Italian language - Knowledge

2775:; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the ninth and tenth centuries C.E. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around the 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry.Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. 10023:): "Pei, Mario A. "A New Methodology for Romance Classification." Word, v, 2 (Aug. 1949), 135–146. Demonstrates a comparative statistical method for determining the extent of change from the Latin for the free and checked stressed vowels of French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Rumanian, Old Provençal, and Logudorese Sardinian. By assigning 3½ change points per vowel (with 2 points for diphthongization, 1 point for modification in vowel quantity, ½ point for changes due to nasalization, palatalization or umlaut, and −½ point for failure to effect a normal change), there is a maximum of 77 change points for free and checked stressed vowel sounds (11×2×3½=77). According to this system (illustrated by seven charts at the end of the article), the percentage of change is greatest in French (44%) and least in Italian (12%) and Sardinian (8%). Prof. Pei suggests that this statistical method be extended not only to all other phonological but also to all morphological and syntactical, phenomena.". 10040:: "In the late forties and in the fifties some new proposals for classification of the Romance languages appeared. A statistical method attempting to evaluate the evidence quantitatively was developed in order to provide not only a classification but at the same time a measure of the divergence among the languages. The earliest attempt was made in 1949 by Mario Pei (1901–1978), who measured the divergence of seven modern Romance languages from Classical Latin, taking as his criterion the evolution of stressed vowels. Pei's results do not show the degree of contemporary divergence among the languages from each other but only the divergence of each one from Classical Latin. The closest language turned out to be Sardinian with 8% of change. Then followed Italian — 12%; Spanish — 20%; Romanian — 23,5%; Provençal — 25%; Portuguese — 31%; French — 44%." 2517: 9836:«La dominazione sabauda in Sardegna può essere considerata come la fase iniziale di un lungo processo di italianizzazione dell'isola, con la capillare diffusione dell'italiano in quanto strumento per il superamento della frammentarietà tipica del contesto linguistico dell'isola e con il conseguente inserimento delle sue strutture economiche e culturali in un contesto internazionale più ampio e aperto ai contatti di più lato respiro. Proprio la variegata composizione linguistica della Sardegna fu considerata negativamente per qualunque tentativo di assorbimento dell'isola nella sfera culturale italiana.» Loi Corvetto, Ines. 1743: 18611: 8775: 669: 16102: 9100: 1014: 1392:, were read throughout the peninsula and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, the Florentine dialect also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and the fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Thus the dialect of 2673: 18748: 5918:: descriptive, invariable and form-changing. Descriptive adjectives are the most common, and their endings change to match the number and gender of the noun they modify. Invariable adjectives are adjectives whose endings do not change. The form-changing adjectives "buono (good), bello (beautiful), grande (big), and santo (saint)" change in form when placed before different types of nouns. Italian has three degrees for comparison of adjectives: positive, comparative, and superlative. 6179:. "To have" is used to form compound conjugation when the verb is transitive ("Ha detto", "ha fatto": he/she has said, he/she has made/done), while "to be" is used in the case of verbs of motion and some other intransitive verbs ("È andato", "è stato": he has gone, he has been). "To be" may be used with transitive verbs, but in such a case it makes the verb passive ("È detto", "è fatto": it is said, it is made/done). This rule is not absolute, and some exceptions do exist. 2728:. The most prevalent were substrata (the language of the original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. 18731: 18623: 8789: 8644: 2278: 13912: 2665: 2076: 18587: 8803: 1241: 18697: 18635: 2783:, an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861 only 2.5% of the population of Italy could speak Standard Italian. He reports that in 1951 that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after 18714: 18680: 2453: 18765: 6132:. 'I see him, but not her'). Aside from personal pronouns, Italian also has demonstrative, interrogative, possessive, and relative pronouns. There are two types of demonstrative pronouns: relatively near (this) and relatively far (that); there exists a third type of demonstrative denoting vicinity only to the listener, but it has fallen out of use. Demonstratives in Italian are repeated before each noun, unlike in English. 1931: 1252: 14161: 2201:(1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to the diffusion of Italian television in the country. 18599: 15059: 13901: 8761: 1554: 18663: 10778: 2501: 10768: 4078:. Although in all these examples the second form has fallen out of usage, the dimorphism is thought to reflect the several-hundred-year period during which Italian developed as a literary language divorced from any native-speaking population, with an origin in 12th/13th-century Tuscan but with many words borrowed from 2060:, which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in 2182: 2791:

beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to

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for the most part unnecessary outside of dictionaries. Most of the time, the penultimate syllable is stressed. But if the stressed vowel is the final letter of the word, the accent is mandatory, otherwise, it is virtually always omitted. Exceptions are typically either in dictionaries, where all or

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There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern Standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate

2466:

Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any

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The order of words in the phrase is relatively free compared to most European languages. The position of the verb in the phrase is highly mobile. Word order often has a lesser grammatical function in Italian than in English. Adjectives are sometimes placed before their noun and sometimes after.

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Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of Standard Italian became increasingly widespread and was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning Standard Italian,

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and tonic pronouns. Personal pronouns are separated into three groups: subject, object (which takes the place of both direct and indirect objects), and reflexive. Second-person subject pronouns have both a polite and a familiar form. These two different types of addresses are very important in

1577:

in the 15th century, the number of printing presses in Italy grew rapidly and by the year 1500 reached a total of 56, the biggest number of printing presses in all of Europe. This enabled the production of more pieces of literature at a lower cost and Italian, as the dominant language, spread.

2485:

As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia.

1493:, Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. 5553:

but the actual pronunciation depends on the context and regional accent. Generally one can find a flap consonant in an unstressed position whereas is more common in stressed syllables, but there may be exceptions. Especially people from the Northern part of Italy

3404:

is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words: the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words; the latter is used before voiced consonants. The two can contrast only between vowels within a word, e.g.

10181: 1573:—individuals who placed emphasis on the human body and its full potential—began to shift focus from the church to human beings themselves. The continual advancements in technology play a crucial role in the diffusion of languages. After the invention of the 1621:, as well as a renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as 1330:

writers of the 12th century, and, although the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Romance

2319:, people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of the total population of the country. In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language. 2696:

to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered

5910:

Like in English, common nouns are capitalized when occurring at the beginning of a sentence. Unlike English, nouns referring to languages (e.g. Italian), speakers of languages, or inhabitants of an area (e.g. Italians) are not capitalized.

3457:('I present'). There are many words for which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations, either or , are acceptable. Word-internally between vowels, the two phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of Italian, as either 10976: 2295:, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country. In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when 2310:

after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. In

2239:. Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, 2616:, visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages 1335:

as language spoken in the Italian Peninsula has a longer history. In fact, the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as the

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From the late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence.

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Italian social distinctions. All object pronouns have two forms: stressed and unstressed (clitics). Unstressed object pronouns are much more frequently used, and come before a verb conjugated for subject-verb (

2055:

occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. In Corsica, on the other hand, almost everyone still speaks the

2830: 8679:"Not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces." 11371:"(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of , creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)" 2597:

times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the

2735:, are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors: the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations 1629:), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving a united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: 9515: 3968:

Preservation of most intertonic vowels (those between the stressed syllable and either the beginning or ending syllable). This accounts for some of the most noticeable differences, as in the forms

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that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in the 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture.

1015: 10081: 1291:

over the course of centuries, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. They are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but

10972: 8881: 1165:(13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the 11028: 2832: 10712: 4955:

yet". For monosyllabic words, the rule is different: when two orthographically identical monosyllabic words with different meanings exist, one is accented and the other is not (example:

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were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until the late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German.

12190: 1399:

Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the

1138:, although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or 10804: 9346: 9281: 10013: 5942:'they love'). Noun objects normally come after the verb, as do pronoun objects after imperative verbs, infinitives and gerunds, but otherwise, pronoun objects come before the verb. 494: 10375: 10250: 3260:(commonly called "dental" for simplicity), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind lower front teeth. 2243:, still has several Italian schools, established during the colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the 1726:

in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed the Italian language into a

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in Italian. There are four indefinite articles, selected by the gender of the noun they modify and by the phonological structure of the word that immediately follows the article.

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The conservative nature of Italian phonology is partly explained by its origin. Italian stems from a literary language that is derived from the 13th-century speech of the city of

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Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.

10847: 9926: 9446: 9165: 3210:

are always geminate intervocalically, including across word boundaries. Similarly, nasals, liquids, and sibilants are pronounced slightly longer in medial consonant clusters.

10565: 8692:"For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general." 2642:

continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in the design and fashion industries, in some sports such as

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Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in

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whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951.

9307: 8633:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013), "Geography and distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe", in Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.),

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Today, even though for political reasons English is the most widely taught foreign language in Albanian schools, Italian is anyway the most widespread foreign language.

6139:, and various verbs are irregularly conjugated. Within each of these sets of conjugations, there are four simple (one-word) verbal conjugations by person/number in the 4026:

Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian has many inconsistent outcomes, where the same underlying sound produces different results in different words, e.g.

4654:

The Italian alphabet is typically considered to consist of 21 letters. The letters j, k, w, x, y are traditionally excluded, although they appear in loanwords such as

1908:), estimated that distance between Italian and Latin is higher than that between Sardinian and Latin. In particular, its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after 1362:

The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer

1972:, the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in 1561:

was an influential figure in the development of the Italian language from the Tuscan dialect, as a literary medium, codifying the language for standard modern usage.

1283:, the established written language in Europe was Latin, although the great majority of people were illiterate, and only few were well versed in the language. In the 1193:

with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Almost all native Italian words end with

9143: 9117: 1780:

After unification, a huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages—

12059: 13948: 10898: 4360:, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a 2831: 1508:

remained in use in maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the

1348:, probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy. The 9567: 10050: 1450:"all right" is pronounced by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the 10599: 10305: 9372: 9205: 1154: 474: 10401: 9507: 8733:"For his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions." 4110:, was once thought to be due to borrowing of northern voiced forms, but is now generally viewed as the result of early phonetic variation within Tuscany. 10092: 9011: 6175:. Corresponding to each of the simple conjugations, there is a compound conjugation involving a simple conjugation of "to be" or "to have" followed by a 1127: 18703: 1299:

with Italian varies widely, as it does with Romance languages in general. The Romance languages of Italy can differ greatly from Italian at all levels (

18558: 16090: 16068: 10720: 3496:, as well as 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from 2138:). Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition. 18800: 11032: 10860:

L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese

2300: 11766: 15423: 12971: 9550: 18845: 18119: 4746:

may appear in dialectal words, but its use is discouraged in contemporary standard Italian. Letters used in foreign words can be replaced with

2174:, which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians. Italian was the official language of the 12221: 11476: 11450: 6128:'seeing her'). Stressed object pronouns come after the verb, and are used when the emphasis is required, for contrast, or to avoid ambiguity ( 18159: 13003: 11647: 9593: 8987: 8952: 2579:

dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as a result.

1925: 1422:. As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of 10800: 10334: 9539: 9330: 9265: 2158:

is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in

14204: 14149: 13634: 12986: 10746: 10011: 9398: 11744: 10246: 9857:, according to whom "the idiom of the Roman court was as good as the Florentine one, and better understood by all" (G. Rossi, ed. (1930). 9424: 5775:'rivers, m. pl.', thus assignment of gender is arbitrary in terms of form, enough so that terms may be identical but of distinct genders: 1952:), although its use there has moderately declined since the 1970s. It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two 16230: 13941: 11125: 10379: 10276: 2692:

Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date the establishment of Italian, and as such are

484: 10946: 13598: 12528: 11533:

Learning to Read and Write: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective (Cambridge Studies in Cognitive and Perceptual Development, Series Number 2)

9252:...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated... 1063:

Romance languages). Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian is an official language in

981: 479: 10827: 9680:

L'italiano di oggi ha ancora in gran parte la stessa grammatica e usa ancora lo stesso lessico del fiorentino letterario del Trecento.

14620: 14127: 13732: 10333:. European Commission: Directorate General for Education and Culture and Directorate General Press and Communication. February 2006. 9952: 3384: 2635:, Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. 1407:), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the 10021: 9930: 9904: 9453: 2247:

grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II. In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the

1287:, as in most of Europe, most would instead speak a local vernacular. These dialects, as they are commonly referred to, evolved from 13639: 11006: 10663: 4338:

do not usually permit verbs and polysyllabic nouns to end with consonants, except in poetry and song, so foreign words may receive

1816:, etc. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when the nation was unified in 1861. 4935:

most stressed vowels are commonly marked. Accents can optionally be used to disambiguate words that differ only by stress, as for

828: 14029: 13204: 10224: 9692: 9478: 8982: 5541:, which is always single. Geminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and 1169:) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian is the main working language of the 11103: 10687: 10557: 9239: 18522: 16083: 13934: 12416: 12140: 10547:

Zonova, Tatiana. "The Italian language: soft power or dolce potere?." Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali (2013): 227–231.

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S'italianu in Sardìnnia candu, cumenti e poita d'ant impostu : 1720–1848; poderi e lìngua in Sardìnnia in edadi spanniola

9303: 2256: 2217: 10801:"Los segundos idiomas más hablados de Sudamérica | AméricaEconomía – El sitio de los negocios globales de América Latina" 9663: 16681: 14866: 14056: 13882: 13045: 12302: 12033: 11689: 11606: 10640: 9988: 9898: 9742: 9623: 8907: 8624: 8608: 2799:, as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, 2281: 16613: 14353: 10526: 4090:

in the entire Romance-language area, passes only about 30 kilometres or 20 miles north of Florence.) Dual outcomes of Latin

2478:, every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 13679: 12954: 12762: 3178:. Geminate consonants shorten the preceding vowel (or block phonetic lengthening) and the first element of the geminate is 1060: 16416: 16411: 15490: 11056:"From the Periphery to the Center Stage: The Mainstreaming of Italian in the Australian Education System (1960s to 1990s)" 2836: 18651: 18217: 16355: 16243: 15416: 15389:

Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.

13008: 12871: 10033: 10004: 3119: 3101: 2475: 2123: 709: 16516: 16406: 16098: 14405: 11528: 10487: 5795:. There are a number of nouns that have a masculine singular and a feminine plural, most commonly of the pattern m. sg. 2724:

that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages:

18830: 16631: 15671: 15639: 13727: 13312: 12939: 12772: 12533: 12084: 12053: 11976: 11540: 10716: 10178:""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi" 3129: 1709: 14175: 12350: 10894: 10880: 3679:, and has changed little in the last 700 years or so. Furthermore, the Tuscan dialect is the most conservative of all 18825: 18152: 17470: 16076: 12959: 12934: 12777: 12288: 12274: 12150: 10520: 10460: 9571: 9340: 9275: 2011:

complained about the referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the

1490: 1182: 1108: 531: 464: 454: 11559:

On a hypothetical 'transparency scale' of writing systems, Italian orthography should be placed close to one extreme

10058: 1686:

A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the

18815: 17530: 14142: 13331: 12612: 12498: 9139: 9113: 8746:"Who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden." 5176: 4375: 3366: 3060: 3007: 2456: 1944:

and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in

1356: 834: 489: 209: 18553: 18424: 18237: 16818: 16423: 16223: 14719: 14295: 13455: 13367: 13214: 13209: 13040: 12908: 8886: 7670: 4851: 3030: 2612:

Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of the educated gentlemen was to make the

1404: 1349: 1162: 699: 11714: 10301: 9368: 9198: 2208:, Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya. Although it was the primary language in 1414:

Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as

1100: 18835: 18669: 18512: 18262: 17618: 17519: 15409: 13403: 12991: 12468: 10405: 8651: 4883: 974: 17489: 10427: 10155: 8720:"For his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times." 2807:

is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of

18840: 18434: 17426: 17104: 15879: 15699: 15694: 15657: 15625: 14061: 13654: 13485: 13372: 12903: 12898: 10435: 8972: 8912: 6025:'a different shirt'. There are seven forms for definite articles, both singular and plural. In the singular: 5606: 5230: 5204: 4394: 4303: 3068: 3014: 2720:

The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural

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did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak

1761: 841: 823: 659: 594: 12045:

The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition

10924: 612: 18820: 18810: 18527: 18479: 18349: 18344: 18145: 14034: 13413: 13352: 13337: 13189: 13050: 12503: 10588: 9862: 8957: 8902: 4927: 4863: 3044: 3037: 2993: 2171: 2139: 1104: 17553: 16956: 15689: 11987:"The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" 11432: 8593: 8578: 8563: 8548: 8533: 8518: 8503: 8488: 8473: 8458: 8443: 8428: 8393: 8378: 8363: 8348: 8333: 8318: 8303: 8235: 8222: 8209: 8196: 8160: 8145: 8130: 8115: 8100: 8085: 8070: 8055: 8040: 8025: 7990: 7975: 7960: 7945: 7930: 7915: 7900: 7885: 7870: 7855: 7820: 7805: 7790: 7775: 7760: 7745: 7730: 7715: 7700: 7685: 7354: 7330: 7306: 7289: 7272: 7255: 7233: 7230: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7138: 7121: 7113: 7078: 7075: 7047: 7044: 7021: 7018: 6994: 6977: 6974: 6944: 6909: 6905: 6882: 6865: 6848: 6831: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6771: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6698: 6681: 6678: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6569: 6565: 6541: 6523: 6488: 6471: 6453: 6450: 6426: 6409: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6345: 6328: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6266: 6244: 5974: 5962: 5958: 5617: 5609: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5563: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5488: 5418: 5406: 5392: 5378: 5359: 5345: 5329: 5317: 5272: 5268: 5252: 5248: 5194: 5166: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5111: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5046: 5042: 5026: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4555: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4504: 4500: 4484: 4472: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4388: 4369: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4183: 4179: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4126: 4122: 4091: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3962: 3931: 3900: 3862: 3847: 3838: 3824: 3811: 3761: 3657: 3642: 3613: 3577: 3536: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3439: 3428: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3375: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3296: 3292: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3171: 3167: 2228:

the sole official language of the country. A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s.

1884:

One study, analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing

1702:

in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to the publication of

18805: 18795: 17994: 17432: 16401: 16330: 15773: 14135: 13992: 13757: 13475: 13321: 13103: 13013: 12913: 12799: 12767: 12452: 8897: 4915: 4887: 3694:

The following are some of the conservative phonological features of Italian, as compared with the common

2771:

languages rather than variants of a single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer

2698: 2588: 2198: 2155: 2024: 1586: 1505: 557: 18737: 15780: 11430: 2516: 18577: 18484: 18309: 17715: 17287: 16722: 16280: 16216: 16187: 14922: 14511: 13987: 13982: 13812: 13440: 13260: 13167: 13140: 13075: 12949: 12483: 12409: 11758: 8892: 3284: 3092: 2940: 2479: 1198: 15560: 14157: 10629:"Una quantificazione della penetrazione della lingua italiana in Albania tramite la televisione (III)" 3378:

is realised as a trill with one or two contacts. Some literature treats the single-contact trill as a

1442:

in some contexts and the pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g.

18790: 18489: 18451: 17302: 17214: 16823: 16664: 16379: 16308: 16290: 16273: 16268: 16258: 15760: 14735: 14244: 13842: 13608: 13531: 13495: 12513: 12478: 12473: 9547: 8922: 5202: 5174: 4392: 4373: 4083: 3688: 3382: 3364: 3356: 3338: 3330: 3300: 3052: 3000: 2684:—other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called " 2315:, Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers. In 2221: 1983:

and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country. Italian was the official language in

1841: 1474: 1451: 967: 747: 730: 204: 184: 27: 12160:

Prifti, Elton (2014). "Enèrgeia in trasformazione: elementi analitici di linguistica migrazionale".

9099: 7251: 2521: 2270:

but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the

1722:

An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by

18409: 18007: 17911: 16784: 16732: 16511: 16459: 16106: 15472: 15458: 15001: 14992: 14397: 14024: 13977: 13857: 13847: 13827: 13797: 13752: 13450: 13292: 13224: 13194: 13174: 13055: 12731: 12696: 12493: 11480: 11454: 3340: 3234: 2954: 2248: 1905: 1844:, a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct 1749:

set the basis for the modern Italian language and helping create linguistic unity throughout Italy.

1742: 1304: 1178: 653: 11639: 11415: 2266:

through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the

2064:

until 1860, when it was replaced by the French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding

918: 18379: 18339: 18319: 18299: 18202: 17375: 16966: 16920: 16801: 16774: 16713: 16650: 16596: 16303: 16263: 15830: 15801: 15793: 15755: 15736: 15717: 15665: 15633: 15542: 15518: 15161: 15146: 14932: 14840: 14697: 14574: 14377: 13737: 13500: 13357: 13327: 13302: 13219: 13179: 13118: 13017: 12782: 12752: 10327: 9536: 6136: 5823:

Latin nouns). An instance of neuter gender also exists in pronouns of the third person singular.

3684: 3389:. Single-contact trills can also occur elsewhere, particularly in unstressed syllables. Geminate 2970: 2947: 2324: 1408: 1040: 350: 332: 199: 174: 16971: 12364: 10742: 9394: 2848: 2166:) in the country (some 0.42% of the total population). Their numbers dropped dramatically after 19:

This article is about the Italian language. For the regional varieties of standard Italian, see

18754: 18517: 18314: 18093: 17309: 16727: 16673: 16325: 16057: 15500: 15287: 15204: 15119: 14927: 14637: 13435: 13423: 13199: 13184: 12876: 12518: 11736: 10134: 9420: 9043:, it is spoken by about half the population. It is also spoken by a minority in the village of 8832: 3288: 2878: 2643: 2225: 2069: 1992: 1697: 1675: 1622: 1466: 1296: 1131: 771: 668: 564: 522: 15615: 15529: 11133: 10631:[A quantification of the diffusion of the Italian language in Albania via television] 10272: 7109: 2787:, contributed to the proliferation of Standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the 1730:

used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts but also by the

1660: 18639: 18537: 18469: 18439: 18394: 18389: 18364: 18222: 18125: 18070: 17876: 17871: 17524: 17502: 17393: 17321: 17144: 16806: 16569: 16197: 16125: 15853: 15741: 15722: 15709: 15432: 15350: 15199: 14703: 14546: 14343: 13742: 13669: 13649: 13563: 13512: 13270: 13250: 13060: 12654: 12622: 12508: 12488: 12402: 11938: 11913: 11888: 11863: 11838: 11813: 10450: 8937: 8850: 6085: 5923: 5237: 5053:

existed in Latin, it either disappeared or, in a few cases before a back vowel, changed to :

4751: 4488: 4339: 3332: 3149: 3079: 2961: 2914: 2905: 2772: 2725: 1953: 1679: 1616: 1610: 1566: 1419: 1355:

The Italian language has progressed through a long and slow process, which started after the

18507: 17789: 16757: 15728: 14669: 12308: 12043: 4364:. The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): 3515: 3267:

alveolar . The stop component of the "apical" affricates is actually laminal denti-alveolar.

18429: 18419: 18369: 18329: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18267: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18227: 18212: 18207: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18075: 17849: 17465: 17438: 17364: 17224: 17023: 16951: 16903: 16897: 16860: 16843: 16192: 15910: 15513: 15194: 15171: 14942: 14802: 14756: 14497: 13593: 13408: 13297: 13275: 12929: 12827: 12711: 12579: 12381: 8844: 5819:'pairs, f. pl.'), and thus are sometimes considered neuter (these are usually derived from 5748: 4361: 4357: 2977: 2924: 2602: 2525: 2296: 2252: 1913: 1657:

was not dignified enough because it used elements from non-lyric registers of the language.

1435: 950: 17859: 17272: 16340: 15553: 15096: 15088: 14609: 14196: 14180: 10051:"Portland State Multicultural Topics in Communications Sciences & Disorders | Italian" 9944: 7071: 6519: 5584: 3507: 2146:

in the country. The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians (

8: 18615: 18532: 18474: 18414: 18404: 18384: 18374: 18359: 18354: 18334: 18304: 18272: 18257: 18232: 18168: 17560: 17452: 17420: 17414: 17035: 16995: 16961: 16789: 16553: 15930: 15573: 15480: 15466: 15141: 15102: 14846: 14492: 14325: 14300: 13877: 13867: 13822: 13588: 13553: 13548: 13265: 12886: 12822: 12742: 9868: 9483: 9040: 8780: 8714: 7117: 6632: 6192:

Note: the plural form of verbs could also be used as an extremely formal (for example to

6152: 5699:'girl') or simply grammatical with no possible reference to biological gender (masculine 5276: 4898:"(he) can". The grave accent is used over any vowel to indicate word-final stress, as in 4351: 3699: 3603: 3544: 3024: 2985: 2576: 2342: 1870: 1478: 1320: 1186: 927: 909: 18686: 17823: 17256: 16931: 16865: 16161: 15766: 15679: 15600: 15276: 14823: 14601: 10661: 2721: 18627: 18444: 18399: 18324: 18294: 18065: 17794: 17650: 17608: 17574: 17568: 17458: 17401: 17358: 17341: 17079: 17072: 16908: 16696: 16637: 16493: 16481: 16360: 16298: 16020: 15972: 15861: 15128: 14937: 14887: 14484: 14475: 14461: 14279: 14224: 14165: 14071: 14002: 13852: 13837: 13817: 13674: 13615: 13568: 13490: 13347: 13317: 13307: 13282: 13255: 13162: 13155: 13091: 12847: 12842: 12559: 12213: 12177: 12120: 12008: 11788: 11077: 10482: 9854: 9789: 8917: 8876: 8817: 8794: 6101: 5820: 5684: 4307: 4079: 3639: 3302: 3257: 2873: 2685: 2681: 2655: 2536: 2358: 2267: 2175: 2163: 2044: 2008: 1909: 1866: 1858: 1845: 1837: 1766: 1746: 1605:

sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the

1381: 1367: 1341: 1201:('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds). Italian has contrast between short and 1143: 1056: 876: 866: 851: 757: 259: 119: 17843: 16335: 15587: 10216: 9978: 9696: 9492: 8674: 8647: 6240: 2000: 645: 18022: 18001: 17921: 17881: 17740: 17668: 17662: 17586: 17478: 17388: 17329: 17241: 17199: 17000: 16946: 16752: 16737: 16708: 16691: 16601: 16564: 16533: 16521: 16440: 16428: 16345: 16320: 16314: 16239: 16208: 16036: 15989: 15954: 15895: 15847: 15816: 15747: 15281: 15271: 15263: 15189: 15079: 15009: 14978: 14965: 14956: 14901: 14895: 14880: 14726: 14664: 14646: 14552: 14528: 14451: 14424: 14410: 14382: 14333: 14310: 14200: 14188: 14184: 13802: 13792: 13664: 13578: 13543: 13470: 13460: 13238: 13108: 13022: 12852: 12832: 12806: 12794: 12589: 12584: 12569: 12564: 12549: 12298: 12284: 12270: 12217: 12181: 12146: 12080: 12049: 12029: 11972: 11685: 11602: 11536: 11095: 11081: 10773: 10680: 10516: 10456: 9984: 9894: 9748: 9738: 9629: 9619: 9336: 9271: 9231: 8947: 8932: 8927: 6156: 6093: 5946: 5657: 5073: 3711: 3703: 3231: 3109: 2885: 2824: 2706: 2702: 2552: 2540: 2509: 2398: 2392: 2244: 2143: 2115: 2057: 2048: 2032: 2020: 2012: 1878: 1789: 1634: 1582: 1501: 1400: 1337: 1284: 1158: 1150: 1036: 941: 801: 194: 17864: 16833: 16811: 15485: 14749: 14710: 14560: 11438:

Rhotics. New data and perspectives (Proc. of’r-atics-3, Libera Università di Bolzano

9793: 5616:. Phonetic is common in Central and Southern Italy as an intervocalic allophone of 3435:

is the initial sound of a word, if the compound is still felt as such: for example,

2004: 705: 684: Areas where it is a minority language or where it was the majority in the past 17975: 17965: 17950: 17938: 17854: 17803: 17767: 17745: 17732: 17726: 17655: 17644: 17548: 17513: 17497: 17346: 17334: 17267: 17231: 17219: 17187: 17112: 17084: 17057: 16887: 16882: 16870: 16850: 16838: 16779: 16686: 16643: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16538: 16469: 16350: 16155: 16151: 16135: 16012: 15905: 15900: 15806: 15449: 15440: 15020: 14874: 14816: 14795: 14779: 14772: 14763: 14689: 14538: 14520: 14430: 14364: 14358: 14348: 14261: 14228: 14216: 14084: 14046: 14039: 14009: 13997: 13872: 13694: 13644: 13625: 13573: 13480: 13418: 13398: 13386: 13342: 13145: 13125: 13113: 12976: 12857: 12574: 12437: 12429: 12355: 12317: 12295:

CLIC: Cultura e Lingua d'Italia in CD-ROM / Culture and Language of Italy on CD-ROM

12252: 12205: 12169: 12112: 12012: 11998: 11067: 10839: 10122:

the largest city in Ticino, and the largest Italian-speaking city outside of Italy.

9884: 9880: 9779: 8861: 8856: 8700: 6168: 6164: 6105: 5791:

as a non-gendered default plural marker. These nouns often, but not always, denote

5661: 5570: 5514: 4298:

Standard Italian also differs in some respects from most nearby Italian languages:

3707: 3680: 3661: 3617: 3581: 3540: 3531: 3264: 2868: 2863: 2788: 2732: 2659: 2495: 2348: 2292: 2288: 2271: 2147: 2099: 2040: 1862: 1825: 1807: 1649:, claimed the language might be based only on the great literary classics, such as 1497: 1482: 1423: 1269: 1224: 1202: 1139: 1115: 1096: 1031: 1008: 861: 764: 341: 318: 296: 179: 62: 20: 17750: 17700: 12944: 10628: 10558:"Albanian government makes Italian an obligatory language in professional schools" 3523: 2767:

in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go").

1996: 1462:"at home" is for Roman, or for standard, for Milanese and generally northern. 18591: 18059: 18045: 17926: 17828: 17818: 17762: 17613: 17601: 17541: 17536: 17351: 17280: 17262: 17236: 17209: 17139: 17096: 17008: 16989: 16941: 16828: 16794: 16747: 16742: 16464: 16396: 16368: 16041: 15981: 15935: 15610: 15547: 15355: 15336: 15306: 15254: 15235: 15151: 15027: 14853: 14742: 14659: 14654: 14614: 14583: 14220: 14019: 13782: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13659: 13583: 13445: 12964: 12862: 12747: 12647: 12554: 12132: 10667: 10510: 10017: 9554: 9543: 9032: 8967: 8962: 8942: 8871: 8866: 8808: 8728: 6262: 6176: 6172: 6140: 5673: 5665: 5641: 5599: 5363: 5226: 5222: 5217:. Other Romance languages and, to an extent, English have similar variations for 4113:

Some other features that distinguish Italian from the Western Romance languages:

3695: 3139: 2897: 2890: 2780: 2746: 2738: 2693: 2632: 2236: 2135: 2111: 2036: 1965: 1833: 1703: 1363: 1345: 1292: 1257: 932: 900: 811: 806: 796: 323: 285: 166: 154: 99: 17062: 15508: 13926: 11502: 11410: 11408: 9651:, vol. 2, Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 302–308 4391:

at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound

4372:

at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound

2762: 1538:

in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both

1219:"History of Italian" redirects here. For the history of the Italian people, see 18110: 18017: 18012: 17933: 17813: 17775: 17507: 17067: 17013: 16983: 16875: 16559: 16487: 16433: 15940: 15811: 15684: 15605: 15595: 15581: 15342: 15218: 15181: 15166: 15014: 14973: 14809: 14315: 14305: 14271: 14212: 14109: 14079: 14014: 13915: 13862: 13832: 13777: 13684: 13558: 13505: 13465: 13135: 13130: 12981: 12881: 12837: 12789: 12737: 12691: 12659: 12617: 12594: 10082:"Recensement Fédéral de la Population 2000 — Le Paysage Linguistique en Suisse" 8977: 8687: 5688: 3800: 3179: 2934: 2808: 2714: 2668:

Linguistic map of Italy according to Clemente Merlo and Carlo Tagliavini (1937)

2621: 2544: 2505: 2205: 2186: 2065: 1964:. In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the 1874: 1769:, further defined the standard by "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the 1687: 1602: 1598: 1574: 1496:

The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time (

1470: 1326:

The standard Italian language has a poetic and literary origin in the works of

1265: 1166: 886: 881: 871: 752: 459: 408: 307: 278: 254: 17156: 14104: 12257: 12240: 12209: 12003: 11986: 11576:

The Sounds, Forms, and Uses of Italian: An Introduction to Italian Linguistics

10843: 10477: 9889: 9768:"Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press" 9199:"Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" 5926:, so nominative pronouns are usually absent, with subject indicated by verbal 18784: 18052: 17955: 17943: 17675: 17383: 17040: 16978: 16474: 16130: 15995: 15647: 15523: 15311: 15240: 15227: 15156: 15034: 14591: 14208: 14192: 14051: 13787: 13428: 12998: 12686: 12664: 12523: 12136: 11405: 10877:

Instituto Nacional de Estadística Instituto Nacional de Estadística – Uruguay

9737:. Hill, Bennett D., Buckler, John. (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 9618:(2nd ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. pp. 13, 22, 19–20, 21, 35, 37. 9488: 9087: 9036: 6562:(in the sense of "I am fond of you", between lovers, friends, relatives etc.) 6144: 5647: 5575: 5443: 5077: 3869: 3379: 2688:", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects 2213: 1949: 1934: 1727: 1691: 1520:

made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts.

1374: 1174: 955: 817: 420: 290: 9752: 9633: 6053:

used for both masculine and feminine singular before vowels. In the plural:

5122:

when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. Intervocalic

2754: 2672: 18603: 17834: 17694: 17134: 17089: 16171: 16166: 16120: 15537: 15361: 15136: 15064: 14338: 13905: 13712: 13517: 13287: 12891: 12757: 12706: 12681: 12370: 11640:"Collins Italian Dictionary | Translations, Definitions and Pronunciations" 10872: 8766: 6160: 5669: 5456: 5448: 4871: 4843: 4335: 3497: 2784: 2568: 2385: 2329: 2167: 2052: 1973: 1829: 1638: 1565:

During this time, long-existing beliefs stemming from the teachings of the

1558: 1288: 1088: 1048: 1044: 393: 314: 249: 86: 12173: 10273:"Dal Piemonte alla Francia: la perdita dell'identità nizzarda e savoiarda" 10088: 9842:

Lingue, letterature, nazioni. Centri e periferie tra Europa e Mediterraneo

9166:"Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English" 5114:

word-initially before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (

3549: 629: 17896: 17889: 17626: 17192: 16101: 15369: 14232: 13807: 13747: 13717: 13070: 12701: 11319: 11317: 9784: 9767: 9024: 6124:. 'You see her.'), after (in writing, attached to) non-conjugated verbs ( 6089: 5677: 5559: 2812: 2625: 2598: 2539:

were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are

2353: 1945: 1731: 1694:

dialects. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the

1644: 1529: 1517: 1509: 1280: 1072: 891: 388: 149: 91: 17161: 15401: 12342: 11682:

Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Italian Grammar, Premium Second Edition

11072: 11055: 8643: 5513:

Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by

4694:("my ex-girlfriend"), "Ex-Jugoslavia" ("Former Yugoslavia"). The letter 1146:, most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin. 17204: 17174: 17166: 17122: 17117: 16767: 16526: 15871: 14679: 14416: 13065: 12674: 11598: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11175: 9092: 8882:

List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language

6148: 5927: 5904: 5546: 5158: 4739: 3175: 2804: 2796: 2664: 2613: 2379: 2337: 2134:, where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see 2095: 2075: 1941: 1901: 1889: 1853: 1770: 1606: 1415: 1396:

became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy.

1332: 1316: 1251: 1206: 1068: 383: 81: 18720: 18137: 12336:"Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Prototipo edizione digitale" 12124: 11314: 9508:"Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far" 5422: 2471:

has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language.

2277: 2181: 17970: 17808: 17150: 16445: 15839: 14456: 14099: 14089: 13972: 11210: 11208: 11206: 9974: 9028: 6109: 6009:, used before any consonant sound, and its abbreviated form, written 5915: 5333: 4747: 4443: 2800: 2564: 2556: 2431: 2411: 2322:

The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the

2312: 2307: 1893: 1885: 1801: 1682:, insisted that each local vernacular contribute to the new standard. 1581:

Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the

1570: 1439: 1300: 1123: 638: 622: 604: 586: 244: 17596: 12322:(with a similar list of other Italian-modern languages dictionaries) 11706: 11393: 11383: 11381: 11172: 5426: 4306:, although metaphony is a feature characterizing nearly every other 2535:

In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional

1240: 18586: 17755: 17591: 17407: 16855: 16703: 14786: 14094: 13722: 13707: 13702: 13603: 12637: 12632: 12191:"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" 12116: 10998: 10302:"Il monegasco, una lingua che si studia a scuola ed è obbligatoria" 10147: 8802: 8741: 6197: 6193: 5580: 5517:

and intensity. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for

5382: 5154: 5006:("year"). In the spoken language, the letter is always silent. The 4686:

is traditionally used; it is also common to use the Latin particle

4434:

pronounced , thus n also represents in the position preceding it:

4087: 3722: 3672: 2639: 2606: 2594: 2572: 2468: 2452: 2436: 2151: 2103: 2084: 1774: 1723: 1671: 1667:

preferred the version spoken by ordinary people in their own times.

1664: 1650: 1594: 1513: 1393: 1261: 1220: 1170: 1119: 778: 717: 545: 499: 469: 413: 139: 115: 17960: 11431:"A preliminary contribution to the study of phonetic variation of 11290: 11266: 11203: 10512:

Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe

6005:'an uncle of mine'. The feminine singular indefinite articles are 5783:

meaning 'end, ending' (e.g. of a movie) is feminine, and both are

1930: 17579: 17444: 17182: 16606: 16591: 15316: 14832: 14387: 14372: 12669: 12394: 11594: 11503:"DOP: Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia della lingua italiana" 11378: 11254: 10920: 10360:

The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism

9808:

Lo spazio linguistico corso tra insularità e destino di frontiera

8705:"For his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art." 5792: 5653: 5349: 5023: 4727: 4711: 4703: 4414:) before the letters c and g when these represent velar plosives 3719: 3676: 2731:

Throughout Italy, regional varieties of Standard Italian, called

2710: 2548: 2460: 2423: 2363: 2316: 2299:

are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their

2263: 2232: 2194: 2159: 2107: 2080: 2028: 2016: 1961: 1590: 1327: 1312: 1135: 1092: 1084: 1080: 713: 549: 541: 537: 432: 425: 125: 109: 18771: 12103:

Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography".

11302: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11054:

Hajek, John; Aliani, Renata; Slaughter, Yvette (November 2022).

10627:

Longo, Maurizio; Ademi, Esmeralda; Bulija, Mirjana (June 2010).

5683:

There are two basic classes of nouns in Italian, referred to as

3687:

less than 160 kilometres (100 mi) to the north (across the

2031:

until 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the "

1553: 673:

Geographical distribution of the Italian language in the world:

17781: 17127: 17050: 17030: 16762: 14674: 13362: 10428:"Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2001 Census" 8638: 6116: 6108:, pejorative, attenuating, etc., which are also used to create 6097: 5989:

is used before a word beginning with any other sound. The noun

4719: 4707: 2560: 2240: 2119: 2088: 2061: 1980: 1969: 1957: 1897: 1481:

and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco-

1308: 1268:

as the most prominent literary language in all of Italy in the

1076: 526: 437: 105: 95: 6167:(present tense and past tense), one simple conjugation in the 18645: 17045: 17018: 14160: 12642: 12425: 11278: 11235: 9044: 5555: 5014:

additionally marks the contrasting open pronunciation of the

4715: 2840: 2617: 2551:

near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of

2209: 2131: 1984: 1504:

remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and

1431: 1426:. The most characteristic differences, for instance, between 1194: 1190: 1064: 1052: 378: 189: 76: 12386: 1991:

until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the

1777:'s river), as he states in the preface to his 1840 edition. 1613:

to the Italian cultural sphere). The rediscovery of Dante's

13150: 12627: 8839: 6313: 5922:

Subject nouns generally come before the verb. Italian is a

5484: 5092:

depending on context, with few minimal pairs. For example:

4723: 3166:

Between two vowels, or between a vowel and an approximant (

2839:, 1–7 of the Bible being read by a speaker of Italian from 2628:, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. 1988: 1783: 1486: 1427: 10448: 5747:

is a general neutral plural. A third category of nouns is

4082:

farther to the north, with different sound outcomes. (The

2467:

given time. For example, the free website and application

1714:

in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612.

716:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

690: Areas where Italian-speaking communities are present 12375: 12111:(2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. 11225: 11223: 10079: 2795:

Although use of the Italian dialects has declined in the

2500: 1126:. Italian is included under the languages covered by the 12333: 9332:

Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction

5612:

is present as a phoneme only in loanwords: for example,

3767:

Word that are an exception to this rule exist, such as:

2291:

in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million

1832:(colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on 12335: 10819: 9421:"Lei n. 2.812/2021 - Do Município de Santa Teresa / ES" 16238: 11353: 11341: 11329: 11220: 9840:. Quoted in Putzu, Ignazio; Mazzon, Gabriella (2012). 9716: 9714: 6037:, which corresponds to the uses with the consonant of 4858:"why, because". In dictionaries, it is also used over 4678:

has become common in standard Italian with the prefix

2162:

reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and

1153:

in Europe, being one of the official languages of the

18575: 12238: 11399: 11185: 11160: 5537:, which are always geminate when between vowels, and 2079:

Percent of inhabitants with Italian native tongue in

2051:, which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan. 1653:

and some part of Boccaccio). The purists thought the

16930: 15054: 11053: 10376:"La tutela delle minoranze linguistiche in Slovenia" 9395:"Lei n. 5.048/2023 - Do Município de Encantado / RS" 8756: 5022:

is also used in combinations with other letters. No

4453:

spelt with c or g before the letters i and e :

2792:

Italy, often more educated than when they had left.

2555:

dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are

1155:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

12909:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

11985:Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). 11984: 11615: 11529:"Chapter 2: The acquisition of Italian orthography" 11323: 11296: 11272: 11214: 10432:

Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2001

10204:

Le français et les langues historiques de la France

9711: 9012:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

5029:exists in Italian. In nativized foreign words, the 2717:, from which Standard Italian derives and evolved. 1128:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

12131: 11387: 11191: 11148: 10091:: Office fédéral de la statistique. Archived from 5739:'girls'). For a group composed of boys and girls, 3393:manifests as a trill with three to seven contacts. 2489: 1609:, would therein make for a rather slow process of 1489:from France during the Middle Ages, but after the 13956: 12245:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12198:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11991:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10469: 9877:Sforza Pallavicino: A Jesuit Life in Baroque Rome 9838:I Savoia e le "vie" dell'unificazione linguistica 3224:are the only consonants that cannot be geminated. 2199:annexation of the country to the Kingdom of Italy 1059:(meaning that Italian and Sardinian are the most 18782: 15087: 10626: 10475: 9614:Lepschy, Anna Laura; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1988). 9560: 4226:is not preserved, and vowel changes rather than 3857: 3547: 3492:Italian has a seven-vowel system, consisting of 3431:when intervocalic, except when the intervocalic 3419:'spindle'. According to Canepari, although, the 1569:began to be understood from new perspectives as 1370:. Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the 1264:(bottom) were influential in establishing their 11578:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 21, 66. 9023:Italian is the main language of the valleys of 5569:Of special interest to the linguistic study of 4410:, which is pronounced (as in the English word 2701:", which are officially recognized as distinct 2015:) took refuge in Italy in the following years. 1051:. Italian is the least divergent language from 26:"Italiano" redirects here. For other uses, see 11535:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–33. 11126:"Lingue di Minoranza e Scuola: Carta Generale" 11031:. Esteri.it. 28 September 2007. Archived from 10296: 10294: 9649:The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages 9613: 9447:"MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA" 3945: 3914: 3883: 3851: 3710:). Some of these features are also present in 1940:Italian is the official language of Italy and 1793: 1223:. For the history of the Italian culture, see 18153: 16224: 16084: 15417: 15000: 14143: 13942: 12410: 11531:. In Harris, Margaret; Hatano, Giyoo (eds.). 9853:This faction was headed by Vincenzo Calmeta, 9646: 9594:List of Italian musical terms used in English 9479:"Europeans and their languages - Report - en" 8988:List of Italian musical terms used in English 8953:Italian-language international radio stations 8830: 8821: 7638: 7623: 7608: 7593: 7578: 7563: 7548: 7533: 7518: 7503: 7346: 7340: 7322: 7316: 7299: 7282: 7265: 7243: 7223: 7217: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7131: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7063: 7057: 7037: 7031: 7010: 7004: 6987: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6898: 6892: 6875: 6858: 6841: 6824: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6764: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6691: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6585: 6579: 6557: 6551: 6533: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6481: 6463: 6442: 6436: 6419: 6401: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6338: 6320: 6311: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6254: 6232: 6216: 6207: 5907:for gender and number (singular and plural). 5779:meaning 'aim', 'purpose' is masculine, while 5723:'boys'), and feminine nouns typically end in 4302:Perhaps most noticeable is the total lack of 3951: 3939: 3920: 3908: 3889: 3877: 3833: 3827: 2803:is still frequently encountered in Italy and 2383: 1926:Geographical distribution of Italian speakers 1881:. Estimates may differ according to sources. 1811: 1799: 1781: 1754: 1695: 1642: 1614: 1545: 1533: 1456: 1444: 1386: 1372: 1021: 998: 975: 769: 678: Areas where it is the majority language 570: 562: 348: 339: 49: 43: 15226: 12283:, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2003, 12269:, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 1992, 12239:Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). 11971:, Understanding Language series, Routledge, 11704: 11573: 10681:"L'emigrazione italiana in Africa orientale" 10265: 9869:"Language and Idiom in Sforza Pallavicino's 8639:Nobel Prizes for Italian language literature 3957: 3926: 3895: 3842: 2259:(Italian international senior high school). 1539: 1161:. It is the third-most-widely spoken native 18120:languages with more than 5 million speakers 11707:"Dizionario italiano-inglese WordReference" 10947:"Come si informano gli italiani all'estero" 10873:"Encuesta Telefónica de Idiomas (ETI) 2019" 10838:(2). Università degli Studi di Milano: 20. 10378:(in Italian). 22 April 2020. Archived from 10291: 5707:'coast'). Masculine nouns typically end in 5197:when word-final and before the back vowels 5169:when word-final and before the back vowels 3275:are apical alveolar in most environments. 2709:(a language spoken on the French island of 2601:with the strength of Italy and the rise of 1707: 18160: 18146: 17703:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 16231: 16217: 16091: 16077: 15424: 15410: 14150: 14136: 13949: 13935: 12417: 12403: 11574:Clivio, Gianrenzo; Danesi, Marcel (2000). 11569: 11567: 10825: 10449:Thammy Evans & Rudolf Abraham (2013). 10370: 10368: 10140: 10080:Lüdi, Georges; Werlen, Iwar (April 2005). 9937: 9530: 9471: 9140:"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione" 9114:"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione" 7307:/loˈstudjodellitaˈljanoaˈɡuttsalinˈdʒeɲɲo/ 5482:is stressed. For example, it is silent in 5161:depending on following vowels. The letter 5138:being more dominant in northern Italy and 3819:Preservation of geminate consonants, e.g. 3237:, commonly called "dental" for simplicity. 2204:Due to heavy Italian influence during the 1919: 982: 968: 667: 15431: 12256: 12028:] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, 12002: 11071: 11021: 10973:"Il giornale italo-brasiliano (Fanfulla)" 10508: 9888: 9783: 9387: 9010:Recognized as a minority language by the 9006: 9004: 7301:Lo studio dell'italiano aguzza l'ingegno. 6196:people in monarchies) singular form (see 5993:'uncle' selects masculine singular, thus 4702:and in some Italian place-names, such as 2649: 1999:", or the emigration of a quarter of the 1753:Italian literature's first modern novel, 1485:influences introduced to Italy mainly by 18801:Languages attested from the 10th century 14483: 12387:Articles related to the Italian language 12188: 12019: 11588: 11477:"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia" 11451:"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia" 11359: 11347: 11335: 11308: 11284: 11260: 11248: 11229: 10509:Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007). 10320: 10209: 9666:. Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana. 8642: 5687:, masculine and feminine. Gender may be 4399:(as the first sound in the English word 4380:(as the first sound in the English word 3803:accent and historical standard Italian) 3634:"to win, earn, gain" < Vulgar Latin * 2828: 2682:other languages spoken as the vernacular 2671: 2663: 2515: 2499: 2457:Italian Secondary School in Rijeka/Fiume 2451: 2276: 2180: 2074: 1979:Italian is also spoken by a minority in 1929: 1741: 1552: 1344:that date from 960 to 963, although the 1181:as well as the official language of the 1157:and one of the working languages of the 18167: 14964: 12281:Capitoli di Storia Linguistica Italiana 12074: 12041: 12022:Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana 11759:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11737:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11591:Il MªPI – Manuale di pronuncia italiana 11564: 10365: 10133:The Vatican City State appendix to the 10073: 9866: 9765: 9720: 9661: 9328: 8983:List of English words of Italian origin 7296:The study of Italian sharpens the mind. 6135:There are three regular sets of verbal 5945:There are both indefinite and definite 5579:, or "Tuscan Throat", the weakening or 3423:standard has been replaced by a modern 3174:), consonants can be both singleton or 2027:. Italian was the official language of 1601:well into the late 18th century, under 1418:. Those dialects now have considerable 710:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 18783: 12159: 12093: 11679: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11621: 11154: 10605:from the original on 23 September 2015 10478:"Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste" 9695:. Italian-language.biz. Archived from 9499: 9349:from the original on 18 September 2023 9310:from the original on 18 September 2023 9284:from the original on 18 September 2023 9146:from the original on 23 September 2015 9083: 9001: 4750:equivalent native Italian letters and 3623:; Italian usually prefers the shorter 18141: 16212: 16072: 15980: 15405: 14131: 13930: 12398: 12385: 12267:Studi di Storia della Lingua Italiana 12162:Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 11966: 11526: 11372: 10979:from the original on 14 December 2022 10953:from the original on 14 December 2022 10883:from the original on 28 October 2020. 10803:. Americaeconomia.com. 16 July 2015. 10586: 10362:, Valletta: Said International, 1993. 10184:from the original on 19 February 2020 9859:La secchia rapita, L’oceano e le rime 9732: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9335:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 9211:from the original on 13 December 2022 9193: 9191: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 8908:Italian language in the United States 8625:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8609:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8401: 8229:two thousand (and) twenty-four (2024) 2282:Italian language in the United States 2231:Italian was the official language of 2216:, Italian greatly declined under the 1737: 1500:) gave its language weight, although 1091:. It has official minority status in 1030: 1007: 61: 18652: 12955:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 12102: 11939:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997" 11914:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975" 11889:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959" 11864:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934" 11839:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926" 11814:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906" 11747:from the original on 7 January 2022. 11197: 11166: 11009:from the original on 23 October 2022 10901:from the original on 6 November 2015 10850:from the original on 2 February 2017 10807:from the original on 19 October 2015 10781:from the original on 11 October 2017 10529:from the original on 8 December 2022 10490:from the original on 9 February 2010 10394: 10279:from the original on 5 November 2021 10253:from the original on 3 November 2021 10206:, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p.113 9491:. pp. 10 and 19. Archived from 9375:from the original on 27 January 2024 7656: 6171:, and one simple conjugation in the 5549:. There is only one vibrant phoneme 4554:before another vowel represent only 4438:. Elsewhere the letter n represents 4406:The letter n represents the phoneme 2726:substrata, superstrata, and adstrata 2289:immigrant and expatriate communities 1995:, a development that triggered the " 1116:immigrant and expatriate communities 12351:Swadesh list in English and Italian 12142:The Sounds of the World's Languages 11684:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 11662: 11627: 10895:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" 10693:from the original on 20 August 2013 10678: 10455:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 11. 10420: 10308:from the original on 17 August 2022 10227:from the original on 2 January 2018 10158:from the original on 15 August 2013 9973: 9927:"I Promessi sposi or The Betrothed" 9907:from the original on 1 October 2022 9568:"Italian — University of Leicester" 9505: 9427:from the original on 11 August 2024 9401:from the original on 11 August 2024 9329:Winters, Margaret E. (8 May 2020). 9242:from the original on 6 January 2020 9176:from the original on 13 August 2023 9120:from the original on 1 January 2016 8650:, the first Italian to receive the 8276: 6029:, which corresponds to the uses of 5953:is masculine singular, used before 5787:in the plural, a clear instance of 5118:), and when doubled; it symbolizes 3979:Slower consonant development, e.g. 3725:of consonants between vowels, e.g. 3279:are laminal denti-alveolar before 2676:Italy's ethno-linguistic minorities 2476:Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2193:It formerly had official status in 2124:Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands 2094:It formerly had official status in 1798:("slave", that is "your servant"), 1710:Floris italicae linguae libri novem 1185:. Italian has a significant use in 13: 18124:Languages between parentheses are 14326:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan) 12424: 12062:from the original on 27 April 2024 11717:from the original on 7 August 2015 11589:Canepari, Luciano (January 1999). 11549:from the original on 27 April 2024 11106:from the original on 27 April 2024 10717:United States Bureau of the Census 10643:from the original on 8 August 2014 10637:Education et Sociétés Plurilingues 10596:Education et Sociétés Plurilingues 10568:from the original on 9 August 2018 10515:. Logos Verlag. pp. 235–238. 10340:from the original on 3 August 2008 10087:(in French, German, and Italian). 9955:from the original on 30 April 2021 9871:Trattato dello stile e del dialogo 9772:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 9726: 9598: 9263: 9188: 9060: 6163:), two simple conjugations in the 6115:There are 27 pronouns, grouped in 4922:), with a few exceptions, such as 4782:(including in the standard prefix 4442:pronounced , including before the 4387:The letter g represents the sound 4368:The letter c represents the sound 2646:and especially in culinary terms. 2128:Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese 1597:, which on the contrary underwent 449:An order and various organisations 14: 18857: 18559:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18004:(unknown further classification) 12334:Salvatore Battaglia (1961–2002). 12327: 12026:Handbook of Italian Pronunciation 11769:from the original on 31 July 2021 11650:from the original on 15 July 2017 11324:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11297:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11273:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11215:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 10749:from the original on 4 March 2016 10304:(in Italian). 15 September 2014. 9693:"History of the Italian language" 9670:from the original on 10 July 2015 7362: 6045:which corresponds to the uses of 4345: 4246:"female friend(s)" (cf. Romanian 3396:The phonemic distinction between 3148: 3128: 3118: 3100: 3091: 3067: 3059: 3051: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2976: 2969: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2923: 2913: 2904: 2713:) is closely related to medieval 2154:(0.11% of the total population). 1819: 1491:Norman conquest of southern Italy 1197:, and the language has a 7-vowel 1183:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 455:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18763: 18746: 18729: 18712: 18695: 18678: 18661: 18633: 18621: 18609: 18597: 18585: 16100: 15383: 15057: 14176:Historical linguistic minorities 14159: 13966:Italian languages & dialects 13911: 13910: 13899: 11931: 11906: 11881: 11856: 11831: 11806: 11789:"Giosue Carducci | Italian poet" 11781: 11751: 11729: 11698: 11582: 11520: 11495: 11388:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) 11130:Minoranze-linguistiche-scuola.it 10927:from the original on 24 May 2022 10921:"QUOTIDIANI ITALIANI ALL'ESTERO" 10476:James M. Markham (6 June 1987). 10247:"Mediterraneo e lingua italiana" 9518:from the original on 7 June 2023 9098: 8801: 8787: 8773: 8759: 6096:. There are numerous productive 5903:Nouns, adjectives, and articles 3944:"I did" (cf. Romanian dialectal 3359:. In a large number of accents, 2847:This section is an excerpt from 2582: 2293:Americans are of Italian descent 2287:Italian is also spoken by large 1912:. As in most Romance languages, 1467:Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama 1250: 1239: 1114:Italian is also spoken by large 835:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis 490:Mediterranean Universities Union 13640:Orders, decorations, and medals 11959: 11469: 11443: 11423: 11400:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) 11365: 11186:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) 11118: 11088: 11047: 10991: 10965: 10939: 10913: 10887: 10865: 10793: 10761: 10735: 10713:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 10705: 10672: 10655: 10620: 10589:"La lingua italiana in Albania" 10580: 10550: 10541: 10502: 10442: 10352: 10328:"Europeans and their Languages" 10239: 10196: 10170: 10152:Monaco-IQ Business Intelligence 10127: 10110: 10043: 10026: 9997: 9967: 9919: 9847: 9830: 9817: 9800: 9759: 9685: 9655: 9640: 9586: 9439: 9413: 9361: 9322: 9017: 8887:The Italian Language Foundation 8601: 6187: 5743:is the plural, suggesting that 4329: 3683:, radically different from the 2705:by the law. On the other hand, 2490:Influence and derived languages 2262:Italian was also introduced to 2257:Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" 2251:(Italian primary school with a 2130:). Italian is widely spoken in 1935:Italian language in Switzerland 1380:, to which another Tuscan poet 1350:Commodilla catacomb inscription 18128:of the language on their left. 17998:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 11435:in Italian and Italo-Romance." 11060:History of Education Quarterly 10180:(in Italian). 28 August 2017. 9945:"Similar languages to Italian" 9296: 9257: 9224: 9158: 9132: 9106: 8820:(includes "Italian dialects", 6441:(for a good night sleeping) / 5715:'boy'), with plural marked by 5153:vary in pronunciation between 4313:No simplification of original 3469: 2849:Italian phonology § Consonants 2699:historical language minorities 1948:(after German and French; see 1523: 1163:language in the European Union 1: 18846:Subject–verb–object languages 12316:(in Italian). it – via 11440:(2011): 209–226, pp. 213–214. 10436:Croatian Bureau of Statistics 9537:Europeans and their Languages 9452:(in Romanian). Archived from 9054: 8973:Languages of the Vatican City 8913:Italian language in Venezuela 5664:exist for personal pronouns ( 5656:is typical of the grammar of 5607:voiced postalveolar fricative 4910:-mid vowel, a stressed final 4734:, an alternative spelling of 4403:) before the letters e and i. 4384:) before the letters e and i. 4230:are used to mark the plural: 2759:replace the standard Italian 2480:Institutes of Italian Culture 1869:, 82% with Spanish, 80% with 1861:is 89% with French, 87% with 1717: 1593:(but not in the neighbouring 1041:Indo-European language family 824:Pontifical Academy of Arcadia 12297:, Interlinea, Novara, 2008, 9863:Francesco Sforza Pallavicino 9735:A history of Western society 8958:Lessico etimologico italiano 8903:Italian language in Slovenia 7128:I do not understand Italian. 5302:Before back vowel (A, O, U) 4690:to mean "former(ly)" as in: 3698:languages (French, Spanish, 3329:, where they are pronounced 2818: 2447: 2334:L'Informazione di San Marino 2142:is an officially recognized 2140:Italian language in Slovenia 2023:to France in 1769 after the 1099:, and the municipalities of 787: 7: 17995:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 13680:Water supply and sanitation 13104:Italian geographical region 12972:Monarchy and the World Wars 12914:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 12800:War of the Sicilian Vespers 12453:Timeline of Italian history 12310:Treccani Italian Dictionary 11417:A Handbook of Pronunciation 10826:Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). 10154:. Lydia Porter. 2007–2013. 9570:. .le.ac.uk. Archived from 8898:Italian language in Croatia 8752: 6057:is the masculine plural of 5985:, while masculine singular 5545:are realized as lengthened 5116:⟨p, f, c, ch⟩ 4340:extra terminal vowel sounds 4278:"three, six" (cf. Romanian 2589:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 2156:Italian language in Croatia 1405:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1357:Western Roman Empire's fall 1032:[ˈliŋɡwaitaˈljaːna] 10: 18862: 17697:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 16723:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 16517:Central−Southern Calabrian 14923:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 14406:Central-Southern Calabrian 13599:Inventions and discoveries 13009:Fall of the Fascist regime 12992:Fourth War of Independence 12950:Expedition of the Thousand 12940:Second War of Independence 12096:Enciclopedia dell'italiano 12042:Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). 12020:Canepari, Luciano (1992), 11713:(in Italian and English). 10769:"Data tables, 2016 Census" 10639:(in Italian) (28): 53–63. 10598:(in Italian) (22): 51–56. 10221:, Encyclopedia Britannica" 9766:Dittmar, Jeremiah (2011). 9662:Coletti, Vittorio (2011). 9616:The Italian language today 8893:Italian language in Brazil 7651: 7204:(Voi) avete ragione/torto! 6737:("I am sorry", if male) / 6584:(for male/males or mixed) 6073:is the plural of feminine 5645: 5639: 5635: 5495:, but it is pronounced in 5466:is silent in the digraphs 5305:Before front vowel (I, E) 5126:varies regionally between 4698:appears in the first name 4430:. The letter q represents 4349: 3594:"same" < Vulgar Latin * 3471: 2846: 2822: 2653: 2586: 2524:, in Spanish, Italian and 2493: 2442:La gazzetta del Sud Africa 1923: 1230: 1218: 1214: 1209:(doubling) of consonants. 25: 18: 18831:Languages of Vatican City 18546: 18498: 18460: 18175: 18102: 18086: 18037: 17986: 17910: 17714: 17687: 17636: 17488: 17374: 17320: 17301: 17252: 16919: 16672: 16663: 16624: 16504: 16389: 16378: 16289: 16251: 16180: 16144: 16113: 16050: 16029: 16011: 15971: 15953: 15923: 15888: 15870: 15838: 15829: 15792: 15708: 15656: 15624: 15572: 15499: 15457: 15448: 15439: 15329: 15299: 15262: 15253: 15217: 15180: 15127: 15118: 15078: 15074: 15052: 14991: 14955: 14913: 14865: 14736:Comasco-Lecchese dialects 14688: 14645: 14636: 14600: 14582: 14573: 14537: 14519: 14510: 14474: 14442: 14396: 14324: 14288: 14270: 14252: 14243: 14239: 14172: 14118: 14070: 13965: 13895: 13693: 13539: 13530: 13394: 13385: 13373:Security and intelligence 13246: 13237: 13099: 13090: 13033: 12960:Third War of Independence 12935:First War of Independence 12922: 12815: 12724: 12605: 12542: 12461: 12445: 12436: 12392: 12356:Italorussian (Италоруссо) 12258:10.1017/S0025100304001628 12210:10.1017/S0025100312000199 12189:Recasens, Daniel (2013), 12094:Simone, Raffaele (2010). 12075:Palermo, Massimo (2015). 12004:10.1017/S0025100305002148 11644:www.collinsdictionary.com 11263:, pp. 57, 84, 88–89. 10897:. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. 10828:"L'Italiano in Venezuela" 9890:10.1163/9789004517240_008 9827:, pp. 80–93, Iskra, 2006. 9369:"World Population Review" 8831: 8652:Nobel Prize in Literature 6743:("I am sorry", if female) 5914:There are three types of 5370: 5309: 5304: 5301: 3569:, Spanish and Portuguese 3450:meaning 'I perceive') vs 3374:Intervocalically, single 3156: 3154: 3143: 3134: 3113: 3085: 3083: 3074: 3019: 2989: 2966: 2929: 2889: 2877: 2867: 2862: 2680:In Italy, almost all the 2547:is used, and the town of 1968:. Ticino, which includes 1696: 1177:(common language) in the 770: 748:Italo-Dalmatian languages 696: 666: 652: 636: 620: 602: 584: 579: 563: 556: 513: 366:Official language in 364: 359: 329: 304: 272: 237: 163: 145: 135: 69: 57: 42: 37: 28:Italiano (disambiguation) 18826:Languages of Switzerland 17005:North American dialects 16512:Extreme Southern Italian 16107:Languages of Switzerland 13051:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 13046:Institutional referendum 11967:Ashby, Patricia (2011), 11527:Cossu, Giuseppe (1999). 11311:, pp. 57–59, 88–89. 10666:17 December 2008 at the 10587:Longo, Maurizio (2007). 10118:Retail Market Study 2015 9867:Bellini, Eraldo (2022). 8994: 6556:(between lovers only) / 6447:(for a good night awake) 6182: 5727:, with plural marked by 5213:before the front vowels 5185:before the front vowels 5033:is silent. For example, 4926:, with a stressed final 4874:is used over word-final 4846:is used over word-final 4094:between vowels, such as 2522:San Francisco, Argentina 2249:Italian School of Asmara 2187:its colonial possessions 2172:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 2068:to France following the 1842:Italo-Dalmatian language 1840:, and is, therefore, an 1384:later affixed the title 1366:, written in his native 1352:is also a similar case. 1179:Roman Catholic hierarchy 729:This article is part of 355:"(Signed Exact Italian)" 152:: 65 million (2022) 18816:Languages of San Marino 16424:Central−Northern Latian 15672:Eastern Lower Carniolan 15640:Eastern Upper Carniolan 14296:Central-Northern Latian 13574:Emigration and diaspora 12783:Guelphs and Ghibellines 12768:the Sardinian Judicates 11969:Understanding Phonetics 11793:Encyclopædia Britannica 11680:Danesi, Marcel (2008). 11420:, chapter 3: «Italian». 10844:10.13130/2037-3597/1921 10202:Abalain, Hervé, (2007) 10137:is entirely in Italian. 10016:10 January 2023 at the 9733:McKay, John P. (2006). 9236:Encyclopædia Britannica 8236:/dueˌmilaˈventikwattro/ 7481: 7355:/mipjatʃe//mipjattʃono/ 7331:/didovessˈɛi//didoveˈɛ/ 7198:(Lei) ha ragione/torto! 7192:(Tu) hai ragione/torto! 7139:/nonkaˌpiskolitaˈljano/ 7133:Non capisco l'italiano. 5476:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5289:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5199:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5171:⟨a, o, u⟩ 4986:(present indicative of 4862:to indicate a stressed 4850:to indicate a stressed 4730:, among others, and in 4487:. It is used to form a 3799:"needle", (only in the 3685:Gallo-Italian languages 3321:do not contrast before 3182:. For example, compare 2218:rule of Muammar Gaddafi 2206:Italian colonial period 1920:Geographic distribution 1812: 1794: 1627:problem of the language 1409:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1323:as distinct languages. 1144:local language of Italy 351:italiano segnato esatto 18218:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16728:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 16058:Yugoslav Sign Language 14928:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 14720:Bustocco and Legnanese 13456:Science and technology 13404:Italian regions by GDP 13205:Marine protected areas 12877:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 10135:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 10116:Marc-Christian Riebe, 9542:6 January 2016 at the 8889:(in the United States) 8833:Accademia della Crusca 8822: 8654: 7639: 7624: 7609: 7594: 7579: 7564: 7549: 7534: 7519: 7504: 7351:(for multiple objects) 7347: 7341: 7323: 7317: 7300: 7283: 7266: 7244: 7240:Where is the bathroom? 7224: 7218: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7132: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7064: 7058: 7038: 7032: 7011: 7005: 6988: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6899: 6893: 6876: 6859: 6842: 6825: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6765: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6713:(only "I am sorry") / 6709: 6705:Excuse me / I am sorry 6692: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6586: 6580: 6558: 6552: 6534: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6482: 6464: 6443: 6437: 6420: 6402: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6339: 6321: 6312: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6255: 6233: 6217: 6208: 5751:for gender, ending in 5680:), but not for nouns. 4602:'biology'). Elsewhere 4483:'year' both represent 4194:"eye" (cf. Portuguese 4015:; but note Portuguese 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3913:"eight" (cf. Romanian 3909: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3882:"peace" (cf. Romanian 3878: 3858: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3828: 3548: 3530: 3522: 3514: 3512:"fourteen" < Latin 3506: 3461:(northern-central) or 2843: 2761: 2753: 2745: 2737: 2677: 2669: 2650:Languages and dialects 2528: 2513: 2463: 2384: 2374:(United Kingdom), the 2284: 2190: 2091: 2070:Treaty of Turin (1860) 1937: 1800: 1782: 1755: 1750: 1708: 1698:Accademia della Crusca 1676:Baldassare Castiglione 1643: 1623:questione della lingua 1615: 1589:used on the island of 1562: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1457: 1445: 1387: 1373: 1297:Mutual intelligibility 1132:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1043:that evolved from the 1022: 999: 772:Accademia della Crusca 698:This article contains 571: 565:Accademia della Crusca 523:Bosnia and Herzegovina 349: 340: 50: 44: 18836:Languages of Slovenia 17215:Poitevin–Saintongeais 15880:Eastern Herzegovinian 15700:South White Carniolan 15695:North White Carniolan 15491:North Pohorje–Remšnik 15433:Languages of Slovenia 15351:Italian Sign Language 15300:Other German dialects 14443:Other Italo-Dalmatian 13655:Public administration 12763:the Holy Roman Empire 12174:10.1515/zrp-2014-0001 12145:. Oxford: Blackwell. 11287:, pp. 58, 88–89. 11251:, pp. 68, 75–76. 9814:, 43, pp. 79–80, 2003 9664:"Storia della lingua" 9553:29 April 2013 at the 9267:The peoples of Europe 8938:Italian Sign Language 8923:Italian musical terms 8851:Enciclopedia Italiana 8646: 7321:(general, informal)/ 7284:Il conto, per favore. 7085:Do you speak English? 6916:How much? / How many? 6590:(for female/females) 5924:null-subject language 5267:indicate "softness" ( 5049:respectively. (Where 4852:front close-mid vowel 4270:"female friend(s)"); 4156:"eight" (cf. Spanish 4086:, the most important 4084:La Spezia–Rimini Line 3994:"leaf" (cf. Romanian 3733:"life" (cf. Romanian 3689:La Spezia–Rimini Line 3446:meaning 'before' and 3427:which always prefers 3425:neutral pronunciation 3243:are pre-velar before 2835: 2773:mutually intelligible 2675: 2667: 2559:, an Italian–Spanish 2519: 2504:Municipalities where 2503: 2455: 2390:(United States), the 2280: 2184: 2078: 1933: 1745: 1680:Gian Giorgio Trissino 1637:, headed by Venetian 1617:De vulgari eloquentia 1567:Roman Catholic Church 1556: 1506:Ligurian (or Genoese) 1452:La Spezia–Rimini Line 1342:province of Benevento 1319:) and are classified 779:Enciclopedia Treccani 18841:Languages of Croatia 18169:Languages of Europe 17024:St. Marys Bay French 16548:Neapolitan–Calabrese 16145:Major dialect groups 14803:Southwestern Lombard 13883:World Heritage Sites 13338:Council of Ministers 13076:Coronavirus pandemic 12474:Currency and coinage 12077:Linguistica italiana 11029:"Dati e statistiche" 10745:. Netcapricorn.com. 10679:Podestà, Gian Luca. 9861:. Bari. p. 235) and 9557:, published in 2012. 9039:. In the village of 8845:CILS (Qualification) 7290:/ilˌkontoperfaˈvore/ 7187:You are right/wrong! 7054:I do not understand. 6978:/kwalˈɛilˌsu.oˈnome/ 6130:Vedo lui, ma non lei 6013:used before vowels: 6001:'an old uncle,' but 5755:in the singular and 5277:affricate consonants 5257:⟨i, e⟩ 5219:⟨c, g⟩ 5215:⟨e, i⟩ 5187:⟨e, i⟩ 4928:back close-mid vowel 4890:respectively, as in 4884:front open-mid vowel 4864:back close-mid vowel 4362:phonemic orthography 4321:(which often became 3868:Preservation of all 3832:"year" (cf. Spanish 3753:"foot" (cf. Spanish 3465:(southern-central). 2440:(Australia) and the 2325:L'Osservatore Romano 2297:varieties of Chinese 2255:department) and the 2237:Italian colonisation 2224:population and made 2035:" within Italy when 2025:Treaty of Versailles 1788:is derived from the 1436:syntactic gemination 1403:, or Austria in the 1359:in the 5th century. 1009:[itaˈljaːno] 951:Syntactic gemination 63:[itaˈljaːno] 18821:Languages of Sicily 18811:Languages of Monaco 18461:States with limited 17376:Galician–Portuguese 16402:Central Marchigiano 15103:Vaccarizzo Albanian 13414:Automotive industry 13353:Metropolitan cities 12899:Early Modern period 12872:Kingdom of Sardinia 12823:Italian city-states 11593:(second ed.). 11326:, pp. 134–135. 11073:10.1017/heq.2022.30 10723:on 12 February 2020 10098:on 29 November 2007 9699:on 3 September 2006 9459:on 14 December 2019 9232:"Romance languages" 8781:Vatican City portal 8715:Salvatore Quasimodo 8270:/ˈmilleˈmiˈljardi/ 8232:duemilaventiquattro 7345:(for one object) / 7313:Where are you from? 7114:/parˌlateinˈɡleːse/ 6962:Qual è il suo nome? 6378:(general, informal) 6153:imperfective aspect 6084:There are numerous 4916:back open-mid vowel 4914:is almost always a 4888:back open-mid vowel 4562:with no /i/ sound ( 4358:shallow orthography 4352:Italian orthography 3983:> Italo-Western 3872:final vowels, e.g. 3442:('I foresee', with 3256:Dentalized laminal 3253:have two variants: 3190:('fact'). However, 2857: 2856:Consonant phonemes 2577:Rioplatense Spanish 2520:Trilingual sign in 2408:L'Italia del Popolo 2404:Il punto d'incontro 2343:Corriere del Ticino 2220:, who expelled the 2178:from 1492 to 1807. 1661:Niccolò Machiavelli 1465:In contrast to the 1187:musical terminology 1149:Italian is a major 515:Recognised minority 346:"(Signed Italian)" 18806:Languages of Italy 18796:Fusional languages 17790:Catalan Ribagorçan 17637:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 16909:Judaeo-Piedmontese 16819:Bustocco–Legnanese 16614:Northern Calabrian 16114:Official languages 16030:Minority languages 15889:Standard varieties 14938:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14914:Other Gallo-Italic 14166:Languages of Italy 14072:Pidgin & Mixed 13476:Telecommunications 12843:Maritime republics 11943:www.nobelprize.org 11918:www.nobelprize.org 11893:www.nobelprize.org 11868:www.nobelprize.org 11843:www.nobelprize.org 11818:www.nobelprize.org 11705:Kellogg, Michael. 11414:Luciano Canepari, 11136:on 10 October 2017 11096:"Italian Language" 10832:Italiano LinguaDue 10483:The New York Times 10219:Sardinian language 10061:on 6 February 2017 9855:Alessandro Tassoni 9785:10.1093/qje/qjr035 8918:Italian literature 8877:Italian honorifics 8818:Languages of Italy 8795:Switzerland portal 8655: 8402:Months of the year 7392:what (standalone) 7028:Yes, I understand. 6951:What is your name? 6155:, past tense with 6019:una camicia bianca 5472:⟨gi⟩ 5468:⟨ci⟩ 5458:⟨gh⟩ 5450:⟨ch⟩ 5265:⟨gi⟩ 5261:⟨ci⟩ 5245:⟨gh⟩ 5241:⟨ch⟩ 4820:⟨cs⟩ 4816:⟨zz⟩ 4808:⟨ss⟩ 4776:⟨ch⟩ 4760:⟨ge⟩ 4756:⟨gi⟩ 4468:is always silent: 4266:"male friend(s)", 4238:"male friend(s)", 3561:"week" < Latin 2855: 2844: 2703:minority languages 2678: 2670: 2656:Languages of Italy 2567:and especially in 2537:languages of Italy 2529: 2514: 2508:is co-official in 2464: 2359:La Voce del Popolo 2285: 2191: 2176:Republic of Ragusa 2164:Dalmatian Italians 2092: 2045:Victor Emmanuel II 2009:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2003:to Italy, and the 1938: 1859:lexical similarity 1838:Florentine dialect 1828:, a descendant of 1767:Alessandro Manzoni 1751: 1747:Alessandro Manzoni 1738:Contemporary times 1563: 1544:(from French) and 1382:Giovanni Boccaccio 1140:regional varieties 120:Slovenian Littoral 18573: 18572: 18567: 18566: 18135: 18134: 18111:extinct languages 18033: 18032: 17710: 17709: 17669:Navarro-Aragonese 17554:Peruvian Ribereño 17479:Judaeo-Portuguese 17394:Galician–Asturian 17297: 17296: 17288:Old Gallo-Romance 17242:Wisconsin Walloon 16659: 16658: 16632:Dalmatian Romance 16240:Romance languages 16206: 16205: 16188:Swiss-German Sign 16066: 16065: 16007: 16006: 15949: 15948: 15919: 15918: 15825: 15824: 15761:Lower Sava Valley 15399: 15398: 15378: 15377: 15325: 15324: 15282:Southern Bavarian 15249: 15248: 15213: 15212: 15205:Triestine Serbian 15114: 15113: 15089:Arbëresh language 15050: 15049: 15046: 15045: 14987: 14986: 14951: 14950: 14704:Brianzöö dialects 14632: 14631: 14569: 14568: 14506: 14505: 14470: 14469: 14125: 14124: 13924: 13923: 13891: 13890: 13526: 13525: 13461:Southern question 13381: 13380: 13313:Political parties 13261:Foreign relations 13233: 13232: 13086: 13085: 12807:Kingdom of Naples 12795:Kingdom of Sicily 12343:Il Nuovo De Mauro 12303:978-88-8212-637-7 12035:978-88-08-24624-0 11711:WordReference.com 11691:978-1-259-58772-6 11608:978-88-08-24624-0 11429:Romano, Antonio. 11169:, pp. 77–78. 10777:. 2 August 2017. 10774:Statistics Canada 10564:. February 2014. 10382:on 15 August 2022 9990:978-0-397-00400-3 9980:Story of Language 9900:978-90-04-51724-0 9744:978-0-618-52273-6 9625:978-0-941533-22-5 9270:. Рипол Классик. 9096:(25th ed., 2022) 8948:Italian Knowledge 8933:Italian profanity 8928:Italian phonology 8750: 8749: 8622:Article 1 of the 8606:Article 1 of the 8599: 8598: 8399: 8398: 8274: 8273: 8173: 8172: 8166: 8165: 7996: 7995: 7826: 7825: 7649: 7648: 7630:/ˈmeze/, /ˈmese/ 7479: 7478: 7398:/ˈkɔza/, /ˈkɔsa/ 7360: 7359: 7279:The bill, please. 6489:/ˌbwɔn‿appeˈtito/ 6472:/ˌbwɔnadʒorˈnata/ 6157:perfective aspect 6065:is the plural of 6021:'a white shirt', 5901: 5900: 5811:'miles, f. pl.'; 5771:'river, m. sg.', 5703:'cost', feminine 5658:Romance languages 5480:⟨i⟩ 5464:⟨i⟩ 5440:⟨h⟩ 5433: 5432: 5191:⟨g⟩ 5163:⟨c⟩ 5151:⟨g⟩ 5147:⟨c⟩ 5124:⟨s⟩ 5108:⟨s⟩ 5082:⟨z⟩ 5070:⟨z⟩ 5066:⟨s⟩ 5051:⟨h⟩ 5031:⟨h⟩ 5020:⟨h⟩ 5016:⟨o⟩ 5008:⟨h⟩ 4968:⟨h⟩ 4943:"principles", or 4932:⟨ó⟩ 4912:⟨o⟩ 4904:⟨é⟩ 4880:⟨o⟩ 4876:⟨e⟩ 4860:⟨o⟩ 4848:⟨e⟩ 4836:⟨y⟩ 4832:⟨i⟩ 4828:⟨e⟩ 4824:⟨x⟩ 4812:⟨z⟩ 4804:⟨s⟩ 4800:⟨w⟩ 4796:⟨v⟩ 4792:⟨u⟩ 4788:⟨o⟩ 4780:⟨k⟩ 4772:⟨c⟩ 4768:⟨j⟩ 4764:⟨i⟩ 4744:⟨j⟩ 4696:⟨j⟩ 4676:⟨x⟩ 4584:precede stressed 3675:in the region of 3500:. Some examples: 3281:/t,d,t͡s,d͡z,s,z/ 3160: 3159: 2833: 2825:Italian phonology 2593:Starting in late 2541:Rio Grande do Sul 2510:Rio Grande do Sul 2474:According to the 2399:Corriere Italiano 2393:Corriere Canadese 2368:Corriere d'Italia 2245:Italian Eritreans 2144:minority language 2116:Venetian Dalmatia 2033:Corsican Italians 2021:Republic of Genoa 2013:Italian Savoyards 1836:, especially its 1585:, as well as the 1583:Italian Peninsula 1401:Kingdom of Naples 1338:Placiti Cassinesi 1285:Italian Peninsula 1173:, serving as the 1159:Council of Europe 992: 991: 818:The Divine Comedy 802:Placiti Cassinesi 761: 724: 723: 706:rendering support 702:phonetic symbols. 558:Regulated by 535: 441: 429: 417: 295:Various forms of 159:Total: 68 million 128:(Western Croatia) 18853: 18791:Italian language 18776: 18768: 18767: 18766: 18759: 18751: 18750: 18749: 18742: 18741:from Wikiversity 18734: 18733: 18732: 18725: 18717: 18716: 18715: 18708: 18700: 18699: 18698: 18691: 18683: 18682: 18681: 18674: 18666: 18665: 18664: 18654: 18648:Italian language 18638: 18637: 18636: 18626: 18625: 18624: 18614: 18613: 18612: 18602: 18601: 18600: 18590: 18589: 18581: 18499:Dependencies and 18435:Northern Ireland 18176:Sovereign states 18162: 18155: 18148: 18139: 18138: 17656:Judaeo-Aragonese 17645:Andalusi Romance 17498:Amazonic Spanish 17335:Western Asturian 17318: 17317: 17257:Franco-Provençal 16928: 16927: 16824:Comasco–Lecchese 16682:Emilian–Romagnol 16670: 16669: 16470:Regional Italian 16460:Italo-Australian 16387: 16386: 16309:Megleno-Romanian 16233: 16226: 16219: 16210: 16209: 16105: 16104: 16093: 16086: 16079: 16070: 16069: 15998: 15978: 15977: 15856: 15836: 15835: 15783: 15776: 15774:Zagorje-Trbovlje 15769: 15750: 15731: 15674: 15642: 15590: 15563: 15556: 15532: 15475: 15455: 15454: 15446: 15445: 15426: 15419: 15412: 15403: 15402: 15390: 15387: 15364: 15345: 15290: 15260: 15259: 15224: 15223: 15125: 15124: 15105: 15085: 15084: 15076: 15075: 15067: 15062: 15061: 15060: 15037: 15030: 15023: 14998: 14997: 14962: 14961: 14904: 14890: 14883: 14867:Emilian–Romagnol 14856: 14849: 14835: 14826: 14819: 14812: 14805: 14798: 14789: 14782: 14775: 14766: 14759: 14752: 14745: 14738: 14729: 14722: 14713: 14706: 14643: 14642: 14623: 14602:Franco-Provençal 14580: 14579: 14555: 14517: 14516: 14512:Occitano-Romance 14481: 14480: 14433: 14419: 14398:Extreme Southern 14367: 14262:Regional Italian 14250: 14249: 14241: 14240: 14197:Franco-Provençal 14164: 14163: 14152: 14145: 14138: 14129: 14128: 14085:Italian Eritrean 13958:Italian language 13951: 13944: 13937: 13928: 13927: 13914: 13913: 13906:Italy portal 13903: 13902: 13843:National symbols 13537: 13536: 13392: 13391: 13244: 13243: 13097: 13096: 12977:Kingdom of Italy 12904:Napoleonic Italy 12443: 12442: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12396: 12395: 12383: 12382: 12365:Italian proverbs 12347: 12339: 12321: 12315: 12262: 12260: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12226: 12220:, archived from 12195: 12185: 12156: 12133:Ladefoged, Peter 12128: 12099: 12090: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12038: 12016: 12006: 11981: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11935: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11785: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11677: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11636: 11625: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11571: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11554: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11507:dop.netadcom.com 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11479:. Archived from 11473: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11453:. Archived from 11447: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11421: 11412: 11403: 11397: 11391: 11385: 11376: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11312: 11306: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11258: 11252: 11246: 11233: 11227: 11218: 11212: 11201: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11132:. Archived from 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11092: 11086: 11085: 11075: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11035:on 7 August 2011 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10855: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10719:. Archived from 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10692: 10685: 10676: 10670: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10634: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10610: 10604: 10593: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10554: 10548: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10424: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10408:on 6 August 2011 10404:. Archived from 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10372: 10363: 10358:Hull, Geoffrey, 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10339: 10332: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10298: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10275:. 16 June 2018. 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10213: 10207: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10144: 10138: 10131: 10125: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10097: 10086: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10057:. Archived from 10047: 10041: 10030: 10024: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9933:on 18 July 2011. 9929:. Archived from 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9892: 9881:Brill Publishers 9851: 9845: 9834: 9828: 9821: 9815: 9806:Toso, Fiorenzo. 9804: 9798: 9797: 9787: 9778:(3): 1133–1172. 9763: 9757: 9756: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9675: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9611: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9564: 9558: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9458: 9451: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9247: 9228: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9210: 9203: 9195: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9172:. 21 June 2016. 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9085: 9048: 9021: 9015: 9008: 8862:Regional Italian 8857:Italian alphabet 8836: 8835: 8825: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8797: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8717: 8701:Luigi Pirandello 8657: 8656: 8595: 8580: 8565: 8550: 8535: 8520: 8505: 8490: 8475: 8460: 8445: 8430: 8406: 8405: 8395: 8380: 8365: 8350: 8335: 8320: 8305: 8281: 8280: 8277:Days of the week 8237: 8224: 8211: 8198: 8176: 8175: 8162: 8147: 8132: 8117: 8102: 8087: 8086:/ˌventiˈtʃinkwe/ 8072: 8071:/ˌventiˈkwattro/ 8057: 8042: 8027: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7977: 7962: 7947: 7932: 7917: 7902: 7887: 7872: 7857: 7833: 7832: 7822: 7807: 7792: 7777: 7762: 7747: 7732: 7717: 7702: 7687: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7642: 7627: 7612: 7597: 7582: 7567: 7552: 7537: 7522: 7507: 7486: 7485: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7308: 7303: 7291: 7286: 7274: 7269: 7257: 7247: 7235: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7214:What time is it? 7206: 7200: 7194: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7140: 7135: 7123: 7122:/ˌparlainˈɡlese/ 7115: 7104: 7102:Parlate inglese? 7098: 7092: 7080: 7077: 7067: 7061: 7049: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7023: 7020: 7014: 7008: 6996: 6991: 6979: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6946: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6884: 6879: 6867: 6862: 6850: 6845: 6833: 6828: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6773: 6768: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6700: 6695: 6688:You are welcome! 6683: 6682:/tirinˈɡrattsjo/ 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6543: 6542:/ˌbwɔnaforˈtuna/ 6537: 6525: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6490: 6485: 6473: 6467: 6460:Have a nice day! 6455: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6428: 6423: 6411: 6405: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6347: 6342: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6268: 6258: 6246: 6236: 6220: 6211: 6203: 6202: 6169:conditional mood 6165:subjunctive mood 6092:with subsequent 6023:un'altra camicia 5976: 5964: 5960: 5829: 5828: 5807:'mile, m. sg.', 5767:'laws, f. pl.'; 5619: 5611: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5571:Regional Italian 5565: 5562:) may pronounce 5558:, Aosta Valley, 5552: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5490: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5451: 5446:in the digraphs 5441: 5420: 5408: 5394: 5380: 5361: 5347: 5331: 5319: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5201:. It symbolizes 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5173:. It symbolizes 5172: 5168: 5164: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5057:"I pull" ← Lat. 5052: 5048: 5044: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5017: 5009: 4990:"to have") from 4969: 4933: 4913: 4905: 4902:"youth". Unlike 4881: 4877: 4861: 4849: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4745: 4697: 4677: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4506: 4502: 4486: 4479:'they have' and 4474: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4398: 4390: 4379: 4371: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4308:Italian language 4273: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4212:); but Romanian 4211: 4207: 4200: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4069: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4021: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3982: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3806: 3794: 3786: 3778: 3770: 3763: 3748: 3728: 3681:Italian dialects 3659: 3644: 3637: 3615: 3597: 3579: 3564: 3553: 3538: 3519: 3495: 3484:do not contrast. 3483: 3479: 3476:in most accents 3475: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3441: 3430: 3418: 3412:'melted' versus 3411: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3173: 3169: 3152: 3132: 3122: 3104: 3095: 3071: 3063: 3055: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2980: 2973: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2927: 2917: 2908: 2858: 2854: 2834: 2789:Italian diaspora 2733:Regional Italian 2694:sister languages 2686:Italian dialects 2660:Regional Italian 2543:, Brazil, where 2496:Italian diaspora 2444:(South Africa). 2428:La Voce d'Italia 2389: 2349:laRegione Ticino 2272:Somali Civil War 2148:Istrian Italians 2122:(because of the 2110:(because of the 2100:Venetian Albania 2098:(because of the 2041:Kingdom of Italy 2037:Rome was annexed 2019:passed from the 1916:is distinctive. 1826:Romance language 1815: 1805: 1797: 1787: 1758: 1756:I promessi sposi 1713: 1701: 1700: 1648: 1620: 1587:prestige variety 1549: 1543: 1537: 1498:Late Middle Ages 1460: 1448: 1424:Regional Italian 1390: 1378: 1293:sister languages 1270:Late Middle Ages 1254: 1243: 1225:culture of Italy 1097:Slovenian Istria 1055:, together with 1037:Romance language 1034: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1006: 1002: 984: 977: 970: 910:Verb conjugation 775: 774: 765:Regional Italian 755: 739:Italian language 726: 725: 689: 683: 677: 671: 662: 648: 632: 625: 616: 615: 607: 598: 597: 589: 574: 568: 567: 532:2 municipalities 529: 517:language in 435: 423: 411: 354: 345: 342:Italiano segnato 335: 319:Italian alphabet 310: 297:regional Italian 169: 65: 53: 47: 35: 34: 21:Regional Italian 16:Romance language 18861: 18860: 18856: 18855: 18854: 18852: 18851: 18850: 18781: 18780: 18779: 18769: 18764: 18762: 18758:from Wikivoyage 18752: 18747: 18745: 18735: 18730: 18728: 18718: 18713: 18711: 18707:from Wikisource 18701: 18696: 18694: 18684: 18679: 18677: 18667: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18653:sister projects 18650:at Knowledge's 18644: 18634: 18632: 18622: 18620: 18610: 18608: 18598: 18596: 18584: 18576: 18574: 18569: 18568: 18563: 18542: 18500: 18494: 18480:Northern Cyprus 18462: 18456: 18350:North Macedonia 18171: 18166: 18136: 18131: 18098: 18082: 18060:Pannonian Latin 18046:African Romance 18029: 17982: 17913: 17906: 17844:Judeo-Provençal 17717: 17706: 17683: 17632: 17542:Chilean Chilote 17484: 17370: 17311: 17307: 17304: 17293: 17281:Moselle Romance 17248: 17097:Missouri French 17058:Franco-Ontarian 16933: 16922: 16915: 16655: 16620: 16597:Southern Latian 16500: 16465:Maltese Italian 16397:Central Italian 16381: 16374: 16369:Common Romanian 16285: 16269:Italo-Dalmatian 16247: 16237: 16207: 16202: 16176: 16140: 16109: 16099: 16097: 16067: 16062: 16046: 16025: 16003: 15994: 15967: 15945: 15915: 15884: 15866: 15852: 15821: 15802:Slovenian Hills 15788: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15756:Kozje-Bizeljsko 15746: 15737:Central Styrian 15727: 15718:Central Savinja 15704: 15670: 15666:Lower Carniolan 15658:Lower Carniolan 15652: 15638: 15634:Upper Carniolan 15626:Upper Carniolan 15620: 15586: 15568: 15559: 15552: 15543:Inner Carniolan 15528: 15519:Natisone Valley 15495: 15471: 15435: 15430: 15400: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15388: 15384: 15374: 15360: 15341: 15321: 15307:Austrian German 15295: 15286: 15245: 15236:Calabrian Greek 15209: 15176: 15162:Natisone Valley 15147:Inner Carniolan 15110: 15101: 15070: 15063: 15058: 15056: 15042: 15033: 15026: 15019: 14983: 14947: 14915: 14909: 14900: 14886: 14879: 14861: 14852: 14845: 14841:Eastern Lombard 14831: 14822: 14815: 14808: 14801: 14794: 14785: 14778: 14771: 14762: 14755: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14725: 14718: 14709: 14702: 14698:Western Lombard 14684: 14628: 14619: 14596: 14565: 14551: 14533: 14502: 14466: 14444: 14438: 14429: 14415: 14392: 14378:Southern Latian 14363: 14344:Castelmezzanese 14320: 14284: 14266: 14235: 14168: 14158: 14156: 14126: 14121: 14114: 14066: 13961: 13955: 13925: 13920: 13900: 13887: 13858:Public holidays 13689: 13635:Life expectancy 13522: 13377: 13293:Law enforcement 13229: 13082: 13029: 13018:Social Republic 12982:Colonial Empire 12965:Capture of Rome 12918: 12811: 12720: 12613:Ancient peoples 12601: 12538: 12499:Historic states 12457: 12432: 12423: 12388: 12345: 12330: 12325: 12313: 12307: 12230: 12228: 12224: 12193: 12153: 12087: 12065: 12063: 12056: 12036: 11979: 11962: 11957: 11947: 11945: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11922: 11920: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11897: 11895: 11887: 11886: 11882: 11872: 11870: 11862: 11861: 11857: 11847: 11845: 11837: 11836: 11832: 11822: 11820: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11797: 11795: 11787: 11786: 11782: 11772: 11770: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11735: 11734: 11730: 11720: 11718: 11703: 11699: 11692: 11678: 11663: 11653: 11651: 11638: 11637: 11628: 11620: 11616: 11609: 11587: 11583: 11572: 11565: 11552: 11550: 11543: 11525: 11521: 11511: 11509: 11501: 11500: 11496: 11486: 11484: 11483:on 22 July 2011 11475: 11474: 11470: 11460: 11458: 11457:on 22 July 2011 11449: 11448: 11444: 11428: 11424: 11413: 11406: 11398: 11394: 11386: 11379: 11370: 11366: 11360:Recasens (2013) 11358: 11354: 11348:Canepari (1992) 11346: 11342: 11336:Canepari (1992) 11334: 11330: 11322: 11315: 11309:Canepari (1992) 11307: 11303: 11295: 11291: 11285:Canepari (1992) 11283: 11279: 11271: 11267: 11261:Canepari (1992) 11259: 11255: 11249:Canepari (1992) 11247: 11236: 11230:Canepari (1992) 11228: 11221: 11213: 11204: 11196: 11192: 11184: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11139: 11137: 11124: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11107: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11027: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 10997: 10996: 10992: 10982: 10980: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10956: 10954: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10930: 10928: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10904: 10902: 10893: 10892: 10888: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10853: 10851: 10824: 10820: 10810: 10808: 10799: 10798: 10794: 10784: 10782: 10767: 10766: 10762: 10752: 10750: 10741: 10740: 10736: 10726: 10724: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10696: 10694: 10690: 10683: 10677: 10673: 10668:Wayback Machine 10660: 10656: 10646: 10644: 10632: 10625: 10621: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10571: 10569: 10556: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10542: 10532: 10530: 10523: 10507: 10503: 10493: 10491: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10447: 10443: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10385: 10383: 10374: 10373: 10366: 10357: 10353: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10300: 10299: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10256: 10254: 10245: 10244: 10240: 10230: 10228: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10201: 10197: 10187: 10185: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10161: 10159: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10132: 10128: 10115: 10111: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10064: 10062: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10031: 10027: 10018:Wayback Machine 10002: 9998: 9991: 9972: 9968: 9958: 9956: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9901: 9852: 9848: 9835: 9831: 9822: 9818: 9805: 9801: 9764: 9760: 9745: 9731: 9727: 9719: 9712: 9702: 9700: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9673: 9671: 9660: 9656: 9645: 9641: 9626: 9612: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9577: 9575: 9566: 9565: 9561: 9555:Wayback Machine 9544:Wayback Machine 9535: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9506:Keating, Dave. 9504: 9500: 9495:on 28 May 2024. 9477: 9476: 9472: 9462: 9460: 9456: 9449: 9445: 9444: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9404: 9402: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9367: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9343: 9327: 9323: 9313: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9278: 9262: 9258: 9245: 9243: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9189: 9179: 9177: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9123: 9121: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9097: 9086: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9051: 9022: 9018: 9009: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8968:Veronese Riddle 8963:Sicilian School 8943:Italian Studies 8872:Italian grammar 8867:Italian exonyms 8809:Language portal 8807: 8800: 8793: 8788: 8786: 8779: 8774: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8729:Eugenio Montale 8713: 8675:Giosuè Carducci 8648:Giosuè Carducci 8641: 8604: 8404: 8279: 8267:mille miliardi 8174: 7998: 7901:/kwatˈtorditʃi/ 7828: 7654: 7484: 7365: 7273:/ˌkwantoˈkɔsta/ 7262:How much is it? 7256:/doˌvɛilˈbaɲɲo/ 7245:Dov'è il bagno? 7079:/nonˌɔkkaˈpito/ 6975:/ˌkometiˈkjami/ 6968:Come si chiama? 6956:Come ti chiami? 6570:/tiˌvɔʎʎoˈbɛne/ 6524:/arriveˈdertʃi/ 6478:Enjoy the meal! 6465:Buona giornata! 6454:/ˌbwɔnaseˈrata/ 6302:/naturalˈmente/ 6299:/ˌtʃertaˈmente/ 6190: 6185: 6177:past participle 6173:imperative mood 6141:indicative mood 5999:uno zio anziano 5938:'(s)he loves', 5815:'pair, m. sg., 5763:'law, f. sg.', 5759:in the plural: 5650: 5644: 5642:Italian grammar 5638: 5600:Tuscan language 5507:/ˌfar.maˈtʃi.e/ 5500:/ˌfar.maˈtʃi.a/ 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5449: 5439: 5364:edible dormouse 5288: 5264: 5260: 5259:. The digraphs 5256: 5244: 5240: 5227:hard and soft G 5223:hard and soft C 5218: 5214: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5170: 5162: 5150: 5146: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5099:"mosquito" and 5081: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5041:are pronounced 5030: 5019: 5015: 5007: 4967: 4931: 4911: 4903: 4879: 4875: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4743: 4695: 4675: 4354: 4348: 4332: 4271: 4187: 4172: 4149: 4133: 4118: 4103: 4095: 4067: 4052:(ex)dēroteolāre 4051: 4039: 4027: 3980: 3935: 3904: 3873: 3820: 3804: 3792: 3784: 3776: 3768: 3746: 3726: 3696:Western Romance 3635: 3595: 3562: 3513: 3494:/a,ɛ,e,i,ɔ,o,u/ 3490: 3489: 3363:is a fricative 3357:alveolo-palatal 3345:, respectively. 3170:) or a liquid ( 2884: 2880: 2872: 2852: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2781:Tullio De Mauro 2662: 2652: 2633:Catholic Church 2591: 2585: 2563:once spoken in 2498: 2492: 2450: 2370:(Germany), the 2268:colonial period 2136:Maltese Italian 2112:Venetian Istria 2001:Niçard Italians 1993:Treaty of Turin 1966:Italian Grisons 1928: 1922: 1822: 1806:comes from the 1740: 1720: 1704:Agnolo Monosini 1535:il Rinascimento 1526: 1475:Italo-Dalmatian 1364:Dante Alighieri 1346:Veronese Riddle 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1258:Dante Alighieri 1255: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1233: 1228: 1217: 1203:long consonants 1027: 1023:lingua italiana 1013: 1012: 1004: 988: 812:Dolce Stil Novo 807:Sicilian School 797:Veronese Riddle 704:Without proper 692: 691: 687: 685: 681: 679: 675: 658: 644: 628: 621: 611: 610: 603: 593: 592: 585: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 525: 518: 516: 509: 451: 450: 445: 444: 405: 404: 399: 398: 375: 374: 367: 360:Official status 347: 336: 331: 324:Italian Braille 322: 311: 306: 286:Maltese Italian 268: 240: 233: 205:Italo-Dalmatian 185:Latino-Faliscan 170: 167:Language family 165: 158: 153: 131: 100:Italian Grisons 51:lingua italiana 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18859: 18849: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18778: 18777: 18760: 18743: 18726: 18724:from Wikibooks 18709: 18692: 18690:from Wikiquote 18675: 18646: 18643: 18642: 18640:European Union 18630: 18618: 18606: 18594: 18571: 18570: 18565: 18564: 18562: 18561: 18556: 18554:European Union 18550: 18548: 18547:Other entities 18544: 18543: 18541: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18504: 18502: 18501:other entities 18496: 18495: 18493: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18466: 18464: 18458: 18457: 18455: 18454: 18449: 18448: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18425:United Kingdom 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18238:Czech Republic 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18179: 18177: 18173: 18172: 18165: 18164: 18157: 18150: 18142: 18133: 18132: 18130: 18129: 18122: 18113: 18103: 18100: 18099: 18097: 18096: 18090: 18088: 18084: 18083: 18081: 18080: 18079: 18078: 18073: 18063: 18056: 18049: 18041: 18039: 18035: 18034: 18031: 18030: 18028: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 17999: 17990: 17988: 17984: 17983: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17948: 17947: 17946: 17941: 17931: 17930: 17929: 17918: 17916: 17908: 17907: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17902: 17901: 17900: 17886: 17885: 17884: 17879: 17869: 17868: 17867: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17840: 17839: 17838: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17811: 17801: 17800: 17799: 17798: 17797: 17792: 17784: 17779: 17776:Judaeo-Catalan 17772: 17771: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17759: 17758: 17753: 17743: 17735: 17722: 17720: 17712: 17711: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17704: 17698: 17691: 17689: 17685: 17684: 17682: 17681: 17680: 17679: 17665: 17660: 17659: 17658: 17648: 17640: 17638: 17634: 17633: 17631: 17630: 17623: 17622: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17605: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17583: 17582: 17565: 17564: 17563: 17558: 17557: 17556: 17546: 17545: 17544: 17531:Latin American 17527: 17522: 17510: 17508:Judaeo-Spanish 17505: 17500: 17494: 17492: 17486: 17485: 17483: 17482: 17475: 17474: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17462: 17461: 17449: 17448: 17447: 17435: 17430: 17423: 17411: 17404: 17399: 17398: 17397: 17386: 17380: 17378: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17368: 17361: 17356: 17355: 17354: 17344: 17339: 17338: 17337: 17326: 17324: 17315: 17299: 17298: 17295: 17294: 17292: 17291: 17284: 17277: 17276: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17246: 17245: 17244: 17239: 17229: 17228: 17227: 17222: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17196: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17179: 17178: 17171: 17170: 17169: 17159: 17154: 17137: 17132: 17131: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17110: 17109: 17108: 17101: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17093: 17092: 17082: 17077: 17076: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17048: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17027: 17026: 17021: 17003: 16998: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16975: 16974: 16969: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16938: 16936: 16925: 16917: 16916: 16914: 16913: 16912: 16911: 16901: 16894: 16893: 16892: 16891: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16879: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16847: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16821: 16816: 16815: 16814: 16799: 16798: 16797: 16792: 16777: 16772: 16771: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16719: 16718: 16717: 16716: 16711: 16701: 16700: 16699: 16694: 16678: 16676: 16667: 16661: 16660: 16657: 16656: 16654: 16653: 16651:Judaeo-Italian 16648: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16628: 16626: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16618: 16617: 16616: 16611: 16610: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16588: 16587: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16545: 16544: 16543: 16542: 16541: 16531: 16530: 16529: 16519: 16508: 16506: 16502: 16501: 16499: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16484: 16479: 16478: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16438: 16437: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16420: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16393: 16391: 16384: 16376: 16375: 16373: 16372: 16365: 16364: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16311: 16306: 16304:Istro-Romanian 16301: 16295: 16293: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16283: 16278: 16277: 16276: 16271: 16261: 16255: 16253: 16252:Major branches 16249: 16248: 16244:classification 16236: 16235: 16228: 16221: 16213: 16204: 16203: 16201: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16184: 16182: 16181:Sign languages 16178: 16177: 16175: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16148: 16146: 16142: 16141: 16139: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16117: 16115: 16111: 16110: 16096: 16095: 16088: 16081: 16073: 16064: 16063: 16061: 16060: 16054: 16052: 16051:Sign languages 16048: 16047: 16045: 16044: 16039: 16033: 16031: 16027: 16026: 16024: 16023: 16017: 16015: 16009: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15986: 15984: 15975: 15969: 15968: 15966: 15965: 15959: 15957: 15951: 15950: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15927: 15925: 15921: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15892: 15890: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15882: 15876: 15874: 15868: 15867: 15865: 15864: 15859: 15858: 15857: 15844: 15842: 15833: 15831:Serbo-Croatian 15827: 15826: 15823: 15822: 15820: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15798: 15796: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15785: 15784: 15777: 15770: 15758: 15753: 15752: 15751: 15739: 15734: 15733: 15732: 15720: 15714: 15712: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15676: 15675: 15662: 15660: 15654: 15653: 15651: 15650: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15630: 15628: 15622: 15621: 15619: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15592: 15591: 15578: 15576: 15570: 15569: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15564: 15557: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15534: 15533: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15505: 15503: 15497: 15496: 15494: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15477: 15476: 15463: 15461: 15452: 15443: 15437: 15436: 15429: 15428: 15421: 15414: 15406: 15397: 15396: 15392: 15391: 15381: 15380: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15367: 15366: 15365: 15353: 15348: 15347: 15346: 15343:Italian Hebrew 15333: 15331: 15327: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15303: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15293: 15292: 15291: 15288:South Tyrolean 15279: 15274: 15268: 15266: 15257: 15251: 15250: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15243: 15238: 15232: 15230: 15221: 15215: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15208: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15186: 15184: 15182:Serbo-Croatian 15178: 15177: 15175: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15133: 15131: 15122: 15116: 15115: 15112: 15111: 15109: 15108: 15107: 15106: 15093: 15091: 15082: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15068: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15047: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15039: 15038: 15031: 15024: 15012: 15006: 15004: 15002:Rhaeto-Romance 14995: 14993:Rhaeto-Romance 14989: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14981: 14976: 14970: 14968: 14959: 14953: 14952: 14949: 14948: 14946: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14919: 14917: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14905: 14893: 14892: 14891: 14884: 14871: 14869: 14863: 14862: 14860: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14850: 14838: 14837: 14836: 14829: 14828: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14799: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14776: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14760: 14753: 14746: 14732: 14731: 14730: 14716: 14715: 14714: 14694: 14692: 14686: 14685: 14683: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14651: 14649: 14640: 14634: 14633: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14612: 14606: 14604: 14598: 14597: 14595: 14594: 14588: 14586: 14577: 14571: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14564: 14563: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14543: 14541: 14535: 14534: 14532: 14531: 14525: 14523: 14514: 14508: 14507: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14500: 14495: 14489: 14487: 14478: 14472: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14448: 14446: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14408: 14402: 14400: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14330: 14328: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14292: 14290: 14286: 14285: 14283: 14282: 14276: 14274: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14264: 14258: 14256: 14247: 14237: 14236: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14155: 14154: 14147: 14140: 14132: 14123: 14122: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14076: 14074: 14068: 14067: 14065: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14043: 14042: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14006: 14005: 14000: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13969: 13967: 13963: 13962: 13954: 13953: 13946: 13939: 13931: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13918: 13908: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13889: 13888: 13886: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13699: 13697: 13691: 13690: 13688: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13631: 13630: 13629: 13628: 13613: 13612: 13611: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13540: 13534: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13466:Stock exchange 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13426: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13376: 13375: 13370: 13368:Municipalities 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13328:Prime Minister 13325: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13215:Regional parks 13212: 13210:National parks 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13160: 13159: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13122: 13121: 13119:Climate change 13111: 13106: 13100: 13094: 13088: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13037: 13035: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12995: 12994: 12984: 12979: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12884: 12882:Duchy of Savoy 12879: 12874: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12803: 12802: 12792: 12790:Lombard League 12787: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12728: 12726: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12712:Western Empire 12704: 12699: 12697:Roman conquest 12694: 12689: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12618:Italic peoples 12609: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12455: 12449: 12447: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12422: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12399: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12380: 12379: 12367: 12362: 12353: 12348: 12340: 12329: 12328:External links 12326: 12324: 12323: 12305: 12291: 12277: 12263: 12251:(1): 117–121. 12236: 12186: 12157: 12151: 12137:Maddieson, Ian 12129: 12117:10.2307/475860 12100: 12091: 12086:978-8815258847 12085: 12072: 12055:978-8894034813 12054: 12039: 12034: 12017: 11997:(2): 131–151. 11982: 11978:978-0340928271 11977: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11930: 11905: 11880: 11855: 11830: 11805: 11780: 11750: 11728: 11697: 11690: 11661: 11626: 11614: 11607: 11581: 11563: 11542:978-0521621847 11541: 11519: 11494: 11468: 11442: 11422: 11404: 11402:, p. 118. 11392: 11390:, p. 221. 11377: 11364: 11352: 11340: 11328: 11313: 11301: 11299:, p. 134. 11289: 11277: 11275:, p. 133. 11265: 11253: 11234: 11219: 11217:, p. 132. 11202: 11190: 11188:, p. 117. 11171: 11159: 11147: 11117: 11087: 11046: 11020: 10990: 10975:(in Italian). 10964: 10949:(in Italian). 10938: 10923:(in Italian). 10912: 10886: 10864: 10834:(in Italian). 10818: 10792: 10760: 10734: 10704: 10671: 10654: 10619: 10579: 10549: 10540: 10521: 10501: 10468: 10461: 10441: 10419: 10393: 10364: 10351: 10319: 10290: 10264: 10249:(in Italian). 10238: 10208: 10195: 10169: 10139: 10126: 10109: 10072: 10042: 10025: 9996: 9989: 9983:. Lippincott. 9966: 9936: 9918: 9899: 9846: 9829: 9823:Cardia, Amos. 9816: 9799: 9758: 9743: 9725: 9710: 9684: 9654: 9639: 9624: 9597: 9585: 9559: 9529: 9498: 9470: 9438: 9412: 9386: 9360: 9341: 9321: 9295: 9276: 9264:Fleure, H. J. 9256: 9223: 9187: 9157: 9131: 9105: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9016: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8827: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8798: 8784: 8770: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8718: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8688:Grazia Deledda 8685: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8620: 8619: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8171: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8116:/ˌventiˈsɛtte/ 8113: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7946:/ditʃasˈsɛtte/ 7943: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7364: 7363:Question words 7361: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7248: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7228: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7172: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7106: 7096:Parla inglese? 7090:Parli inglese? 7086: 7082: 7081: 7068: 7065:Non ho capito. 7055: 7051: 7050: 7042: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7016: 7009:(masculine) / 7002: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6972: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6903: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6798: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755:/midisˈpjatʃe/ 6744: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6676: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6643:/perkorteˈzia/ 6640:/perpjaˈtʃere/ 6629: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6591: 6587:/ Benvenuta/-e 6577: 6573: 6572: 6563: 6559:Ti voglio bene 6549: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6535:Buona fortuna! 6531: 6527: 6526: 6516: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6483:Buon appetito! 6479: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6451:/ˌbwɔnaˈnɔtte/ 6448: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6410:/ˌbwɔnˈdʒorno/ 6407: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6379: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6293: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6224:Pronunciation 6222: 6213: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 5997:'an uncle' or 5899: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5838:Singular Form 5836: 5833: 5640:Main article: 5637: 5634: 5628:'the people', 5576:gorgia toscana 5511: 5510: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5415: 5412: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5389: 5386: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5356: 5353: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5326: 5323: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5293: 5292: 5291:. For example: 5234: 5231:palatalization 5143: 5072:can symbolize 5062: 4970:distinguishes 4964: 4939:"princes" and 4882:to indicate a 4742:). The letter 4652: 4651: 4546:The spellings 4544: 4462: 4404: 4385: 4356:Italian has a 4350:Main article: 4347: 4346:Writing system 4344: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4311: 4296: 4295: 4220: 4169: 4130: 4024: 4023: 3977: 3966: 3866: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3669: 3668: 3628: 3588: 3565:(cf. Romanian 3555: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3394: 3372: 3346: 3312: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3263:Non-retracted 3261: 3248: 3238: 3235:denti-alveolar 3225: 3211: 3186:('fate') with 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3057: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2876: 2866: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2823:Main article: 2820: 2817: 2809:code-switching 2651: 2648: 2584: 2581: 2491: 2488: 2449: 2446: 2420:Gente d'Italia 2418:(Brazil), the 2406:(Mexico), the 2402:(Canada), the 2372:L'italoeuropeo 2222:Italian Libyan 2170:following the 2066:County of Nice 2058:Corsican idiom 2005:Niçard Vespers 1921: 1918: 1821: 1820:Classification 1818: 1739: 1736: 1719: 1716: 1706:'s Latin tome 1684: 1683: 1668: 1658: 1599:Italianization 1575:printing press 1532:era, known as 1525: 1522: 1471:Northern Italy 1266:Tuscan dialect 1256: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1216: 1213: 1167:United Kingdom 990: 989: 987: 986: 979: 972: 964: 961: 960: 959: 958: 953: 945: 944: 938: 937: 936: 935: 930: 922: 921: 915: 914: 913: 912: 904: 903: 897: 896: 895: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 856: 855: 848: 847: 846: 845: 838: 831: 829:Italian Purism 826: 821: 814: 809: 804: 799: 791: 790: 784: 783: 782: 781: 776: 767: 762: 750: 742: 741: 735: 734: 722: 721: 708:, you may see 694: 693: 686: 680: 674: 672: 664: 663: 656: 650: 649: 642: 634: 633: 626: 618: 617: 608: 600: 599: 590: 582: 581: 580:Language codes 577: 576: 560: 554: 553: 521: 519: 514: 511: 510: 508: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 460:European Union 457: 448: 447: 446: 443: 442: 430: 418: 409:Slovene Istria 402: 401: 400: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 372: 371: 370: 368: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 337: 330: 327: 326: 312: 308:Writing system 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 293: 288: 282: 281: 274: 270: 269: 267: 266: 265: 264: 263: 262: 243: 241: 238: 235: 234: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 217: 173: 171: 164: 161: 160: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 130: 129: 123: 113: 103: 89: 84: 79: 73: 71: 70:Native to 67: 66: 59: 55: 54: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18858: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18788: 18786: 18775:from Wikidata 18774: 18773: 18761: 18757: 18756: 18744: 18740: 18739: 18727: 18723: 18722: 18710: 18706: 18705: 18693: 18689: 18688: 18676: 18672: 18671: 18659: 18658: 18655: 18649: 18641: 18631: 18629: 18619: 18617: 18607: 18605: 18595: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18582: 18579: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18551: 18549: 18545: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18513:Faroe Islands 18511: 18509: 18506: 18505: 18503: 18497: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18485:South Ossetia 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18467: 18465: 18459: 18453: 18450: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18427: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18310:Liechtenstein 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18180: 18178: 18174: 18170: 18163: 18158: 18156: 18151: 18149: 18144: 18143: 18140: 18127: 18123: 18121: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18108: 18105: 18104: 18101: 18095: 18094:Proto-Romance 18092: 18091: 18089: 18087:Reconstructed 18085: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18061: 18057: 18055: 18054: 18053:British Latin 18050: 18048: 18047: 18043: 18042: 18040: 18036: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17997: 17996: 17992: 17991: 17989: 17985: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17953: 17952: 17949: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17936: 17935: 17932: 17928: 17925: 17924: 17923: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17915: 17909: 17899: 17898: 17894: 17893: 17892: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17874: 17873: 17872:Vivaro-Alpine 17870: 17866: 17863: 17862: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17845: 17841: 17837: 17836: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17816: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17806: 17805: 17802: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17787: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17748: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17738: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17730: 17729: 17728: 17724: 17723: 17721: 17719: 17713: 17702: 17699: 17696: 17693: 17692: 17690: 17686: 17678: 17677: 17676:Old Navarrese 17673: 17672: 17671: 17670: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17657: 17654: 17653: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17646: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17635: 17629: 17628: 17624: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17581: 17578: 17577: 17576: 17573: 17572: 17571: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17559: 17555: 17552: 17551: 17550: 17547: 17543: 17540: 17539: 17538: 17535: 17534: 17533: 17532: 17528: 17526: 17525:Equatoguinean 17523: 17521: 17518: 17517: 17516: 17515: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17491: 17487: 17481: 17480: 17476: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17460: 17457: 17456: 17455: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17443: 17442: 17441: 17440: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17428: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17418: 17417: 17416: 17412: 17410: 17409: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17395: 17392: 17391: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17381: 17379: 17377: 17373: 17367: 17366: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17353: 17350: 17349: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17336: 17333: 17332: 17331: 17328: 17327: 17325: 17323: 17319: 17316: 17313: 17306: 17300: 17290: 17289: 17285: 17283: 17282: 17278: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17251: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17234: 17233: 17230: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17217: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17177: 17176: 17172: 17168: 17165: 17164: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17152: 17148: 17147: 17146: 17143: 17142: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17115: 17114: 17111: 17107: 17106: 17102: 17098: 17095: 17091: 17088: 17087: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17043: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17016: 17015: 17012: 17011: 17010: 17007: 17006: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16993: 16992: 16991: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16979:Frainc-Comtou 16977: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16964: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16939: 16937: 16935: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16918: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16899: 16895: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16863: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16813: 16810: 16809: 16808: 16805: 16804: 16803: 16800: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16786: 16783: 16782: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16775:Judeo-Italian 16773: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16740: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16706: 16705: 16702: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16689: 16688: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16680: 16679: 16677: 16675: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16662: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16639: 16635: 16634: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16623: 16615: 16612: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16586: 16583: 16582: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16570:Castelmezzano 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16551: 16550: 16549: 16546: 16540: 16537: 16536: 16535: 16532: 16528: 16525: 16524: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16507: 16503: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16476: 16475:Swiss Italian 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16451: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16439: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16398: 16395: 16394: 16392: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16377: 16371: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16356:Transylvanian 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16318: 16317: 16316: 16315:Daco-Romanian 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16296: 16294: 16292: 16288: 16282: 16279: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16265: 16264:Italo-Western 16262: 16260: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16250: 16245: 16241: 16234: 16229: 16227: 16222: 16220: 16215: 16214: 16211: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16179: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16157: 16153: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16143: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16103: 16094: 16089: 16087: 16082: 16080: 16075: 16074: 16071: 16059: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16049: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16032: 16028: 16022: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16014: 16010: 15997: 15996:Gottscheerish 15993: 15992: 15991: 15988: 15987: 15985: 15983: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15970: 15964: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15956: 15952: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15922: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15893: 15891: 15887: 15881: 15878: 15877: 15875: 15873: 15869: 15863: 15860: 15855: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15841: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15828: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15795: 15791: 15782: 15781:Sevnica-Krško 15778: 15775: 15771: 15768: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15749: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15742:South Pohorje 15740: 15738: 15735: 15730: 15726: 15725: 15724: 15723:Upper Savinja 15721: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15711: 15707: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15673: 15669: 15668: 15667: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15659: 15655: 15649: 15646: 15641: 15637: 15636: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15627: 15623: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15589: 15585: 15584: 15583: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15571: 15562: 15558: 15555: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15531: 15527: 15526: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15506: 15504: 15502: 15498: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15474: 15473:Kranjska Gora 15470: 15469: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15462: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15427: 15422: 15420: 15415: 15413: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15386: 15382: 15371: 15368: 15363: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15344: 15340: 15339: 15338: 15335: 15334: 15332: 15328: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15289: 15285: 15284: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15265: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15252: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15233: 15231: 15229: 15228:Italiot Greek 15225: 15222: 15220: 15216: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15200:Slavomolisano 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15179: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15130: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15104: 15100: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15092: 15090: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15066: 15055: 15036: 15032: 15029: 15025: 15022: 15018: 15017: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15003: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14990: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14954: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14933:Judeo-Italian 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14912: 14903: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14894: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14873: 14872: 14870: 14868: 14864: 14855: 14851: 14848: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14839: 14834: 14830: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14807: 14806: 14804: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14788: 14784: 14783: 14781: 14777: 14774: 14770: 14765: 14761: 14758: 14754: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14733: 14728: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14717: 14712: 14708: 14707: 14705: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14693: 14691: 14687: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14635: 14622: 14618: 14617: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14603: 14599: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14585: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14575:Gallo-Romance 14572: 14562: 14559: 14554: 14550: 14549: 14548: 14547:Vivaro-Alpine 14545: 14544: 14542: 14540: 14536: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14522: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14509: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14486: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14473: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14441: 14432: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14423: 14418: 14414: 14413: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14403: 14401: 14399: 14395: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14366: 14362: 14361: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14331: 14329: 14327: 14323: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14287: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14273: 14269: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14255: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14245:Italo-Romance 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14198: 14194: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14177: 14171: 14167: 14162: 14153: 14148: 14146: 14141: 14139: 14134: 14133: 14130: 14120:autochthonous 14117: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14073: 14069: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14057:United States 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13964: 13959: 13952: 13947: 13945: 13940: 13938: 13933: 13932: 13929: 13917: 13909: 13907: 13898: 13897: 13894: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13696: 13692: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13614: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13529: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13329: 13326: 13323: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13277: 13274: 13273: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13236: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13089: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13061:Years of Lead 13059: 13057: 13056:Economic Boom 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13042: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13032: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12999:Fascist Italy 12997: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12973: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12945:Niçard exodus 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12921: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12814: 12808: 12805: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12723: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12680: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12665:Magna Graecia 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12604: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12420: 12415: 12413: 12408: 12406: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12391: 12384: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12371:Learn Italian 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12344: 12341: 12337: 12332: 12331: 12319: 12312: 12311: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12290: 12289:88-7916-211-X 12286: 12282: 12278: 12276: 12275:88-7916-015-X 12272: 12268: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12237: 12227:on 6 May 2021 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12192: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12158: 12154: 12152:0-631-19815-6 12148: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12101: 12097: 12092: 12088: 12082: 12079:. Il Mulino. 12078: 12073: 12061: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12046: 12040: 12037: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11983: 11980: 11974: 11970: 11965: 11964: 11944: 11940: 11934: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11844: 11840: 11834: 11819: 11815: 11809: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11754: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11701: 11693: 11687: 11683: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11623: 11618: 11610: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11585: 11577: 11570: 11568: 11560: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11523: 11508: 11504: 11498: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11439: 11436: 11426: 11419: 11418: 11411: 11409: 11401: 11396: 11389: 11384: 11382: 11374: 11368: 11362:, p. 13. 11361: 11356: 11350:, p. 58. 11349: 11344: 11338:, p. 59. 11337: 11332: 11325: 11320: 11318: 11310: 11305: 11298: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11274: 11269: 11262: 11257: 11250: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11232:, p. 62. 11231: 11226: 11224: 11216: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11200:, p. 78. 11199: 11194: 11187: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11168: 11163: 11156: 11155:Prifti (2014) 11151: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11091: 11083: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11066:(4): 475–97. 11065: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10994: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10952: 10948: 10942: 10926: 10922: 10916: 10900: 10896: 10890: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10868: 10861: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10780: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10764: 10748: 10744: 10738: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10708: 10689: 10682: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10658: 10642: 10638: 10630: 10623: 10616: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10553: 10544: 10528: 10524: 10522:9783832516444 10518: 10514: 10513: 10505: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10472: 10464: 10462:9781841624457 10458: 10454: 10453: 10445: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10369: 10361: 10355: 10336: 10329: 10323: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10295: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10252: 10248: 10242: 10226: 10222: 10220: 10212: 10205: 10199: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10136: 10130: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10046: 10039: 10037: 10029: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10000: 9992: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9970: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9872: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9820: 9813: 9809: 9803: 9795: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9717: 9715: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9681: 9669: 9665: 9658: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9595: 9589: 9574:on 2 May 2014 9573: 9569: 9563: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9548:Data for EU27 9545: 9541: 9538: 9533: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9494: 9490: 9489:Eurobarometer 9486: 9485: 9480: 9474: 9455: 9448: 9442: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9348: 9344: 9342:9789027261236 9338: 9334: 9333: 9325: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9283: 9279: 9277:9781176926981 9273: 9269: 9268: 9260: 9253: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9207: 9200: 9194: 9192: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9059: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9037:val Poschiavo 9034: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9013: 9007: 9005: 9000: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8824: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8804: 8799: 8796: 8785: 8782: 8771: 8768: 8757: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8666:Contribution 8665: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8610: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8334:/ˌmerkoleˈdi/ 8332: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8269: 8266: 8264:one trillion 8263: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8146:/ˌventiˈnɔve/ 8144: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7976:/ditʃanˈnɔve/ 7974: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7615:/settiˈmana/ 7614: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7436:why, because 7435: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7271: 7268: 7267:Quanto costa? 7264: 7261: 7260: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7234:/keˌoreˈsono/ 7229: 7226: 7225:Che ore sono? 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7195:(informal) / 7193: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7153:(informal) / 7151: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7093:(informal) / 7091: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7076:/nonkaˈpisko/ 7073: 7069: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7043: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6984:My name is... 6983: 6982: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6959:(informal) / 6957: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6901: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6872:Why / Because 6871: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6799: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6745: 6741: 6740:Sono desolata 6735: 6734:Sono desolato 6729: 6723: 6719:(informal) / 6717: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6677: 6673: 6672:Vi ringrazio! 6667: 6666:La ringrazio! 6663:(informal) / 6661: 6660:Ti ringrazio! 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6449: 6445: 6444:Buona serata! 6439: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6427:/ˌbwɔnaˈsera/ 6425: 6422: 6418: 6416:Good evening! 6415: 6414: 6408: 6406:(= Good day!) 6404: 6400: 6398:Good morning! 6397: 6396: 6389:/ˌkomeˈstate/ 6380: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6360:(informal) / 6358: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6327: 6325:(semi-formal) 6323: 6319:(informal) / 6317: 6315: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6294: 6291: 6290:Naturalmente! 6285: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145:present tense 6142: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5648:Italian verbs 5643: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5624:'people' but 5623: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5548: 5516: 5505: 5498: 5487: 5486: 5461: 5460: 5453: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5212: 5206: 5189:. The letter 5184: 5178: 5160: 5156: 5144: 5142:in the south. 5102: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5063: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5025: 5018:. The letter 5013: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4947:"anchor" and 4946: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4906:, which is a 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4785: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674:. The letter 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4600:/bioloˈdʒi.a/ 4598: 4593:/farmaˈtʃi.a/ 4591: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4499:to represent 4498: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4413: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4221: 4215: 4204: 4197: 4193: 4178: 4171:Vulgar Latin 4170: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4131: 4127:/(t)se,(t)si/ 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3870:Proto-Romance 3867: 3860: 3856:, Portuguese 3854: 3845: 3836: 3830: 3818: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3782: 3774: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3721: 3718:Little or no 3717: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3649:, Portuguese 3648: 3645:(cf. Spanish 3641: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598:(cf. Spanish 3593: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3520:(cf. Spanish 3518: 3517: 3516:quattuordecim 3511: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3395: 3386: 3381: 3373: 3368: 3358: 3347: 3342: 3334: 3313: 3304: 3290: 3286: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3251:/t͡s,d͡z,s,z/ 3249: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3226: 3212: 3181: 3177: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2583:Lingua franca 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2301:mother tongue 2298: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214:colonial rule 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:Niçard exodus 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:Swiss Italian 1947: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1851:According to 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824:Italian is a 1817: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1762:The Betrothed 1757: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1728:lingua franca 1725: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655:Divine Comedy 1652: 1647: 1646: 1641:(who, in his 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1321:typologically 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1242: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175:lingua franca 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1024: 1016: 1010: 1001: 996: 985: 980: 978: 973: 971: 966: 965: 963: 962: 957: 956:Tuscan gorgia 954: 952: 949: 948: 947: 946: 943: 940: 939: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 923: 920: 917: 916: 911: 908: 907: 906: 905: 902: 899: 898: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 853: 850: 849: 844: 843: 842:The Betrothed 839: 837: 836: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 819: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 792: 789: 786: 785: 780: 777: 773: 768: 766: 763: 759: 754: 751: 749: 746: 745: 744: 743: 740: 737: 736: 732: 728: 727: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 701: 695: 670: 665: 661: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 641: 640: 635: 631: 627: 624: 619: 614: 609: 606: 601: 596: 591: 588: 583: 578: 573: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 533: 528: 524: 520: 512: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 439: 434: 431: 427: 422: 421:Istria County 419: 415: 410: 407: 406: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 369: 363: 358: 353: 352: 344: 343: 338: 334: 328: 325: 320: 316: 313: 309: 303: 298: 294: 292: 291:Swiss Italian 289: 287: 284: 283: 280: 277: 276: 275: 271: 261: 258: 257: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 247: 246: 242: 236: 216: 213: 212: 211: 210:Italo-Romance 208: 207: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200:Italo-Western 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 178: 177: 176: 175:Indo-European 172: 168: 162: 157:: 3.1 million 156: 151: 148: 144: 141: 138: 134: 127: 124: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 58:Pronunciation 56: 52: 46: 41: 36: 33: 29: 22: 18770: 18753: 18736: 18719: 18702: 18685: 18673:from Commons 18668: 18647: 18616:Vatican City 18490:Transnistria 18452:Vatican City 18115: 18106: 18058: 18051: 18044: 17993: 17895: 17888: 17850:Languedocien 17842: 17835:Judeo-Gascon 17833: 17774: 17725: 17695:Barranquenho 17674: 17667: 17643: 17625: 17567: 17529: 17512: 17503:Extremaduran 17477: 17451: 17437: 17425: 17413: 17406: 17363: 17322:Asturleonese 17286: 17279: 17237:West Walloon 17225:Saintongeais 17173: 17149: 17145:Anglo-Norman 17103: 17036:Newfoundland 16996:Jersey Legal 16988: 16896: 16861:Southwestern 16844:Vallassinese 16733:Gallo-Picene 16674:Gallo-Italic 16636: 16552: 16547: 16486: 16453: 16452: 16367: 16313: 16198:Italian Sign 16172:Swiss German 15962: 15561:Šavrin Hills 15514:Torre Valley 15385: 15362:Sinte Romani 15172:Torre Valley 15120:South Slavic 15065:Italy portal 14757:Vallassinese 14638:Gallo-Italic 14253: 14174: 13960:in the world 13957: 13743:Architecture 13713:Quattrocento 13670:Social class 13650:Prostitution 13620: 13564:Demographics 13486:Trade unions 13429:Central Bank 13271:Human rights 13251:Constitution 13034:Contemporary 13004:World War II 12892:Italian Wars 12816:Early modern 12758:Papal States 12736:Italy under 12682:Ancient Rome 12374: 12359: 12346:(in Italian) 12309: 12294: 12280: 12279:S. Morgana, 12266: 12248: 12244: 12229:, retrieved 12222:the original 12201: 12197: 12165: 12161: 12141: 12108: 12104: 12095: 12076: 12064:. Retrieved 12044: 12025: 12021: 11994: 11990: 11968: 11960:Bibliography 11946:. Retrieved 11942: 11933: 11921:. Retrieved 11917: 11908: 11896:. Retrieved 11892: 11883: 11871:. Retrieved 11867: 11858: 11846:. Retrieved 11842: 11833: 11821:. Retrieved 11817: 11808: 11796:. Retrieved 11792: 11783: 11771:. Retrieved 11762: 11753: 11740: 11731: 11719:. Retrieved 11710: 11700: 11681: 11652:. Retrieved 11643: 11617: 11590: 11584: 11575: 11558: 11551:. Retrieved 11532: 11522: 11510:. Retrieved 11506: 11497: 11485:. Retrieved 11481:the original 11471: 11459:. Retrieved 11455:the original 11445: 11437: 11425: 11416: 11395: 11367: 11355: 11343: 11331: 11304: 11292: 11280: 11268: 11256: 11193: 11162: 11150: 11138:. Retrieved 11134:the original 11129: 11120: 11108:. Retrieved 11100:ilsonline.it 11099: 11090: 11063: 11059: 11049: 11037:. Retrieved 11033:the original 11023: 11011:. Retrieved 11002: 10993: 10981:. Retrieved 10967: 10955:. Retrieved 10941: 10929:. Retrieved 10915: 10903:. Retrieved 10889: 10876: 10867: 10859: 10852:. Retrieved 10835: 10831: 10821: 10809:. Retrieved 10795: 10783:. Retrieved 10772: 10763: 10751:. Retrieved 10743:"Newsletter" 10737: 10725:. Retrieved 10721:the original 10707: 10695:. Retrieved 10674: 10657: 10645:. Retrieved 10636: 10622: 10614: 10607:. Retrieved 10595: 10582: 10570:. Retrieved 10562:balkaneu.com 10561: 10552: 10543: 10531:. Retrieved 10511: 10504: 10492:. Retrieved 10481: 10471: 10451: 10444: 10431: 10422: 10410:. Retrieved 10406:the original 10402:"Popis 2002" 10396: 10384:. Retrieved 10380:the original 10359: 10354: 10342:. Retrieved 10322: 10310:. Retrieved 10281:. Retrieved 10267: 10255:. Retrieved 10241: 10229:. Retrieved 10218: 10211: 10203: 10198: 10186:. Retrieved 10172: 10160:. Retrieved 10151: 10142: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10100:. Retrieved 10093:the original 10075: 10063:. Retrieved 10059:the original 10054: 10045: 10035: 10028: 10005: 9999: 9979: 9969: 9957:. Retrieved 9948: 9939: 9931:the original 9921: 9909:. Retrieved 9876: 9870: 9858: 9849: 9841: 9837: 9832: 9824: 9819: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9775: 9771: 9761: 9734: 9728: 9721:Berloco 2018 9703:24 September 9701:. Retrieved 9697:the original 9687: 9679: 9672:. Retrieved 9657: 9648: 9642: 9615: 9588: 9576:. Retrieved 9572:the original 9562: 9532: 9520:. Retrieved 9511: 9501: 9493:the original 9482: 9473: 9461:. Retrieved 9454:the original 9441: 9429:. Retrieved 9415: 9403:. Retrieved 9389: 9377:. Retrieved 9363: 9351:. Retrieved 9331: 9324: 9312:. Retrieved 9304:"Hermathena" 9298: 9286:. Retrieved 9266: 9259: 9251: 9244:. Retrieved 9235: 9226: 9213:. Retrieved 9178:. Retrieved 9169: 9160: 9148:. Retrieved 9142:. Cdila.it. 9134: 9122:. Retrieved 9116:. Cdila.it. 9108: 9091: 9019: 8849: 8767:Italy portal 8632: 8628:in English: 8623: 8621: 8616: 8612:in Italian: 8607: 8605: 8602:Example text 8594:/diˈtʃɛmbre/ 8588: 8573: 8558: 8549:/setˈtɛmbre/ 8543: 8528: 8513: 8498: 8483: 8468: 8453: 8438: 8423: 8388: 8373: 8358: 8343: 8328: 8313: 8298: 8259:/miˈljardo/ 8256:un miliardo 8253:one billion 8242:one million 8216:two thousand 8203:one thousand 8167: 8155: 8140: 8125: 8122:twenty-eight 8110: 8107:twenty-seven 8101:/ˌventiˈsɛi/ 8095: 8080: 8066:ventiquattro 8065: 8056:/ˌventiˈtre/ 8050: 8047:twenty-three 8041:/ˌventiˈdue/ 8035: 8020: 7997: 7985: 7970: 7955: 7940: 7925: 7916:/ˈkwinditʃi/ 7910: 7895: 7880: 7865: 7850: 7827: 7815: 7800: 7785: 7770: 7755: 7740: 7725: 7710: 7695: 7680: 7381:what (adj.) 7348:Mi piacciono 7318:Di dove sei? 7178:/ajuˈtatemi/ 7059:Non capisco. 7045:/sikaˈpisko/ 7033:Sì, capisco. 6989:Mi chiamo... 6657:(general) / 6637:/perfaˈvore/ 6626:Per cortesia 6603:/benveˈnute/ 6600:/benveˈnuta/ 6597:/benveˈnuti/ 6594:/benveˈnuto/ 6581:Benvenuto/-i 6503:(general) / 6382:/ˌkomeˈstai/ 6352:How are you? 6191: 6188:Conversation 6161:future tense 6137:conjugations 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106:augmentative 6090:prepositions 6086:contractions 6083: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5920: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5841:Plural Form 5825: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5660:in general. 5651: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5604: 5585:intervocalic 5574: 5568: 5566:as , , or . 5512: 5503: 5496: 5483: 5455: 5447: 5421: 5409: 5395: 5381: 5379:/tʃamˈbɛlla/ 5362: 5348: 5332: 5320: 5318:/karaˈmɛlla/ 5284: 5280: 5229:. (See also 5210: 5182: 5145:The letters 5104:/natˈtsjone/ 5100: 5097:/dzanˈdzara/ 5093: 5080:consonants. 5064:The letters 5054: 5047:/ˈɔverkraft/ 5038: 5034: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4998:("to the"), 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4923: 4919: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4872:grave accent 4867: 4855: 4844:acute accent 4783: 4748:phonetically 4735: 4731: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4618:followed by 4607: 4603: 4596: 4595:'pharmacy', 4589: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4569:'pacifier', 4563: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4496: 4492: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4411: 4400: 4381: 4355: 4336:phonotactics 4333: 4330:Assimilation 4297: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4213: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4182:rather than 4176: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4140:rather than 4125:rather than 4112: 4107: 4099: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4056:sdrucciolare 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3976:given above. 3973: 3969: 3808: 3796: 3788: 3780: 3772: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3693: 3670: 3664: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3596:medi(p)simum 3591: 3584: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3529: 3521: 3505: 3498:Vulgar Latin 3491: 3470: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3289:postalveolar 3161: 2794: 2785:World War II 2777: 2769: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2719: 2689: 2679: 2637: 2630: 2611: 2592: 2569:Buenos Aires 2534: 2530: 2484: 2473: 2465: 2441: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2386:America Oggi 2375: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2347: 2341: 2333: 2330:Vatican City 2323: 2321: 2305: 2286: 2261: 2230: 2203: 2192: 2168:World War II 2118:), parts of 2102:), parts of 2093: 2053:Francization 1978: 1974:Vatican City 1939: 1883: 1852: 1850: 1830:Vulgar Latin 1823: 1779: 1760: 1752: 1721: 1685: 1654: 1639:Pietro Bembo 1626: 1611:assimilation 1580: 1564: 1559:Pietro Bembo 1547:rinascimento 1527: 1495: 1464: 1455: 1443: 1434:Italian are 1430:Italian and 1413: 1398: 1385: 1371: 1361: 1354: 1325: 1295:of Italian. 1289:Vulgar Latin 1278: 1211: 1199:sound system 1148: 1113: 1101:Santa Tereza 1089:Vatican City 1061:conservative 1049:Roman Empire 1045:Vulgar Latin 994: 993: 840: 833: 816: 738: 697: 654:Linguasphere 637: 504: 394:Vatican City 333:Signed forms 315:Latin script 250:Vulgar Latin 214: 87:Vatican City 32: 18628:Switzerland 18528:Isle of Man 18463:recognition 18410:Switzerland 18345:Netherlands 18071:Campidanese 17897:Old Catalan 17890:Old Occitan 17627:Old Spanish 17561:Rioplatense 17365:Old Leonese 17193:Cotentinais 17157:Guernésiais 17080:Frenchville 17073:New England 16952:Bourbonnais 16904:Piedmontese 16898:Old Lombard 16790:Bergamasque 16714:Sammarinese 16193:French Sign 15911:Montenegrin 15616:Škofja Loka 15481:Jaun Valley 15467:Gail Valley 15370:Wenzhounese 15195:Montenegrin 15142:Gail Valley 14943:Piedmontese 14847:Bergamasque 14493:Campidanese 14334:Beneventano 14301:Marchigiano 14233:Wenzhounese 14105:Macarrônico 14052:Switzerland 13808:Italophilia 13768:Coat of arm 13718:Cinquecento 13594:Immigration 13544:Aristocracy 13409:Agriculture 13303:Nationality 13276:LGBT rights 13190:Earthquakes 13071:Mani pulite 12987:World War I 12930:Unification 12923:Late modern 12887:Renaissance 12732:Middle Ages 12725:Middle Ages 12702:Roman Italy 12469:Citizenship 12318:archive.org 12293:J. Kinder, 12265:M. Vitale, 12204:(1): 1–22, 12168:(1): 1–22. 12098:. Treccani. 11622:Simone 2010 11553:17 December 11487:12 December 11461:12 December 11373:Ashby (2011 11198:Hall (1944) 11167:Hall (1944) 10697:10 February 10055:www.pdx.edu 10038:(1990: 294) 9883:: 126–172. 9812:Linguistica 9246:19 February 8579:/noˈvɛmbre/ 8444:/febˈbrajo/ 8429:/dʒenˈnajo/ 8394:/doˈmenika/ 8248:/miˈljone/ 8245:un milione 8223:/ˌdueˈmila/ 8190:one hundred 8137:twenty-nine 8131:/venˈtɔtto/ 8081:venticinque 8077:twenty-five 8062:twenty-four 7961:/diˈtʃɔtto/ 7941:diciassette 7896:quattordici 7886:/ˈtreditʃi/ 7555:/seˈkondo/ 7201:(formal) / 7165:(plural) / 7159:(formal) / 7099:(formal) / 7048:/ɔkkaˈpito/ 7022:/ˌkwestaˈɛ/ 7019:/ˌkwestoˈɛ/ 7012:Questa è... 7006:Questo è... 6965:(formal) / 6731:(plural) / 6725:(formal) / 6710:Mi dispiace 6679:/ˈɡrattsje/ 6669:(formal) / 6620:Per piacere 6509:(formal) / 6506:Arrivederla 6500:Arrivederci 6438:Buonanotte! 6433:Good night! 6403:Buongiorno! 6386:/ˌkomeˈsta/ 6372:(plural) / 6369:Come state? 6366:(formal) / 6284:Certamente! 6017:'a shirt', 6015:una camicia 5967:s+consonant 5928:inflections 5832:Definition 5560:South Tyrol 5547:continuants 5478:unless the 5279:of English 5193:symbolizes 5165:symbolizes 5110:symbolizes 5084:symbolizes 4966:The letter 4682:, although 4536:'needles', 4464:The letter 4325:elsewhere). 4164:Portuguese 3970:quattordici 3850:, Romanian 3783:"receive", 3643:/waidanjan/ 3508:quattordici 3455:/preˈzɛnto/ 3440:/preˈsɛnto/ 3421:traditional 3293:/t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ,ʃ/ 3285:palatalized 3080:Approximant 2813:code-mixing 2631:Within the 2626:John Milton 2599:Renaissance 2526:Piedmontese 2376:Passaparola 2354:Switzerland 2197:due to the 2126:and by the 2043:, but King 1946:Switzerland 1877:, 77% with 1873:, 78% with 1865:, 85% with 1732:bourgeoisie 1665:Florentines 1645:Gli Asolani 1625:(i.e., the 1550:(Italian). 1541:renaissance 1530:Renaissance 1524:Renaissance 1518:Renaissance 1510:Medici Bank 1438:of initial 1416:city-states 1281:Middle Ages 1279:During the 1073:Switzerland 928:Orthography 892:Italophilia 712:instead of 389:Switzerland 373:4 countries 239:Early forms 92:Switzerland 18785:Categories 18755:Phrasebook 18687:Quotations 18380:San Marino 18340:Montenegro 18320:Luxembourg 18300:Kazakhstan 18203:Azerbaijan 18118:indicates 18076:Logudorese 17609:Philippine 17575:Andalusian 17569:Peninsular 17459:Estremenho 17415:Portuguese 17342:Cantabrian 17175:Law French 17167:Sercquiais 17001:Meridional 16962:Champenois 16957:Burgundian 16768:Tabarchino 16758:Monégasque 16697:Parmigiano 16554:Neapolitan 16527:Manduriano 16494:Florentine 16361:Wallachian 16331:Bukovinian 15931:Macedonian 15872:Shtokavian 15459:Carinthian 14888:Parmigiano 14680:Tabarchino 14670:Monégasque 14498:Logudorese 14417:Manduriano 14280:Florentine 13878:Traditions 13868:Television 13853:Philosophy 13818:Literature 13758:Cathedrals 13728:Settecento 13589:Healthcare 13554:Corruption 13549:Censorship 13308:Parliament 13266:Government 13066:Maxi Trial 13014:Resistance 12743:Ostrogoths 12675:Messapians 12560:Villanovan 12550:Prehistory 12543:Prehistory 12066:5 November 11599:Zanichelli 11039:22 October 10999:"duolingo" 10905:22 October 10854:22 January 10811:22 October 10785:26 October 10753:22 October 10572:8 November 10434:. Zagreb: 10257:2 November 10120:, p. 36. " 10065:5 February 9975:Pei, Mario 9949:ezglot.com 9674:10 October 9578:22 October 9522:7 February 9353:17 January 9314:17 January 9288:17 January 9180:16 October 9150:22 October 9124:22 October 9093:Ethnologue 9055:References 8564:/otˈtobre/ 8364:/venerˈdi/ 8349:/dʒoveˈdi/ 8319:/marteˈdi/ 8111:ventisette 8092:twenty-six 8032:twenty-two 8026:/venˈtuno/ 8017:twenty-one 7971:diciannove 7931:/ˈseditʃi/ 7871:/ˈdoditʃi/ 7856:/ˈunditʃi/ 7746:/ˈtʃinkwe/ 7731:/ˈkwattro/ 7600:/ˈdʒorno/ 7570:/miˈnuto/ 7540:/doˈmani/ 7515:yesterday 7475:/ˈkwanto/ 7464:/ˈkwando/ 7324:Di dove è? 7231:/keˌoraˈɛ/ 7219:Che ora è? 7175:/aˈjutami/ 7162:Aiutatemi! 7039:Ho capito. 7015:(feminine) 7001:This is... 6995:/miˈkjamo/ 6906:/diˈnwɔvo/ 6805:/kekˈkɔsa/ 6801:/kekˈkɔza/ 6649:Thank you! 6614:Per favore 6548:I love you 6530:Good luck! 6515:(informal) 6421:Buonasera! 6357:Come stai? 6273:Of course! 6149:past tense 6110:neologisms 6102:diminutive 6003:un mio zio 5934:'I love', 5916:adjectives 5877:Masculine 5849:Masculine 5826:Examples: 5793:inanimates 5674:accusative 5666:nominative 5646:See also: 5632:'reason'. 5491:and cielo 5377:ciambella 5371:Affricate 5316:caramella 5247:indicate ( 5221:. Compare 5159:affricates 5106:"nation". 5039:hovercraft 4894:"tea" and 4740:Ionian Sea 4650:'Thames'.* 4648:/taˈmidʒi/ 4636:'kisses'; 4610:represent 4574:/ˈdʒordʒo/ 4567:/ˈtʃuttʃo/ 4444:affricates 4286:; Spanish 4262:; Spanish 4060:druzzolare 4001:, Spanish 3950:, Spanish 3919:, Spanish 3888:, Spanish 3737:, Spanish 3700:Portuguese 3636:guadaniāre 3632:guadagnare 3604:Portuguese 3545:Portuguese 3180:unreleased 2805:triglossia 2797:modern era 2654:See also: 2614:Grand Tour 2587:See also: 2494:See also: 2380:Luxembourg 2338:San Marino 2253:Montessori 2185:Italy and 2096:Montenegro 1942:San Marino 1924:See also: 1906:intonation 1902:vocabulary 1890:inflection 1871:Portuguese 1854:Ethnologue 1718:Modern era 1674:, such as 1663:and other 1607:Sardinians 1516:, and the 1479:Neapolitan 1440:consonants 1368:Florentine 1333:vernacular 1317:pragmatics 1305:morphology 1260:(top) and 1207:gemination 1069:San Marino 1028:pronounced 1005:pronounced 877:Philosophy 867:Literature 852:Literature 758:Florentine 731:the series 505:and others 384:San Marino 260:Florentine 82:San Marino 18738:Resources 18721:Textbooks 18518:Gibraltar 18315:Lithuania 18126:varieties 18109:indicate 18066:Sardinian 18023:Triestine 17971:Sursilvan 17882:Mentonasc 17860:Provençal 17809:Auvergnat 17795:Valencian 17751:Mallorcan 17741:Algherese 17716:Occitano- 17663:Navarrese 17651:Aragonese 17587:Castilian 17490:Castilian 17466:Uruguayan 17439:Brazilian 17402:Minderico 17396:/Eonavian 17359:Mirandese 17273:Valdôtain 17259:/Arpitan 17200:Orléanais 17151:Auregnais 17135:Mayennais 17085:Louisiana 16967:Ardennais 16947:Berrichon 16753:Intemelio 16709:Forlivese 16692:Bolognese 16638:Dalmatian 16602:Tarantino 16565:Benevento 16522:Salentino 16482:Sassarese 16446:Gallurese 16429:Romanesco 16382:Dalmatian 16346:Moldavian 16341:Maramureș 16299:Aromanian 16021:Hungarian 15840:Chakavian 15817:Prekmurje 15794:Pannonian 15129:Slovenian 14979:Triestine 14916:languages 14902:Forlivese 14881:Bolognese 14727:Legnanese 14665:Intemelio 14610:Valdôtain 14553:Mentonasc 14529:Algherese 14485:Sardinian 14476:Sardinian 14462:Sassarese 14457:Gallurese 14445:languages 14411:Salentino 14383:Tarantino 14354:Cosentino 14311:Romanesco 14225:Sardinian 14100:Cocoliche 14090:Itanglese 14062:Venezuela 13978:Australia 13973:Argentina 13838:Mythology 13813:Libraries 13733:Ottocento 13675:Terrorism 13616:Languages 13569:Education 13491:Transport 13441:Companies 13348:Provinces 13318:President 13283:Judiciary 13256:Elections 13168:Volcanoes 13163:Volcanism 13156:Apennines 13141:Mountains 13109:Peninsula 13092:Geography 13023:Civil War 12748:Byzantium 12655:Etruscans 12590:Canegrate 12585:Golasecca 12570:Rinaldone 12565:Terramare 12555:Neolithic 12241:"Italian" 12218:145463946 12182:142121342 12048:. Lengu. 11798:22 August 11773:7 January 11741:ohchr.org 11512:24 August 11140:8 October 11110:7 October 11082:253447737 10148:"Society" 10102:5 January 10089:Neuchâtel 9911:1 October 9484:europa.eu 9431:11 August 9405:11 August 9033:Bregaglia 9029:Mesolcina 8544:settembre 8540:September 8534:/aˈɡosto/ 8504:/ˈdʒuɲɲo/ 8489:/ˈmaddʒo/ 8474:/aˈprile/ 8459:/ˈmartso/ 8379:/ˈsabato/ 8329:mercoledì 8325:Wednesday 8304:/luneˈdi/ 8197:/ˈtʃɛnto/ 8161:/ˈtrenta/ 8141:ventinove 7937:seventeen 7821:/ˈdjɛtʃi/ 7610:settimana 7530:tomorrow 7510:/ˈɔddʒi/ 7469:how much 7453:/ˈkwale/ 7442:/perˈke/ 7171:(general) 7156:Mi aiuti! 6945:/ˈkwanto/ 6910:/anˈkora/ 6832:/ˈkwando/ 6783:Che cosa? 6728:Scusatemi 6716:Scusa(mi) 6538:(general) 6392:/ˌkomeva/ 6363:Come sta? 6346:/saˈlute/ 6296:/ˈtʃɛrto/ 6215:Italian ( 6206:English ( 6126:vedendola 6059:lo and l' 5891:Feminine 5863:Feminine 5799:, f. pl. 5493:/ˈtʃɛ.lo/ 5407:/ˈdʒallo/ 5334:India ink 5287:) before 5255:) before 5078:voiceless 4930:, making 4736:Mar Ionio 4732:Mar Jonio 4692:la mia ex 4576:) unless 4323:/nn/,/mm/ 4304:metaphony 4272:trēs, sex 4201:, French 4160:, French 4123:/tʃe,tʃi/ 4080:languages 4064:ruzzolare 4008:, French 3999:/ˈfo̯aje/ 3974:settimana 3956:, French 3925:, French 3894:, French 3841:, French 3757:, French 3741:, French 3653:, French 3609:, French 3573:, French 3567:săptămână 3563:septimāna 3559:settimana 3528:, French 3299:is velar 3245:/i,e,ɛ,j/ 3025:Fricative 2986:Affricate 2819:Phonology 2801:diglossia 2640:loanwords 2565:Argentina 2557:Cocoliche 2448:Education 2432:Venezuela 2412:Argentina 2313:Venezuela 2308:Argentina 2303:in 2016. 1910:Sardinian 1894:discourse 1886:phonology 1867:Sardinian 1846:Dalmatian 1802:panettone 1672:courtiers 1571:humanists 1557:Venetian 1340:from the 1301:phonology 1124:Australia 1105:Encantado 1057:Sardinian 942:Phonology 854:and other 639:Glottolog 623:ISO 639-3 605:ISO 639-2 587:ISO 639-1 403:3 regions 245:Old Latin 136:Ethnicity 18592:Language 18538:Svalbard 18523:Guernsey 18470:Abkhazia 18440:Scotland 18395:Slovenia 18390:Slovakia 18365:Portugal 18223:Bulgaria 18002:Venetian 17976:Vallader 17966:Surmiran 17939:Cadorino 17922:Friulian 17855:Limousin 17824:Béarnese 17786:Western 17768:Northern 17756:Menorcan 17746:Balearic 17737:Eastern 17733:dialects 17592:Castrapo 17549:Peruvian 17520:dialects 17453:European 17421:dialects 17408:Portugis 17389:Galician 17330:Asturian 17268:Savoyard 17220:Poitevin 17188:Cauchois 17162:Jèrriais 17009:Canadian 16888:Varesino 16883:Ticinese 16871:Novarese 16866:Cremunés 16856:Ossolano 16851:Milanese 16839:Lecchese 16807:Brianzöö 16738:Ligurian 16704:Romagnol 16585:Arianese 16580:Irpinian 16575:Cilentan 16539:Pantesco 16534:Sicilian 16505:Southern 16441:Corsican 16417:Macerata 16412:Fabriano 16351:Oltenian 16321:dialects 16281:Southern 16156:Ticinese 16037:Albanian 15990:Bavarian 15973:Germanic 15896:Croatian 15862:Southern 15854:Čičarija 15807:Prlekija 15680:Čabranka 15601:Črni Vrh 15530:Banjšice 15501:Littoral 15272:Cimbrian 15264:Bavarian 15190:Croatian 15097:Arbëresh 15080:Albanian 15021:Cadorino 15010:Friulian 14966:Venetian 14957:Venetian 14896:Romagnol 14824:Cremunés 14817:Novarese 14796:Varesino 14787:Ossolano 14780:Ticinese 14773:Milanese 14764:Lecchese 14647:Ligurian 14452:Corsican 14431:Pantesco 14425:Sicilian 14365:Arianese 14359:Irpinian 14349:Cilentan 14306:Marinese 14205:Germanic 14201:Friulian 14189:Croatian 14181:Albanian 14095:Lunfardo 14035:Slovenia 14003:Dalmatia 13916:Category 13803:Internet 13793:Folklore 13723:Seicento 13708:Trecento 13703:Duecento 13665:Religion 13626:Regional 13604:Italians 13579:Gambling 13471:Taxation 13298:Military 13239:Politics 13041:Republic 12828:Florence 12753:Lombards 12692:Republic 12638:Samnites 12633:Picentes 12575:Apennine 12534:Railways 12514:Military 12462:By topic 12446:Overview 12430:articles 12360:Omniglot 12231:21 March 12139:(1996). 12060:Archived 11767:Archived 11745:Archived 11721:7 August 11715:Archived 11648:Archived 11547:Archived 11104:Archived 11007:Archived 11003:duolingo 10977:Archived 10951:Archived 10925:Archived 10899:Archived 10881:Archived 10879:. 2019. 10848:Archived 10805:Archived 10779:Archived 10747:Archived 10727:8 August 10688:Archived 10664:Archived 10641:Archived 10600:Archived 10566:Archived 10527:Archived 10488:Archived 10335:Archived 10306:Archived 10277:Archived 10251:Archived 10225:Archived 10182:Archived 10156:Archived 10014:Archived 10008:1950: 46 9977:(1949). 9953:Archived 9905:Archived 9844:, p.488. 9794:11701054 9753:58837884 9668:Archived 9634:17650220 9551:Archived 9540:Archived 9516:Archived 9425:Archived 9399:Archived 9379:15 March 9373:Archived 9371:. 2024. 9347:Archived 9308:Archived 9306:. 1942. 9282:Archived 9240:Archived 9206:Archived 9174:Archived 9144:Archived 9118:Archived 8829:Italian 8823:dialetti 8753:See also 8742:Dario Fo 8589:dicembre 8585:December 8574:novembre 8570:November 8519:/ˈluʎʎo/ 8439:febbraio 8435:February 8389:domenica 8370:Saturday 8340:Thursday 8210:/ˈmille/ 8126:ventotto 8096:ventisei 8051:ventitré 8036:ventidue 7991:/ˈventi/ 7967:nineteen 7956:diciotto 7952:eighteen 7911:quindici 7892:fourteen 7877:thirteen 7776:/ˈsɛtte/ 7645:/ˈanno/ 7525:/ˈjɛri/ 7492:Italian 7489:English 7431:/ˈdove/ 7420:/ˈkome/ 7373:Italian 7370:English 7342:Mi piace 7327:(formal) 7207:(plural) 7181:/aˈjuto/ 7150:Aiutami! 7145:Help me! 7105:(plural) 6971:(formal) 6894:Di nuovo 6883:/perˈke/ 6751:/ˈskuza/ 6747:/ˈskuzi/ 6722:Mi scusi 6699:/ˈprɛɡo/ 6675:(plural) 6576:Welcome 6566:/tiˈamo/ 6495:Goodbye! 6468:(formal) 6375:Come va? 6218:italiano 6198:royal we 6098:suffixes 6094:articles 5947:articles 5749:unmarked 5735:'girl', 5652:Italian 5626:la gente 5581:lenition 5504:farmacie 5497:farmacia 5489:/ˈtʃa.o/ 5419:/ˈdʒiro/ 5393:/ˈtʃina/ 5346:/ˈɡallo/ 5310:Plosive 5238:digraphs 5155:plosives 5002:("to"), 4994:("or"), 4941:princìpi 4937:prìncipi 4900:gioventù 4854:, as in 4752:digraphs 4684:(e)stra- 4672:xilofono 4668:xenofobo 4643:'trip', 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