1058:) were utilised, which unified the city and the countryside. New symbols and myths and "invented traditions" were also created. A notable "invented tradition" was the new cults of patron-saints, like Saint Ansano of Siena, St. Alexander patron of Bergamo, St. Petronio, patron of the Bologna etc. Most of these "new" saints were local people (including many laywomen) from humble backgrounds that ordinary people could easily associate with themselves, and were promoted not by ecclesiastical powers but by urban laity (i.e. communal governments). Civic rituals and festivals associated with these saints that emphasised the unity of the commune or the city-state were established. The image of the saint-patron was seen as a sign and the guarantee of the unity between the city and the contado.
1035:
1315:"L'émergence et la reproduction des nations : un essai bibliographique critique sur la réflexion théorique et l'analyse historique dans l'étude du nationalisme / Coakley, John, 2012, Nationalism, Ethnicity and the State : Making and Breaking Nations, Londres, Sage / Gat, Azar, 2013, Nations : The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationhood, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press / Malesevic, Sinisa, 2013, Nation-States and Nationalisms : Organization, Ideology and Solidarity, Cambridge, Polity Press"
1067:
725:
1216:. Through an analysis of a 14th-century religious text, he demonstrates that there was a clear sense of Russian nationhood. He proposed that these old religious texts demonstrate the need to revise some assumptions concerning the presumed modern nature of nationhood. In an earlier work, Bouchard traces the Russian national consciousness in the 11th century, as it is reflected in religious texts such as Slavic psalms and apocrypha. According to
1083:
774:
960:
attributed nationalism on the Judeo-Christian traditions. Hastings emphasises the role of language, and sees the opposition of
Christianity to Islam as a critical factor in the formation of nationalism. He also considers as an important factor in ethnogenesis in the Western Europe the conviction of
951:
was one of the first modern scholars to argue that nations have pre-modern roots and that their formation was helped by religious institutions locally. However, Armstrong acknowledges "persistent group identity did not ordinarily constitute the overriding legitimisation of polity formation", unlike
1196:
John
Alexander Armstrong (1922–2010) refers to a "premature nationalism" of this Byzantine period, based on a sense of God's choice and protection in an age of adversities. As "true Israel", the Orthodox Church and the community enjoyed God's favor, while priests and the people fought against the
983:
According to the historian Caspar
Hirschi, it is the concept of nations and nationalism that changes over time, and the 18th century is only the beginning of the modernist model of this concept. In his work "The Origins of Nationalism", Hirschi presents the evolution of nationalism since the 14th
979:
Anderson) that the creation of imagined communities was made possible not only by secularisation and the rise of print capitalism in modern era, but could also be produced earlier by the spoken word and via religious rituals. Gat does not agree with the modernist view that pre-modern multi-ethnic
931:
Echoing
Reynolds, Paul Lawrence criticises Hastings's reading of Bede, observing that such documents do not demonstrate how ordinary people identified themselves. He points out that, while they serve as texts in which an elite defines itself, "their significance in relation to what the majority
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century. In his view, nationalism was born in
Catholic Medieval Europe and was the consequence of Roman imperialism. According to Hirschi, nationalism is not necessarily a mass phenomenon (as modernists believe) but can be the discourse of nationalist elite minorities. Other scholars, such as
1803:
Grosby, S., Leerssen, J., & Hirschi, C. (2014). Continuities and shifting paradigms: A debate on Caspar
Hirschi's "The origins of nationalism". Studies on National Movements, 2, pp 24-35: Caspar Hirschi, "Duck or quack? On the lack of scholarly soundness and decorum in Joep Leerssen's
1382:
1054:) and acquired a territorial existence. This process created internal social divisions and rivalries, which was the reason for the invention of new forms of bonds between social groups and between state and subjects. Older practices like the ecclesiastical boundaries (
1152:
Some scholars believe that the roots of modern Greek nationalism dates back to the Middle Ages, especially between the 13th and mid-15th centuries. In this view, the event that led to the development of modern Greek national consciousness was the conflict with the
1042:(the sacred car) was a powerful symbol of the identity and honor of North Italian city-states during the civic nationalism period of mid 12th to 14th century. (Karatasli, p. 13). Here, reproduction of the Carroccio during the parade of the Palio di Legnano, 2015
980:
empires were ruled by an elite indifferent to the ethnic composition of its subjects. In fact, almost all of the empires were based on a dominant ethnic core, while most ethnic communities were too small and weak to have their own independent state.
935:
Other authors trace the origins of nationalism and the national consciousness of
England and some European nations soon after the Middle Ages, in the 16th century. Hastings argues that what allowed the emergence of nationalism was the spread of the
1113:) had nationalism and a national consciousness during the Middle Ages. This nationalism was mobilised by their dissatisfaction with the imperialism of the Byzantines, especially in ecclesiastical matters, such as the appointment of bishops by the
952:
contemporary nationalism, which presupposes the "right of individuals to establish territorial political structures corresponding to their consciousness of group identity". In the same vein, other anti-modernist studies by
Hastings,
1117:. From a positive point of view, the Patriarch helped the creation of national consciousness by establishing ecclesiastical districts in Slavic areas. This also happened with other non-Slavic Orthodox peoples, as the
1030:
and identified their interests with his. Bagge believes that in the case of Norway, between nationalism in the Middle Ages and in the modern period there is a difference of degree rather than a difference of quality.
996:, argue for the rise of a kind of nationalism among the ancient Jews. David M. Goodblatt supports the same theory, pointing out that Jewish nationalism appears in the self-description of the Jews of the
916:
argues that many
European medieval kingdoms were nations in the modern sense, except that political participation in nationalism was available only to a limited prosperous and literate class, while
1046:
Prof. Sahan
Karatasli examined the various forms of collective identity in Northern Italy from the 11th to 16th century, and he believes that in the mid-12th century, city-states formed
1018:
kingdoms. A kind of Norwegian state existed by the 13th century, with public justice, taxation, a common military organisation and royalty. By the 12th and 13th century, a popular
1802:
910:
agrees, arguing names were adapted to different circumstances by different powers and could convince people of continuity, even if radical discontinuity was the lived reality.
660:
1208:
According to Michel Boucard the Eastern Orthodox world had a long tradition of biblical translation to national languages since the 2nd century. Orthodoxy and the
1895:
Sahan Savas Karatasli, "Communal Patriotism, Civic Nationalism and City-State Chauvinism: Transformation of Collective Identities in Northern Italy, 1050-1500",
1760:
Mabry, Tristan James (2013-06-01). "Book Review: The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History From Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany, by C. Hirschi".
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Bouchard, Michel (2004-03-01). "A critical reappraisal of the concept of the "Imagined Community" and the presumed sacred languages of the medieval period".
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investigates the origins of Norwegian nationalism from the gradual "unification of the kingdom" in the 9th century, which led to the formation of the
2026:. review of A. Vakalopoulos, History of New Hellenism, Thessaloniki, 1961 (in Greek language. Α. Βακαλόπουλος, Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού).: 95–107.
1894:
1749:
Caspar Hirschi, The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 2
1383:"Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 235 pp. £13.99"
792:
1482:
2224:
Boucard Michel, "A critical reappraisal of the concept of the 'Imagined Community' and the presumed sacred languages of the medieval period",
1909:
Dennis P. Hupchick, The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies, Springer, 2017,
755:
1815:
Weitzman, Steven (2008). "On the Political Relevance of Antiquity: A Response to David Goodblatt's Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism".
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and the spread of written popular languages to existing ethnic groups. Hastings argues for a strong renewal of English nationalism with the
1271:
839:, the predominant school of thought on nationalism, which suggests that nationalism developed largely after the late 18th century and the
2271:
924:, in particular, drew on biblical language in his law code and that during his reign selected books of the Bible were translated into
2242:
1209:
1134:
899:, positing that the frequency and consistency in usage of the word nation from the early fourteenth century onward strongly suggest
1220:, the development of Old Church Slavonic literacy during the 10th century had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the
1193:". Stephen G. Xydis uses the term proto-nationalism for the emergence of the modern Greek national identity in late Byzantium.
906:
Breuilly, however, criticises the assumption that continued usage of a term such as 'English' means continuity in its meaning.
2218:
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1733:
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1522:
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1588:(2008). "On the Political Relevance of Antiquity: A Response to David Goodblatt's Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism".
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1122:
1078:
as a means of naming the empire and its inhabitants, as well as the first emperor to refer to the empire itself as Hellas
920:
claims England's Anglo-Saxon kings mobilized mass nationalism in their struggle to repel Norse invasions. He argues that
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and written), expressing national patriotic sentiments. A significant part of the population was loyal to the
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facilitated the formation of national autonomous Orthodox Churches, by producing national alphabets like the
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is considered the oldest example of a mature nation, and the development of nations is closely linked to the
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and his successors considered their state Bulgarian, and they had incipient Bulgarian ethnic consciousness.
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1996:
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1926:
Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History, Volume 1, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016,
1314:
424:
356:
237:
1667:"A New Dawn in Nationalism Studies? Some Fresh Incentives to Overcome Historiographical Nationalism"
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279:
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from time to time made such concessions to other Slavic Christian populations, such as granting
887:, and argues that religion was central to the creation of nations and nationalism. In his view,
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Michel Bouchard, The Medieval Nation of Rus': Τhe Religious Underpinnings of the Russian Nation
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2019:
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Claire Weeda, "Ethnic Identification and Stereotypes in Western Europe, circa 1100-1300.",
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into the Byzantine culture, which promoted the formation of a distinct Bulgarian identity.
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Helmut Kohl's Quest for Normality: His Representation of the German Nation and Himself
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Lawrence, Paul (2013). "Nationalism and Historical Writing". In Breuilly, John (ed.).
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1899:, (2016) 29, 1, , pp. 73-101. Pre-published at https://krieger.jhu.edu/, pp. 1-30.
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Politics of Religion and Nationalism: Federalism, Consociationalism and Seccession
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translation of the complete bible into English by the Wycliffe circle in the 1380s
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Among the modern authors who advocate the origin of nations in the Middle Ages is
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2141:"The Medieval Nation of Rus': The Religious Underpinnings of the Russian Nation"
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Obolensky, Dimitri (1972). "Nationalism in Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages".
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Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism
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1965:
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1398:
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1050:. At that period, the communes of the cities incorporated their countryside (
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being a chosen people, which was further strengthened by the tension between
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1185:("Greek") revived – having been previously discredited as a synonym for "
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975:(who claims that the Jewish nation has existed since antiquity) claims (
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The Cultural Foundations of Nations: Hierarchy, Covenant, and Republic
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States, Nations and Nationalism: From the Middle Ages to the Present
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The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism
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The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism
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Bagge, Sverre (1995). "Nationalism in Norway in the middle ages".
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1627:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 4.
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considers that the Orthodox Slavs in Eastern Europe and Balkans (
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to inspire Englishmen to fight to turn back the Norse invaders.
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and the English nation have been continuous since that time.
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states, were founded in 1359 and in 1401, respectively. The
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1149:, or appointing ethnic Russians as Metropolitans of Kiev.
1453:(2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 77.
1438:(2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 78.
943:
For many non-modernists, nations have emerged from the
1527:
by Liah Greenfeld, Brookings Institution Press, 2019"
2190:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.
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which succeeded the Byzantine Empire, especially in
1062:
Eastern Orthodox Church, Byzantium, Slavs and Greeks
1558:Requejo, Ferran; Nagel, Klaus-Jürgen (2014-12-17).
1469:
Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900–1300
1997:"The Medieval Origins of Modern Greek Nationalism"
1897:International J. of Politics, Culture, and Society
932:thought and felt was likely to have been minor".
843:. Theories on the existence of nationalism in the
1498:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism
2253:
1500:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 715.
1451:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
1436:Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction
787:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2239:, 3/2001, pp. 97–122. Abstract in Russian
858:
1357:Protestant Nationalists in Ireland, 1900-1923
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1946:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
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1233:
1721:
1161:. Modern Greek nationalism rises after the
2213:, March 1998, Wiley-Blackwell, 392 Pages.
1481:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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811:Learn how and when to remove this message
2247:12/7 (2014): 586–606, 10.1111/hic3.12174
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2069:University of Northern British Columbia
1722:Gat, Azar; Yakobson, Alexander (2013).
1260:
871:" criticises the modernist theories of
847:may belong to the general paradigms of
835:). This school of thought differs from
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2043:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88.
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2017:
1994:
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1284:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.70
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1074:was a staunch supporter of the name
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2024:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
1246:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: polity.
1189:" – and was used in parallel with "
13:
2229:, Vol. 6, 2004 - Issue 1. Abstract
2201:
2020:"Nationalism and Byzantine Greece"
1623:Armstrong, John Alexander (1982).
14:
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2272:Historiography of the Middle Ages
1521:Ikenberry, G. John (2019-08-12).
505:List of nationalist organizations
1272:"Nationalism in the Renaissance"
1165:in 1204 and the creation of the
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1354:Morrissey, Conor (2019-10-10).
1270:Schwyzer, Philip (2016-06-02).
1728:. Cambridge University Press.
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1360:. Cambridge University Press.
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829:nationalism in the Middle Ages
596:Historiography and nationalism
46:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
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2188:A Concise History of Bulgaria
1762:Comparative Political Studies
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688:Seasonal or cultural festival
1525:Nationalism: A Short History
7:
2110:10.1080/1460894042000216481
1115:Patriarch of Constantinople
1022:literature was widespread (
859:Western and Northern Europe
531:Anti-globalization movement
10:
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2037:Smith, Anthony D. (2008).
1995:Xydis, Stephen G. (1968).
1671:European History Quarterly
1625:Nations Before Nationalism
1421:Cambridge University Press
1381:Baycroft, Timothy (1999).
1240:Smith, Anthony D. (2007).
1163:conquest of Constantinople
661:Principle of nationalities
2139:Bouchard, Michel (2001).
1864:10.1080/03468759508579290
1638:Wicke, Christian (2015).
1181:. At that time, the term
938:ability to write and read
827:support the existence of
238:Constitutional patriotism
2277:Historiography of Europe
2186:Crampton, R. J. (2005).
1774:10.1177/0010414013479101
1683:10.1177/0265691417741830
1449:Özkirimli, Umut (2010).
1434:Özkirimli, Umut (2010).
1313:Viger, Jonathan (2016).
1070:Byzantine/Roman Emperor
949:John Alexander Armstrong
1387:Nations and Nationalism
1276:Oxford Handbooks Online
1214:Early Cyrillic alphabet
1090:from 1017 reveals that
2018:Moles, Ian N. (1969).
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1079:
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1000:(5th–1st century BC).
586:Gender and nationalism
2287:History of ideologies
2157:10.1353/imp.2001.0040
2065:"Bouchard, Dr Michel"
1817:Jewish Social Studies
1590:Jewish Social Studies
1319:Politique et Sociétés
1201:and the "unfaithful"
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636:National indifference
1665:Storm, Eric (2018).
1072:Theodore II Laskaris
998:Second Temple period
823:Several scholars of
561:Cultural nationalism
430:National syndicalist
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2226:National Identities
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2090:National Identities
1222:Eastern South Slavs
1218:Richard J. Crampton
1141:to the Churches of
901:English nationalism
730:Politics portal
683:Right-wing populism
641:Nationalism studies
1644:. Berghahn Books.
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1088:Bitola inscription
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791:You can assist by
601:Imagined community
435:National Bolshevik
154:Self-determination
2282:Medieval politics
2219:978-0-631-20933-1
2050:978-1-4051-8219-5
1735:978-1-107-00785-7
1651:978-1-78238-574-5
1571:978-1-317-56606-9
1507:978-0-19-876820-3
1367:978-1-108-47386-6
1332:10.7202/1035795ar
1293:978-0-19-993533-8
1253:978-0-7456-5128-6
1099:Dimitri Obolensky
1048:civic nationalism
885:Benedict Anderson
867:, whose seminal "
841:French Revolution
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1490:
1474:
1473:
1465:Reynolds, Susan
1462:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1432:
1428:
1410:
1406:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1352:
1348:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1157:and subsequent
1064:
945:Judeo-Christian
918:Adrian Hastings
865:Adrian Hastings
861:
817:
806:
800:
797:
790:
777:
773:
762:
722:
715:
714:
663:
556:Cosmopolitanism
516:
508:
507:
502:
494:
493:
174:
164:
163:
134:
126:
125:
41:
12:
11:
5:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2230:
2221:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2178:
2131:
2080:
2056:
2049:
2029:
2010:
2001:Balkan Studies
1987:
1936:
1919:
1902:
1887:
1842:
1823:(3): 165–172.
1807:
1795:
1768:(6): 757–760.
1752:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1677:(1): 113–129.
1657:
1650:
1630:
1615:
1596:(3): 165–172.
1577:
1570:
1550:
1523:"Book review:
1513:
1506:
1488:
1456:
1441:
1426:
1404:
1373:
1366:
1346:
1325:(1): 125–144.
1305:
1292:
1259:
1252:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1155:Fourth Crusade
1063:
1060:
994:Aviel Roshwald
914:Susan Reynolds
877:Ernest Gellner
860:
857:
849:ethnosymbolism
819:
818:
780:
778:
771:
764:
763:
761:
760:
753:
746:
738:
735:
734:
733:
732:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
702:
701:
700:
698:in Catholicism
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
546:Civil religion
543:
538:
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528:
523:
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371:
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342:
337:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
271:
270:
268:Ethnopluralism
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
229:
228:
223:
218:
208:
207:
206:
196:
191:
186:
181:
175:
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156:
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146:
141:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
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123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
42:
36:
35:
32:
31:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:(3): 97–122.
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1564:. Routledge.
1563:
1562:
1554:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1419:. Cambridge:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1393:(1): 127–52.
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1321:(in French).
1320:
1316:
1309:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:Frankish rule
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
990:Steven Grosby
987:
986:Doron Mendels
981:
978:
974:
970:
968:
967:Protestantism
964:
959:
958:Steven Grosby
955:
950:
946:
941:
939:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:John Breuilly
878:
874:
873:Eric Hobsbawm
870:
866:
856:
854:
853:primordialism
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
815:
812:
804:
801:December 2023
794:
788:
786:
781:This article
779:
770:
769:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
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736:
731:
726:
721:
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703:
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681:
679:
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674:
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657:
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652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
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637:
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629:
627:
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622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:Ethnocentrism
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
512:
511:
506:
501:Organizations
498:
497:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:Technological
472:
470:
467:
463:
462:Ethnocacerism
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:Revolutionary
423:
421:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
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372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
351:
348:
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343:
341:
338:
336:
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332:
331:
328:
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321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
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305:
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296:
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291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
269:
266:
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264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
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236:
234:
231:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
173:
168:
167:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
130:
129:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2244:
2236:
2225:
2209:
2187:
2181:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1922:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1798:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1744:
1724:
1717:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1560:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1530:
1524:
1516:
1497:
1491:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1416:
1407:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1356:
1349:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1275:
1242:
1235:
1207:
1197:"heretical"
1195:
1151:
1135:Patriarchate
1097:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1004:Sverre Bagge
1002:
982:
976:
971:
942:
934:
930:
912:
905:
868:
862:
828:
822:
807:
798:
785:copy editing
783:may require
782:
693:Subsidiarity
521:Anationalism
280:Expansionist
144:Independence
45:
2262:Nationalism
2096:(1): 3–24.
1858:(1): 1–18.
1243:Nationalism
1139:autocephaly
1092:Tsar Samuil
963:Catholicism
947:tradition.
926:Old English
845:Middle Ages
831:(mainly in
825:nationalism
664: [
616:Irredentism
606:Imperialism
479:Territorial
445:Legionarism
133:Core values
29:Nationalism
2256:Categories
2237:Ab Imperio
2145:Ab Imperio
2074:2020-06-12
1932:1443888435
1915:3319562061
1544:2020-06-12
1299:2020-06-12
1228:References
1167:despotates
1107:Bulgarians
793:editing it
710:Xenophobia
678:Revanchism
631:Militarism
290:Indigenism
285:Homosexual
253:Ecological
159:Solidarity
149:Patriotism
139:Allegiance
2173:160903016
2165:2164-9731
2126:143868313
2118:1460-8944
1982:162368032
1966:0080-4401
1934:, p. 245.
1917:, p. 314.
1882:0346-8755
1829:0021-6704
1790:153922175
1782:0010-4140
1691:0265-6914
1602:0021-6704
1539:0015-7120
1477:cite book
1471:. Oxford.
1399:1469-8129
1341:1203-9438
1123:Wallachia
1040:Carroccio
1008:Norwegian
837:modernism
591:Globalism
576:Francoism
379:Christian
374:Religious
300:Left-wing
243:Corporate
233:Communist
194:Bourgeois
184:Anarchist
1952:: 1–16.
1873:1956/648
1837:40207028
1709:30443098
1610:40207028
1467:(1997).
1415:(1997).
1143:Bulgaria
1131:Romanian
1127:Moldavia
1119:dioceses
1103:Russians
1076:Hellenes
973:Azar Gat
705:Trumpism
646:Nativism
626:Localism
621:Jingoism
469:Romantic
420:Resource
401:Hindutva
389:Clerical
384:Catholic
345:Japanese
304:populism
295:Integral
275:European
258:Economic
216:American
199:Business
121:Treasure
96:Language
91:Identity
21:a series
19:Part of
2098:Bibcode
1974:3678825
1804:review.
1700:6195252
1183:Hellene
1056:diocese
1052:contado
1016:Swedish
889:England
440:Fascism
367:Zionism
310:Musical
204:Welfare
179:African
61:Colours
40:forming
2217:
2171:
2163:
2124:
2116:
2047:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1930:
1913:
1880:
1835:
1827:
1788:
1780:
1732:
1707:
1697:
1689:
1648:
1608:
1600:
1568:
1537:
1504:
1397:
1364:
1339:
1290:
1250:
1199:Latins
1177:, and
1175:Nicaea
1171:Epirus
1147:Serbia
1129:, two
1012:Danish
992:, and
977:contra
956:, and
883:, and
833:Europe
673:Racism
489:Ultra-
484:Trans-
455:Rexism
450:Nazism
408:Muslim
357:Korean
330:Racial
315:Mystic
263:Ethnic
248:Cyber-
221:French
116:Symbol
71:Father
66:Emblem
56:Church
51:Anthem
38:Nation
2169:S2CID
2122:S2CID
1978:S2CID
1970:JSTOR
1833:JSTOR
1786:S2CID
1606:JSTOR
1203:Turks
1191:Roman
1187:pagan
1179:Morea
1111:Serbs
668:]
656:Post-
396:Hindu
362:White
350:Shōwa
340:Black
226:Irish
211:Civic
189:Blind
172:Types
111:State
106:Sport
2215:ISBN
2161:ISSN
2149:2001
2114:ISSN
2045:ISBN
1962:ISSN
1928:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1878:ISSN
1825:ISSN
1778:ISSN
1730:ISBN
1705:PMID
1687:ISSN
1646:ISBN
1598:ISSN
1566:ISBN
1535:ISSN
1502:ISBN
1483:link
1395:ISSN
1362:ISBN
1337:ISSN
1288:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1145:and
1125:and
1109:and
1086:The
1038:The
1028:king
1024:oral
1020:saga
1014:and
965:and
851:and
413:Sikh
335:Arab
325:Pan-
320:Neo-
101:Myth
81:Epic
76:Flag
2153:doi
2106:doi
1954:doi
1868:hdl
1860:doi
1770:doi
1695:PMC
1679:doi
1327:doi
1280:doi
1121:of
86:God
2258::
2235:,
2192:15
2167:.
2159:.
2147:.
2143:.
2120:.
2112:.
2104:.
2092:.
2067:.
2022:.
2003:.
1999:.
1976:.
1968:.
1960:.
1950:22
1948:.
1876:.
1866:.
1856:20
1854:.
1831:.
1821:14
1819:.
1784:.
1776:.
1766:46
1764:.
1703:.
1693:.
1685:.
1675:48
1673:.
1669:.
1604:.
1594:14
1592:.
1533:.
1529:.
1479:}}
1475:{{
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2155::
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2108::
2100::
2094:6
2077:.
2053:.
2005:9
1984:.
1956::
1884:.
1870::
1862::
1839:.
1792:.
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1738:.
1711:.
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1547:.
1510:.
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302:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.