:
had no official language on the federal level, its six constituent republics including two autonomous provinces accounted for four official languages—
868:, which are officially recognised. Migrant languages like Turkish, Russian and Spanish are widespread but are not officially recognised languages.
408:
The selection of an official language (or the lack thereof) is often contentious. An alternative to having a single official language is "official
217:
would remain the standard written language for the next 2000 years. Standardization of the spoken language received less political attention, and
3175:
1246:), also known as Bahasa Malaysia or just Bahasa for short. Bahasa Melayu is being protected under Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia.
1128:
trilingual (Hebrew, Arabic and English), and the government supports Yiddish and Ladino culture (alongside Hebrew culture and Arabic culture).
3343:
2841:
Law and Administration Ordinance No 1 of 5708—1948, clause 15(b). Official Gazette No. 1 of 5th Iyar, 5708; as per authorised translation in
1188:
is recognized as "the language of the indigenous (autochthonous) population". Latvia also provides national minority education programmes in
1076:
Before the enactment of the aforementioned basic law, the status of official language in Israel was determined by the 82nd paragraph of the "
989:
375:
3484:
2149:
2153:
2638:
403:
53:) have never declared de jure official languages at the national level. Other nations have declared non-indigenous official languages.
3321:
1482:, however many minority languages have official status in the areas where they are indigenous. One type of federal subject in Russia,
1990:
1354:
1293:
is on both Saba and Sint Eustatius. These languages can be used in official documents (but do not have the same status as Frisian).
416:
may choose their preferred language when conducting business. Most countries are multilingual and many are officially multilingual.
3040:
2937:
1799:
1721:
2749:
2787:
967:
2997:
3252:
1794:
Sometimes an official language definition can be motivated more by national identity than by linguistic concerns. Prior to the
1217:
977:
3299:
1383:
The official language of Nigeria is English, which was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country.
3470:
3151:
2921:
2886:
225:
basis from the dialects of the various imperial capitals until being officially standardized in the early twentieth century.
1732:, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Samoan, Spanish, Tagalog/Filipino, Thai, Tongan, Turkish, and Vietnamese.
1952:
522:
2070:
34:
having certain rights to be used in defined situations. These rights can be created in written form or by historic usage.
2706:
752:
defines French, the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of the provincial government.
3413:]. Arbejdspapirer; vol. 1 (in Danish). Århus: Slavisk Institut, Århus Universitet. p. unpaginated (Preface).
3550:
2429:
2402:
2375:
2092:
1362:
589:
2728:
1706:
1512:
382:
is the country with the third lead with 12 official languages that all have equal status; Bolivia gives primacy to
3526:
2964:
2804:
2509:"English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes and implications | Language Testing in Asia"
37:
178 countries recognize an official language, 101 of them recognizing more than one. The government of Italy made
3501:
1652:
1154:
664:
2908:
2769:
343. Official language of the Union.—(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.
2540:
2242:
2169:
1701:
national language of the United States. While there is no official language at the federal level, 32 of the 50
1692:
915:
749:
745:
3068:
2659:
923:
1601:
are the official languages of the country, and every official document must be published in both languages;
1428:
887:
3606:
1400:
471:
195:
2950:
2652:
2282:
3576:
2446:
2316:
1626:
1508:
1479:
585:
544:
1343:
2482:
2052:
VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma", 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).
1926:
1825:
1499:
1333:
938:
3189:
Mac Síthigh, Daithí (March 2018). "Official status of languages in the United Kingdom and Ireland".
2614:
2571:
3122:
1880:
1622:
1524:
1361:
recognise English as an official language. As of May 2020, the bill had not progressed. During the
1314:
461:
3354:
1224:
as a co-official language, but the proposal was rejected by nearly three-quarters of the voters.
926:
particularly in areas related to tourism. In government use, documents written using Traditional
601:
538:
475:
2106:
1419:
and English both are official languages in Pakistan. Pakistan has more than 60 other languages.
3457:
3449:
2681:
2157:
1852:
883:
877:
865:
548:
509:
370:
officially recognizes 37 languages, the most of any country in the world. Second to Bolivia is
3380:"Language Freedom and Restriction: A Historical Approach to the Official Language Controversy"
1631:
Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"
1577:. According to Taiwan's Legislative Yuan, amendments were made to the Hakka Basic Act to make
3432:
3242:
3095:
2495:
1995:
1868:
1844:
1795:
1766:
1534:
1411:
1270:
1266:
1088:
973:
761:
714:
694:
564:
70:
is the most common official or co-official language, with recognized status in 51 countries.
2855:
741:(Dogrib). All provinces, however, offer some necessary services in both English and French.
3445:
3045:
1864:
1714:
should be recognized by the government, or whether all business should be done in English.
1618:
1378:
1058:
828:
670:
552:
210:
8:
2585:
2170:
Tomasz Kamusella. 2020. Global Language Politics: Eurasia versus the Rest (pp. 118–151).
1811:
1602:
1598:
1483:
1466:
1445:
1396:
1213:
1209:
1142:
1137:
1048:
1032:
1026:
903:
614:
606:
366:—have no official language recognized as such at a national level. On the other extreme,
103:
86:
3568:
3247:
3169:
2809:
2559:
2339:
2066:
1884:
1683:
1640:
1566:
1557:
1475:
1269:
is the official second language. While Dutch is therefore the official language of the
1201:
1181:
1077:
963:
698:
648:
175:
2780:
2483:"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics"
1758:. The same languages are also on ballot papers in certain parts of the state (namely,
3546:
3476:
3466:
3414:
3157:
3147:
2917:
2425:
2398:
2371:
2343:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1911:
1840:
1815:
1783:
1725:
1570:
1433:
1350:
1205:
1185:
1169:
895:
841:
779:
573:
518:
214:
179:
57:
20:
3274:- US English: West Virginia Becomes 32nd State to Adopt English as Official Language
2367:
Between Natives and Foreigners: Selected Writings of Karl/Charles Follen (1796-1840)
1329:
812:
3590:
3431:
Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey"
3198:
3143:
Constituição da República de Timor-Leste = Konstituisaun Repúblika Timor-Leste nian
2520:
2458:
2331:
2186:
2020:
1947:
1906:
1901:
1856:
1848:
1807:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1711:
1658:
1606:
1546:
1542:
1471:
1384:
1290:
1221:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1161:
1147:
1080:
947:
930:
characters are authoritative over ones written with Simplified Chinese characters.
891:
845:
799:
795:
767:
706:
610:
577:
387:
383:
300:
259:
23 UN states and Palestine, 2 non-UN states on the same territory, and 1 dependency
218:
187:
183:
171:
79:
67:
38:
3553:— lists official languages of the countries of the world, among other information.
1261:(a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands). In the province of
3287:
2791:
2419:
2392:
2205:
2010:
1980:
1957:
1931:
1916:
1829:
1751:
1578:
1574:
1538:
1450:
1294:
1193:
1104:"Any provision in the law requiring the use of the English language is repealed."
1006:
927:
861:
857:
833:
775:
738:
734:
730:
710:
637:
633:
479:
409:
324:
213:
standardized the written language of China after unifying the country in 221 BC.
75:
3217:"Welsh speakers by local authority, gender and detailed age groups, 2011 Census"
2335:
1039:). Bahasa Indonesia is regulated in Chapter XV, 1945 Constitution of Indonesia.
673:
gives equal status to English and French as official languages. The Province of
2724:
2463:
2062:
1967:
1962:
1936:
1891:
1803:
1666:
1594:
1487:
1366:
1282:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1124:
994:
951:
771:
629:
505:
437:
391:
359:
330:
288:
191:
2710:
2525:
3600:
3480:
3418:
3202:
3161:
1942:
1896:
1820:
1759:
1278:
1150:
on "Lenin Street" in the two official languages at the time of the 1945–1991
1014:
943:
853:
849:
783:
702:
674:
483:
363:
42:
2940:. Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. 11 January 2016.
2781:
Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution [
2126:
3016:"English an Official Language of New Zealand Bill - New Zealand Parliament"
1921:
1770:
1561:
1504:
1109:
726:
379:
3141:
2805:"Israeli Law Declares the Country the 'Nation-State of the Jewish People'"
922:
standard for written Chinese, however, there is an increasing presence of
3379:
3073:
2980:"NZ First submits Bill for English to be recognised as official language"
2447:"'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific"
1738:
state provides voter-registration forms in the following five languages:
1702:
1530:
1319:
1258:
1151:
907:
718:
690:
563:
After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the then Head of the State
526:
433:
425:
151:
2418:
Martin-Jones, Marilyn; Blackledge, Adrian; Creese, Angela (2012-01-01).
1860:
1717:
1298:
1286:
1115:
Some languages other than Hebrew and Arabic, such as English, Russian,
581:
131:
902:
with equal status. The variety of Chinese is not stipulated; however,
2860:
2625:
1262:
1010:
899:
722:
686:
355:
147:
119:
50:
3585:
3384:
Effective Language Education Practices and Native Language Survival
1839:
declared independence in 1991, it defined its official language as
1778:
1698:
1324:
998:
652:
569:
514:
496:
203:
159:
135:
115:
62:
31:
592:
to ensure the mandatory use of Bengali in all government affairs.
289:
4 UN states and 1 partially recognized state on the same territory
56:
Many of the world's constitutions mention one or more official or
1836:
1671:
1636:
1358:
1338:
1274:
1120:
1116:
1054:
1002:
980:) designates the official language of the Government of India as
837:
682:
625:
429:
413:
367:
199:
143:
139:
127:
123:
107:
98:
3543:
Writing Systems of the World: Alphabets, Syllabaries, Pictograms
766:
Ethiopia has five official languages (Amharic alone until 2020)
2639:"One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages"
2093:"FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States"
1582:
1454:
1197:
1157:
1070:
1066:
955:
421:
417:
111:
71:
46:
3041:"Winston Peters proposes to make English an official language"
1369:
promised to make English an official language of New Zealand.
444:
1662:
1285:), it is not any of the three islands' main spoken language:
981:
678:
371:
155:
106:
are mostly employed in the function of official languages in
2417:
2193:, vol. 7, New York: Columbia University, pp. 41–50
1436:
and English both are official languages of the Philippines.
82:
are official or co-official languages in several countries.
2107:"Read about "Official or national languages" on Constitute"
1416:
1328:
official language, accepted as such in all situations. The
906:, being the language most commonly used by the majority of
2127:"L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde: page d'accueil"
325:
3 UN states and 1 unrecognized state on the same territory
3452:[Croatian, Serbian, Bosniakian, and Montenegrin]
3292:"Should English be declared America's national language?"
2506:
3286:
3219:. statswales.gov.wales. 11 December 2012. Archived from
2508:
2243:"Chapter 1, Article 6 of the South African Constitution"
1657:
The de facto official language of the United Kingdom is
525:, being the only language spoken in the home for 72% of
3465:. vol. 3 (in French). Paris: Non Lieu. pp. 71–78.
2803:
Halbfinger, David M.; Kershner, Isabel (19 July 2018).
2545:
The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
500:
national language of Australia, while Australia has no
16:
Language given special status in a country or territory
2547:. Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh
2172:
Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics
1824:
for mutual understanding and was also the language of
1560:
is the most common language used in government. After
3574:
2832:, No. 898 of 29 June 1939, Supplement 2, pp. 464–465.
2674:
2591:[Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987].
1669:, spoken by approximately 20% of the population, has
1490:
and native Russian-language speakers are a minority.
1305:, are spoken in specific regions of the Netherlands.
41:
official only in 1999, and some nations (such as the
3450:"La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine"
2533:
1289:
is the most often spoken language on Bonaire, while
1184:
is protected as "a historic variant of Latvian" and
567:
adopted the policy of 'one state one language'. The
2916:. Latvian Language Agency. 2017. pp. 229–230.
1986:
List of official languages by country and territory
1867:upon Montenegro's declaration of independence from
669:Following the Constitution Act, 1982 the (federal)
451:
List of official languages by country and territory
2802:
2594:Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs
2451:Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies
2042:, Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.
2969:Ruth Dyson. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
918:are most commonly used in Hong Kong and form the
3598:
3407:Serbokroatisk grammatik: substantivets morfologi
2955:New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
2645:
2626:Constitution of the Republic Bulgaria, article 3
2277:
2275:
2040:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
1828:, as official in four republics and taught as a
3038:
2998:"NZ First Bill: English set to become official"
2966:NZ Sign Language to be third official language.
1609:hold "working language" status in the country.
1180:as the sole official language of Latvia, while
1063:Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People
3612:Countries and territories by official language
2496:The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan
2364:Follen, Charles; Mehring, Frank (2007-01-01).
1593:According to the constitution of Timor-Leste,
685:has four official languages: English, French,
588:. The government of Bangladesh introduced the
3282:
3280:
2363:
2272:
1565:people group of Taiwan", which also includes
1322:has three official languages. English is the
815:have those same rights in their native area (
2848:
2283:"Language in South Africa: An official mess"
2203:
3188:
3139:
3120:
2883:"Minority education: statistics and trends"
2314:
445:Official languages by country and territory
162:are among the exceptions to this tendency.
3377:
3277:
3174:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3123:"HAKKA NOW AN OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF TAIWAN"
2237:
2235:
1847:likewise defined its official language as
1031:The official language of Indonesia is the
990:Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution
404:List of multilingual countries and regions
2709:. anthony8988. 7 May 2014. Archived from
2615:Belgium, a federal state: The communities
2524:
2462:
2421:The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
1991:List of official languages by institution
1238:The official language of Malaysia is the
590:Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987
397:
3502:"What Languages Are Spoken In Zimbabwe?"
3344:"New York State Voter Registration Form"
2707:"War between Traditional and Simplified"
2184:
1682:
1346:and New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006.
1141:
937:
547:designates the official language of the
3411:Serbo-Croatian Grammar: Noun Morphology
3060:
2910:Language situation in Latvia: 2010–2015
2390:
2232:
968:Languages with official status in India
794:According to the Finnish constitution,
3599:
3444:
2938:"Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland?"
2317:"Political Theory and Language Policy"
2301:
584:according to the third article of the
233:The following languages are official (
3243:"Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011"
2887:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia
1176:The Official Language Law recognizes
85:An official language that is also an
3404:
3066:
2586:"Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987"
2444:
2394:Representation and Democratic Theory
1675:official status, alongside English.
677:is also officially bilingual, as is
2952:New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006.
2835:
2438:
2055:
1357:introduced a bill to parliament to
580:, is the sole official language of
349:3 UN states (counting Fijian Hindi)
66:national language usually evolves.
13:
3536:
3039:McGuire, Casper (20 August 2023).
2636:
1855:defined three official languages:
504:official language, English is the
319:3 UN states (4 counting Afrikaans)
104:indigenous (endoglossic) languages
14:
3623:
3557:
3490:from the original on 1 June 2012.
3351:New York State Board of Elections
2725:"Disclaimer and Copyright Notice"
2229:Records of the Grand Historian, 6
2206:"ARAMAIC – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1843:, while the confederate union of
1646:
1363:2023 New Zealand general election
651:is the sole official language in
512:, and has been entrenched as the
301:4 UN states (5 counting Comorian)
3584:
2073:from the original on 12 May 2015
1678:
1513:Pan South African Language Board
1474:is the official language of the
1301:, languages acknowledged by the
1257:is the official language of the
744:The Province of Quebec with the
253:28 UN states and 11 dependencies
247:58 UN states and 31 dependencies
93:, one that is not indigenous is
3519:
3494:
3438:
3425:
3398:
3371:
3336:
3314:
3266:
3235:
3209:
3182:
3133:
3121:languagehat (January 4, 2018).
3114:
3088:
3067:Xaba, Vusi (2 September 2011).
3032:
3008:
2990:
2972:
2958:
2944:
2930:
2901:
2875:
2823:
2796:
2774:
2742:
2717:
2699:
2630:
2619:
2608:
2578:
2541:"Article 3. The state language"
2500:
2489:
2475:
2411:
2384:
2357:
2260:
2223:
2197:
1818:. Serbo-Croatian served as the
1653:Languages of the United Kingdom
1529:The four national languages of
1493:
697:has eleven official languages:
665:Official bilingualism in Canada
2178:
2163:
2143:
2119:
2099:
2085:
2045:
2032:
1693:Languages of the United States
1588:
1518:
1511:have been leveled against the
1422:
1308:
1249:
916:Traditional Chinese characters
898:are the official languages of
750:Charter of the French Language
746:Official Language Act (Quebec)
628:has three official languages:
510:the majority of the population
455:
283:5 UN and 4 unrecognized states
1:
3069:"Language board to be probed"
2687:. Ministry of Justice. s 2(1)
2391:Laycock, David (2011-11-01).
2026:
1789:
1786:", will nevertheless emerge.
924:Simplified Chinese characters
558:
532:
386:, and India gives primacy to
335:Standard Chinese (Mandarin):
265:20 UN states and 1 dependency
228:
3298:. Scholastic. Archived from
2315:Alan Patten (October 2011).
1720:allows people to take their
1571:Taiwanese variety of Hokkien
1453:is the official language of
1429:Languages of the Philippines
1089:British Mandate of Palestine
1020:
888:Official Languages Ordinance
871:
836:is the official language of
613:have official status in the
489:
313:3 UN states and 1 dependency
307:3 UN states and Vatican City
295:4 UN states and 1 dependency
271:9 UN states and 1 dependency
7:
3456:. In Madelain, Anne (ed.).
2843:Laws of the State of Israel
2759:. Government of India. 2022
2750:"THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA"
2653:The Constitution of Finland
2588:বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭
2336:10.1177/0090591701029005005
1974:
1874:
1863:became standardized as the
1782:official language, or the "
1405:
1401:Norwegian language conflict
1365:, New Zealand First leader
1227:
755:
643:
472:Constitution of Afghanistan
10:
3628:
3296:The New York Times upfront
2597:. Government of Bangladesh
2464:10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510
2247:constitutionalcourt.org.za
1879:Since the adoption of the
1764:
1728:, Khmer, Korean, Laotian,
1690:
1650:
1627:Language policy in Ukraine
1616:
1612:
1522:
1497:
1464:
1443:
1426:
1409:
1394:
1376:
1372:
1342:official status under the
1312:
1231:
1135:
1046:
1024:
961:
875:
826:
822:
789:
759:
662:
620:
599:
595:
586:Constitution of Bangladesh
536:
459:
448:
401:
165:
18:
2526:10.1186/s40468-019-0085-8
2185:Shahbazi, Shapur (1994),
1635:The official language of
1552:
1500:Languages of South Africa
1460:
1439:
1390:
1334:New Zealand Sign Language
1218:constitutional referendum
1131:
1042:
658:
194:was widely employed from
182:, he chose a form of the
3203:10.1177/1473779518773642
2587:
2513:Language Testing in Asia
1623:Russification of Ukraine
1581:an official language of
1525:Languages of Switzerland
1315:Languages of New Zealand
942:Trilingual signboard in
933:
545:Azerbaijani Constitution
462:Languages of Afghanistan
394:(only for some extent).
19:Not to be confused with
3191:Common Law World Review
2856:"Official Language Law"
2131:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1705:and all five inhabited
1344:Māori Language Act 1987
539:Languages of Azerbaijan
486:as official languages.
3405:Mørk, Henning (2002).
2845:, Vol. I (1948) p. 10.
2757:Legislative Department
2158:OxfordDictionaries.com
1853:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1796:breakup in early 1990s
1688:
1216:. In 2012 there was a
1173:
1091:, as amended in 1939:
959:
884:Basic Law of Hong Kong
878:Languages of Hong Kong
549:Republic of Azerbaijan
478:gives equal status to
398:Political alternatives
337:2 UN states and Taiwan
3433:retrieved 20 Oct 2010
3322:"Available Languages"
3253:The National Archives
2830:The Palestine Gazette
2445:Ward, Rowena (2019).
2210:www.iranicaonline.org
2038:"Official Language",
1996:Medium of instruction
1869:Serbia and Montenegro
1845:Serbia and Montenegro
1767:English-only movement
1686:
1412:Languages of Pakistan
1385:British colonial rule
1336:both have restricted
1271:Caribbean Netherlands
1145:
1053:On 19 July 2018, the
974:Constitution of India
962:Further information:
941:
914:standard. Similarly,
762:Languages of Ethiopia
695:Northwest Territories
602:Belarusian since 1991
565:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
468:Chapter 1, Article 16
376:22 official languages
3564:Languages by country
3302:on February 19, 2015
3140:Timor-Leste (2015).
2637:Shaban, Abdurahman.
2191:Encyclopedia Iranica
2187:"Darius I the Great"
1865:Montenegrin language
1619:Languages of Ukraine
1379:Languages of Nigeria
829:Languages of Germany
671:Government of Canada
553:Azerbaijani Language
354:Some countries—like
211:First Emperor of Qin
198:in the southwest to
170:Around 500 BC, when
3004:. 15 February 2018.
2986:. 15 February 2018.
2729:Legislative Council
2660:Ministry of Justice
1467:Languages of Russia
1446:Languages of Poland
1397:Languages of Norway
1138:Languages of Latvia
1049:Languages of Israel
1033:Indonesian language
1027:Indonesian language
615:Republic of Belarus
523:European settlement
87:indigenous language
3607:Official languages
3569:The World Factbook
3248:legislation.gov.uk
2810:The New York Times
2790:2016-06-04 at the
2204:electricpulp.com.
2067:Italian Parliament
1885:official languages
1883:, Zimbabwe has 16
1832:in the other two.
1689:
1567:Formosan languages
1476:Russian Federation
1174:
964:Languages of India
960:
842:minority languages
804:national languages
58:national languages
3472:978-2-35270-036-4
3290:; Cecilia Muñoz.
3153:978-989-611-449-7
3074:SowetanLive.co.za
3020:www.parliament.nz
2923:978-9984-829-47-0
2682:Sámi Language Act
2016:Regional language
2006:National language
2001:Minority language
1881:2013 Constitution
1784:national language
1351:New Zealand First
1170:Cyrillic alphabet
882:According to the
574:national language
519:national language
476:Afghan government
215:Classical Chinese
97:. An instance is
28:official language
21:national language
3619:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3464:
3455:
3446:Kordić, Snježana
3442:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3378:James Crawford.
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3353:. Archived from
3348:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3324:. California DMV
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3284:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3239:
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3232:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2800:
2794:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2324:Political Theory
2321:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2021:Working language
1707:U.S. territories
1480:federal subjects
1355:Clayton Mitchell
1303:European Charter
1081:Order in Council
1065:, which defines
1061:under the title
1037:Bahasa Indonesia
287:Serbo-Croatian:
221:developed on an
188:Official Aramaic
184:Aramaic language
172:Darius the Great
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3575:
3560:
3539:
3537:Further reading
3534:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3473:
3462:
3459:Au sud de l'Est
3453:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3426:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3386:. pp. 9–22
3376:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3288:James M. Inhofe
3285:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3223:on 16 June 2016
3215:
3214:
3210:
3187:
3183:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3138:
3134:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3094:
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3089:
3079:
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3051:
3049:
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3033:
3024:
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3014:
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3009:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2801:
2797:
2792:Wayback Machine
2779:
2775:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
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2650:
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2631:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2319:
2313:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2174:. Vol 14, No 2.
2168:
2164:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2011:Official script
1981:Language policy
1977:
1877:
1830:second language
1792:
1773:
1697:English is the
1695:
1681:
1655:
1649:
1633:
1615:
1591:
1555:
1527:
1521:
1502:
1496:
1469:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1395:Main articles:
1393:
1387:ended in 1960.
1381:
1375:
1317:
1311:
1252:
1236:
1230:
1140:
1134:
1051:
1045:
1029:
1023:
970:
936:
880:
874:
840:. However, its
831:
825:
792:
764:
758:
667:
661:
646:
623:
604:
598:
561:
541:
535:
494:English is the
492:
464:
458:
453:
447:
410:multilingualism
406:
400:
231:
186:(the so-called
168:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3594:
3593:
3573:
3572:
3559:
3558:External links
3556:
3555:
3554:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3518:
3493:
3471:
3437:
3424:
3397:
3370:
3335:
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3276:
3265:
3234:
3208:
3181:
3152:
3132:
3113:
3100:law.moj.gov.tw
3087:
3059:
3031:
3007:
2989:
2971:
2957:
2943:
2929:
2922:
2900:
2874:
2847:
2834:
2822:
2795:
2773:
2741:
2716:
2713:on 2016-01-05.
2698:
2673:
2644:
2641:. Africa News.
2629:
2618:
2607:
2577:
2568:|website=
2532:
2499:
2488:
2474:
2437:
2430:
2410:
2403:
2383:
2376:
2370:. Peter Lang.
2356:
2330:(5): 691–715.
2300:
2289:. July 5, 2013
2271:
2259:
2231:
2222:
2196:
2177:
2162:
2142:
2118:
2098:
2095:. 20 May 2018.
2084:
2054:
2044:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1876:
1873:
1804:Serbo-Croatian
1800:SFR Yugoslavia
1791:
1788:
1680:
1677:
1667:Welsh language
1648:
1647:United Kingdom
1645:
1614:
1611:
1590:
1587:
1554:
1551:
1523:Main article:
1520:
1517:
1498:Main article:
1495:
1492:
1465:Main article:
1462:
1459:
1444:Main article:
1441:
1438:
1427:Main article:
1424:
1421:
1410:Main article:
1407:
1404:
1392:
1389:
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1367:Winston Peters
1330:Māori language
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1283:Sint Eustatius
1251:
1248:
1240:Malay language
1234:Malay language
1232:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1136:Main article:
1133:
1130:
1110:public schools
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1085:14 August 1922
1047:Main article:
1044:
1041:
1025:Main article:
1022:
1019:
958:state of India
935:
932:
876:Main article:
873:
870:
827:Main article:
824:
821:
813:Sámi languages
811:. Speakers of
791:
788:
760:Main article:
757:
754:
699:Chipewyan/Dené
663:Main article:
660:
657:
645:
642:
622:
619:
600:Main article:
597:
594:
560:
557:
543:Article 21 of
537:Main article:
534:
531:
506:first language
491:
488:
460:Main article:
457:
454:
449:Main article:
446:
443:
441:to outsiders.
438:European Union
399:
396:
360:United Kingdom
352:
351:
345:
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333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
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230:
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192:Aramaic script
180:Persian Empire
167:
164:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3624:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3552:
3551:0-8048-1654-9
3548:
3544:
3541:
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3528:
3522:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3360:on 2018-01-27
3356:
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3269:
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3250:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3197:(1): 77–102.
3196:
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3185:
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3149:
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3144:
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3117:
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3097:
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3076:
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3017:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2985:
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2967:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2925:
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2912:
2911:
2904:
2889:. 5 June 2018
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3427:
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3355:the original
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3328:November 26,
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3221:the original
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3102:(in Chinese)
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2130:
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2057:
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1826:the military
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1771:English Plus
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1722:driving test
1716:
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1562:World War II
1556:
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1505:South Africa
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1494:South Africa
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1432:
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1114:
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971:
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911:
910:, forms the
881:
832:
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803:
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735:South Slavey
731:North Slavey
727:Inuvialuktun
668:
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568:
562:
542:
513:
501:
495:
493:
467:
465:
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380:South Africa
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269:Portuguese:
238:
234:
232:
222:
208:
169:
94:
90:
84:
61:
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3127:languagehat
3080:28 February
2763:11 November
2252:18 February
2150:endoglossic
1798:, although
1703:U.S. states
1589:Timor-Leste
1531:Switzerland
1519:Switzerland
1478:and in all
1423:Philippines
1359:statutorily
1320:New Zealand
1309:New Zealand
1259:Netherlands
1250:Netherlands
1168:(below, in
908:Hongkongers
719:Inuinnaqtun
691:Inuinnaqtun
527:Australians
456:Afghanistan
434:Switzerland
426:Philippines
343:3 UN states
331:3 UN states
277:6 UN states
176:Mesopotamia
152:New Zealand
91:endoglossic
3601:Categories
3512:2024-02-29
3506:WorldAtlas
3390:August 26,
3364:2017-09-05
3306:August 25,
3025:2020-05-28
2816:2018-07-24
2601:2019-05-15
2551:2019-05-15
2349:August 25,
2293:August 25,
2154:exoglossic
2136:2016-03-28
2112:2016-03-28
2077:2 December
2027:References
1887:, namely
1861:Montenegro
1812:Macedonian
1790:Yugoslavia
1765:See also:
1718:California
1691:See also:
1651:See also:
1617:See also:
1603:Indonesian
1599:Portuguese
1509:corruption
1299:Limburgish
1287:Papiamento
1214:Belarusian
1210:Lithuanian
1087:, for the
607:Belarusian
582:Bangladesh
559:Bangladesh
533:Azerbaijan
466:Following
436:, and the
402:See also:
229:Statistics
132:Madagascar
95:exoglossic
89:is called
3591:Languages
3527:"newsday"
3481:182916790
3419:471591123
3170:cite book
3162:951960238
3096:"國家語言發展法"
3052:20 August
2893:9 January
2867:9 January
2861:likumi.lv
2570:ignored (
2560:cite book
2470:language.
2344:143178621
1871:in 2006.
1851:in 1992.
1641:Ukrainian
1484:republics
1349:In 2018,
1295:Low Saxon
1263:Friesland
1202:Ukrainian
1182:Latgalian
1148:name sign
1146:A former
1078:Palestine
1059:basic law
1057:passed a
1021:Indonesia
1011:Malayalam
904:Cantonese
900:Hong Kong
872:Hong Kong
723:Inuktitut
687:Inuktitut
649:Bulgarian
490:Australia
356:Australia
311:Persian:
305:Italian:
299:Swahili:
281:Russian:
263:Spanish:
245:English:
148:Greenland
120:Australia
51:Australia
3545:(1990),
3485:Archived
3448:(2007).
3146:. Díli.
2788:Archived
2519:(1): 9.
2215:14 April
2071:Archived
1975:See also
1932:Shangani
1897:Chibarwe
1875:Zimbabwe
1841:Croatian
1816:Albanian
1779:de facto
1736:New York
1726:Japanese
1699:de facto
1558:Mandarin
1488:Russians
1434:Filipino
1406:Pakistan
1325:de facto
1228:Malaysia
1206:Estonian
1186:Livonian
1108:In most
999:Sanskrit
920:de facto
912:de facto
886:and the
844:include
809:official
802:are the
780:Tigrinya
756:Ethiopia
715:Gwich’in
653:Bulgaria
644:Bulgaria
570:de facto
515:de facto
497:de facto
362:and the
323:Somali:
275:German:
257:Arabic:
251:French:
239:de facto
219:Mandarin
204:Sogdiana
174:annexed
160:Paraguay
136:Ethiopia
116:Americas
63:de facto
32:language
2984:Newshub
1927:Ndebele
1907:Kalanga
1902:English
1857:Bosnian
1849:Serbian
1837:Croatia
1808:Slovene
1756:Spanish
1748:English
1744:Chinese
1740:Bengali
1730:Persian
1712:Spanish
1672:de jure
1659:English
1637:Ukraine
1613:Ukraine
1607:English
1547:Romansh
1543:Italian
1472:Russian
1373:Nigeria
1339:de jure
1291:English
1275:Bonaire
1267:Frisian
1222:Russian
1190:Russian
1178:Latvian
1166:Russian
1162:Latvian
1121:Yiddish
1117:Amharic
1055:Knesset
1003:Kannada
978:part 17
948:English
928:Chinese
896:English
892:Chinese
890:, both
846:Sorbian
838:Germany
823:Germany
800:Swedish
796:Finnish
790:Finland
768:Amharic
739:Tłı̨chǫ
707:English
683:Nunavut
626:Belgium
621:Belgium
611:Russian
596:Belarus
578:Bengali
502:de jure
470:of the
430:Belgium
414:citizen
388:English
384:Spanish
368:Bolivia
341:Tamil:
329:Sotho:
317:Dutch:
293:Malay:
235:de jure
200:Bactria
178:to the
166:History
144:Somalia
140:Eritrea
128:Lesotho
124:Oceania
108:Eurasia
99:Nigeria
80:Spanish
68:English
39:Italian
3577:Portal
3549:
3479:
3469:
3417:
3258:30 May
3227:22 May
3160:
3150:
3106:22 May
3046:1 News
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2666:7 June
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1917:Nambya
1912:Koisan
1752:Korean
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1583:Taiwan
1569:, the
1553:Taiwan
1539:French
1535:German
1461:Russia
1455:Poland
1451:Polish
1440:Poland
1391:Norway
1212:, and
1198:Hebrew
1194:Polish
1158:Latvia
1152:Soviet
1132:Latvia
1125:Ladino
1071:Arabic
1067:Hebrew
1043:Israel
1007:Telugu
956:Odisha
862:Danish
858:Romani
834:German
782:, and
776:Somali
737:, and
711:French
693:. The
659:Canada
638:German
634:French
521:since
480:Pashto
474:, the
424:, the
422:Canada
418:Taiwan
358:, the
223:ad hoc
114:, the
112:Africa
78:, and
76:French
72:Arabic
49:, and
47:Mexico
3488:(PDF)
3463:(PDF)
3454:(PDF)
3409:[
3358:(PDF)
3347:(PDF)
3002:Scoop
2914:(PDF)
2785:]
2753:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2656:(PDF)
2340:S2CID
2320:(PDF)
1968:Xhosa
1963:Venda
1953:Tonga
1948:Sotho
1937:Shona
1892:Chewa
1835:When
1663:Wales
1661:. In
1595:Tetum
1579:Hakka
1575:Hakka
1255:Dutch
995:Tamil
982:Hindi
952:Hindi
934:India
772:Oromo
679:Yukon
630:Dutch
392:Hindi
374:with
372:India
196:Egypt
156:Samoa
30:is a
3547:ISBN
3477:OCLC
3467:ISBN
3415:OCLC
3392:2013
3330:2014
3308:2013
3260:2016
3229:2016
3176:link
3158:OCLC
3148:ISBN
3108:2019
3082:2018
3054:2023
2918:ISBN
2895:2018
2869:2018
2765:2023
2736:2019
2693:2024
2668:2024
2572:help
2426:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2351:2013
2295:2013
2254:2018
2217:2018
2152:and
2079:2014
1922:Ndau
1814:and
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