2944:
2678:. Since independence, the government has been promoting English as the main language of Singapore. The bilingual education policy requires students to study two languages: English and a "mother tongue" corresponding to the student's ethnicity. Malay is only offered to non-Malay students as an optional third language in secondary schools. As a result, English has displaced Bazaar Malay as the common language among Singaporeans. Therefore, despite the status of Malay as the national language, the majority doesn't speak it as a first language.
745:
6510:
924:, standing on equal footing with the official language(s). Further, they may enjoy recognition as a language used in compulsory schooling and treasury money may be spent to teach or encourage adults in learning a language which is a minority language in a particular area to restore its understanding and spread its moral stories, rhymes, poems, phrases, songs, and other literary heritage which will promote
2120:, French, and German. Previously Luxembourgish had no official status, but following a constitutional revision a law was passed on 24 February 1984 making Luxembourgish the national language. Furthermore, this law recognised the three languages of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish, French and German) as administrative languages.
2993:
A majority (74%) of the population speaks German, while most of the remainder (21%) speak French, and minorities speak
Italian (4%) and Romansh (1%, not monolingually). German speakers are predominant in most of the country, while French speakers occupy the western parts near the border with France,
1602:
are the official working languages of
Ethiopia. But courts, and legislations work in Amharic and the constitution of the country is written in Amharic in an official capacity. And in day-to-day basis, Amharic is used to issue driving licenses and report tax income, making it not a national language
919:
are officially used, promoted, or expressly allowed to be promoted (usually taught in schools and written in important publications) as semi-official languages whether by long-term legislation or short-term, case-by-case executive (government) measures. To be official, spoken and written languages
1500:
were each proposed as the basis for a national language for China. In the beginning, there were attempts to introduce elements from other
Chinese varieties into the national language in addition to those from the Beijing dialect; this was reflected in the first official dictionary of the national
1633:
children with a third language as mother tongue) and a language test is a prerequisite for governmental offices where a university degree is required. The constitution also grants the Sami and the Roma peoples the right to maintain and develop their languages: The Sami have partial right to use
1632:
guarantees the right to use
Finnish and Swedish in courts and other state institutions. Despite the large difference in the numbers of users, Swedish is not officially classified as a minority language but equal to Finnish. Both national languages are compulsory subjects in school (except for
1449:. During successive imperial dynasties, the spoken language of the capital city served as the official spoken language and was used across the country by government officials who traveled to communicate with one another. Dialects used for this purpose in different eras included those of
2430:, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day." Although Urdu has been declared an official language, so far all government documents, legislation, legal orders, and other official records are written in
2467:, as the national language. It also designated both Filipino and English as the official languages for purposes of communication and instruction, and designated the regional languages as auxiliary official languages in the regions to serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
3358:
the only official language. However a few words of Manx Gaelic (the historical national language) are sometimes encountered in government institutions, largely for symbolic and ceremonial purposes, and it is the main medium of instruction in one primary school.
1517:, literally "national language"). But this artificial language had no native speakers and was difficult to learn, so it was abandoned in 1924. Ultimately, the Beijing dialect was chosen as the national language and it continued to be referred to as
909:, but their languages may be sufficiently distinct and well-preserved to be national languages. Some languages may be recognized popularly as "national languages", while others may enjoy official recognition in use or promotion.
1779:
are in Hindi with Region A and Region B states and in
English with Region C states. State governments use their own native languages in official communications. They may adopt one or more of the 22 languages listed in the
1902:. Indonesia has more than 700 living languages, making it the second most linguistically diverse country after Papua New Guinea. These 700+ languages, however, are without official status, and some are in danger of
1275:). Depending on one's views of what constitutes a "nation", these two languages may be considered two equal national languages of the nation of Canada, or the national languages of two nations within one state,
2203:, which are each spoken by more or less sizeable portions of the population and are considered Namibia's cultural heritage. All national languages have the rights of a minority language and may even serve as a
4810:
3115:
is also known by 63.6% of the population. It is used extensively in its written and spoken form in administration, education, and business environments. Berber minorities in the south-west and on
820:
in the territory of a country may be referred to informally or designated in legislation as national languages of the country. National languages are mentioned in over 150 world constitutions.
1746:
has stated that while a majority of people in India have accepted Hindi as a national language, there is no official record or order declaring Hindi as the national language of the country.
3751:
1552:
language is the official language of
Croatia. "The Croatian language and the Latin script shall be in official use in the Republic of Croatia" in Article 12 of the Croatian Constitution.
3346:) is legally tasked with ensuring that, "in the conduct of public business and the administration of justice, the English and Welsh languages should be treated on a basis of equality".
2070:, etc.) have any explicit legal status on the national level, but the 2010 constitution enjoins the state to "promote and protect the diversity of language of the people of Kenya."
3779:
3882:
4011:
1700:. While French is the language used in the media, government and education, 90–95% of the country speak Haitian Creole as the home language while French is learned in school.
4703:
Translation by the
University of Bern: "Tunisia is a free State, independent and sovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is the Republic."
1484:. In order to promote a sense of national unity and enhance the efficiency of communications within the nation, the government decided to designate a national language. The
1118:
national language. A considerable proportion of first and second generation migrants are bilingual. According to
Ethnologue, 81% of people spoke English at home, including
5470:
680:
4447:
1534:
dialects spoken in the northern parts of China, and the vocabulary of modern vernacular
Chinese literature. The People's Republic of China renamed the national language
1523:
in
Chinese in the Republic of China. Since then, the Beijing dialect has become the main standard for pronunciation, due to its prestigious status during the preceding
2649:. Although English is the primary language of business, government, and education, Malay is designated as the national language. This is due the recognition of ethnic
1395:
peoples; a number of First Nations and Inuit homelands at the Indigenous government level legislate their language as an official language of the Nation, such as the
3214:
outside England have national languages of their own with varying degrees of recognition, which coexist with the dominant English language. Britain also has several
4330:
1530:
Still, elements from other dialects do exist in the standard language, which is now defined as reflecting the pronunciation of Beijing, the grammatical patterns of
6560:
3010:
A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language". This includes
4731:
4182:
2415:
945:
4287:
2505:
is designated as the "national sign language of the Filipino deaf" as well as the official sign language for transactions of the Philippine government.
2264:
is the official language in the federal government of Nepal. Over 123 languages are spoken in Nepal, all of which are granted constitutional status as
2143:
941:
3269:
4783:
4110:
920:
may enjoy government or federalised use, major tax-funded promotion or at least full tolerance as to their teaching and employers' recognition in
3954:
3786:
3758:
775:
1173:
national language of the country. Establishing Bengali as a national language was one of the key reason for the independence of Bangladesh.
4680:
1785:
4855:
3107:. However, it is not the mother tongue of the population. Therefore, it is not often used to communicate between Tunisian people, instead
4257:
4235:
3886:
1945:
as the national language and first official language of Ireland, and the English language is recognised as a second official language.
1122:
speakers. Other languages spoken at home included Chinese 2.9%, Italian 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, Greek 1%, Vietnamese 0.9% and Spanish 0.4%.
901:" are best understood as two concepts or legal categories with ranges of meaning that may coincide, or may be intentionally separate.
5996:
1903:
6530:
3314:
related to but separate from English, has no official status but is recognized as a minority language, and is the language of much
826:, with particular reference to India, suggests that there are "four quite distinctive meanings" for national language in a polity:
1582:. The country is composed of at least 80 different ethnic nationalities. Its people altogether speak over 80 different languages.
5928:
4077:
4044:
1208:
3587:
Wolff, H. Ekkehard "African Languages: An Introduction Ch./Art: Language and Society p. 321 pub. Cambridge University Press 2000
1376:. As these official languages are legislated at a territorial (sub-federal) level, they can be construed as national languages.
6535:
4457:
3616:
1129:
prior to the arrival of Europeans. Only about 70 of these languages have survived and all but 30 of these are now endangered.
1048:), and is spoken (without official recognition or status) in territories in Spain (the Catalan-Aragonese borderlands known as
4912:
3651:
3529:, the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.
2987:
2951:
2878:
1540:(Pinyin: Pǔtōnghuà, literally "common speech"), without otherwise changing the definition of the standard national language.
4877:
6555:
6456:
4378:
3612:
3385:
2498:. This move aims to protect and revitalize the use of Ilocano in various government and civil affairs within the province.
4302:
5933:
5520:
3499:
3290:
2054:
are official languages, Swahili also has a special status as national language. None of the country's biggest languages (
1754:
5913:
5908:
5889:
5884:
5871:
3549:
3239:
3680:
5339:
3626:
3410:) is the national language only in an informal sense, by numbers and by historical and contemporary association. The
1721:. Icelandic is the language used in the media, government and education, 98% of the country speak Icelandic at home.
1481:
768:
524:
3222:
which are to some extent self-governing, but are not recognized as independent states. Many of these have their own
2020:(scholars, writers, poets, philosophers, scientists, composers and artists) who contributed to what is nowadays the
5982:
5938:
5918:
3081:, which were spoken by few of the island population at the time, to be the "national language". Today however, the
2671:
2147:
4742:
4558:
5977:
5897:
3841:
3185:
3066:
2033:
5475:
3288:
is a minority language spoken by 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old). The
685:
6107:
5943:
5410:
5149:
3397:
2490:
became the first province in Philippine history to pass an ordinance proclaiming a local language. It declared
1256:
65:
2004:
is also referred to as national language for historical and cultural reasons, because since the 15th century,
6020:
5967:
5957:
5923:
5110:
3980:
3425:
by a Representative or a Senator to try to establish English as the official language of the United States.
4406:
3219:
2675:
2605:
2471:
2464:
2447:
1466:
1380:
761:
3255:
2513:
Article 27 of the Constitution states: "Polish shall be the official language in the Republic of Poland".
1419:
is spoken across central Canada, and Inuktitut is spoken across the Arctic, northern Quebec and Labrador.
6072:
5972:
5767:
5647:
5415:
4789:
4533:
3111:
plays these roles and is the national language of Tunisia. Furthermore, even without an official status,
2797:
2435:
630:
550:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6500:
5990:
5962:
4627:
3411:
3339:
3034:
2902:
2571:
1776:
1293:
the language of the Quebec nation and is that province's official language (and recognized minority in
1094:
is a separate branch in the linguistic family of Indo-European languages. Armenian is widely spoken in
717:
615:
3867:
3445:
national language for many years, but it was not until Decree No. 5 of the 2013 constitution that the
6038:
5752:
5360:
5303:
5289:
5262:
5194:
5070:
4905:
4214:
3493:
2746:
2725:
2654:
2385:
2363:
1302:
1216:
444:
376:
257:
3958:
369:
6127:
5105:
5100:
2962:
2955:
2502:
1057:
299:
294:
1396:
6009:
6001:
5846:
5513:
5308:
4419:
2994:
and the Italian speakers are situated to the south near the border with Italy, mostly within the
2874:
2750:
2601:
2177:
is the national language of Malta. It is also the official language of the island, together with
2111:
1942:
1629:
1384:
1212:
1149:
888:
498:
4770:
4687:
6242:
5590:
5405:
5139:
4832:
4111:"Supreme Court Objects to Use of Hindi in Proceedings, Reiterates English as Official Language"
3504:
3422:
3343:
3311:
3104:
2922:
2617:
2483:
2087:
1893:
1877:
1761:
1750:
1243:
1181:
1126:
605:
595:
4504:"Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation"
4265:
4158:"CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS | Department of Official Language | Ministry of Home Affairs | GoI"
3941:
6267:
6057:
5951:
5558:
5435:
5313:
5216:
5211:
5127:
5075:
5026:
4652:
4231:
3641:
3295:
3247:
3243:
2943:
2742:
2713:
2699:
2570:
and had federal official status, but 27 other languages are considered official in different
2409:
2339:
2129:
1781:
1739:
1573:
1392:
1365:
1345:
816:. The term is applied quite differently in various contexts. One or more languages spoken as
797:
655:
398:
393:
319:
262:
213:
6487:
6419:
6404:
6312:
6142:
6025:
5777:
5747:
5742:
5580:
5575:
5568:
5380:
5298:
5272:
5257:
5221:
5122:
5090:
5048:
5031:
4898:
4136:
3167:
3094:
2865:
or Castilian, but there are four other languages that are co-official in some territories:
2784:
The South African constitution further explicitly supports the promotion of the indigenous
2638:
2479:
2379:
2190:
2024:. Furthermore, Italian was often an official language of the various Italian states before
1933:
1881:
1714:
1709:
1661:
1612:
1446:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1137:
580:
488:
449:
439:
403:
364:
314:
277:
235:
218:
191:
90:
40:
2028:, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as the Spaniards in the
8:
6451:
6347:
6342:
6229:
6147:
5772:
5563:
5455:
5238:
5226:
5164:
5011:
4975:
4452:
4202:
4198:
3463:
3446:
3438:
3388:. Revival of the Cornish language and some recognition has occurred in the 20th century.
3315:
3149:
3128:
2817:
2650:
2583:
2557:
2521:
2355:
2224:
1954:
1899:
1772:
1768:
1436:
1286:
1247:
1041:
913:
702:
665:
660:
645:
454:
408:
329:
198:
4479:
1962:
was identified as the national language of the State of Israel with the adoption of the
6327:
6287:
6282:
6187:
6132:
6077:
5762:
5657:
5610:
5585:
5553:
5506:
5174:
5144:
5132:
5095:
5065:
5053:
5036:
5016:
4515:
4318:
4187:
4157:
3733:
3725:
3215:
3019:
3011:
2853:
2658:
2256:
2158:
2045:
1979:
1775:
proceedings and texts of federal laws. Communications between the Union Government and
1743:
1730:
1687:
1428:
1361:
1227:
971:
620:
493:
432:
427:
349:
334:
323:
282:
252:
240:
223:
203:
173:
3928:
3752:"Amendments XXVII-LIV to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
3696:""A Place Insufficiently Imagined": Language, Belief, and the Pakistan Crisis of 1971"
6409:
6322:
6307:
6292:
6252:
6247:
6237:
6062:
6052:
5782:
5440:
5400:
5385:
5375:
5344:
5243:
5199:
5189:
5169:
5080:
5058:
5043:
5021:
4995:
4965:
4534:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions"
4085:
4052:
4019:
3737:
3717:
3647:
3622:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3415:
3299:
3265:
3223:
3058:
3054:
3023:
2999:
2866:
2809:
2793:
2734:
2630:
2545:
2537:
2495:
2460:
2452:
2431:
2323:
2307:
2067:
2029:
1963:
1919:
1907:
1825:
1817:
1805:
1789:
1667:
1591:
1549:
1473:
1192:
1107:
1091:
955:
916:
906:
898:
892:
868:
842:
600:
585:
560:
415:
381:
359:
267:
245:
230:
208:
140:
110:
28:
24:
2359:
1738:
and English are the official languages in India, according to Article 343(1) of the
1356:, with N.W.T. also have a further seven more (totalling eleven official languages):
6514:
6379:
6374:
6257:
5821:
5804:
5794:
5690:
5465:
5445:
5370:
5323:
5318:
5179:
4940:
4194:
3707:
3488:
3407:
3381:
3342:, is spoken by 562,000 people, or 19% of the population. The Welsh Language Board (
3261:
3251:
3235:
3191:
3133:
3078:
3074:
2995:
2983:
2979:
2928:
2894:
2886:
2862:
2705:
2634:
2626:
2589:
2563:
2491:
2315:
2178:
2174:
2099:
2051:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1985:
1857:
1849:
1833:
1821:
1793:
1625:
1621:
1583:
1579:
1531:
1489:
1432:
1264:
1260:
1196:
1188:
1154:
1079:
1045:
1033:
1014:
1006:
921:
902:
670:
570:
555:
545:
508:
503:
354:
80:
4423:
3418:, although the constitution is written in English, as is all federal legislation.
3250:
as "part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland" and are promoted by the
6414:
6360:
6332:
6272:
6207:
6162:
6102:
5836:
5831:
5809:
5737:
5430:
5159:
5154:
5117:
5085:
4990:
4935:
4306:
3468:
3285:
3195:
3112:
3108:
3015:
2975:
2971:
2906:
2870:
2825:
2801:
2766:
2762:
2687:
2397:
2311:
2291:
2287:
2261:
2244:
2220:
2208:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2055:
1967:
1959:
1869:
1861:
1841:
1837:
1697:
1678:, with over 95% of the country's population speaking it as their first language.
1675:
1645:
1595:
1485:
1416:
1373:
1369:
1272:
1268:
1207:. It is officially defined under the three names, corresponding to the country's
1119:
1018:
995:
925:
749:
675:
575:
344:
339:
304:
272:
135:
85:
75:
70:
20:
3994:
3818:
3574:
Brann, C.M.B. 1994. "The National Language Question: Concepts and Terminology."
2438:
is an organization established to make arrangements to promote Urdu since 1979.
1400:
1021:
has no official status but is widely used in education, business and the media.
6446:
6436:
6399:
6337:
6317:
6262:
5856:
5826:
5685:
5652:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5487:
5460:
5395:
5390:
4985:
4364:
4342:
Bruno Migliorini, (1960). Storia della lingua italiana. 1st ed. Italy: Sansoni.
4299:
3908:
3331:
3307:
3273:
3207:
3203:
2932:
2821:
2805:
2774:
2770:
2758:
2754:
2646:
2642:
2593:
2389:
2319:
2299:
2283:
2240:
2228:
2135:
2063:
1938:
1884:
in some states use other languages spoken in the state in addition to English.
1865:
1801:
1693:
1634:
1587:
1561:
1306:
1276:
1204:
963:
817:
565:
287:
125:
3085:
recognises languages of all people groups of Taiwan to be national languages.
2181:. Maltese only is recognised as "national" in Chapter 1 of the Laws of Malta.
6524:
6426:
6384:
6177:
6122:
6097:
6092:
5861:
5816:
5710:
5637:
5617:
5267:
4980:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4089:
4056:
4023:
3721:
3403:
3116:
3027:
2910:
2789:
2778:
2666:
2393:
2367:
2295:
2232:
2117:
2009:
1845:
1797:
1599:
1412:
1357:
1314:
1290:
1280:
590:
481:
120:
100:
95:
3553:
2463:, which is based on Tagalog with the inclusion of terms from all recognized
1036:; moreover Catalan is an official language in several territories in Spain (
6461:
6394:
6277:
6219:
6212:
6167:
6112:
6043:
5851:
5841:
5789:
5727:
5715:
5705:
5695:
5680:
5632:
5548:
5450:
5365:
4960:
4605:
3319:
3211:
2730:
2236:
2025:
1970:
recognized as a language with "special status" used in state institutions.
1524:
1404:
1111:
823:
712:
540:
163:
130:
105:
4584:
2388:), Nigeria recognizes three 'majority', or national, languages. These are
6389:
6197:
6182:
6157:
6087:
5757:
5732:
5722:
5700:
5627:
5420:
4921:
4713:
2967:
2948:
2475:
2456:
2351:
2059:
1497:
1353:
1322:
929:
635:
625:
464:
48:
4519:
4503:
2342:
is also spoken and is recognized as the second official language there.
744:
6471:
6466:
6441:
6369:
6302:
6192:
5642:
5482:
3729:
3062:
2362:. Both these languages have official status in the country, along with
2282:
also simply means 'national language'). Some of the languages include:
1477:
1408:
1158:
987:
975:
729:
697:
650:
309:
178:
168:
158:
3820:
General Information of the People's Republic of China (PRC): Languages
3670:(17th ed.). Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics International.
2334:
Dutch is the official language of The Netherlands. In the province of
6431:
6297:
6202:
5799:
5672:
5529:
5277:
5184:
3806:
3599:
3458:
2986:, all of which have official status at the national level within the
2890:
2738:
2622:
2335:
2216:
2212:
2090:
is used for official purposes, while the everyday spoken language is
1829:
1493:
1349:
1053:
1049:
1037:
610:
4012:"Hindi is a foreign language for Gujaratis, says Gujarat high court"
3712:
3695:
3384:. By 1800, Cornish was endangered with some debate about a mythical
6509:
6117:
6082:
5425:
5248:
3377:
3303:
2898:
2841:
2709:
2525:
2487:
2423:
2162:
2139:
2017:
1993:
1924:
Persian (or Farsi) is recognised as the national language of Iran.
1853:
1753:
S.J. Mukhopadhaya and Justice A.S. Dave recently while rejecting a
1450:
1310:
1298:
1231:
1169:
1074:
805:
793:
724:
707:
640:
420:
3915:
3666:
Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2014).
6137:
6067:
5284:
5204:
3525:
3434:
3298:
is tasked with "securing the status of the Gaelic language as an
3173:
3100:
2882:
2541:
2196:
2079:
1989:
1813:
1718:
1671:
1617:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1341:
1294:
1163:
1095:
1061:
1029:
1010:
959:
809:
801:
459:
386:
4585:"The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, article 4"
2276:), officially translated as 'languages of the nation' (the word
1652:, according to Article 2 of the French Republic's constitution.
1333:
dialects differ substantially from other Canadian English ones.
5622:
5231:
3883:"One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages"
3155:
3137:
3070:
2837:
2833:
2597:
2567:
2303:
1649:
1508:
1340:; two legislate a variety of Indigenous languages in addition.
1318:
1252:
991:
979:
978:
linguistic minority. Albanian is also the national language of
967:
813:
692:
474:
469:
57:
4890:
4606:"Diversité des langues et compétences linguistiques en Suisse"
3780:"Amendments LXXI-XCII to the Constitution of Republika Srpska"
6152:
5662:
3335:
2858:
2813:
2195:
Although English is the only nationwide official language in
2013:
1997:
1809:
1735:
1442:
1388:
983:
5498:
2277:
2271:
2265:
5543:
4407:
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria : 1999
4183:"There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court"
2829:
2785:
2427:
2207:
in certain regions. Among Namibia's national languages are
1873:
2358:, the language of the indigenous Polynesian people is the
1771:
uses Hindi and English as official languages, such as for
1764:
uses English in its proceedings and objects to use Hindi.
1564:
language is the national language of the Czech Republic.
863:) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value.
3621:, Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 38–41,
4764:
4439:
2434:. Most higher education instruction is in English. The
4351:
3294:
gives the language a limited official status, and the
1415:
is spoken (with variations) from Alberta to Labrador,
932:
where another, non-indigenous language is deprecated.
6498:
4788:, Office of Public Sector Information, archived from
4420:"PART XII (contd); Miscellaneous; Chapter 4. General"
4207:
4078:"Hindi, is not the national language of India: Court"
3929:"FINLEX ® – Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: 11.6.1999/731"
3421:
Since 1973, every year, a bill was introduced to the
994:. It is a co-official but not a national language of
882:
4425:
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
3955:"Legifrance - Le service public de l'accés au droit"
3206:
and is the sole language of an estimated 95% of the
2832:; and languages used for religious purposes such as
4811:"2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011"
3842:"Croatian declared official language 174 years ago"
3449:was officially described as the National Language.
3306:commanding equal respect to the English language".
2670:among the different ethnic groups in Singapore was
1898:The official and national language of Indonesia is
946:
List of official languages by country and territory
3380:. Historically, the main language of Cornwall was
3349:
1383:, which are the national languages of one or more
942:List of linguistic rights in African constitutions
879:and a national language is separately designated.
4501:
3618:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
3270:Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022
16:Language with de jure or de facto national status
6522:
3807:Constitution of the Republic Bulgaria, article 3
3037:(1895 to 1945), the "national language movement"
1637:in official situations according to other laws.
3046:
2998:. The Romansh speakers are concentrated in the
2459:. The current 1987 constitution designated the
1219:alphabets both have official and equal status.
928:(where other languages remain) or will promote
6561:Countries and territories by official language
3787:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
3759:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
3040:
2400:, each with some 20 million speakers or more.
1749:The observation was made by division bench of
5514:
4906:
1535:
1518:
1512:
1502:
769:
1880:uses English as its sole official language;
852:"Language-in-common or community language" (
4331:Lingua nazionale: le ragioni del fiorentino
3646:. Oxford Business Group. 2008. p. 10.
3172:Ukrainian is the only official language of
1445:, with most people speaking one of several
5521:
5507:
4913:
4899:
4445:
4175:
4070:
3500:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu, India
2861:has one national constitutional language,
2116:Luxembourg uses three official languages:
1125:There were almost 400 languages spoken by
776:
762:
4559:"What Languages Are Spoken In Sri Lanka?"
4232:"What countries have the most languages?"
3711:
3693:
2935:are the national languages of Sri Lanka.
1603:but official language of the government.
1176:
4734:La Francophonie dans le monde. 2006-2007
3610:
3258:(the Ulster-Scots Agency) respectively.
2942:
1140:is the national language in Azerbaijan.
905:are not in the position to legislate an
4732:"Christian Valantin (sous la dir. de),
4628:"Switzerland's Four National Languages"
4508:Russian Language Journal / Русский Язык
4045:"Hindi, not a national language: Court"
3597:20 Year Strategy for the Irish Language
3496:in former East Pakistan, now Bangladesh
3119:also use the Tunisian Chelha language.
2422:, specifies: "The National language of
1441:There are many languages spoken across
912:In many African countries, some or all
875:), several languages are designated as
867:The last is usually given the title of
6523:
4481:Constitution of the Republic of Poland
4197:are used for official purposes by the
3376:main language spoken in the county of
2956:four national languages of Switzerland
2690:is the national language of Slovakia.
5502:
4894:
4837:, Office of Public Sector Information
4773:, Table QS211SC. Viewed 30 May 2014.
3276:official status in Northern Ireland.
2988:Federal administration of Switzerland
2478:and almost all of them belong to the
2086:is the "official national" language.
1578:Amharic was the national language in
974:serves as a national language of the
935:
4856:"All legislation matching 'H.R.997'"
4673:
4448:"Iloko La Union's official language"
4220:. National Portal. 26 November 1949.
3386:last speaker of the Cornish language
2486:language family. In September 2012,
1348:(N.W.T.) have as official languages
4785:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005
4514:. Russian Language Journal: 25–36.
4238:from the original on 20 August 2020
4224:
3973:
3681:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia"
3291:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005
3229:
1480:(Chinese nationalists) founded the
1336:English and French are official in
1082:, spoken by almost all Argentines.
13:
4234:. SIL International. 22 May 2019.
3995:"CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION"
3880:
3668:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3600:http://www.plean2028.ie/en/node/14
3362:
3083:National languages development act
2370:in the world to have such status.
2329:
2227:, as well as the languages of the
1513:
883:Official versus national languages
14:
6572:
5340:List of nationalist organizations
4736:, éd. Nathan, Paris, 2007, p. 16"
4686:. 26 January 2014. Archived from
4681:"Tunisia Constitution, Article 1"
3694:Oldenburg, Philip (August 1985).
3179:
2566:is the only national language of
2524:is the sole official language of
1648:is the sole official language of
1555:
1230:is the sole official language in
525:List of nationalist organizations
6508:
4446:Elias, Jun (19 September 2012).
3916:International Constitutional Law
3414:does not explicitly declare any
3391:
2455:is the national language of the
2165:per the Maldivian constitution.
2148:Federal Constitution of Malaysia
2102:are also widespread in Lebanon.
2008:became the language used in the
1906:. The largest local language is
1620:has two national languages: the
1255:'s official languages since the
1157:, the sole official language of
1052:and the Murcian municipality of
966:is the national language of the
872:
743:
6531:Promotion of national languages
4920:
4870:
4848:
4825:
4803:
4776:
4724:
4706:
4645:
4625:
4619:
4598:
4577:
4551:
4526:
4495:
4472:
4412:
4399:
4371:
4357:
4345:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4293:
4280:
4262:UCLA Language Materials Project
4250:
4150:
4137:"Official Language Rules, 1976"
4129:
4103:
4037:
4004:
3987:
3947:
3935:
3921:
3901:
3874:
3860:
3834:
3811:
3800:
3772:
3744:
3687:
3350:Crown Dependencies: Isle of Man
3186:Languages of the United Kingdom
2719:
1757:(PIL) by one Suresh Kachhadia.
1692:Haiti's official languages are
1467:other historical capital cities
1187:has three national languages -
5411:Historiography and nationalism
4365:"ICL - Lebanon - Constitution"
3673:
3660:
3634:
3615:, in Coupland, Nikolas (ed.),
3604:
3590:
3581:
3568:
3542:
3517:
3398:Languages of the United States
3140:per the Turkish constitution.
2938:
2800:; community languages such as
2596:) is the national language of
2441:
2345:
2016:and in general among educated
1536:
1519:
1503:
1381:Indigenous languages of Canada
1257:Official Languages Act of 1969
1017:is also an official language.
970:, predominately in the south.
616:Historiography and nationalism
66:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1:
6536:Language varieties and styles
5528:
5111:Palingenetic ultranationalism
3957:. 4 June 2011. Archived from
3942:Decree on the Sami Parliament
3885:. Africa News. Archived from
3536:
3523:Though not declared official
3099:The official language of the
2970:has four national languages:
2625:has four official languages:
2416:1973 Constitution of Pakistan
2105:
1313:, is an official language of
1143:
1132:
708:Seasonal or cultural festival
4878:"Toàn văn Hiến pháp sửa đổi"
3944:FINLEX. Access date: 3 July.
3700:The Journal of Asian Studies
3613:"The Anglicisation of Wales"
3136:is the national language of
3057:. After their defeat in the
2916:
2708:is the national language of
2611:
2465:languages of the Philippines
2448:Languages of the Philippines
2161:is the national language of
2138:is the national language of
1887:
1717:is the official language of
1317:(and recognized minority in
1101:
1098:as well as in its diaspora.
1067:
1009:is the national language in
958:is the national language of
7:
6556:Concepts in language policy
4741:(in French). Archived from
4379:"The Constitution of Nepal"
4215:"The Constitution of India"
3611:Williams, Colin H. (1990),
3452:
3367:
3334:has official status within
3279:
3069:retreated to the island of
3047:
2693:
2681:
2516:
2436:National Language Authority
2403:
2153:
2123:
2034:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1567:
1309:, the national language of
1222:
1203:varieties of one language,
930:nationalist differentiation
856:) used throughout a country
804:) that has some connection—
551:Anti-globalization movement
10:
6577:
5890:Countries by ethnic groups
5885:Contemporary ethnic groups
5471:Principle of nationalities
4632:All-About-Switzerland.info
4502:Joan F. Chevalier (2006).
4300:Law 482, December 15, 1999
3868:"Croatia 1991 (rev. 2010)"
3428:
3412:United States Constitution
3395:
3318:, including the poetry of
3183:
3165:
3161:
3147:
3126:
3092:
3088:
2960:
2920:
2851:
2723:
2697:
2653:(approximately 14% of the
2615:
2581:
2572:Federal subjects of Russia
2555:
2531:
2445:
2407:
2384:Besides official English (
2377:
2373:
2366:, which is one of the few
2254:
2188:
2184:
2127:
2109:
2073:
2043:
2032:, or the Austrians in the
1977:
1952:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1891:
1755:Public Interest Litigation
1728:
1707:
1703:
1685:
1659:
1655:
1610:
1606:
1571:
1543:
1426:
1338:Canada's three territories
1241:
1147:
1085:
1024:
1001:
950:
939:
886:
681:Principle of nationalities
18:
6480:
6356:
6228:
6036:
5870:
5671:
5536:
5361:Anarchism and nationalism
5353:
5332:
5290:List of fascist movements
5071:Constitutional patriotism
5004:
4928:
4714:"Arabic, Tunisian Spoken"
4333:. accademiadellacrusca.it
3494:Bengali language movement
3310:, generally treated as a
3256:Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch
3202:official language of the
3154:The national language of
3143:
3122:
3041:
3005:
2726:Languages of South Africa
2577:
2551:
2540:and national language of
2508:
2386:Nigerian Standard English
2364:New Zealand Sign Language
2272:
2012:of nearly every state in
1948:
1640:
1501:language, given the name
1379:Besides these there many
1303:Newfoundland and Labrador
1237:
897:"National language" and "
258:Constitutional patriotism
4858:. United States Congress
4653:
4084:. PTI. 25 January 2010.
3643:The Report: Algeria 2008
3510:
3325:
3073:, where they introduced
2963:Languages of Switzerland
2847:
2350:While the population of
2250:
2168:
2039:
1973:
1724:
1681:
1422:
1032:'s national language is
838:) of a particular people
830:"Territorial language" (
19:Not to be confused with
6002:Torres Strait Islanders
5847:Ethnopsychopharmacology
5591:In-group and out-groups
4834:Welsh Language Act 1993
4771:2011 Census of Scotland
2112:Languages of Luxembourg
1943:Constitution of Ireland
1913:
1630:Constitution of Finland
1150:Languages of Bangladesh
1114:with English being the
889:Linguistic prescription
871:. In some cases (e.g.,
6243:Cultural appropriation
5406:Gender and nationalism
3910:Finland – Constitution
3505:Global language system
3423:United States Congress
3344:Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg
3312:West Germanic language
3272:was passed which gave
3254:(Irish Institute) and
3246:are recognized by the
3210:population. The three
3105:Modern Standard Arabic
2958:
2952:Federal administration
2923:Languages of Sri Lanka
2618:Languages of Singapore
2503:Filipino Sign Language
2414:Article 251(1) of the
2278:
2266:
2088:Modern Standard Arabic
1894:Languages of Indonesia
1878:Supreme Court of India
1762:Supreme Court of India
1370:North and South Slavey
1244:Bilingualism in Canada
1182:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1177:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1127:Indigenous Australians
606:Gender and nationalism
6268:Ethnic interest group
6108:Ethnicity in censuses
6058:Cultural assimilation
5559:Ethnolinguistic group
5436:National indifference
4352:Constitution of Kenya
4288:Bunreacht na hÉireann
3248:Good Friday Agreement
3244:Ulster Scots dialects
2946:
2700:Languages of Slovenia
2410:Languages of Pakistan
2130:Languages of Malaysia
1996:official language of
1941:is recognised by the
1740:Constitution of India
1574:Languages of Ethiopia
1346:Northwest Territories
1078:official language is
834:, sometimes known as
656:National indifference
6488:Minzu (anthropology)
6457:Separatist movements
6313:Ethnographic village
6143:Legendary progenitor
5778:Transidioethnography
5581:Hyphenated ethnicity
5576:Ethnographic realism
5569:Ethnoreligious group
5381:Cultural nationalism
5273:National syndicalist
4748:on 10 September 2017
4386:Nepal Law Commission
4367:. 21 September 1990.
4354:Accessed 2010-10-28.
4268:on 23 September 2017
3881:Shaban, Abdurahman.
3268:until 2022 when the
3220:Overseas Territories
3168:Languages of Ukraine
3095:Languages of Tunisia
2639:Singaporean Mandarin
2380:Languages of Nigeria
2199:, there are also 20
2191:Languages of Namibia
1934:Languages of Ireland
1710:Languages of Iceland
1662:Languages of Germany
1613:Languages of Finland
1447:varieties of Chinese
1331:Newfoundland English
1327:Prince Edward Island
1138:Azerbaijani language
982:, parts of southern
859:"Central language" (
581:Cultural nationalism
450:National syndicalist
6348:Multinational state
6343:Model minority myth
6230:Multiethnic society
6148:Linguistic homeland
5564:Ethnonational group
5456:Nationalism studies
4882:Tin nhanh VnExpress
4792:on 7 September 2010
4453:The Philippine Star
4305:12 May 2015 at the
4117:. 16 September 2024
4051:. 25 January 2010.
3889:on 15 December 2020
3464:Indigenous language
3447:Vietnamese language
3439:Vietnamese language
3316:Scottish literature
3150:Languages of Uganda
3129:Languages of Turkey
3002:in the south-east.
2664:Traditionally, the
2584:Languages of Serbia
2558:Languages of Russia
2480:Philippine subgroup
2142:in accordance with
1955:Languages of Israel
1782:Indian constitution
1437:History of Mandarin
1287:Quebec nationalists
1248:Languages of Canada
1209:constituent nations
1058:Pyrénées Orientales
1042:Valencian Community
750:Politics portal
703:Right-wing populism
661:Nationalism studies
6328:Middleman minority
6288:Ethnic pornography
6283:Ethnic nationalism
6188:Pantribal sodality
6133:Imagined community
5658:Symbolic ethnicity
5586:Indigenous peoples
5554:Ethnographic group
4693:on 9 February 2014
4460:on 12 October 2013
4191:. 25 January 2010.
4188:The Times of India
4018:. 1 January 2012.
4016:The Times of India
3848:. 23 November 2021
3224:regional languages
3216:Crown Dependencies
3012:Formosan languages
2959:
2854:Languages of Spain
2735:official languages
2714:minority languages
2659:indigenous peoples
2606:minority languages
2474:are spoken in the
2257:Languages of Nepal
2201:national languages
2050:While English and
2046:Languages of Kenya
1980:Languages of Italy
1744:Gujarat High Court
1731:Languages of India
1688:Languages of Haiti
1429:Languages of China
936:National languages
621:Imagined community
455:National Bolshevik
174:Self-determination
6551:Linguistic rights
6546:Culture by region
6541:Politics by issue
6496:
6495:
6410:Ethnic stereotype
6323:Indigenous rights
6308:Ethnographic film
6293:Ethnic theme park
6253:Dominant minority
6248:Diaspora politics
6238:Consociationalism
6173:National language
6063:Cultural identity
6053:Cross-race effect
5997:Aboriginal groups
5496:
5495:
5441:National question
5401:Gastronationalism
5386:Diaspora politics
5376:Banal nationalism
5345:Nationalist Clubs
4195:English and Hindi
3653:978-1-902339-09-2
3550:"Jacques Leclerc"
3484:Official language
3479:Standard language
3474:Regional language
3416:official language
3300:official language
3266:official language
3067:Republic of China
3059:Chinese Civil War
3055:Japanese language
3024:Taiwanese Hokkien
3000:Canton of Grisons
2867:Galician language
2631:Singapore English
2600:, written in the
2546:Romanian language
2496:official language
2461:Filipino language
2432:Pakistani English
2420:National language
2354:is predominantly
2030:Kingdom of Naples
1964:Nation-State Bill
1920:Languages of Iran
1777:state governments
1494:Guangzhou dialect
1482:Republic of China
1474:Xinhai Revolution
1397:Nisg̱a’a language
1110:, but is largely
1108:official language
1106:Australia has no
1092:Armenian language
968:Greek communities
917:African languages
907:official language
903:Stateless nations
899:official language
893:Linguistic rights
869:official language
843:Regional language
790:national language
786:
785:
601:Gastronationalism
586:Diaspora politics
561:Banal nationalism
29:Regional language
25:Official language
6568:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6380:Ethnic cleansing
6375:Ethnic bioweapon
6258:Ethnic democracy
5872:Groups by region
5822:Ethnomethodology
5805:Ethnomathematics
5795:Ethnolinguistics
5691:Ethnoarchaeology
5523:
5516:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5479:
5466:Plurinationalism
5446:National revival
5416:Internationalism
5371:Anti-nationalism
5354:Related concepts
4915:
4908:
4901:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4740:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4685:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4456:. Archived from
4443:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4428:, 14 August 1973
4416:
4410:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4321:. ethnologue.com
4319:Italian language
4316:
4310:
4297:
4291:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4264:. Archived from
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4199:union government
4192:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4162:rajbhasha.nic.in
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4133:
4127:
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3823:, chinatoday.com
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3608:
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3594:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3552:. Archived from
3546:
3530:
3521:
3489:Working language
3408:American English
3338:, and as of the
3296:Bòrd na Gàidhlig
3252:Foras na Gaeilge
3236:Northern Ireland
3230:Northern Ireland
3192:English language
3079:English language
3075:Standard Chinese
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
2996:Canton of Ticino
2947:The logo of the
2929:Sinhala Language
2895:Balearic Islands
2887:Catalan language
2706:Slovene language
2674:, a Malay-based
2590:Serbian language
2564:Russian language
2356:English-speaking
2281:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2175:Maltese language
2022:culture of Italy
1986:Italian language
1769:Union Government
1626:Swedish language
1622:Finnish language
1580:Ethiopian Empire
1539:
1538:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1433:Standard Chinese
1417:Anishinaabemowin
1368:, Inuvialuktun,
1265:Canadian English
1060:) and in Italy (
1046:Balearic Islands
922:public education
798:language variant
778:
771:
764:
748:
747:
689:
671:Plurinationalism
631:Internationalism
571:Communitarianism
556:Anti-imperialism
546:Anti-nationalism
535:Related concepts
36:
35:
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6499:
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6476:
6415:Ethnic violence
6363:
6361:ethnic conflict
6359:
6352:
6333:Minority rights
6273:Ethnic majority
6224:
6208:Detribalization
6163:Nation-building
6103:Ethnic religion
6046:
6042:
6032:
5939:Central America
5866:
5837:Ethnophilosophy
5832:Ethnomusicology
5810:Ethnostatistics
5768:Person-centered
5738:Autoethnography
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5532:
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5497:
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5431:Nation-building
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4565:. 25 April 2017
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3578:Vol 14: 125–134
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3469:Language policy
3455:
3431:
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3372:English is the
3370:
3365:
3363:English regions
3352:
3328:
3286:Scottish Gaelic
3282:
3232:
3196:British English
3188:
3182:
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3109:Tunisian Arabic
3097:
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2688:Slovak language
2684:
2620:
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2604:. There are 15
2602:Cyrillic script
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2092:Lebanese Arabic
2084:Arabic language
2076:
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1982:
1976:
1957:
1951:
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1786:eighth schedule
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1273:Canadian French
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1242:Main articles:
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953:
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926:social cohesion
895:
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873:the Philippines
818:first languages
782:
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576:Cosmopolitanism
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21:Nation language
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6447:Indigenization
6444:
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6437:Ethnosymbolism
6434:
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6407:
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6400:Ethnic penalty
6397:
6392:
6387:
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6366:
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6353:
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6338:Model minority
6335:
6330:
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6318:Ethnopluralism
6315:
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6305:
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6285:
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6265:
6263:Ethnic enclave
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5857:Ethnosemiotics
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5827:Ethnomuseology
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5686:Ethnic studies
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5653:Supraethnicity
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5606:Minority group
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5596:Meta-ethnicity
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5488:State-building
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5461:Natural border
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5396:Exceptionalism
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5391:Eliminationism
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4760:(5.58 MB)
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4659:law.moj.gov.tw
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4484:, 2 April 1997
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4003:
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3961:on 4 June 2011
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3920:
3914:, Section 17.
3900:
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3743:
3706:(4): 711–733.
3686:
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3633:
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3589:
3580:
3567:
3556:on 28 May 2019
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3396:Main article:
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3332:Welsh language
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3204:United Kingdom
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2712:. There are 6
2698:Main article:
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2661:of Singapore.
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2594:Serbo-Croatian
2592:(a variety of
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1978:Main article:
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1966:in 2018, with
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1411:. Notably the
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1277:English Canada
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6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6178:National myth
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6123:Folk religion
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6098:Ethnic origin
6096:
6094:
6093:Ethnic option
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5968:Northern Asia
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5944:South America
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:United States
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5862:Ethnotaxonomy
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Ethnomedicine
5815:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Institutional
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Ethnomycology
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:Polyethnicity
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Monoethnicity
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:Organizations
5331:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:Technological
5302:
5300:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Ethnocacerism
5266:
5265:
5264:
5263:Revolutionary
5261:
5259:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4857:
4851:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4812:
4806:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4689:
4682:
4676:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4607:
4601:
4586:
4580:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4366:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3996:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3803:
3788:
3781:
3775:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3628:9781853590313
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3441:had been the
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:United States
3399:
3392:United States
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3360:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3284:In Scotland,
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:was the sole
3263:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3117:Djerba Island
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:in 1949, the
3060:
3056:
3053:promoted the
3049:
3036:
3035:Japanese rule
3031:
3029:
3028:Matsu dialect
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:Sign language
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2667:lingua franca
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:lingua franca
2202:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2118:Luxembourgish
2113:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1773:parliamentary
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:Chief Justice
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1515:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:in 1911, the
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:Cree language
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:First Nations
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:New Brunswick
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:Quebec French
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:French Canada
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
999:
997:
993:
990:and southern
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
947:
943:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
894:
890:
880:
878:
874:
870:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
833:
829:
828:
827:
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
760:
759:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
740:
739:
738:
731:
728:
726:
723:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
687:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Ethnocentrism
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
532:
531:
526:
521:Organizations
518:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:Technological
492:
490:
487:
483:
482:Ethnocacerism
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
445:Revolutionary
443:
441:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
325:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
188:
187:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
150:
149:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
59:
54:
53:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
26:
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6462:Xenocentrism
6420:Ethnic riots
6405:Ethnic slurs
6395:Ethnic party
6358:Ideology and
6278:Ethnic media
6220:White ethnic
6213:Neotribalism
6172:
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6113:Ethnofiction
6044:ethnogenesis
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5852:Ethnoscience
5842:Ethnopoetics
5790:Ethnohistory
5728:Ethnogeology
5716:Ethnozoology
5706:Ethnoecology
5696:Ethnobiology
5681:Anthropology
5633:Panethnicity
5549:Ethnic group
5451:Nation state
5366:Anationalism
5106:Expansionist
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300:Expansionist
164:Independence
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6390:Ethnic joke
6198:Tribal name
6183:Origin myth
6158:Mythomoteur
6088:Ethnic flag
6073:Development
5758:Netnography
5733:Ethnography
5723:Ethnocinema
5701:Ethnobotany
5628:Nationality
5474: [
5421:Irredentism
5309:Territorial
4929:Development
4922:Nationalism
4841:3 September
4817:12 December
4697:10 February
4569:13 February
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4286:Article 8,
4272:19 February
4201:and in the
4115:lawtrend.in
4095:13 November
4062:27 February
4029:27 February
3893:30 November
3852:23 November
3846:Croatiaweek
3560:15 December
3406:, English (
3354:English is
3340:2011 census
3238:, both the
3048:kokugo undō
2968:Switzerland
2939:Switzerland
2796:languages;
2476:Philippines
2457:Philippines
2442:Philippines
2352:New Zealand
2346:New Zealand
2284:Nepal Bhasa
2279:rāṣṭrabhāṣā
2273:राष्ट्रभाषा
2267:rāṣṭrabhāṣā
2026:unification
1882:high courts
1354:Inuinnaqtun
1323:Nova Scotia
1112:monolingual
1056:), France (
986:, southern
832:chthonolect
684: [
636:Irredentism
626:Imperialism
499:Territorial
465:Legionarism
153:Core values
49:Nationalism
6525:Categories
6472:Xenophobia
6467:Xenophilia
6442:Indigenism
6370:Allophilia
6303:Ethnocracy
6193:Statistext
6128:Historical
6021:Indigenous
5973:South Asia
5909:Indigenous
5643:Population
5483:Revanchism
5140:Linguistic
5086:Ecological
4718:Ethnologue
4563:WorldAtlas
4538:www.gov.za
4391:28 October
4203:parliament
4167:8 February
4142:6 November
3965:25 October
3537:References
3063:Kuomintang
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2852:See also:
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2641:variety),
2633:variety),
2522:Portuguese
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1904:extinction
1900:Indonesian
1478:Kuomintang
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1427:See also:
1409:Inuvialuit
1362:Dënesųłiné
1159:Bangladesh
1144:Bangladesh
1133:Azerbaijan
988:Montenegro
940:See also:
914:indigenous
887:See also:
861:politolect
836:chtonolect
730:Xenophobia
698:Revanchism
651:Militarism
310:Indigenism
305:Homosexual
273:Ecological
179:Solidarity
169:Patriotism
159:Allegiance
6515:Languages
6432:Ethnocide
6298:Ethnoburb
6203:Tribalism
5991:Australia
5983:West Asia
5963:East Asia
5934:Caribbean
5919:Greenland
5800:Ethnology
5673:Ethnology
5611:Influence
5530:Ethnicity
5314:Terrorism
5278:Falangism
5217:Christian
5212:Religious
5133:Communist
5128:Left-wing
5076:Corporate
5066:Communist
5027:Bourgeois
5017:Anarchist
4752:13 August
4543:3 October
4258:"Persian"
4242:20 August
4090:0971-751X
4082:The Hindu
4057:0971-751X
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2418:, titled
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1830:Malayalam
1715:Icelandic
1498:Cantonese
1350:Inuktitut
1289:consider
1228:Bulgarian
1102:Australia
1068:Argentina
1054:El Carche
1050:La Franja
1038:Catalonia
976:Aromanian
972:Aromanian
847:choralect
611:Globalism
596:Francoism
399:Christian
394:Religious
320:Left-wing
263:Corporate
253:Communist
214:Bourgeois
204:Anarchist
6452:Nativism
6118:Ethnonym
6083:Ethnarch
6039:Identity
6026:European
5904:Americas
5748:Critical
5743:Clinical
5537:Concepts
5426:Jingoism
5299:Romantic
5258:Resource
5249:Hindutva
5227:Clerico-
5222:Catholic
5165:Populist
5123:Integral
5101:European
5091:Economic
5049:American
5032:Business
4996:Treasure
4971:Language
4966:Identity
4862:23 March
4611:30 April
4590:30 April
4520:43669126
4432:22 April
4303:Archived
4236:Archived
3918:website.
3827:17 April
3453:See also
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3378:Cornwall
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3304:Scotland
3280:Scotland
3242:and the
3200:de facto
3101:Tunisian
3020:Mandarin
2899:Valencia
2842:Sanskrit
2810:Gujarati
2775:isiXhosa
2767:Xitsonga
2763:Setswana
2710:Slovenia
2694:Slovenia
2682:Slovakia
2538:official
2526:Portugal
2517:Portugal
2488:La Union
2453:Filipino
2424:Pakistan
2404:Pakistan
2324:Bhojpuri
2308:Maithili
2163:Maldives
2154:Maldives
2140:Malaysia
2124:Malaysia
2068:Kalenjin
2018:Italians
1994:de facto
1908:Javanese
1854:Sanskrit
1826:Maithili
1818:Kashmiri
1806:Gujarati
1790:Assamese
1668:official
1624:and the
1592:Tigrinya
1568:Ethiopia
1550:Croatian
1532:Mandarin
1490:Mandarin
1401:Nisg̱a’a
1366:Gwich’in
1344:and the
1311:Acadians
1299:Manitoba
1232:Bulgaria
1223:Bulgaria
1217:Cyrillic
1201:de facto
1193:Croatian
1170:de facto
1116:de facto
1075:de facto
956:Albanian
877:official
854:demolect
812:—with a
806:de facto
794:language
725:Trumpism
666:Nativism
646:Localism
641:Jingoism
489:Romantic
440:Resource
421:Hindutva
409:Clerical
404:Catholic
365:Japanese
324:populism
315:Integral
295:European
278:Economic
236:American
219:Business
141:Treasure
116:Language
111:Identity
41:a series
39:Part of
6481:Related
6138:Kinship
6078:Endonym
6068:Demonym
6016:Oceania
5773:Salvage
5285:Fascism
5239:Islamic
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5037:Welfare
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5005:By type
4941:Colours
4796:9 March
4654:國家語言發展法
4637:3 March
4488:16 July
3730:2056443
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3429:Vietnam
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3262:English
3208:British
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3162:Ukraine
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3033:During
2984:Romansh
2980:Italian
2907:Aranese
2905:), and
2883:Navarre
2879:Euskadi
2871:Galicia
2863:Spanish
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2759:siSwati
2755:Sesotho
2743:English
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2635:Chinese
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2542:Romania
2532:Romania
2492:Ilocano
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2374:Nigeria
2340:Frisian
2326:, etc.
2316:English
2241:Kavango
2197:Namibia
2185:Namibia
2179:English
2159:Dhivehi
2146:of the
2100:English
2080:Lebanon
2074:Lebanon
2052:Swahili
2006:Italian
2002:Italian
1990:de jure
1988:is the
1928:Ireland
1858:Santali
1850:Punjabi
1834:Marathi
1822:Konkani
1814:Kannada
1794:Bengali
1719:Iceland
1704:Iceland
1672:Germany
1656:Germany
1618:Finland
1607:Finland
1584:Amharic
1544:Croatia
1463:Beijing
1459:Nanjing
1455:Luoyang
1374:Tłı̨chǫ
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1261:English
1197:Serbian
1189:Bosnian
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1164:de jure
1155:Bengali
1096:Armenia
1086:Armenia
1080:Spanish
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1025:Andorra
1011:Algeria
1002:Algeria
960:Albania
951:Albania
810:de jure
802:dialect
800:, e.g.
460:Fascism
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330:Musical
224:Welfare
199:African
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6501:Portal
6010:Europe
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5914:Canada
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2056:Gikuyu
2010:courts
1968:Arabic
1960:Hebrew
1949:Israel
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1870:Telugu
1862:Sindhi
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1019:French
1015:Berber
1007:Arabic
992:Serbia
980:Kosovo
814:nation
693:Racism
509:Ultra-
504:Trans-
475:Rexism
470:Nazism
428:Muslim
377:Korean
350:Racial
335:Mystic
283:Ethnic
268:Cyber-
241:French
136:Symbol
91:Father
86:Emblem
76:Church
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4274:2018
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4097:2019
4086:ISSN
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4053:ISSN
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